2017 Turkmenistan Country Profile THE CENTRAL ASIA COUNTRY SERIES
Turkmenistan Country Profile
November 2017 ii TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE o ay ure o febc rgrig hs eot pes cnat [email protected] or [email protected] contact please report, this regarding [email protected] feedback or queries any For September 29th,2017, and maybesubjecttochange. of as correct are used statistics and work. data this All in included data the guarantee not do author(s), the or PakistanCouncil, the Business data, the of authenticity verifythe and check the opinion of the ITC, World Bank, UN or CIA. Although every effort has been made to cross- reflect necessarily not do and author(s) the of responsibility the are Factbook World CIA and UNCTAD, Bank, World Map, Trade ITC from data on based analysis and conclusions Any represent. they companies the or Council PakistanBusiness the of Members and Directors of Board the The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of Disclaimer: Lead Researcher:Shumaila Abbasi Team Leader: SamirS. Amir Acknowledgements: More information on the PBC, its members, and its workings, can be found on its website: www.pbc.org.pk its on found be can workings, its and members, its PBC, the on information More • • • • • The majorobjectives ofthePBCasstatedinitsfoundingdocumentsare: FoundingThe PBC’s Objectives: and regulators withtheobjective toprovidepolicyassistanceonnewinitiatives andreforms. taskforces onvarious serves It also committees of the Government of Pakistan as well as those of the State Bank, SECP and other businesses. affecting policies government other and legislation on government the to recommendations has and PBC papers The position Pakistan. key submitted from and in business of conduct the impact which issues major on institutions, as well as other stakeholders including professional bodies, to develop consensus The PBC works closely with the relevant government departments, ministries, regulators and order tohelpcreateaninformedviewonthemajorissuesfacedbyP in stakeholders all to information relevant of flow the facilitate to seminars and conferences holds and research conducts PBC The arenas. global and regional in compete to businesses specific business sector. Rather, its key advocacy thrust is on easing barriers to allow Pakistani The PBC is a pan-industry advocacy group. It is not a trade body nor does it advocate for any possible, theCodeofCorporateGovernance asapplicabletolistedcompanies. extent greatest the to follows PBC the so, do to law the under required not is it Though 1984. Ordinance Companies the of 42 Section under registered entity, not-for-profit a is PBC The a professionally-runorganizationheadedbyfull-timechiefexecutiv conglomerates, and businesses private-sector largest including multinationals. PBC businesses cover nearly all Pakistan’ssectors of the formal economy. It is of 62) established (now platform, 14 advocacy by policy 2005 business in a is (PBC) Council Business Pakistan The The Pakistan BusinessCouncil: foster andfurthertheeconomic,socialhuman resourcedevelopment ofPakistan. facilitate, to and Pakistan of development economic the in governments with interact To and toencourageinthedevelopment andgrowthofPakistani multinationals. To promote and facilitate the integration of businesses in Pakistan into the World economy for suchbusinesseswithinandoutsidePakistan. information relating to businesses of any kind, nature or description and on opportunities To acquire, collect, compile, analyze, publish and provide statistics, data analysis and other regard tomattersaffectingbusinessesin Pakistan. in awareness raising and research out carrying for works field and seminars workshops, groups, focus surveys, campaigns, manage and administer up, set organize, conduct, To conduct ofbusinessinandfromPakistan. the with connected question any on views of exchange and formation the for provide To AnOverview akistan. e officer. iii TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE iv TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE The PBC’s MemberCompanies The PBC’s The PBC’s MemberCompanies The PBC’s
v TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE vi TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE from Russia totaled $331.18 million and $570 million, respectively. Turkey was one of the top Russia Turkmensitan.to Turkmenistan’sappliances imports 2016, mechanical and In and to exports partner, trading important Another iron. imports ships, boats, and floating structures, and exports articles of iron and or steel, machinery, vehicles, machinery, of million consisting $338.50 to amounted imports Chinese gas, total natural Furthermore, cotton. included and which sulphur, billion salt, $5.60 to amounted China to exports 2016, In product. China makes up more than half of Turkmenistan’s exports, with natural gas as the main export (ECO) whichhasexpandeditstradeopportunities. Organization Cooperation Economic and (CIS), State Independent of Commonwealth (OIC), Furthermore, it is also Turkmenistan’sa Korea. part of of etc. Republic major the alliances and such vehicles,Japan as Germany, the China, Organization Russia, Turkey,of furniture, are Islamic partners Cooperation import steel, top or iron appliances, mechanical equipment, thetopexport are Russia and Italy partners byTurkey, of Turkmenistan. Imports followed in 2016 totaled China $4.66 billion fiber. which comprised of cotton machinery, and textiles, polypropylene, fertilizers, oils, petroleum gas, included which goods of worth billion $7.42 exported Turkmenistan 2016, In Turkmenistan. of GDP the to percent 84 contributes Trade 6.17 was 2016 percent, andunemploymentstoodat8.62percent. in rate inflation The low. remains country the in FDI although investments, with trading partners. Oil, gas, agriculture, agreements and construction are the main sectors and for foreign direct railways) and seaport, international international Turkmenistan’s pipelines, by (gas system facilitated transport been has trade years, the Over prices. energy gas as the main export item. This, however, puts the economy at risk in case of changing global contribute 39.20% and 13.20% respectively. Trade plays a vital role in the economy with natural Turkmenistan’s industrial sector generates 47.70% of the GDP, while services and agriculture sector, private in growth increased exports,andinvestments helpedstabilizetheeconomy. development, agricultural for (1990-2000)” stability as of such years measures “10 Government food. for dependency import and production, agricultural low to due rates growth GDP fluctuating witnessed independence after years few first The and againin2017. wasBerdimuhamedow power2007. to 11, came 2011, February formally in on and re-elected president, acting the as office took Berdimuhamedow Gurbanguly 2006, in death Niyazov’s the of approval the as constitution of Turkmenistan. such (1992), and events introduction of important President the national of currency, first comprised the Turkmen years the Manat post-independence (1993). became The After Niyazov on Saparmurat independence and declared 1991, Turkmenistan 27, Union, October Soviet the of dissolution the Following Monument ofNeutrality,andtheancientcityNisa. of whom are Muslims. It is also home to a number of tourist sites such as the Karakum Desert, Kazakhstan. It has a total area of 488,100 km², and a population of 5.66 million (2016), majority Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia, and is bordered by Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan isthethirdinseries. covering Profile Country This Republics. Central Asian the in opportunities the highlighting Profiles Country five of series a initiated has non-traditional (PBC) Council to Business Pakistan industrialists the markets, and traders Pakistani introduce to initiative its of part As Executive Summary hand, Pakistan canenhanceitssupplyofwheatandmedicament toTurkmenistan. other the On Pakistan. to polypropylene and urea cotton, of export its increase to potential or andvegetable toPakistan, export animal biggest fats and oils are the most imported commodities from Pakistan. the Turkmenistan has the makes Cotton trade million. a $20.96 in of resulting million, surplus $24.96 at stood exports and million, $4.00 were imports 2016, In years. ten past the Turkmenistanover of favour in entirely been has Pakistan with Trade while importsincludeediblevegetables, beverages, rawhidesandskins. amounted to $0.92 million. Export items to Afghanistan include natural gas, wheat, and peat, far exports Turkmenistan imports and million, $632.41 2016. totaled exports from 2015, imports In it Afghanistan. than more in million $477.49 to amounted imports $58.36 total were and Iran to million, exports Total vegetables. edible and iron, plastic, of comprise imports Iran and Afghanistan. Exports to Iran include mineral fuels, mineral oils, and chemicals, while neighbors, two other its with Turkmenistantrades Uzbekistan, also and