DOCSLIB.ORG

Pliny the Elder’S NATURAL HISTORY, the 1St Roman Sundial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pliny the Elder’S NATURAL HISTORY, the 1St Roman Sundial PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS (23 CE-79 CE) 1 AN AUTHOR WHO “COULD EXPRESS A NATURAL WONDER.” PLINY “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: 1. JOURNAL February 8, 1860. HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD CAPE COD: It has been a constant traveller’s tale and perhaps PEOPLE OF slander, now for thousands of years, the Latins and Greeks have CAPE COD repeated it, that this or that nation feeds its cattle, or horses, or sheep, on fish, as may be seen in Œlian and Pliny, but in the Journal of Nearchus, who was Alexander’s admiral, and made a voyage from the Indus to the Euphrates three hundred and twenty six years before Christ, it is said that the inhabitants of a portion of the intermediate coast, whom he called Ichthyophagi or Fish-eaters, not only ate fishes raw and also dried and pounded in a whale’s vertebra for a mortar and made into a paste, but gave them to their cattle, there being no grass on the coast; and several modern travellers, - Braybosa, Niebuhr, and others make the same report. Therefore in balancing the evidence I am still in doubt about the Provincetown cows. As for other domestic animals, Captain King in his continuation of Captain Cook’s Journal in 1779, says of the dogs of Kamtschatka, “Their food in the winter consists entirely of the head, entrails, and backbones of salmon, which are put aside and dried for that purpose; and with this diet they are fed but sparingly.” (Cook’s Journal, Vol. VII. p. 315.) As we are treating of fishy matters, let me insert what Pliny says, that “the commanders of the fleets of Alexander the Great have related that the Gedrosi, who dwell on the banks of the river Arabis, are in the habit of making the doors of their houses with the jaw-bones of fishes, and raftering the roofs with their bones.” Strabo tells the same of the Ichthyophagi. “Hardouin remarks, that the Basques of his day were in the habit of fencing their gardens with the ribs of the whale, which sometimes exceeded twenty feet in length; and Cuvier says, that at the present time the jaw-bone of the whale is used in Norway for the purpose of making beams or posts for buildings.” (Bohn’s ed. trans. of Pliny, Vol. II. p. 361. Herodotus says the inhabitants on Lake Prasias in Thrace (living on piles), “give fish for fodder to their horses and beasts of burden.” PLINY STRABO HERODOTUS CAPTAIN COOK GEORGES CUVIER HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD 293 BCE According to Gaius Plinius Secundus or Pliny the Elder’s NATURAL HISTORY, the 1st Roman sundial. NATURAL HISTORY, I NATURAL HISTORY, II NATURAL HISTORY, III NATURAL HISTORY, IV NATURAL HISTORY, V NATURAL HISTORY, VI THE DIAL HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD 87 BCE August 6: Halley’s Comet whipped around the sun, and this time observations seem to be recorded in Chinese, in Babylonian, and in Roman sources. Marius was in power in Rome during this period. Probably, this apparition is what Gaius Plinius Secundus or Pliny the Elder would be writing about later, when he would write of a “terrible star, announcing no small shedding of blood in the consulate of Octavian” (meaning not the Octavian who would become Caesar Augustus but an earlier Octavian). SKY EVENT This is what Halley’s Comet looked like, the last time it passed us. We have records of the appearances of this comet on each and every one of its past 30 orbits, which is to say, we have spotty records of observations before that, in 1,404 BCE, 1,057 BCE, 466 BCE, 391 BCE, and 315 BCE, but then on the 240 BCE return the sightings record begins to be complete. The Babylonians recorded seeing it in 164 BCE and again in 87 BCE, and then it was recorded as being seen in 12 BCE, 66 CE, 141 CE, 218 CE, 295 CE, 374 CE, 451 CE, 530 CE, 607 CE, 684 CE, 760 CE (only by Chinese), 837 CE, 912 CE, 989 CE, 1066, 1145, 1222, 1301, 1378, 1456, 