2017 Country Profile THE COUNTRY SERIES

Turkmenistan Country Profile

November 2017 ii TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE o ay ure o febc rgrig hs eot pes cnat [email protected] or [email protected] contact please report, this regarding [email protected] feedback or queries any For September 29th,2017, and maybesubjecttochange. of as correct are used statistics and work. data this All in included data the guarantee not do author(s), the or PakistanCouncil, the Business data, the of authenticity verifythe and check the opinion of the ITC, World Bank, UN or CIA. Although every effort has been made to cross- reflect necessarily not do and author(s) the of responsibility the are Factbook World CIA and UNCTAD, Bank, World Map, Trade ITC from data on based analysis and conclusions Any represent. they companies the or Council PakistanBusiness the of Members and Directors of Board the The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of Disclaimer: Lead Researcher:Shumaila Abbasi Team Leader: SamirS. Amir Acknowledgements: More information on the PBC, its members, and its workings, can be found on its website: www.pbc.org.pk its on found be can workings, its and members, its PBC, the on information More • • • • • The majorobjectives ofthePBCasstatedinitsfoundingdocumentsare: FoundingThe PBC’s Objectives: and regulators withtheobjective toprovidepolicyassistanceonnewinitiatives andreforms. taskforces onvarious serves It also committees of the Government of as well as those of the State Bank, SECP and other businesses. affecting policies government other and legislation on government the to recommendations has and PBC papers The position Pakistan. key submitted from and in business of conduct the impact which issues major on institutions, as well as other stakeholders including professional bodies, to develop consensus The PBC works closely with the relevant government departments, ministries, regulators and order tohelpcreateaninformedviewonthemajorissuesfacedbyP in stakeholders all to information relevant of flow the facilitate to seminars and conferences holds and research conducts PBC The arenas. global and regional in compete to businesses specific business sector. Rather, its key advocacy thrust is on easing barriers to allow Pakistani The PBC is a pan-industry advocacy group. It is not a trade body nor does it advocate for any possible, theCodeofCorporateGovernance asapplicabletolistedcompanies. extent greatest the to follows PBC the so, do to law the under required not is it Though 1984. Ordinance Companies the of 42 Section under registered entity, not-for-profit a is PBC The a professionally-runorganizationheadedbyfull-timechiefexecutiv conglomerates, and businesses private-sector largest including multinationals. PBC businesses cover nearly all Pakistan’ssectors of the formal economy. It is of 62) established (now platform, 14 advocacy by policy 2005 business in a is (PBC) Council Business Pakistan The The Pakistan BusinessCouncil: foster andfurthertheeconomic,socialhuman resourcedevelopment ofPakistan. facilitate, to and Pakistan of development economic the in governments with interact To and toencourageinthedevelopment andgrowthofPakistani multinationals. To promote and facilitate the integration of businesses in Pakistan into the World economy for suchbusinesseswithinandoutsidePakistan. information relating to businesses of any kind, nature or description and on opportunities To acquire, collect, compile, analyze, publish and provide statistics, data analysis and other regard tomattersaffectingbusinessesin Pakistan. in awareness raising and research out carrying for works field and seminars workshops, groups, focus surveys, campaigns, manage and administer up, set organize, conduct, To conduct ofbusinessinandfromPakistan. the with connected question any on views of exchange and formation the for provide To AnOverview akistan. e officer. iii TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE iv TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE The PBC’s MemberCompanies The PBC’s The PBC’s MemberCompanies The PBC’s

v TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE vi TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE from Russia totaled $331.18 million and $570 million, respectively. Turkey was one of the top Russia Turkmensitan.to Turkmenistan’sappliances imports 2016, mechanical and In and to exports partner, trading important Another iron. imports ships, boats, and floating structures, and exports articles of iron and or steel, machinery, vehicles, machinery, of million consisting $338.50 to amounted imports Chinese gas, total natural Furthermore, cotton. included and which sulphur, billion salt, $5.60 to amounted China to exports 2016, In product. China makes up more than half of Turkmenistan’s exports, with natural gas as the main export (ECO) whichhasexpandeditstradeopportunities. Organization Cooperation Economic and (CIS), State Independent of Commonwealth (OIC), Furthermore, it is also Turkmenistan’sa Korea. part of of etc. Republic major the alliances and such vehicles,Japan as Germany, the China, Organization Russia, Turkey,of furniture, are Islamic partners Cooperation import steel, top or iron appliances, mechanical equipment, thetopexport are Russia and Italy partners byTurkey, of Turkmenistan. Imports followed in 2016 totaled China $4.66 billion fiber. which comprised of cotton machinery, and textiles, polypropylene, fertilizers, oils, petroleum gas, included which goods of worth billion $7.42 exported Turkmenistan 2016, In Turkmenistan. of GDP the to percent 84 contributes Trade 6.17 was 2016 percent, andunemploymentstoodat8.62percent. in rate inflation The low. remains country the in FDI although investments, with trading partners. Oil, gas, agriculture, agreements and construction are the main sectors and for foreign direct railways) and seaport, international international Turkmenistan’s pipelines, by (gas system facilitated transport been has trade years, the Over prices. energy gas as the main export item. This, however, puts the economy at risk in case of changing global contribute 39.20% and 13.20% respectively. Trade plays a vital role in the economy with natural Turkmenistan’s industrial sector generates 47.70% of the GDP, while services and agriculture sector, private in growth increased exports,andinvestments helpedstabilizetheeconomy. development, agricultural for (1990-2000)” stability as of such years measures “10 Government food. for dependency import and production, agricultural low to due rates growth GDP fluctuating witnessed independence after years few first The and againin2017. wasBerdimuhamedow power2007. to 11, came 2011, February formally in on and re-elected president, acting the as office took Berdimuhamedow Gurbanguly 2006, in death Niyazov’s the of approval the as constitution of Turkmenistan. such (1992), and events introduction of important President the national of currency, first comprised the Turkmen years the Manat post-independence (1993). became The After Niyazov on Saparmurat independence and declared 1991, Turkmenistan 27, Union, October Soviet the of dissolution the Following Monument ofNeutrality,andtheancientcityNisa. of whom are Muslims. It is also home to a number of tourist sites such as the , . It has a total area of 488,100 km², and a population of 5.66 million (2016), majority Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia, and is bordered by , , , and Turkmenistan isthethirdinseries. covering Profile Country This Republics. Central Asian the in opportunities the highlighting Profiles Country five of series a initiated has non-traditional (PBC) Council to Business Pakistan industrialists the markets, and traders Pakistani introduce to initiative its of part As Executive Summary hand, Pakistan canenhanceitssupplyofwheatandmedicament toTurkmenistan. other the On Pakistan. to polypropylene and urea cotton, of export its increase to potential or andvegetable toPakistan, export animal biggest fats and oils are the most imported commodities from Pakistan. the Turkmenistan has the makes Cotton trade million. a $20.96 in of resulting million, surplus $24.96 at stood exports and million, $4.00 were imports 2016, In years. ten past the Turkmenistanover of favour in entirely been has Pakistan with Trade while importsincludeediblevegetables, beverages, rawhidesandskins. amounted to $0.92 million. Export items to Afghanistan include natural gas, wheat, and peat, far exports Turkmenistan imports and million, $632.41 2016. totaled exports from 2015, imports In it Afghanistan. than more in million $477.49 to amounted imports $58.36 total were and Iran to million, exports Total vegetables. edible and iron, plastic, of comprise imports Iran and Afghanistan. Exports to Iran include mineral fuels, mineral oils, and chemicals, while neighbors, two other its with Turkmenistantrades Uzbekistan, also and Kazakhstan Besides Tajikistan andUzbekistan,cannotbeanalyzed. Republics, Asian Central two other with trade data, of non-availability to Due walnuts. and hand, imports totaled $5.70 million which comprised of electrical machinery, filament lamps, were $4.36 million which included clothing items, fertilisers, and vegetable fats. On the other with Kyrgyzstan constitutes less than 1 percent of Turkmenistan’sTrade million. total trade. In $69.10 2016, exports were imports total while million, $214.40 were 2016 in to Kazakhstan to ships exports Total and industry. milling steel, the of products or and sulphur, iron salt, imports of and Kazakhstan, articles fuels, mineral exports Turkmenistan Asian partner. Central prominent trade most the is Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan. and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Republics, Asian Central other the with trade in involved also Turkmenistanis and mineraloils. fuels mineral cotton, of consisted and 2016 in million $420 to amounted exports Meanwhile, equipment. and machinery, electrical steel, or iron of comprised majorly and 2016 in billion exporting and importing partners of Turkmenistan in 2016. Imports from Turkey totaled $1.25 vii TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE

List ofContents Trade withTurkey Trade withIran Trade withTajikistan Trade withUzbekistan Trade withKyrgyzstan Trade withKazakhstan Turkmenistan’s RegionalTrade Exports 32 Imports 30 Major Trading Partners Trade Balance Trade 29 Tourism inTurkmenistan International Transport System Main Industries Economy 11 Economic Landscape Country History Key SocialIndicators Executive Summary MemberCompanies The PBC’s Founding Objectives: The PBC’s The Pakistan BusinessCouncil:AnOverview Disclaimer Acknowledgements 44 41 40 40 37 34 34 30 29 24 19 16 11 07 03 Sources 75 Consulates andBusinessForums Foreign DirectInvestment Ease ofDoingBusiness Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Economic CooperationOrganization(ECO) Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Turkmenistan’s Trade Alliances Turkmenistan’s Trade Potential withPakistan: Trade withPakistan Trade withIndia Trade withChina Trade withRussia Trade withAfghanistan vi iv iii iii ii ii 74 72 71 67 66 64 64 62 59 56 49 49 47 ix TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE x TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 34ExportstoRussia atHS06Level Table 33ExportstoRussia atHS02Level Table 32ImportsfromRussia atHS-06Level Table 31ImportsfromRussiaatHS-02Level Table 30ExportstoAfghanistanatHS06level Table 29ExportstoAfghanistanatHS02Level Table 28ImportsfromAfghanistanatHS06level Table 27ImportsfromAfghanistanatHS02Level Table 26ExportstoTurkey atHS-06Level Table 25ExportstoTurkey atHS02Level Table 24ImportsfromTurkey atHS06Level Table 23ImportsfromTurkey atHS-02Level Table 22ExportstoIranatHS-06Level Table 21ExportstoIranatHS-02Level Table 20ImportsfromIranatHS06level Table 19ImportsfromIranatHS-02Level Table 18ExportstoKyrgyzstan atHS-06Level Table 17ExportstoKyrgyzstan atHS02level Table 16ImportsfromKyrgyzstan atHS-06Level Table 15ImportsfromKyrgyzstan atHS02Level Table 14ExportstoKazakhstanatHS-06Level Table 13ExportstoKazakhstanatHS02level Table 12ImportsfromKazakhstanatHS06Level Table 11ImportsfromKazakhstanatHS02Level Table 10Turkmenistan’s ExportsatHS-06 Level Table 9Turkmenistan’s ExportsatHS02Level Table 8Turkmenistan’s Top 10ExportPartners Table 7Turkmenistan’s ImportsatHS06level Table 6Turkmenistan’s ImportsatHS-02Level Table 5Turkmenistan’s Top 10ImportPartners Source: IndexMundi Table 4Turkmenistan CottonProduction Indicators 2010-16 Table 3Turkmenistan’s Economic Table 2AirportsinTurkmenistan Table 1ProvincesofTurkmenistan List ofTables 52 51 51 50 49 48 48 46 46 45 45 43 43 42 42 39 39 38 36 36 35 35 33 33 32 31 31 30 17 12 06 05 38 48 (PSAs) inTurkmenistan Table 56ProductionSharingAgreements Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Table 55Top 10ExportPartners fromthe Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Table 54Top 10ImportPartners from the Economic CooperationofOrganization(ECO) Table 53ExportPartners fromthe Economic CooperationofOrganization(ECO) Table 52ImportPartners fromthe Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Table 51ExportPartners fromthe Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Table 50Importpartnersfromthe to Pakistan atHS06Level Table 49Turkmenistan’s Potential Exports from Pakistan atHS06Level Table 48Turkmenistan’s Potential Imports Table 47ExportstoPakistan atHS06Level Table 46ExportstoPakistan atHS02Level Table 45ImportsfromPakistan atHS06Level Table 44ImportsfromPakistan atHS02Level Table 43ExportstoIndiaatHS06Level Table 42ExportstoIndiaatHS-02Level Table 41ImportsfromIndiaatHS-06Level Table 40ImportsfromIndiaatHS02Level Table 39ExportstoChinaatHS06Level Table 38ExportstoChinaatHS02Level Table 37ImportsfromChinaatHS-06Level Table 36ImportsfromChinaatHS02Level Table 35Turkmenistan’s ExportstoChina 73 68 68 67 66 65 65 63 63 62 61 61 60 58 58 57 57 56 55 54 54 53 Figure 31Trade withPakistan Figure 30Trade withIndia Figure 29Trade withChina Figure 28Trade withRussia Figure 27Trade withAfghanistan Figure 26Trade withTurkey Figure 25Trade withIran Figure 24Trade withKyrgyzstan Figure 23Trade withKazakhstan Figure 22Turkmenistan’s ExportPartners Figure 21Turkmenistan’s ImportPartners Figure 20Turkmenistan’s Trade Balance Figure 19GypjakMosqueSource:Flickr Figure 18MervSource:Travel Source:Flickr Figure 17NisaSource:WikimediaCommons Wikimedia Commons Figure 16Konye-Urgench Source: Source: WikimediaCommons Figure 15Turkmen CarpetMuseum Figure 14MonumentofNeutralitySource:Flickr Figure 13DoortoHellSource:Wikipedia Figure 12KarakumDesertSource:Wikipedia in Turkmenistan Source:WikimediaCommons Figure 11RouteofTrans-Caspian railway Wikimedia Commons Figure 10Trans-Caspian PipelineSource: Source: WikimediaCommons Figure 9CentralAsia-Chinapipeline Source: CIAWorld Factbook Figure 8Turkmenistan’s GDPbysector Source: World Bank Figure 7UnemploymentRate(1991-2016) (1997-2016) Source:Trading Economies Figure 6InflationRateofTurkmenistan Turkmenistan (1991-2016)Source:World Bank Figure 5EconomicGrowthof (1991-2016) Source:World Bank Figure 4GDPpercapitaofTurkmenistan Source: World Bank Figure 3GDPofTurkmenistan (1991-2016) CIA TheWorld Factbook Figure 2Population AgeStructureSource: Google Map Figure 1MapofTurkmenistan Source: List ofFigures 59 56 53 50 47 44 41 37 34 32 30 29 26 26 25 25 25 24 24 24 22 21 20 16 15 15 14 13 13 04 03 Investment (1993-2015) Figure 35Turkmenistan’s Foreign Direct Islamic Cooperation(OIC) Figure 34Trade withOrganizationof Cooperation Organization(ECO) Figure 33Trade withEconomic Independent States(CIS) Figure 32Trade withCommonwealthof 72 67 66 64 xi TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE

Independence Monument, SECTION I Key Social Indicators

1 USD =3.50TMT(August, 2017) Coastline: Turkmenistan borders theCaspianSea,1,768km 1,793 km Countries: Bordering Land Boundary • • Total Area: 488,100 km² Geographic Coordinates:38.9697°N,59.5563°E south-west, andtheCaspianSeatowest. north-west, Uzbekistan to the north-east, Afghanistan to the south-east, Iran to the south and Location: Geography Currency: Manat Independence Official Name:Turkmenistan Key SocialIndicators: Water: 18,170 km² Land: 469,930 km² Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia, and is surrounded by Kazakhstan to the to Kazakhstan by surrounded is and Asia, Central in located is Turkmenistan : October27,1991 4,158 km