Kazakhstan Besides Tajikistan andUzbekistan,cannotbeanalyzed. Republics, Asian Central two other with trade data, of non-availability to Due walnuts. and hand, imports totaled $5.70 million which comprised of electrical machinery, filament lamps, were $4.36 million which included clothing items, fertilisers, and vegetable fats. On the other with Kyrgyzstan constitutes less than 1 percent of Turkmenistan’sTrade million. total trade. In $69.10 2016, exports were imports total while million, $214.40 were 2016 in to Kazakhstan to ships exports Total and industry. milling steel, the of products or and sulphur, iron salt, imports of and Kazakhstan, articles fuels, mineral exports Turkmenistan Asian partner. Central prominent trade most the is Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan. and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Republics, Asian Central other the with trade in involved also Turkmenistanis and mineraloils. fuels mineral cotton, of consisted and 2016 in million $420 to amounted exports Meanwhile, equipment. and machinery, electrical steel, or iron of comprised majorly and 2016 in billion exporting and importing partners of Turkmenistan in 2016. Imports from Turkey totaled $1.25 vii TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE
List ofContents Trade withTurkey Trade withIran Trade withTajikistan Trade withUzbekistan Trade withKyrgyzstan Trade withKazakhstan Turkmenistan’s RegionalTrade Exports 32 Imports 30 Major Trading Partners Trade Balance Trade 29 Tourism inTurkmenistan International Transport System Main Industries Economy 11 Economic Landscape Country History Key SocialIndicators Executive Summary MemberCompanies The PBC’s Founding Objectives: The PBC’s The Pakistan BusinessCouncil:AnOverview Disclaimer Acknowledgements 44 41 40 40 37 34 34 30 29 24 19 16 11 07 03 Sources 75 Consulates andBusinessForums Foreign DirectInvestment Ease ofDoingBusiness Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Economic CooperationOrganization(ECO) Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Turkmenistan’s Trade Alliances Turkmenistan’s Trade Potential withPakistan: Trade withPakistan Trade withIndia Trade withChina Trade withRussia Trade withAfghanistan vi iv iii iii ii ii 74 72 71 67 66 64 64 62 59 56 49 49 47 ix TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE x TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 34ExportstoRussia atHS06Level Table 33ExportstoRussia atHS02Level Table 32ImportsfromRussia atHS-06Level Table 31ImportsfromRussiaatHS-02Level Table 30ExportstoAfghanistanatHS06level Table 29ExportstoAfghanistanatHS02Level Table 28ImportsfromAfghanistanatHS06level Table 27ImportsfromAfghanistanatHS02Level Table 26ExportstoTurkey atHS-06Level Table 25ExportstoTurkey atHS02Level Table 24ImportsfromTurkey atHS06Level Table 23ImportsfromTurkey atHS-02Level Table 22ExportstoIranatHS-06Level Table 21ExportstoIranatHS-02Level Table 20ImportsfromIranatHS06level Table 19ImportsfromIranatHS-02Level Table 18ExportstoKyrgyzstan atHS-06Level Table 17ExportstoKyrgyzstan atHS02level Table 16ImportsfromKyrgyzstan atHS-06Level Table 15ImportsfromKyrgyzstan atHS02Level Table 14ExportstoKazakhstanatHS-06Level Table 13ExportstoKazakhstanatHS02level Table 12ImportsfromKazakhstanatHS06Level Table 11ImportsfromKazakhstanatHS02Level Table 10Turkmenistan’s ExportsatHS-06 Level Table 9Turkmenistan’s ExportsatHS02Level Table 8Turkmenistan’s Top 10ExportPartners Table 7Turkmenistan’s ImportsatHS06level Table 6Turkmenistan’s ImportsatHS-02Level Table 5Turkmenistan’s Top 10ImportPartners Source: IndexMundi Table 4Turkmenistan CottonProduction Indicators 2010-16 Table 3Turkmenistan’s Economic Table 2AirportsinTurkmenistan Table 1ProvincesofTurkmenistan List ofTables 52 51 51 50 49 48 48 46 46 45 45 43 43 42 42 39 39 38 36 36 35 35 33 33 32 31 31 30 17 12 06 05 38 48 (PSAs) inTurkmenistan Table 56ProductionSharingAgreements Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Table 55Top 10ExportPartners fromthe Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Table 54Top 10ImportPartners from the Economic CooperationofOrganization(ECO) Table 53ExportPartners fromthe Economic CooperationofOrganization(ECO) Table 52ImportPartners fromthe Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Table 51ExportPartners fromthe Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Table 50Importpartnersfromthe to Pakistan atHS06Level Table 49Turkmenistan’s Potential Exports from Pakistan atHS06Level Table 48Turkmenistan’s Potential