1531, 1607, 1682, 1758, 1835, 1910, and 1986 — and we are confidently awaiting sightings in 2061 and 2134 even though due to a close conjunction with the earth we are presently unable to calculate what orbit it will have by the date of that approach. Each time P/Halley orbits in out of the Kuiper HALLEY’S COMET belt beyond the planets Neptune and Pluto and whips EDMOND HALLEY around the sun, it has been throwing off about one 10,000ths of its mass into a streaming tail, which means that this comet which we know to have been visiting us for at the very least the past 3,000 years or so is only going to be visiting us for perhaps another half a million years or so! HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD 23 CE Gaius Plinius Secundus, the lifelong asthmatic who would be known to us as Pliny Secundus or Pliny the Elder, was born in what is now Como and part of Italy. CAPE COD: It has been a constant traveller’s tale and perhaps PEOPLE OF slander, now for thousands of years, the Latins and Greeks have CAPE COD repeated it, that this or that nation feeds its cattle, or horses, or sheep, on fish, as may be seen in Œlian and Pliny, but in the Journal of Nearchus, who was Alexander’s admiral, and made a voyage from the Indus to the Euphrates three hundred and twenty six years before Christ, it is said that the inhabitants of a portion of the intermediate coast, whom he called Ichthyophagi or Fish-eaters, not only ate fishes raw and also dried and pounded in a whale’s vertebra for a mortar and made into a paste, but gave them to their cattle, there being no grass on the coast; and several modern travellers, - Braybosa, Niebuhr, and others make the same report. Therefore in balancing the evidence I am still in doubt about the Provincetown cows. As for other domestic animals, Captain King in his continuation of Captain Cook’s Journal in 1779, says of the dogs of Kamtschatka, “Their food in the winter consists entirely of the head, entrails, and backbones of salmon, which are put aside and dried for that purpose; and with this diet they are fed but sparingly.” (Cook’s Journal, Vol. VII. p. 315.) As we are treating of fishy matters, let me insert what Pliny says, that “the commanders of the fleets of Alexander the Great have related that the Gedrosi, who dwell on the banks of the river Arabis, are in the habit of making the doors of their houses with the jaw-bones of fishes, and raftering the roofs with their bones.” Strabo tells the same of the Ichthyophagi. “Hardouin remarks, that the Basques of his day were in the habit of fencing their gardens with the ribs of the whale, which sometimes exceeded twenty feet in length; and Cuvier says, that at the present time the jaw-bone of the whale is used in Norway for the purpose of making beams or posts for buildings.” (Bohn’s ed. trans. of Pliny, Vol. II. p. 361. Herodotus says the inhabitants on Lake Prasias in Thrace (living on piles), “give fish for fodder to their horses and beasts of burden.” PLINY STRABO HERODOTUS CAPTAIN COOK GEORGES CUVIER HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD 25 CE The extreme value of spikenard, a fragrant emollient made from Nardostachys jatamansi, is highlighted in a Biblical episode that would appear in MARK 14:3-6. A believer is chastised by other supporters for anointing Christ with the expensive spikenard, which could have been sold for charity. By the time of the florut of Gaius Plinius Secundus or Pliny the Elder the increase in direct Roman trade with India would lower the cost of spikenard to 1/3rd the value it had held before Roman fleets began to sail with the monsoons. The condensed juice of the immature poppy capsule was already known by the Greek word “opion” (opium) at the time of Pliny, who carefully described typical cultivation of the plant and the preparation of the extract, as well as cataloging its various benefits and dangers. NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project The People of Cape Cod: HDT WHAT? INDEX THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD 68 CE Gaius Plinius Secundus or Pliny the Elder was exploring the Jordan Valley and Dead Sea regions. A few miles south of Jericho, near where the ruins of Qumran lie, he described a settlement of deeply religious men, whom he termed the Essenes. The settlement he described had no women and the Essenes no money yet by HISTORY OF recruitment through thousands of ages a race in which no one is born lives on forever. The Messianic Essenes THE BIBLE gathered and copied texts from diverse places, placed them in terra-cotta jars and sealed them behind false rock faces for safekeeping.