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Taken for a Ride: Litigating the Digital Platform Model

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Taken for a Ride: Litigating the Digital Platform Model International Lawyers Assisting Workers Network TAKEN FOR A RIDE: LITIGATING THE DIGITAL PLATFORM MODEL ISSUE BRIEF | MARCH 2021 1 Issue Brief: Taken for a Ride International Lawyers Assisting Workers Network The International Lawyers Assisting Workers (ILAW) Network is a membership organization composed of trade union and workers’ rights lawyers worldwide. The core mission of the ILAW Network is to unite legal practitioners and scholars in an exchange of information, ideas and strategies in order to best promote and defend the rights and interests of workers and their organizations wherever they may be. This report was made possible with funding from the Ford Foundation. The information contained in this report is provided for informational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice on any subject matter. Information in this report may not constitute the most up-to-date legal or other information. The report contains links to other third-party websites, the ILAW Network does not recommend or endorse those contents, the links are only for convenience for the reader. The views expressed are those of the individual authors - not those of the ILAW Network as a whole. No reader should act or refrain from acting on the basis of this information without first seeking legal advice from counsel in the relevant jurisdiction. 2 Issue Brief: Taken for a Ride International Lawyers Assisting Workers Network Table of Contents Taken for a Ride: Litigating the Digital Platform Model FOREWORD 5 THE “GIG ECONOMY”: LITIGATING THE CAUSE OF LABOUR 6 The Legal Armoury: “Gig Economy” Corporate Strategies to Avoid Obligations 10 Workers are treated as independent contractors.............................................................................................12 Indemnity clauses..................................................................................................................................................13 Three-way contractual nexus...............................................................................................................................13 Technology versus transportation services company.......................................................................................14 Subsidiary versus parent company......................................................................................................................15 Mandatory arbitration clause and large upfront payments to commence claims........................................16 Disputes made subject to foreign law................................................................................................................16 Overcoming laws designed to target them........................................................................................................17 Running or, better yet, hiding in plain sight.......................................................................................................17 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................................18 The Cases: How Workers, Trade Unions, and Governments Have Fared 18 Disregarding the label - substance over form.....................................................................................................21 Understanding digital control...............................................................................................................................23 Technology versus transportation services company.......................................................................................26 Three-way contractual nexus...............................................................................................................................27 Subsidiary versus parent company.....................................................................................................................28 Mandatory arbitration clauses with large upfront costs....................................................................................29 Disputes made subject to foreign law.................................................................................................................30 Overcoming laws designed to target them.........................................................................................................30 Lessons and Recommendations 32 Litigation strategy..................................................................................................................................................32 Definitions and approach......................................................................................................................................34 Enforcement...........................................................................................................................................................35 DIGEST OF KEY JUDICIAL DECISIONS 37 Employee, Independent Contractor or Third Way? 38 Australia Gupta v Portier Pacific Pty Ltd; Uber Australia Pty Ltd t/a Uber Eats [2020] FWCFB 1698..........................39 Rajab Suliman v Rasier Pacific Pty Ltd [2019] FWC 4807 (12 July 2019).........................................................40 Klooger v Foodora Australia Pty Ltd [2018] FWC 6836.....................................................................................41 Pallage v. Rasier Pacific Pty Ltd [2018] FWC 2579............................................................................................43 Kaseris v. Rasier Pacific V.O.F. [2017] FWC 6610..............................................................................................43 Belgium Dossier n°: 187 – FR – 20200707........................................................................................................................44 Brazil Marcio Vieira Jacob v. Uber do Brasil Tecnologia Ltda, RR - 1000123-89.2017.5.02.0038..........................46 ADPF 449 / DF.......................................................................................................................................................47 Conflito de Competência Nº 164.544 - MG (2019/0079952-0)........................................................................48 Canada Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW) v. Foodora Inc. (2020) OLRB Case No: 1346-19-R (“Foodora”).........................................................................................................................49 Chile Alvaro Felipe Arredondo Montoya and Pedidos Ya Chile SPA.........................................................................51 France Mr X v. Uber France and Uber BV Ruling No. 374.............................................................................................53 Mr B. v. Take Eat Easy (Judgment N 1737).........................................................................................................54 3 Issue Brief: Taken for a Ride International Lawyers Assisting Workers Network Germany Case No. 9 AZR 102/20........................................................................................................................................55 Italy Cass. n. 1663/2020 (Foodora)..............................................................................................................................57 Yiftalem Parigi v. Just Eat Italy.............................................................................................................................58 European Union B v. Yodel Delivery Network...............................................................................................................................59 Netherlands Deliveroo v. Federation of the Dutch Trade Movement (FNV).......................................................................60 New Zealand Atapattu Arachchige v. Rasier New Zealand Limited & Uber B.V..................................................................62 South Africa Uber South Africa Technology Services (PTY) Ltd v National Union of Public Service and Allied Workers (NUPSAW) (2018)................................................................................................................64 Uber South Africa Technology Services (PTY) Ltd v National Union of Public Service and Allied Workers (NUPSAW) (2017)................................................................................................................64 South Korea Do-Hyun Kwak v SoCar et al...............................................................................................................................66 Spain Rider v. Glovo App 23, S.L...................................................................................................................................68 Switzerland Cour d’appel civile du Canton de Vaud. Ruling no. P317.026539-190917/380 of 23 April 2020................69 Décision du 29 mai 2020 n°ATA/535/2020.......................................................................................................70 United Kingdom Uber BV v. Aslam, [2021] UKSC 5.......................................................................................................................72 Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain (IWGB) v. RooFoods Ltd. T/A Deliveroo [2018] EWHC 3342...............................................................................................................................................73 Addison Lee Ltd v Lange & Ors UKEAT/0037/18/BA........................................................................................74 Addison
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