Imports Table 47ExportstoPakistan atHS06Level Table 46ExportstoPakistan atHS02Level Table 45ImportsfromPakistan atHS06Level Table 44ImportsfromPakistan atHS02Level Table 43ExportstoIndiaatHS06Level Table 42ExportstoIndiaatHS-02Level Table 41ImportsfromIndiaatHS-06Level Table 40ImportsfromIndiaatHS02Level Table 39ExportstoChinaatHS06Level Table 38ExportstoChinaatHS02Level Table 37ImportsfromChinaatHS-06Level Table 36ImportsfromChinaatHS02Level Table 35Turkmenistan’s ExportstoChina 73 68 68 67 66 65 65 63 63 62 61 61 60 58 58 57 57 56 55 54 54 53 Figure 31Trade withPakistan Figure 30Trade withIndia Figure 29Trade withChina Figure 28Trade withRussia Figure 27Trade withAfghanistan Figure 26Trade withTurkey Figure 25Trade withIran Figure 24Trade withKyrgyzstan Figure 23Trade withKazakhstan Figure 22Turkmenistan’s ExportPartners Figure 21Turkmenistan’s ImportPartners Figure 20Turkmenistan’s Trade Balance Figure 19GypjakMosqueSource:Flickr Figure 18MervSource:Travel Source:Flickr Figure 17NisaSource:WikimediaCommons Wikimedia Commons Figure 16Konye-Urgench Source: Source: WikimediaCommons Figure 15Turkmen CarpetMuseum Figure 14MonumentofNeutralitySource:Flickr Figure 13DoortoHellSource:Wikipedia Figure 12KarakumDesertSource:Wikipedia in Turkmenistan Source:WikimediaCommons Figure 11RouteofTrans-Caspian railway Wikimedia Commons Figure 10Trans-Caspian PipelineSource: Source: WikimediaCommons Figure 9CentralAsia-Chinapipeline Source: CIAWorld Factbook Figure 8Turkmenistan’s GDPbysector Source: World Bank Figure 7UnemploymentRate(1991-2016) (1997-2016) Source:Trading Economies Figure 6InflationRateofTurkmenistan Turkmenistan (1991-2016)Source:World Bank Figure 5EconomicGrowthof (1991-2016) Source:World Bank Figure 4GDPpercapitaofTurkmenistan Source: World Bank Figure 3GDPofTurkmenistan (1991-2016) CIA TheWorld Factbook Figure 2Population AgeStructureSource: Google Map Figure 1MapofTurkmenistan Source: List ofFigures 59 56 53 50 47 44 41 37 34 32 30 29 26 26 25 25 25 24 24 24 22 21 20 16 15 15 14 13 13 04 03 Investment (1993-2015) Figure 35Turkmenistan’s Foreign Direct Islamic Cooperation(OIC) Figure 34Trade withOrganizationof Cooperation Organization(ECO) Figure 33Trade withEconomic Independent States(CIS) Figure 32Trade withCommonwealthof 72 67 66 64 xi TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE
Independence Monument, Ashgabat SECTION I Key Social Indicators
1 USD =3.50TMT(August, 2017) Coastline: Turkmenistan borders theCaspianSea,1,768km 1,793 km Countries: Bordering Land Boundary • • Total Area: 488,100 km² Geographic Coordinates:38.9697°N,59.5563°E south-west, andtheCaspianSeatowest. north-west, Uzbekistan to the north-east, Afghanistan to the south-east, Iran to the south and Location: Geography Currency: Manat Independence Official Name:Turkmenistan Key SocialIndicators: Water: 18,170 km² Land: 469,930 km² Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia, and is surrounded by Kazakhstan to the to Kazakhstan by surrounded is and Asia, Central in located is Turkmenistan : October27,1991 4,158 km
Afghanistan 804 km, Iran 1,148 km, Kazakhstan 413 km, Uzbekistan km, 413 Kazakhstan km, 1,148 Iran km, 804 Afghanistan Figure 1MapofTurkmenistan Source:GoogleMap 03 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 04 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Life expectancyatbirth: is 99.83% for males is 99.75% and that for females is 99.56%. The total literacy rate for youth (ages 15-24) rate of Turkmenistan for adults (individuals 15 or above) is 99.65%, out which the literacy rate Literacy rate is defined as the percentage of people who can read & write. The overall literacy Education Ethnic groups Religious groups: Language Population growthrate:1.70%(2016) Population: 5.66million(2016) Demography • • • • • • • • Female: 73.30 years Male: 67.10years Total Population:70.10years 65 years andover: 4.56% (male105,140/female136,034)(2016est.) 55-64 years: 7.59% (male189,464/female212,330) 25-54 years: 42.86% (male1,125,058/female1,142,870) 15-24 years: 19.04% (male506,856/female500,647) 0-14 years: 25.95% (male695,752/female677,166) : Turkmen (official)72%,Russian12%,Uzbek9%,other7% Turkmen 85%,Uzbek5%,Russian4%,other6%(2003) Muslim 89%,EasternOrthodox9%,unknown2% Figure 2Population Age StructureSource:CIATheWorldFactbook
(2016 est.) Population Age structure:
Capital City:Ashgabat Legal System:CivilLawwithIslamicinfluences Government System:PresidentialRepublic, Authoritarian Government Type Rate ofurbanization: +1.94%annualratechange(2010-15est.) Urban population Urbanization: The following table shows the capital city, the area and the population of each of the provinces. Ashgabat. Thereare50districtsand24townsinTurkmenistan. The country has 5 provinces: Ahal, Balkan, Dasoguz, Lebap, and Mary; and the capital city of Administrative Divisions: Connectivity Table 1 ProvincesofTurkmenistan Ahal Mary Mary Lebap Daşoguz Balkan • • Province Area: 440 km Unpaved 5 Paved 21 Total: 26 Airports: Unpaved 11,015km(2002) Paved 47,577km Total: 58,592km Roads Population: 746,000(2015) Türkmenabat Capital city Balkanabat Daşoguz Mary Anau : 50% oftotalpopulation(2015) 2 (170sqmi) 139,270 km 97,160 km 87,150 km 93,730 km 73,430 km 2 2 2 2 Area 2 (33,650sq.mi) (36,190sq.mi) (28,350sq.mi) (37,510sq.mi) (53,770sq.mi) (2005 est.) Population 1,480,400 1,334,500 1,370,400 939,700 553,500 05 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 06 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Communication: Airports inTurkmenistan: Table 2 Airports inTurkmenistan • • • • 18% (July 2016est.) Percent ofpopulation:18%(July Total: 951,925 Internet Users: Subscriptions per100inhabitants Total subscriptions Telephones-fixed lines Country Telephone Code:993 Major seaport:Turkmenbashi InternationalSeaport–CaspianSea Ports Turkmenbashi Turkmenabat Balkanabat Dashoguz Location Ashgabat Kerkiçi Mary : 665,000 : : 13 (July 2016est.) : 13(July Ashgabat International Airport Ashgabat International Turkmenbashi Airport Turkmenabat Airport Balkanabat Airport Dashoguz Airport Airport name Airport Kerkiçi Airport Mary Airport Mary collapsed in 224 A.D., and Turkmenistan came under the influence of the Sassanids in the 3 the in Sassanids the Turkmenistan224 of and in influence A.D., collapsed the under came is which Nisa, of city often regarded as their first capital and the seat of their central government. The established Parthian Empire Parthians The Parthia. of the Kingdom to the led of which formation independence declared Parthia of (governor) satrap era, Seleucids the of end important the Towards an region. it the over took made Seleucids the Europe death, Alexander’s to After hub. trading China from Road Silk the on position strategic Its River. Murghab the near located Merv, present-day of Alexandria, city the founded BC. Alexander Timurid Empire. The empire fell apart after his death in 1405. Between the 15 the Between 1405. in death his after apart fell empire The Empire. Timurid Timur, a Turko-Mongol conqueror, captured most of Turkmenistan in 1388, and launched the which were territoriesruledbythedescendantsofGenghisKhan. Subsequently, parts place. of Turkmenistantook wereEmpire incorporated Mongol into Chagatai Khanate the and Ilkhanate, of fragmentation Khan, Monge son, eldest Khan’s Genghis Turkmen the invasion, of death the this After groups. tribal new formed to and southwardmoved north, the Due in lived who Merv. of city the destroyed They and Asia. Khwarezm, Central invadedcaptured Mongols the Khan, Genghis of Khorasan. leadership conquered the who under 1157 1221, In in Khiva of rulers Turkic the by overthrown was Empire Empire was established in 1040 which covered present day Iran and Turkmenistan. The Seljuk Seljuk The 990. in Ghaznavids the by overthrown turn in were who Samanids, the by 901 in defeat their until period short a for ruled who Saffarids the by overthrown were Arabs The from Asia Mongolia inthe8thcentury. Central present-day to migrated population, Turkmen modern the of the are ancestors who tribes, Oghuz Moreover, literature. and history, Hadith, law, Islamic of the areas in specialized of who center Merv from a hailed became scholars Many Merv learning. and and knowledge Caliphate, Muslim Islamic the of part became Turkmenistan Asia. Russians started taking control of the Turkmen land towards the end of the 19 of Khanates Khiva andBukhara. of control the under were tribes Turkmen the of Most Bukhara. and Khiva of centuries, different parts of Turkmenistan were controlled by Persia, and the Uzbek Khanates 7 the in invasions Following century, followed bythe Ephtalitiesinthe5thcentury. Turkmenistan was conquered by the Persians in the 6 the in Persians the by conquered wasTurkmenistan Indus Valley. by tribes which headed towards the southern regions of ancient Mesopotamia, Elam, and the the as known tribes Massagetae, Scythians, semi-nomadic and Soghdians. The or area was often nomadic a point of migration were and invasions These ago. years region thousand the four to