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Authors 297
    T Ancient authors 297 is unknown. His Attic Nights is a speeches for the law courts, collection of essays on a variety political speeches, philosophical ANCIENT AUTHORS of topics, based on his reading of essays, and personal letters to Apicius: (fourth century AD) is the Greek and Roman writers and the friends and family. name traditionally given to the lectures and conversations he had Columella: Lucius Iunius author of a collection of recipes, heard. The title Attic Nights refers Moderatus Columella (wrote c.AD de Re Coquinaria (On the Art of to Attica, the district in Greece 60–65) was born at Gades (modern Cooking). Marcus Gavius Apicius around Athens, where Gellius was Cadiz) in Spain and served in the was a gourmet who lived in the living when he wrote the book. Roman army in Syria. He wrote a early first centuryAD and wrote Cassius Dio (also Dio Cassius): treatise on farming, de Re Rustica about sauces. Seneca says that he Cassius Dio Cocceianus (c.AD (On Farming). claimed to have created a scientia 150–235) was born in Bithynia. He popīnae (snack bar cuisine). Diodorus Siculus: Diodorus had a political career as a consul (wrote c.60–30 BC) was a Greek Appian: Appianos (late first in Rome and governor of the from Sicily who wrote a history of century AD–AD 160s) was born in provinces of Africa and Dalmatia. the world centered on Rome, from Alexandria, in Egypt, and practiced His history of Rome, written in legendary beginnings to 54 BC. as a lawyer in Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitruvius on Architecture
    107390 THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. LL.D. H. D. LITT.D. j-E. CAPPS, PH.D., fW. KOUSE, L. A. POST, M.A. E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A.. F.E.HIST.SOC. VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTURE I uzaJt yiTKUVIUS ON ARCHITECTURE EDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767 AI TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D.Lrr., AJLLB.A. PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLV First printed 1931 Reprinted 1944,1955 To JESSB LORD TRBXT Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS PAQK PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION : VITRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WEST ...... ix HISTORY OF THE MSS. OF VITRUVIUS . X\'i THE EARLIEST EDITIONS OF VITRUVIUS . XXi THE SCHOLIA OF THE MSS. XXV - THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MSS. XXVli THE LANGUAGE OF VITRUVIUS . XXViii BIBLIOGRAPHY: THE MSS. XXXli EDITIONS ...... xxxiii TRANSLATIONS XXXiii THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF VITRUVIUS ..... xxxiv BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE . XXXVi TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION: BOOK I. ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES . 1 BOOK II. EVOLUTION OF BUILDING : USE OF MATERIALS . 71 BOOK III. IONIC TEMPLES . 151 BOOK IV. DORIC AND CORINTHIAN TEMPLES 199 BOOK V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS I THEATRES (AND MUSIC), BATHS, HARBOURS . 249 INDEX OF ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 319 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS: THE CAPITOL DOUGGA . (Frontispiece) PLATE A. WINDS AND DIRECTION OF STREETS (at end) PLATE B. PLANS OF TEMPLES . PLATE C. IONIC ORDER . PLATE 0. CORINTHIAN ORDER (see Frontispiece) PLATE E. DORIC ORDER . (at end] PLATE F. MUSICAL SCALES . , . , PLATE O. THEATRE .