Afghanistan 804 km, Iran 1,148 km, Kazakhstan 413 km, Uzbekistan km, 413 Kazakhstan km, 1,148 Iran km, 804 Afghanistan Figure 1MapofTurkmenistan Source:GoogleMap 03 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 04 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Life expectancyatbirth: is 99.83% for males is 99.75% and that for females is 99.56%. The total literacy rate for youth (ages 15-24) rate of Turkmenistan for adults (individuals 15 or above) is 99.65%, out which the literacy rate Literacy rate is defined as the percentage of people who can read & write. The overall literacy Education Ethnic groups Religious groups: Language Population growthrate:1.70%(2016) Population: 5.66million(2016) Demography • • • • • • • • Female: 73.30 years Male: 67.10years Total Population:70.10years 65 years andover: 4.56% (male105,140/female136,034)(2016est.) 55-64 years: 7.59% (male189,464/female212,330) 25-54 years: 42.86% (male1,125,058/female1,142,870) 15-24 years: 19.04% (male506,856/female500,647) 0-14 years: 25.95% (male695,752/female677,166) : Turkmen (official)72%,Russian12%,Uzbek9%,other7% Turkmen 85%,Uzbek5%,Russian4%,other6%(2003) Muslim 89%,EasternOrthodox9%,unknown2% Figure 2Population Age StructureSource:CIATheWorldFactbook

(2016 est.) Population Age structure:

Capital City:Ashgabat Legal System:CivilLawwithIslamicinfluences Government System:PresidentialRepublic, Authoritarian Government Type Rate ofurbanization: +1.94%annualratechange(2010-15est.) Urban population Urbanization: The following table shows the capital city, the area and the population of each of the provinces. Ashgabat. Thereare50districtsand24townsinTurkmenistan. The country has 5 provinces: Ahal, Balkan, Dasoguz, Lebap, and Mary; and the capital city of Administrative Divisions: Connectivity Table 1 ProvincesofTurkmenistan Ahal Mary Mary Lebap Daşoguz Balkan • • Province Area: 440 km Unpaved 5 Paved 21 Total: 26 Airports: Unpaved 11,015km(2002) Paved 47,577km Total: 58,592km Roads Population: 746,000(2015) Türkmenabat Capital city Daşoguz Mary Anau : 50% oftotalpopulation(2015) 2 (170sqmi) 139,270 km 97,160 km 87,150 km 93,730 km 73,430 km 2 2 2 2 Area 2 (33,650sq.mi) (36,190sq.mi) (28,350sq.mi) (37,510sq.mi) (53,770sq.mi) (2005 est.) Population 1,480,400 1,334,500 1,370,400 939,700 553,500 05 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 06 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Communication: Airports inTurkmenistan: Table 2 Airports inTurkmenistan • • • • 18% (July 2016est.) Percent ofpopulation:18%(July Total: 951,925 Internet Users: Subscriptions per100inhabitants Total subscriptions Telephones-fixed lines Country Telephone Code:993 Major seaport:Turkmenbashi InternationalSeaport–CaspianSea Ports Turkmenbashi Turkmenabat Balkanabat Dashoguz Location Ashgabat Kerkiçi Mary : 665,000 : : 13 (July 2016est.) : 13(July Ashgabat International Airport Ashgabat International Turkmenbashi Airport Turkmenabat Airport Balkanabat Airport Dashoguz Airport Airport name Airport Kerkiçi Airport Mary Airport Mary collapsed in 224 A.D., and Turkmenistan came under the influence of the Sassanids in the 3 the in Sassanids the Turkmenistan224 of and in influence A.D., collapsed the under came is which Nisa, of city often regarded as their first capital and the seat of their central government. The established Parthian Empire Parthians The Parthia. of the Kingdom to the led of which formation independence declared Parthia of (governor) satrap era, Seleucids the of end important the Towards an region. it the over took made Seleucids the death, Alexander’s to After hub. trading China from Road Silk the on position strategic Its River. Murghab the near located , present-day of Alexandria, city the founded BC. Alexander Timurid Empire. The empire fell apart after his death in 1405. Between the 15 the Between 1405. in death his after apart fell empire The Empire. Timurid Timur, a Turko-Mongol conqueror, captured most of Turkmenistan in 1388, and launched the which were territoriesruledbythedescendantsofGenghisKhan. Subsequently, parts place. of Turkmenistantook wereEmpire incorporated Mongol into Chagatai Khanate the and Ilkhanate, of fragmentation Khan, Monge son, eldest Khan’s Genghis Turkmen the invasion, of death the this After groups. tribal new formed to and southwardmoved north, the Due in lived who Merv. of city the destroyed They and Asia. Khwarezm, Central invadedcaptured Mongols the Khan, Genghis of Khorasan. leadership conquered the who under 1157 1221, In in Khiva of rulers Turkic the by overthrown was Empire Empire was established in 1040 which covered present day Iran and Turkmenistan. The Seljuk Seljuk The 990. in Ghaznavids the by overthrown turn in were who Samanids, the by 901 in defeat their until period short a for ruled who Saffarids the by overthrown were Arabs The from Asia Mongolia inthe8thcentury. Central present-day to migrated population, Turkmen modern the of the are ancestors who tribes, Oghuz Moreover, literature. and history, Hadith, law, Islamic of the areas in specialized of who center Merv from a hailed became scholars Many Merv learning. and and knowledge Caliphate, Muslim Islamic the of part became Turkmenistan Asia. Russians started taking control of the Turkmen land towards the end of the 19 of Khanates Khiva andBukhara. of control the under were tribes Turkmen the of Most Bukhara. and Khiva of centuries, different parts of Turkmenistan were controlled by Persia, and the Uzbek Khanates 7 the in invasions Following century, followed bythe Ephtalitiesinthe5thcentury. Turkmenistan was conquered by the Persians in the 6 the in Persians the by conquered wasTurkmenistan Indus Valley. by tribes which headed towards the southern regions of ancient Mesopotamia, Elam, and the the as known tribes Massagetae, Scythians, semi-nomadic and Soghdians. The or area was often nomadic a point of migration were and invasions These ago. years region thousand the four to over migrating tribes Iranian Indo-European with begins history Turkmenistan’s Country History Achaemenid Empire. a rebellion against the newly formed Soviet Union. By 1924, the rebellion had been crushed been had rebellion the 1924, By Union. Soviet formed newly the against rebellion a impact on Turkmenistan, in the 1920s Turkmen, Kazak, Kyrgyz and Uzbek joined together in direct little had 1917 of Revolution Russian the Though Germans. the fight to Tsar’sarmies the in conscription forced against revolted Warpopulation World local during the 1916, I, In rule in1881aftertheBattleofGeok Tepe. Russian under came Turkmenistan day Current Bukhara. and Khiva of Khanates included The region was later occupied by Alexander the Great in the 4 th and the 8 the and th century, Arabs successfully took control of Central of control took successfully Arabs century, th century BC, and became part of the of part became and BC, century th century which th and the 17 the and th century rd th