over migrating tribes Iranian Indo-European with begins history Turkmenistan’s Country History Achaemenid Empire. a rebellion against the newly formed Soviet Union. By 1924, the rebellion had been crushed been had rebellion the 1924, By Union. Soviet formed newly the against rebellion a impact on Turkmenistan, in the 1920s Turkmen, Kazak, Kyrgyz and Uzbek joined together in direct little had 1917 of Revolution Russian the Though Germans. the fight to Tsar’sarmies the in conscription forced against revolted Warpopulation World local during the 1916, I, In rule in1881aftertheBattleofGeok Tepe. Russian under came Turkmenistan day Current Bukhara. and Khiva of Khanates included The region was later occupied by Alexander the Great in the 4 th and the 8 the and th century, Arabs successfully took control of Central of control took successfully Arabs century, th century BC, and became part of the of part became and BC, century th century which th and the 17 the and th century rd th
07 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 08 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE eue hs oiin s h Peiet f ukeitn Acrig o constitutional a to According Turkmenistan. in 2017 Berdimuhamedowwonathirdtermafter receiving97.70percentofthevotes. Finally, (2016). years of seven to five from President extended was term further president’s the the Berdimuhamedow amendment, election, as an position in votes his the of secured percent 97 winning after 2012, In passed. Moreover, anewconstitution was approved bythePeople’s Council in2008. also efficiency were agriculture improvementin to budget pertaining Laws restored. werealso crisis supposedly a to due president former the by withheld been pensions had that and elderly re-employed, the to were ethnicity their on based Niyazov by fired been had who number of reforms in health, education, military and pension systems. Government employees a introduced He votes. the of 89% polling after 2007 11, powerFebruary to on came formally and president, acting the as office took Berdimuhamedow Gurbanguly death, his Following disease in2006. heart of died he 2010, before held be to elections fair and free promised Niyazov Although to and started improve. countries treaties, two the bilateral between relations After transport, railroad and Niyazov. road on on agreements attempt assassination 2002 the ofUzbekistan’s in involvement the possibility and market, cotton world the in competition consumption, waterto pertaining issues to due 2004 to 2002 from strained were Uzbekistan with Relations control. an surviving after Furthermore, media tighter Monarch”. and measures security greater ordered Niyazov 2002, in attempt assassination “Presidential often a is created which decision having a for 1999, in criticized Parliament by life for president declared was Niyazov (1995). stance neutrality permanent Turkmenistan’s on Resolution Assembly General UN the and Turkmenthe (1993), currency, Manat national the of introduction (1992), friendship of treaty Turkmen-Russianthe (1992), constitution approvalTurkmenistan’sthe the of as such history uncontested election. uncontested independence, After its achieved Turkmenistan 1991, 27 October independence fromtheSovietUnion. On Turkmenistan. of independence the on and political practices of Moscow. In October 1991, the disintegration of the Soviet Union Soviet the forced of disintegration economic the 1991, unfair October as In Moscow. perceived of practices they political what and against concerns voicing leaders with independence Republic’s gain the to struggle the in joined also Turkmenistan rule. Moscow’s from Towards the end of the 1980s, a number of Soviet Republics made efforts to detach themselves Transcaspia. of province tsarist old the from formed been had Republic Socialist TurkmenSoviet the and
Saparmurat Niyazov , the leader of the Turkmen Communist Party, to call a referendum Saparmurat Niyazov became the first President of Turkmenistan in an in Turkmenistan of President first the became Niyazov Saparmurat The first few years of independence of years few first The comprised of important events in events important of comprised Aerial view of Gypjak Mosque SECTION II Economy