    [Show full text]
  • Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi Maria Therese Jeffrey Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH
    Xavier University Exhibit Honors Bachelor of Arts Undergraduate 2011-3 Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi Maria Therese Jeffrey Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH Follow this and additional works at: http://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Ancient Philosophy Commons, Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, Classical Literature and Philology Commons, and the Other Classics Commons Recommended Citation Jeffrey, Maria Therese, "Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi" (2011). Honors Bachelor of Arts. 22. http://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab/22 This Capstone/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate at Exhibit. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Bachelor of Arts by an authorized administrator of Exhibit. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi Maria Jeffrey Introduction: Scholarship on the Gracchi is largely based on the accounts of Plutarch and Appian, historians who were far removed temporally from the Gracchi themselves. It is not known from which sources Plutarch and Appian derive their accounts, which presents problems for the modern historian aiming to determine historical fact. The ancient sources do not equip the modern historian to make many definitive claims about the Gracchan agrarian reform, much less about the motives of the Gracchi themselves. Looking to tales of earlier agrarian reform through other literary sources as well as exploring the types of land in question and the nature of the agrarian crisis through secondary sources also yields ambiguous results.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Army's Emergence from Its Italian Origins
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Carolina Digital Repository THE ROMAN ARMY’S EMERGENCE FROM ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS Patrick Alan Kent A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by: Richard Talbert Nathan Rosenstein Daniel Gargola Fred Naiden Wayne Lee ABSTRACT PATRICK ALAN KENT: The Roman Army’s Emergence from its Italian Origins (Under the direction of Prof. Richard Talbert) Roman armies in the 4 th century and earlier resembled other Italian armies of the day. By using what limited sources are available concerning early Italian warfare, it is possible to reinterpret the history of the Republic through the changing relationship of the Romans and their Italian allies. An important aspect of early Italian warfare was military cooperation, facilitated by overlapping bonds of formal and informal relationships between communities and individuals. However, there was little in the way of organized allied contingents. Over the 3 rd century and culminating in the Second Punic War, the Romans organized their Italian allies into large conglomerate units that were placed under Roman officers. At the same time, the Romans generally took more direct control of the military resources of their allies as idea of military obligation developed. The integration and subordination of the Italians under increasing Roman domination fundamentally altered their relationships. In the 2 nd century the result was a growing feeling of discontent among the Italians with their position.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fork in the Road: the Catilinarian Conspiracy's Impact
    A Fork in the Road: The Catilinarian Conspiracy‘s Impact on Cicero‘s relationships with Pompey, Crassus` and Caesar Jeffrey Larson History 499: Senior Thesis June 13, 2011 © Jeffrey Larson, 2011 1 But concerning friendship, all, to a man, think the same thing: those who have devoted themselves to public life; those who find their joy in science and philosophy; those who manage their own business free from public cares; and, finally, those who are wholly given up to sensual pleasures — all believe that without friendship life is no life at all. .1 The late Roman Republic was filled with crucial events which shaped not only the political environment of the Republic, but also altered the personal and political relationships of the individuals within that Republic. Four of the most powerful, and most discussed, characters of this time are Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC – 43 BC), Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106 BC – 48 BC), Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115 BC – 53 BC), and Gaius Julius Caesar (c. 100 BC – 44 BC). These men often crossed paths and some even had close friendships with each other. Other than Pompeius, better known as Pompey, all the aforementioned individuals were involved, or reportedly involved, in one event which had profound effects on the personal and political relationships of all four individuals. This event is known as the Catilinarian Conspiracy of 63 BC. The Catilinarian Conspiracy was a pivotal episode in the politics of the Late Roman Republic that damaged both the political and personal relationships of Cicero, Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. Politics in the Roman Republic was dominated by a small number of members of the senatorial class.