07 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 08 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE eue hs oiin s h Peiet f ukeitn Acrig o constitutional a to According Turkmenistan. in 2017 Berdimuhamedowwonathirdtermafter receiving97.70percentofthevotes. Finally, (2016). years of seven to five from President extended was term further president’s the the Berdimuhamedow amendment, election, as an position in votes his the of secured percent 97 winning after 2012, In passed. Moreover, anewconstitution was approved bythePeople’s Council in2008. also efficiency were agriculture improvementin to budget pertaining Laws restored. werealso crisis supposedly a to due president former the by withheld been pensions had that and elderly re-employed, the to were ethnicity their on based Niyazov by fired been had who number of reforms in health, education, military and pension systems. Government employees a introduced He votes. the of 89% polling after 2007 11, powerFebruary to on came formally and president, acting the as office took Berdimuhamedow Gurbanguly death, his Following disease in2006. heart of died he 2010, before held be to elections fair and free promised Niyazov Although to and started improve. countries treaties, two the bilateral between relations After transport, railroad and Niyazov. road on on agreements attempt assassination 2002 the ofUzbekistan’s in involvement the possibility and market, cotton world the in competition consumption, waterto pertaining issues to due 2004 to 2002 from strained were Uzbekistan with Relations control. an surviving after Furthermore, media tighter Monarch”. and measures security greater ordered Niyazov 2002, in attempt assassination “Presidential often a is created which decision having a for 1999, in criticized Parliament by life for president declared was Niyazov (1995). stance neutrality permanent Turkmenistan’s on Resolution Assembly General UN the and Turkmenthe (1993), currency, Manat national the of introduction (1992), friendship of treaty Turkmen-Russianthe (1992), constitution approvalTurkmenistan’sthe the of as such history uncontested election. uncontested independence, After its achieved Turkmenistan 1991, 27 October independence fromtheSovietUnion. On Turkmenistan. of independence the on and political practices of Moscow. In October 1991, the disintegration of the Soviet Union Soviet the forced of disintegration economic the 1991, unfair October as In Moscow. perceived of practices they political what and against concerns voicing leaders with independence Republic’s gain the to struggle the in joined also Turkmenistan rule. Moscow’s from Towards the end of the 1980s, a number of Soviet Republics made efforts to detach themselves Transcaspia. of province tsarist old the from formed been had Republic Socialist TurkmenSoviet the and

Saparmurat Niyazov , the leader of the Turkmen Communist Party, to call a referendum became the first President of Turkmenistan in an in Turkmenistan of President first the became Niyazov Saparmurat The first few years of independence of years few first The comprised of important events in events important of comprised Aerial view of Gypjak Mosque SECTION II Economy

124 2 1 Turkmenistan’s 82 world. was 2016 the in in GDP(PPP) by economies ranking growing economic fastest the of one of status the enjoys years, it ten last the over percent 12 abundant averaging rate is growth that GDP a Asia With resources. Central natural in in country populated sparsely but large a is Turkmenistan Economy Economic have yet toshowprogressintheshapeofmeaningfulprivate sectordevelopment. corruption. actions perpetuates these and such, transparency As limits which defined clearly not are privatization to pertaining Rules low. been has rate success the (SMEs), enterprises business the improveSocio-Economic Development (2011–2030) which involves privatization of to small and medium measures taken environment has and encourage privatization through governmentinitiatives such as The National the Program of sector Although, private little development. with closed as characterized be can economy the of nature overall The economy totheboom-bustcyclesofoilindustry. the exposes This gas. natural product, single a and China, market, single a highly to concentrated still are exports Turkmenistan’s attempts, diversification of spite In gas. natural customer for main its as China with Turkmenistan of product export major the is gas years. Natural the over growth its to contributed substantially have which resources oil and gas in exports whereas wheat is used for domestic consumption. The country is also well-endowed well-developed a has regions, desert agricultural sector. by Cotton and wheat are the marked two major crops, of which cotton majorly is primarily for being of spite in Turkmenistan, th largestimporterintheworld(2015) http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tkm/#Exports https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP) Landscape 2 . 1 , and it is the 90 the is it and , th largest exporter, and the and exporter, largest 11 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 12 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 3Turkmenistan’s EconomicIndicators2010-16 Exchange Ratehttp://www.focus-economics.com/countries/turkmenistan InflationRate:https://tradingeconomics.com/turkmenistan/inflation-cpi; 3

The followingtableshowsfewkeyindicatorsandtheirtrendsfrom2010to2016 Exchange Rate (vsUSD) Exchange Rate Inflation Rate Inflation ILO estimate) (% oftotallaborforce)(modeled Unemployment, total Real GDPgrowth(annual%) Real GDP (constant2010US$) GDP (currentUS$billions) (current US$) GNI percapita,Atlasmethod (current US$billions) GNI, Atlasmethod Population growth(annual%) Total Population (millions) Economic Indicators SourceofIndicators:WorldBank (exceptforInflationRateandExchangeRate); 22.58 22.58 4,070 20.70 2010 2.85 4.80 9.20 9.20 1.60 5.09 14.70 25.90 29.23 4,730 24.45 2011 2.85 5.60 9.20 1.70 5.17 11.10 28.78 35.16 5,560 29.30 2012 2.85 6.50 9.10 1.80 5.27 10.20 31.71 39.20 6,530 35.04 2013 2.85 6.00 9.00 1.90 5.37 10.30 34.98 43.52 7,310 39.96 2014 2.85 4.42 9.00 1.80 5.47 37.25 35.80 7,120 39.63 2015 3.40 7.00 8.70 6.50 1.80 5.57 3 : 39.56 36.18 6,670 37.76 2016 3.50 6.17 8.60 6.20 1.70 5.66 $6,389. $7,962 in2014,andfallingto$6,432thefollowingyear. GDPpercapitain 2016 stoodat terns. GDPpercapitahasmajorlyfollowed anupward trendreachinganall-timehighof From 1991to2016,Turkmenistan’s GDPpercapitaandnominalhave hadsimilarpat- GDP percapita in 2015to$36.20billion2016. billion $35.80 from figures GDP the in seen been improvementhas However,slight a prices. energy falling by wasimpacted economy the when 2015 in fell GDP 2014. in billion $43.50 at peaking increased consistently GDP and up, picked production 1996, in partners trading its export partners i.e. Russia and Ukraine, this lowered production. Following negotiations with its with settlements debt and disputes price gas by affected wasadversely GDP years, initial At the time of its independence in 1991, Turkmenistan had a GDP of $3.20 billion. During the GDP settlements ith Durin initial the GDP aected ears, as price adversel disputes as and det t the time o its independence in itsindependence 11, time the o t GDP Figure patterns. 1991to From GDP percapita Figure

econom aseconom GDPincreased consistentl olloin neotiations high of$7,962 een seen 2016 stood at $6 at 2016 stood

4 US $ 3

USD Billion

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 GDPcapita Turkmenistan per of (1991 GDPof Turkmenistan (1991 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 0 GDP per capita has majorly followed GDP has capita majorly anupwardreaching per trend anall 3.20 in in GDP GDP the 2016, Turkmenistan’s capita had GDP per and similar have nominal

846 inand $6 falling 2014, to impacted impacted

,389. Figure 4GDPpercapitaofTurkmenistan (1991-2016)Source:World Bank its its eport partners eport Figure 3GDPofTurkmenistan (1991-2016)Source:WorldBank

iures rom - 2016) ith ith allin ener pricesallin ener

Source: World Bank World Source:

2.45 peakin - 2016) its GDP percapita (current US$)

tradin partners Source:World Bank

at at ie ,432 in following the GDPin capita year. per Nominal GDP Nominal 0

illion in0 illion 62 201to

ussia kraine, and Turkmenistan

illionin 201 GDP in ell

in 16 oever , production picked up, and had ,

a sliht this this a illion in0 illion 2016 GDP o o GDP loered production loered improvement

7,962 201 hen the 20

6,432 6,389 - time time

illion 43.50

36.20 has

22 21 35.80

13 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 14 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE in 2009.Inflationratethepast‘5’ years hasbeen between 4.40percentand7.00percent. was2016 till 1997 from rate lowestthe with percent, 12.26 achievedbeing percent 0.10 of rate inflation percent. Average 15.00 below remained has rate inflation the onwards, 2000 From managed excessliquidityandcontrolledthe exchangerate. which market the in exchange foreign of sale increased to attributed be can rate inflation in inflation rate of 83.7 percent was seen in 1997 which fell to 16.80 percent in 1998. This decline Turkmenthe highest currency, The national prices. control to was1993 Manat, in introduced the Subsequently, links. political and commercial for currency common a as Ruble Soviet the 2016. Turkmenistan experienced hyperinflation post-independence as a result of maintaining 1997- period twenty-year the over rate inflation shows Turkmenistan’s figure following The Inflation trading partners(RussiaandIran),lower investments. from hydrocarbons of demand reduced trade, of terms deteriorating to due percent 6.20 to from percent 6.50 to 2015 in rate growth 10.30 percent in GDP 2014. Economic slowdown the persisted in 2016 with in the GDP growth drop rate falling a in resulted prices gas low and with oil combined dollar US the of appreciation and recession, economy, Russian Chinese the the of including slowdown factors External partners. is trading its performance of economic that its by GDP, impacted Turkmenistan’s of percent 84 generates trade Because the private sector,increasedexports,andinvestments contributedtothischange. Government 1999. in in growth development, agricultural for percent (1990-2000)” stability of years “10 as 16.50 such measures of maximum a reached and onwards, 1998 from rates agricultural production due low to unfavorable climate with conditions. Turkmenistancombined has enjoyed goods positive growth capital and import goods, by consumer affected food, was for economy dependency The 1994. in percent rates withthe -17.30 as low growth as GDP falling rate growth fluctuating witnessed independence after years few first The Economic Growth Figure investments roth Theirst independence e ater ears itnessed luctuatinGDP rates ith roth Economic Growth