124 2 1 Turkmenistan’s 82 world. was 2016 the in in GDP(PPP) by economies ranking growing economic fastest the of one of status the enjoys years, it ten last the over percent 12 abundant averaging rate is growth that GDP a Asia With resources. Central natural in in country populated sparsely but large a is Turkmenistan Economy Economic have yet toshowprogressintheshapeofmeaningfulprivate sectordevelopment. corruption. actions perpetuates these and such, transparency As limits which defined clearly not are privatization to pertaining Rules low. been has rate success the (SMEs), enterprises business the improveSocio-Economic Development (2011–2030) which involves privatization of to small and medium measures taken environment has and encourage privatization through governmentinitiatives such as The National the Program of sector Although, private little development. with closed as characterized be can economy the of nature overall The economy totheboom-bustcyclesofoilindustry. the exposes This gas. natural product, single a and China, market, single a highly to concentrated still are exports Turkmenistan’s attempts, diversification of spite In gas. natural customer for main its as China with Turkmenistan of product export major the is gas years. Natural the over growth its to contributed substantially have which resources oil and gas in exports whereas wheat is used for domestic consumption. The country is also well-endowed well-developed a has regions, desert agricultural sector. by Cotton and wheat are the marked two major crops, of which cotton majorly is primarily for being of spite in Turkmenistan, th largestimporterintheworld(2015) http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tkm/#Exports https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP) Landscape 2 . 1 , and it is the 90 the is it and , th largest exporter, and the and exporter, largest 11 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 12 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 3Turkmenistan’s EconomicIndicators2010-16 Exchange Ratehttp://www.focus-economics.com/countries/turkmenistan InflationRate:https://tradingeconomics.com/turkmenistan/inflation-cpi; 3
The followingtableshowsfewkeyindicatorsandtheirtrendsfrom2010to2016 Exchange Rate (vsUSD) Exchange Rate Inflation Rate Inflation ILO estimate) (% oftotallaborforce)(modeled Unemployment, total Real GDPgrowth(annual%) Real GDP (constant2010US$) GDP (currentUS$billions) (current US$) GNI percapita,Atlasmethod (current US$billions) GNI, Atlasmethod Population growth(annual%) Total Population (millions) Economic Indicators SourceofIndicators:WorldBank (exceptforInflationRateandExchangeRate); 22.58 22.58 4,070 20.70 2010 2.85 4.80 9.20 9.20 1.60 5.09 14.70 25.90 29.23 4,730 24.45 2011 2.85 5.60 9.20 1.70 5.17 11.10 28.78 35.16 5,560 29.30 2012 2.85 6.50 9.10 1.80 5.27 10.20 31.71 39.20 6,530 35.04 2013 2.85 6.00 9.00 1.90 5.37 10.30 34.98 43.52 7,310 39.96 2014 2.85 4.42 9.00 1.80 5.47 37.25 35.80 7,120 39.63 2015 3.40 7.00 8.70 6.50 1.80 5.57 3 : 39.56 36.18 6,670 37.76 2016 3.50 6.17 8.60 6.20 1.70 5.66 $6,389. $7,962 in2014,andfallingto$6,432thefollowingyear. GDPpercapitain 2016 stoodat terns. GDPpercapitahasmajorlyfollowed anupward trendreachinganall-timehighof From 1991to2016,Turkmenistan’s GDPpercapitaandnominalhave hadsimilarpat- GDP percapita in 2015to$36.20billion2016. billion $35.80 from figures GDP the in seen been improvementhas However,slight a prices. energy falling by wasimpacted economy the when 2015 in fell GDP 2014. in billion $43.50 at peaking increased consistently GDP and up, picked production 1996, in partners trading its export partners i.e. Russia and Ukraine, this lowered production. Following negotiations with its with settlements debt and disputes price gas by affected wasadversely GDP years, initial At the time of its independence in 1991, Turkmenistan had a GDP of $3.20 billion. During the GDP settlements ith Durin initial the GDP a ected ears, as price adversel disputes as and de t t the time o its independence in itsindependence 1 1, time the o t GDP Figure patterns. 1991to From GDP percapita Figure
econom aseconom GDPincreased consistentl ollo in ne otiations high of$7,962 een seen 2016 stood at $6 at 2016 stood
4 US $ 3
USD Billion
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 GDPcapita Turkmenistan per of (1991 GDPof Turkmenistan (1991 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 0 GDP per capita has majorly followed GDP has capita majorly anupwardreaching per trend anall 3.20 in in GDP GDP the 2016, Turkmenistan’s capita had GDP per and similar have nominal
846 inand $6 falling 2014, to impacted impacted
,389. Figure 4GDPpercapitaofTurkmenistan (1991-2016)Source:World Bank its its e port partners e port Figure 3GDPofTurkmenistan (1991-2016)Source:WorldBank