    [Show full text]
  • Gwadar Layout:Layout 1.Qxd
    Profile of district Gwadar with focus on livelihood related issues South Asia Partnership-Pakistan Profile of district Gwadar with focus on livelihood related issues Developed by Tahir Mehdi, Dr Monir Ekbal, Tauqeer Mustafa, Rashid Chaudhry, Shafiq Butt, Asif Hoat, Matloob Ali, Khalid Amin and Shoaib Tariq Published by South Asia Partnership-Pakistan Haseeb Memorial Trust Building, Nasirabad, 2 km Raiwind Road, P.O. Thokar Niaz Beg, Lahore-53700, Pakistan Ph: 92-42-35311701-3, 5-6, Fax: 92-42-35311710 Email: [email protected], Website: www.sappk.org Printed by Visionaries Division Quantity: 500 December 2009 Any part of this publication can be reproduced provided a reference is made to this original publication. I . n . t . r . o . d . u . c . t . i . o . n his publication is a result of a research exercise carried out to understand and Tdocument the current status of different ways and means of earning livelihoods in a group of selected districts of Pakistan and other factors that have an impact on people's capacity to utilize available resources and that of creating new ones. The study is a part of South Asia Partnership, Pakistan's (SAP-PK) strategy to realize its mission of creating an engendered, critical society in South Asia based on the universal principles of human dignity, justice, democracy and peaceful coexistence. As member of South Asian civil society movement, SAP-Pk is striving to empower marginalized sections of society and working to influence policies in their favor. Contents Data for the study is collected through secondary as Foreword ... 4 well as primary sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Concrete: the Ascent, Summit, and Decline of an Art
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department Classics and Religious Studies September 1979 ROMAN CONCRETE: THE ASCENT, SUMMIT, AND DECLINE OF AN ART Thomas Nelson Winter University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classics Commons Winter, Thomas Nelson, "ROMAN CONCRETE: THE ASCENT, SUMMIT, AND DECLINE OF AN ART" (1979). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 1. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences—Volume VII, 1979 ROMAN CONCRETE: THE ASCENT, SUMMIT, AND DECLINE OF AN ART THOMAS N. WINTER Classics Department University of Nebraska–Lincoln Th e evidence of the surviving literature and structure geography with chronology. Of Wallace’s Cypriot or main- provides this chronology for the development of concrete: land Greek samples, only one has a source which is not inde- Fronto dates for us, by naming consuls, two aqueducts utterly terminate. Th is is from the Pnyx, “the platform from which devoid of concrete at 312 and 272 B.C. From Cato, who died Demosthenes and Pericles delivered many of their orations” in 149 B.C., we can discern that (a) concrete has now become (Wallace, 1865). Th e Pnyx with cement mortar would put ce- the normal foundation for building, (b) limeburning is now ment as far back as the sixth century B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Richard Burton the Land of Midian
    RICHARD BURTON THE LAND OF MIDIAN VOLUME 2 2008 – All rights reserved Non commercial use permitted The Land of Midian (Revisited). By Richard F. Burton. In Two Volumes. Vol. II. C. Kegan Paul & Co. London: 1879. To the Memory of My Much Loved Niece, Maria Emily Harriet Stisted, Who Died at Dovercourt, November 12, 1878. CONTENTS PART II. The March Through Central and Eastern Midian. (Continued) Chapter XI. The Unknown Lands South of the Hismá--Ruins of Shuwák and Shaghab Chapter XII. From Shaghab to Zibá--Ruins of El-Khandakí and Umm Ámil--The Turquoise Mine--Return to El-Muwaylah Chapter XIII. A Week Around and Upon the Shárr Mountain--Résumé of the March Through Eastern or Central Midian Chapter XIV. Down South--To El-Wijh–Notes on the Quarantine-- The Hutaym Tribe. Chapter XV. The Southern Sulphur-Hill--The Cruise to El-Haurá- -Notes on the Baliyy Tribe and the Volcanic Centres of North-Western Arabia Chapter XVI. Our Last March--The Inland Fort--Ruins of the Gold-Mines at Umm El-Karáyát and Umm El-Haráb Chapter XVII. The March Continued to El-Badá--Description of the Plain Badais Chapter XVIII. Coal a "Myth"--March to Marwát--Arrival at the Wady Hamz Chapter XIX. The Wady Hamz--The Classical Ruin--Abá'l- Marú, The Mine of "Marwah"--Return to El- Wijh--Résumé of the Southern Journey Conclusion Appendix I. Dates of the Three Journeys (Northern, Central, and Southern) made by the Second Khedivial Expedition Appendix II. EXpenses of the Expedition to Midian, Commanded by Captain R. F. Burton, H.B.M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periplus of the Erythræan Sea; Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean
    \' BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrij W. Sage 1S9X /\^'xw:^7^v*'!^ x'^Aa^.t^ 1357 DATE DUE THE PERI PLUS OF THE ERYTHR^^AN SEA Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030139236 THE PERIPLUS OF THE ERYTHR^AN SEA TRAVEL AND TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN BY A MERCHANT OF THE FIRST CENTURY TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK AND ANNOTATED BY WILFRED H. SCHOFF, a. m. Secretary of the Commercial Museum, Philadelphia LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO, FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK LONDON, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA 1912 ^ . 'My1 1 COPYRIGHT 1912 BY THE COMMERCIAL MUSEUM PHILADELPHIA ' t V— TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 DATE AND AUTHORSHIP OF THE PERIPLUS 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PERIPLUS 17 THE PERIPLUS OF THE ERYTHR^^N SEA 22 NOTES 50 ARTICLES OF TRADE MENTIONED IN THE PERIPLUS. 284 ARTICLES SUBJECT TO DUTY AT ALEXANDRIA 289 DATE OF THE PERIPLUS AS DETERMINED BY VARIOUS COMMENTATORS. .290 RULERS MENTIONED IN THE PERIPLUS . 294 INDEX 295 MAP TO ILLUbTRATE THE PERIPLUS AT END OF BOOK FOREWORD The Philadelphia Museums came into existence some fifteen years ago with the avowed purpose of aiding the manu- facturer in taking a larger share in the world's commerce. They have lost no opportunity in presenting to the in- quirer the trade conditions of all parts of the world. More than four years ago the Museums undertook the work of making a graphic history of commerce from the earliest dawn of trade and barter down to the present time.
    [Show full text]
  • Rr. CONQUERORS of the WORLD
    rr. CONQUERORS OF THE WORLD lt is true tt¡at India was not completely terra incognir¿ for the Greeks in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. For a while Nonhwestern India and lonian Greece had both been subjects of the Achaemenid empire, and there was necessa¡ily some confrontation and exchange, although our evidence for it is rather scanty. Foi the majority of the Greeks, however, lndia seems to have been no more than a fairyland full of marvels. In the Greek literan¡re of this period there a¡e some scattered notices and a few more comprehensive accounts on India. In these, a skilled scholar can cull some useful information, but the picture gained by a contemporary reader hardly corresponded to Indian reality. All this I have fully discussed in my earlier book.l Consequently, only Alexander's Indian campaigns made the Vy'estern world really conscious of South Asia, of its vnst extent and great rivers, of its marvels of nature, of its richness and fiourishing economy, of its brave soldiers and large elephants. While ea¡lier accounts (and tales) were certainly not forgotten, only this age defined India for the West in a way that was to endure many centuries, to a great extent even until the advent of the Portuguese to India.2 After defeating Darius at Gaugamela Alexander proceeded to the east,3 and in late summer 330 B.C. he began his advance to Bactria. The route led ttuough A¡achosia in late November (?), and he made his winter camp in Paropamisadae.a In spring 329 he crossed over the Hindukush to Bactria and Sogdiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Sallust's Histories and Triumviral Historiography
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Sallust's Histories and Triumviral Historiography Jennifer Gerrish University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Gerrish, Jennifer, "Sallust's Histories and Triumviral Historiography" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 511. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/511 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/511 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sallust's Histories and Triumviral Historiography Abstract This dissertation explores echoes of the triumviral period in Sallust's Histories and demonstrates how, through analogical historiography, Sallust presents himself as a new type of historian whose "exempla" are flawed and morally ambiguous, and who rejects the notion of a triumphant, ascendant Rome perpetuated by the triumvirs. Just as Sallust's unusual prose style is calculated to shake his reader out of complacency and force critical engagement with the reading process, his analogical historiography requires the reader to work through multiple layers of interpretation to reach the core arguments. In the De Legibus, Cicero lamented the lack of great Roman historians, and frequently implied that he might take up the task himself. He had a clear sense of what history ought to be : encomiastic and exemplary, reflecting a conception of Roman history as a triumphant story populated by glorious protagonists. In Sallust's view, however, the novel political circumstances of the triumviral period called for a new type of historiography. To create a portrait of moral clarity is, Sallust suggests, ineffective, because Romans have been too corrupted by ambitio and avaritia to follow the good examples of the past.
    [Show full text]