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4 Accordin to Future Economic Outlook Figure reacinpercent, Beteen Figure Unemployment and iscal revenue plausile an expecteddue to recovery in pricesenery consumption investment,overnment orein directinvestment, and pulic and private ro https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/237761/ado

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15 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 16 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE worth ofnaturalgaswas exported, outofwhich$5.48billionwas suppliedtoChina are handled by the Turkmenistan Natural Gas Company (Turkmengaz). In 2016, $5.67 billion 8 7 6 5 4 billion cubic meters (bcm) 78 of production a with world the in producer gas natural largest tenth the Turkmenistanis Natural Resources 13.20 percentrespectively tototalGDP contributed which sector and percent 39.20 contributed agriculture and services Meanwhile, GDP. the to percent 47.70 industrial the of consisted mainly GDP Turkmenistan’s 2016, In an importantroleineconomicgrowth. over the years other sectors such as textile, chemicals, and financial services have also played Turkmenistan’s economy is mainly dependent on the extraction of oil and natural gas. Main in energypriceswhichshouldimprove exportsandfiscal revenue support economic growth. Furthermore, this upturn is plausible due to an expected recovery to expected are consumption private and public and investment, direct foreign investment, Government 2018. in percent 7.00 of increase expected an by followed 2017 in percent 6.50 by the Turkmenistan’sgrow Developmentto Bank, to Asian According expected is economy Future EconomicOutlook The Galkynysh Gas Field of Turkmenistan is the fifth largest gas field in the worldwith the in field gas largest 2.80 of reserves commercial proven fifth the is Turkmenistan of Field Gas Galkynysh The 5 Turkmenistan is Natural Figure Turkmenistan Main Industries 7 6

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. Complex of Oil Refineries, and Seydi Oil Refinery. Seydi and Refineries, Oil of Complex was at261thousandbpd. production while (bpd) day per barrels thousand 146 to amounted consumption Oil 2015. in the from extracted reserves oil of tons Turkmenistanmillion (2016), 100 Energy had World of Review Statistical is which of majority oil, in Koturdepe, well-endowed also is Turkmenistan

however, over the years it has been working towards self-sufficiency. To encourage local To encourage self-sufficiency. production, thegovernment hasprovidedincentives toproducerssuchassoftloans towards requirements, working been food has its it years for the over imports however, on dependent heavily was Turkmenistan Previously, increase comparedtothefigurein1991 https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of- 10 9 wheat Turkmenistan hadmainlyimported wheat,however, since2010ithasalsostartedexporting fertilizers and seeds of procurement water irrigation, and maintenance, inmachinery concessions from benefit tenants and addition, farmers In equipment. other and machinery tractors, harvesters, modern of purchase the est.) Agriculture sector grew by 12.00 percent in 2016, and contributed 13.20 per cent to GDP (2016 Agriculture http://departments.agri.huji.ac.il/economics/en/publications/discussion_papers/2015/3.15%20Wheat%20 18 https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=tm&commodity=cotton&graph=production 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 the mostlydesertregionsofcountry.In2016,cottonexportsfellby$99.20million in irrigation in difficulties to due declined has production years few past the overHowever, export. for cotton high-quality produce to it allowed and capacity, productivesector’s the to o cto pouto. ukeitn s n o te o tn otn rdcn countriesin producing cotton ten top the world of the one utilized is is land Turkmenistan irrigated production. the cotton of for Half economy. Turkmenistan’s for crops important two the most are wheat and Cotton land. arable of hectares 2,000,000 around has Turkmenistan Table 4Turkmenistan CottonProductionSource:IndexMundi 10 Nal frynn pret f h lbr oc i epoe i ti sco (04 est.) (2014 sector this in employed is force labor the of percent forty-nine Nearly . 17 world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf http://tdh.gov.tm/news/en/articles.aspx&article4320&cat35 production%20in%20Turkmenistan.pdf FigurereferstoCotton,Product Code:52fromITCTradeMap http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/_eng/?id=6326 http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-cotton-producing-countries-in-the-world.html https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Turkmenistan-Agricultural-Sectors https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/237761/ado-2017.pdf https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html . In2016,morethan1.60milliontonsofwheat was harvested, whichis an eight-fold 13 . Balkanabat The government has helped the cotton sector develop by providing funds for funds providing by develop sector cotton the helped has government The 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Year , and 9 . Cheleken areas. The country has two oil refineries, Turkmenbashi Turkmenistan CottonProduction 18 . 14 Production 16 Teemaue ae usatal contributed substantially have measures These . 1,325 1,450 1,525 1,550 1,700

codn t te rts Petroleum British the to According

Growth Rate 11.48 % -8.62 % -4.92 % -1.61 % -8.82 % Unit ‘000USBales 12 . 15 . 11 . 17 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 18 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Turkmenistan is home to Central Asia’s largest potash plant which has a capacity of over of tons capacity million a 1 has which plant potash largest Asia’s well. Central as to products home is chemical Turkmenistan exports country The salts. mineral and bromine, iodine, acids, nitric and sulphuric fertilizers, phosphorous and nitrogen produce that plants chemical nine with sector growing rapidly a is which industry chemical the is industry important Another in supplyingelectricitytoTajikistan andKazakhstan 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 The service industry accounts for 39.20 per cent of the GDP (2016 est.) (2016 GDP the of cent per 39.20 for accounts industry service The Services Sector Pakistanand to Afghanistan exports electricity for of Uzbekistan export in involved actively with is cooperate Turkmenistanto Turkey.2017, agreed and In Iran, to Afghanistan, electricity and sector, energy well-developed a has Turkmenistan Industry times respectively and China, Turkey, Ukraine. Italy, From 2000 to Russia, 2015, cottonBritain, yarn productionGermany, and textile exportsCanada, increased 2.40U.S., and 3.20 the as such countries to exported is production textile total the of percent 70 country; the of exports top the among textile firms,20 andover more thanare 70 textileThere factoriesindustry. in thetextile country. the is Textile productscountry after naturalthe gas, rank in industry important Another h got ws rvn y 42 pret nrae n rd, 04 pret n rnpr and transport percent. in 10.00 percent 10.40 year’s communications, 4.40percentinconstructionservices,and9.70otherservices. trade, previous in increase the percent 14.20 to by compared driven was percent growth The 11.00 by grew services 2016, In projects public with particularpreferencegivenfinance toagriculture. is to system granted financial are Loans the Turkmenistan. in of Bank role Central key the the by played and banks, owned state 12 are There lending. and exchanges currency of case the in especially services, financial handles mainly Government segment oftheservicessectorisfinancialsector. to intends also government The year). collaborate withforeigncompaniestofurtherdevelop thissector per tons (400,000 plant ammonia an and year) per https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/237761/ado-2017.pdf Source:CIAWorldFactbook https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Turkmenistan-Chemical-Industry https://en.trend.az/casia/turkmenistan/2736860.html https://www.azernews.az/region/99380.html http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1703986754&Country=T https://www.dawn.com/news/1318884 22 . Recent developments include the setting up of a urea plant (640,000 tons plant (640,000 urea a of up setting the include developments Recent . 21 . 20 . urkmenistan&topic=Economy&subto_9 19 , and has also shown interest shown also has and , 23 . 24 . The most important most The . 25 initial phaseoftheprojectwas $180million. the of cost total The year. per bcm 12 to increased be can which year per (bcm) meters cubic billion 6 was of capacity initial an with long miles) (113 182-km Iran is It Iran. Khangiran, in refinery to Turkmenistan linking in field gas Dauletabad the from runs pipeline gas The a 2010. to in Turkmenistan completed Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran, pipeline, Another project cost $190millionandhasthecapacitytodeliver The 8billioncubicmetersofgasannually dependency. pipeline Russian total from Turkmenistan released inauguration its upon and 1997, in opened pipeline much-needed The Iran. in Kordkuy to Turkmenistan in field Korpeje the from running pipeline miles) (120 200-kilometer a is Korpeje–Kordkuy Turkmenistan-Iran to Russia. and Russia, with Turkmenistan blaming Gazprom for the incident, and cutting off gas supplies betweenTurkmenistantension created which 2009 in exploded pipeline gas the of section A 90 of discharge maximum a and (bcm), billion cubicmetersperyear. year per meters cubic billion via 44 of Russia capacity a to has Turkmenistan connects km) (2,000 Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, Pipeline and is controlled by the Russian Gas company, Gazprom. It currently Asia-Center Central The Turkmenistan-Russia Gas Pipelines International Transport System 19 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 20 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE exported to andEuropeoncetheTrans-CaspianGaspipelineisconstructed. further being gas of possibility a is There billion. $2.50 of cost a with complete to years three Future Projects yearper gas natural of meters cubic Balkan province (far west of Turkmenistan). It is 773-km long, and has a capacity of 30 billion Turkmenistan), of (southeast transporting province natural Mary gas from in fieldsstation such asShatlyk thethe Galkynysh gasfrom field runs pipeline The East-West Pipeline per bcm 25 annum fromLineC and each, B Line and A Line from annum per bcm 15 annum; per meters cubic billion completed 55 is werelines parallel three the which of capacity total C The The respectively. 2014 and Turkmenistan.Line 2010, 2009, in and in B, is Line A, 188-km Line lines, which parallel of three of out consists long pipeline 1,833-km is It from China. gas entering before natural carrying Saman-Depe from starts It the China. to gas natural of quantities Turkmenistanallowedhuge has export pipeline to gas Central Asia-China the of launch The Turkmenistan-China 28 27 26 assistance financial provide to agreed also has (IDB) Bank Development Islamic the Bank(ADB), Moreover, billion. Development $10 of Asian cost estimated the an by at funded being is pipeline 1,800-km The . and Pakistan, Turkmenistan,Afghanistan, of governments by up taken joint-initiative a is TAPI Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline meters per annum, while Afghanistan will be provided 5.0 billion cubic meters of gas per gas of meters cubic billion 5.0 provided be will Afghanistan while annum, per meters from the Galkynysh field, out of which Pakistan and India will each receive 14. 0 billion cubic Once the project is completed, Turkmenistan will provide 33.0 billion cubic meters per annum 5 percent. contribute 85 percent of the equity, while Afghanistan, India and Pakistan will each contribute Turkmenistanwasand that It project agreed gas. the natural lead of will supply adequate an reduce its export reliance on China, and to also provide Afghanistan, Pakistan and India with Bagtyyarlyk http://enggpost.com/index.php/2017/04/07/construction-phase-of-tapi-gas-pipe-line-project-started-in-pakistan/ http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/turkmenistan-completes-east-west-pipeline-whats-next/ http://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia/FlowofnaturalgasfromCentralAsia2.shtml gas fields in Turkmenistan, and passes through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan through passes in and fields Turkmenistan, gas 26 . Figure 9Central Asia-China pipelineSource:Wikimedia Commons 27 . . Construction of the pipeline began in 2012, and it took it and 2012, in began pipeline the of Construction 28 . The purpose of this venture is for Turkmenistan to Turkmenistan for is venture this of purpose The . to the Belek-1 station in the annum. ThepipelineisexpectedtobecompletedinDecember,2020 lhuh h Aga gvrmn poie t poie rtcin hog top, the troops, through protection provide to Helmand). promises effectiveness of and this measure is still in doubt due to the fluid security situation in government the region. (Kandahar Afghan Afghanistan the of Although regions controlled Taliban pass will currently pipeline the through since concerns risk-related of source a been has route proposed The for need the fuels further which TAPI. supply the than higher three-times be will time same the Pakistanof around that while two-folds, by increase to expected yearsis coming the in India TAPI willfulfilltheenergyneeds ofthecountriesinvolved. Theestimateddemand forgasin March 2017.Duringtheevent, acomprehensive overview oftheprojectwas provided. Inauguration of TAPI’s FEED (Front End Engineering Design) event was held in Islamabad, in Thus, inspiteofitsbenefits,theprojecthasrisksattachedtoit. 30 29 the Trans-CaspianGas pipeline. raised by Russia. In 2012, it was decided that Turkmenbeen also gas havewill issues be Environmental provided to construction. Turkeythe to through related concerns environmental to due later years two Iran by opposed again yetwas initiative However,the again. project the 2000, and stayed in cold storage till 2006 when President Niyazov showed interest in starting disputes concerning the status of the Caspian Sea, the project was temporarily discontinued legal in to due Moreover, systems. pipeline respective their of usage affect Turkmenistan’s can resistance from Russia and Iran who fear that the development of the Trans-Caspian pipeline Turkey,pipeline’s construction.Theprojecthasfaced the to agreements related signed many held in Istanbul, the heads of the countries involved, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and In 1999, during the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) meeting billion, andaprojectedcapacityof30billion cubicmeterspery will link the Corridor; allow TurkmenGas deliveredbe gas to estimated costof$5 The project hasan Europe. Central to Southern the to the connect join then will and Turkey,it in point, pipeline this Erzurum From Azerbaijan. Baku, of south Terminal Sangachal the to Sea the Caspian Sea. The pipeline will originate at Turkmenbashi and will run under the Caspian The proposed 4,000-km pipeline will connect Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan on the other side of Trans-Caspian Pipeline http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Turkmenistan/sub8_7d/entry-4838.html https://timesofislamabad.com/tapi-gas-pipeline-project-completion-status-update/2017/05/02/ Figure 10Trans-CaspianPipelineSource:Wikimedia Commons ear. 29 . 30

21 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 22 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Turkmenistan’s raillineisthe37thlargestinworld(4980km). International Railways entails project billion $2 The Turkmenbashi. at construction offerry,passengerandcargoterminalsalongwithashipy port new a build to plans Turkmenistan Baku to access and providing Turkmenistan largest in the is Sea, seaport Caspian the of east the in located Seaport, International Turkmenbashi International Seaport 31 eastern Turkmenistan, passthroughnorthern Afghanistan, andendatPanj, Tajikistan. from run will that railroad Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan400-km (TAT)a Railway is • Future Projects • • • Astrakhan (Russia). and easternKazakhstan. The Europe. Transnational a is which North-South Corridor International the of part is It Bank. Development Asian the and Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, of governments the by financed was which linking Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Iran and the Persian Gulf. It cost $620 million The railway was builtbyTurkmenistan andIran. the and Asia South of those with Asia Central and Russia, Europe, –Serakhs–Mashhad https://www.azernews.az/region/58289.html Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan (TAT) Railway Trans-Caspian Railway connects Turkmenbashi at the Caspian Sea to Uzbekistan Figure11RouteofTrans-Caspianrailway inTurkmenistan Source:Wikimedia Commons 21) s 67k ln riwy line railway long 677-km a is (2013) railway Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran

transport network linking India, linking network transport

(1996) is an important rail link connecting the railways of railways the connecting link rail important an is (1996) (Azerbaijan), Iran, Central Asia, Russia, Asia, Central Iran, ard ka (Kazakhstan) Aktau Persian Gulf. The Gulf. Persian 31 . and of theproject. portion Afghanistan’s funding suspended has Bank Development Asian the Afghanistan, in concerns security to Due 2016. in wasconstructed railwayline the Turkmenistan’sof section http://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/events/2017/21-SOM-Midyear/Key-Documents/2017-SOM-Jun-PR- 32 of theCASA-1000project) andtheTUTAP lines north-east Afghanistan, which is the meeting point of the CASA - 1000 (Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan in Puli-Khumri to extended be will interconnection this that 2015 December, wasin decided It power. Turkmenistan-AfghanistanMV 1,000 to deliverup to capacity havethe will and million $140 cost The will portion Afghanistan. to Turkmenistan connect will line 500-KV A Uzbekistan. and Tajikistan, Bank. Turkmenistan, are project the Infrastructure development is being handled by the World Bank and the Asian Development in involved countries Other countries. Central Asian the from supply powerPakistan with and provide Afghanistan will Afghanistan Energy Supply Improvement Investment Program, informally known as TUTAP, Afghanistan EnergySupplyImprovementInvestmentProgram in Turkmenistan whichwillfacilitateexport ofTurkmen electricityto Afghanistan. Bank. The purpose is to cater to the electric needs of Afghanistan and to develop infrastructure Developmentthe Asian by funded Cooperation), Economic Regional (Central Asian CAREC under Afghanistan Turkmenistanand between project cooperation energy an is project The Regional Power InterconnectionProject Energy Projects transportation Afghanistan-Turkmenistan-Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey corridor, andTRACECA(TransportCorridorEurope-Caucasus-Asia) railroad, (TAT) with the International North-South Transport Corridor, Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan linkages form will it connectivity, enhance To corridor. transit and transport international an Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, between creating by PersianGulf the and Central betweenAsia linkages transport improve to aims It agreement transport a Turkmenistan, is Iran, Pakistan and . India agreement has also shown interest in joining Ashgabat this initiative. The Ashgabat Agreement Corridor in2016. transaction costs, and facilitate barrier-free trade and transit. Pakistan joined the Lapis Lazuli reduce will which Procedure Integration Custom a develop to also countries and involved, countries above the Afghanistan, links between corridor transit The though road and rail. It aims to increase exports, and enhance economic and opportunities for the Turkey. trade and facilitate Georgia to Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, created was Corridor Lazuli Lapis Lapis LazuliCorridor Transport Corridors Energy.pdf 32 . 23 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 24 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Tourism in

Figure 12KarakumDesertSource:Wikipedia Figure 14MonumentofNeutralitySource:Flickr Turkmenistan Figure 13DoortoHellSource:Wikipedia It containsthefamousgascrater,DoortoHell. attractive tourist spot because of its picturesque scenery. one of the biggest deserts in Central Asia, and is also an in Sand” “Black Turkish, covers more than means half of the Turkmen land. It’s which Desert Karakum The Karakum Desert surrounding area. the of view complete a for arch the visit of tourists number A night. at up lit often is and million $12 cost It neutrality. country’s the of symbol a as Turkmenistan’sby Niyazov1998 President former in built was (Ashgabat) Neutrality of Monument Monument ofNeutrality spectacular fieryview. the enjoy to nearby camp and place the site. visit People tourist popular making a it visitors, many attracted has which gas crater natural a as is Hell” of “Gates or Hell” known to “Door cater, famously gas Darvaza The Door toHell Figure 15Turkmen CarpetMuseumSource:Wikimedia Commons Figure 16Konye-Urgench Source:Wikimedia Commons Figure 17NisaSource:Wikimedia Commons ,0 cres ht ae s a bc a te 18 the as back far as date that 1,000 over contains Ashgabat, in located museum, The Turkmen CarpetMuseum largest hand-woven . to the any other museum, and having also contains the world’s for compared carpets Turkmen known of assemblage largest famously is It century. Heritage Sites. World of List UNESCO the in are ruins Its (1373). Timur by destroyed was but Konye- (1221) Empire; invasion Khan’s Genghis survived Khwarezm Urgench the rose during importance Its spot. tourist famous a is site ancient Turkmenistan this River, Darya Amu north-western near in Located Konye-Urgench capital oftheParthian Empire. often described by some as the first southwestthe of to Nisa Nisa a a acet iy located city ancient an was It is It Ashgabat. th

25 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 26 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE an extravagant interiordecorationthathasqualitystainedglasswindows. after years seven inaugurated beauty lies in its white marbled building with its four wasminarets and a dome in the center with and Ashgabat, in Turkmenistan located became independent. 5,000 is people can easily pray Mosque in the mosque. The Gazi mosque’s Ertuğrul Ertuğrul GaziMosque Figure 19GypjakMosqueSource:Flickr Figure 18MervSource:Travel Source:Flickr Figure 19GypjakMosqueSource:Flickr of the oasis cities located along the Silk Road. is Alexandria, located as near today’s known formerly Merv, Merv h Rhaa hc hs been has written bytheex-President. which being Ruhnama the mosque to next Quran holy the of placing this protest Muslims as controversial to led has which mosque the wallsof the the on inscribed are Ruhnama the and near mosque. Scriptures from the Quran located mausoleum former The on the in buried is Niyazov President opened 2004. 22, was October mosque The ilg of village the in situated is Mosque Gypjak Gypjak Mosque Mary (city).It is the oldest Gypjak , er Ashgabat. near

Turkmenbashi city on the Caspian Sea SECTION III Trade 28 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE been utilizedfor Turkmenistan. Plus, allfigureshave been roundedoffto2decimals. 33 a had Turkmenistanfavorable tradebalanceof$2.76billion. 2016, In China. to exports gas of start the with coincides increase this billion; 7.43 to billion 2.68 from doubled than more figure export the 2010-2011, In exports. increased to due 2010-2014 from improved balance Turkmenistan’s exports. gas natural its Turkmenistanreduced Turkmensection which of because the exploded when period pipeline gas the Asia-Center Central the was of This billion. $3.03 of deficit trade a in resulted sharp A decline in exports 2007-2016. in 2009 to period $2.27 billion combined the with an increase for in imports to $5.30 balance billion trade Turkmenistan’s shows below figure The Trade Balance: The countryranked90 and equipment,electricalmachines,ironorsteel,furniture,vehicles, etc. billion and $4.66 worth were 2016 in textiles, Imports fiber. cotton plastics, fertilizers, oil, petroleum gas, included which goods of worth billion $7.42 Turkmenistanexported 2016, In Turkmenistan’sGDP. to percent 84 contributes Trade Trade been utilized for Turkmenistan. Plus, all figures have been rounded off to 2 decimals. decimals. 2 off to rounded havebeen figures all Plus, forTurkmenistan. been utilized 0 inshardecline eorts The figurebelow shows Turkmenistan’strade Trade comrised of tetiles, fier and cotton 2 contriutesTrade ercent Trade 33 Figure

The ehicles, etc Turkm Turkmensection the of 2010 from 26 illion to 26 illionfrom to hina

All trade figures havebe figures trade All

All 33

20 USD Billion country ranked ranked country 10 12 14 201 due to increased eorts increased201 dueto eorts -4 -2 trade

illion illion 0 2 4 6 8 illion worth of oods whichincluded oods illion of worth Turkmenistan’sBalance Trade enistan reduced its natural itsnatural enistan reduced In 2016, Turkmenistan In 2016, Balance: 33

figures 2007

resulted in a resulted machinery andmachinery euimen have 9.14 2008 th en retrieved from ITC Trade Map. Due to non Due to Trade Map. fromITC en retrieved 0 inworldexportsand124 been th in world eorts and in eorts world entral sia in 200

illion retrieved 2.27 trade trade

2009 Imorts in 2016 were worth were inImorts 2016 5.30

Turkmenistans Tradealance

to Turkmenistan’sto GDP. had a faorale trade alance trade had of afaorale Figure 20Turkmenistan’s TradeBalance - 3.03 to 22illion to this this deficit of 0 of deficit from as as 2.68 Exports 2010 In 2010 increase ITC ent eorts t, electrical iront, or machines, Trade er 7.43 2011

2011, the eort the 2011, as ieline coincides coincides Imports 12 Map. cominedinc with an Turkmenistan’s balance improved fromTurkmenistan’sbalance as,

alance for the eriodthe 200 for alance illion th th inworldimportsfortheyear 2015. in world imorts for the year in imortsworld year the for Due 2012 etroleum oiletroleum which mostly comprised of machinery of comprised mostly which -

availability of data, MIRROR DATA has has DATA MIRROR data, of availability In 2016, Turkmenistan eorted eorted Turkmenistan 2016, In

with with to This Balance non-availability

eloded 66 illion 2013

the fiure was 26 illion

start of to of as eorts start

the eriod when eriod the , fertiliers, lastics, , more than douled more 2014 rease in rease imorts to ecause whichof

steel, furniture, of

which which data,

10.02 2015 2016 5.93 MIRROR 4.09 201 mostly

7.42 the the

2016 46

4.66

DATA 2.76

has 29 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 30 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 5Turkmenistan’s Top10ImportPartners partners. import top the of one is country the otherwise recently, dropped have China from Imports Korea increased. 2016. in Moreover,imports imports from Turkmenistan’sRussia decreased while those from Germany, of Japan, and Republic of 25% than more for accounted which Turkey from was Germany ($0.40 billion), and Japan ($0.40 billion). The largest share of Turkmenistan’s imports Turkmenistan’s top import partners in 2016 were Turkey ($1.25 billion), Russia ($0.57 billion), Imports: Major Trading Partners: Belarus United StatesofAmerica France Italy China Republic ofKorea Republic Japan Germany Russia Turkey Total *All Values inUSDBillion

mports from from mports iure partners. import

USD Billion 0.5 1.5 2.5

Turkmenistan’s 0 1 2 2007 Turkey hina have dropped hina dropped recentl have otherwise countr the

mrt artners

2008 2007 0.09 0.18 0.05 0.02 0.30 0.01 0.09 0.22 0.38 0.34 2.43 Russia TurkmenistansPartners mport

2009

Figure 21Turkmenistan’s ImportPartners 2008 Turkmenistan’s Top Partners 10Import 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.04 0.80 0.02 0.07 0.26 0.81 0.66 4.14 2010 Germany 2009 0.07 0.31 0.25 0.17 0.92 0.07 0.03 0.34 1.00 0.95 5.30 2011 2010 0.09 0.04 0.17 0.09 0.53 0.11 0.02 0.34 0.72 1.14 4.68 Japan 2012 2011 0.21 0.07 0.12 0.31 0.78 0.24 0.27 0.43 1.12 1.49 6.59 2013 Republic of Korea of Republic 2012 0.23 0.09 0.23 0.22 1.70 0.19 0.12 0.42 1.21 1.48 8.65

2014 is 2013 0.32 0.26 0.16 0.18 1.14 0.14 0.06 0.52 1.43 1.96 8.45 one of the top top ofthe one 2015 China 2014 0.17 0.46 0.25 0.22 0.95 0.19 0.06 0.37 1.14 2.23 8.66 2016 2015 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.23 0.82 0.18 0.03 0.34 0.84 1.86 5.93 48

2016 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.40 0.40 0.57 1.25 4.66 Table 6Turkmenistan’s ImportsatHS-02Level Table 7Turkmenistan’s Importsat HS 06level rils f rn n sel ad lcrcl ahnr cntttd o ipr pout of products import top constituted machinery electrical and Turkmenistan in2016. steel, and iron of articles The table below shows Turkmenistan’s top imports from the world at HS 02 Level. Machinery, Major Imports million), commodities not elsewhere specified ($136.77 million), and heat-exchange units and heat-exchange ($129.19 million). million), ($136.77 ($165.73 specified steel elsewhere or not iron of commodities structures million), gas of other parts or and air structures pumps, million), air included ($179.68 2016 compressors in imports top Turkmenistan’s level 06 HS At *All Values inUSDBillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product Code Product Code 721420 841370 848180 300490 271019 730810 841950 999999 730890 841480 TOTAL TOTAL 88 30 94 39 90 72 87 85 73 84 Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof andparts spacecraft, Aircraft, Bars androds,ofironornon-alloy steel Pharmaceutical products Pharmaceutical Centrifugal pumps,power-driven and similar stuffed furnishings; and similarstuffedfurnishings; cushions Furniture; bedding,mattresses,mattresssupports, Appliances forpipes,boilershells, tanks,vats Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles eiaet cnitn o mxd r nie pout for products unmixed therapeutic orprophylactic or mixed of consisting Medicaments Optical, photographic,cinematographic,measuring,checking, eim is n peaain, f erlu o bituminous or petroleum minerals, notcontainingbiodiesel,n.e.s. of preparations, and oils Medium Iron andsteel Bridges andbridge-sections,ofironorsteel and accessoriesthereof Vehicles otherthanrailwayortramwayrollingstock,andparts Heat-exchange units Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; andequipmentparts Electrical machinery Commodities notelsewherespecified Articles ofironorsteel Articles Structures and parts of structures, ofironorsteel,n.e.s. ofstructures, andparts Structures parts thereof parts Machinery, mechanicalappliances,nuclearreactors,boilers; Product Description i pms ar r te gs opesr ad etltn or ventilating and recycling hoodsincorporatingafan, compressors gas other or air pumps, Air Product Description All Products All products Turkmenistan’s Top atHS02Level Imports Turkmenistan’s Top atHS06Level Imports 8,651.40 202.56 270.05 425.44 223.66 61.80 79.80 58.66 35.68 65.32 47.95 2012 2012 0.17 0.11 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.42 0.75 0.82 8.65 1.65 1.77 8,450.05 202.59 126.65 457.13 151.72 45.57 77.94 62.44 21.87 52.20 2013 2013 0.35 0.11 0.29 0.19 0.18 0.45 4.37 0.72 1.20 8.45 0.83 1.53 8,657.37 192.34 433.92 215.67 43.51 80.97 91.73 60.78 28.00 26.11 2014 2014 0.50 0.13 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.37 14.7 0.58 0.99 8.66 1.02 1.62 5,931.50 147.50 266.57 25.65 76.37 84.86 43.98 39.82 26.34 31.02 24.11 2015 2015 0.02 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.26 0.40 0.85 5.93 0.83 1.13 4,664.35 125.90 129.19 136.77 165.73 179.68 66.50 71.25 76.67 77.11 78.32 2016 2016 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.21 0.55 4.66 0.59 1.34 31 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 32 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 8 this trend,andalsoexhibitsTurkmenistan’s relationshipwithitsotherexportpartners. natural gas to Ukraine, and the export figure abruptly fell in 2009. The following 2009, graph shows in incident pipeline gas Turkmenistan’sand disputes, price the TurkmenistanChina, with agreement supplying stopped after However, gas. natural Turkmen of amounts large consumed and Turkmenistan, of partners export top the of one was Ukraine 2010, to Prior in 2016. from a peak of $9.52 billion in 2014 when they were nearly 78% of total exports to $5.56 billion export market. The decrease in gas prices has, however, seen the value of exports to China fall Turkmenistan’sof 75% nearly 2016 largest its China making wereChina exports for destined Turkmenistan.In of partners export top the are Russia and Turkey,Italy by followed China Exports: 34 Ukraine France Greece Germany Georgia Romania Kazakhstan Russia Italy Turkey China *All Values inUSDBillion Total Code Product TOTAL *All items uels cotton HS at world the to Turkmenistan’s exports shows The top table below Major Exports

Turkmenistan’s Top10ExportPartners Note:Ukraine isnotoneofthetop10export partnersofTurkmenistan fortheyear 2016 39 89 52 27 values in USD Billionvalues USD in USD Billion

10

in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 s’s

2007 thereo lastics and articles structures loatin boats and Ships otton distillation and products otheir ineral uels mineral oils Product All Products China

and

2008 Description ships boatsand structur loatin

s

2007 4.71 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.07 0.24 0.40 Turkey 0.05 6.49

T urkmenistan’s Top Exports at HS

2009 34 Turkmenistan'sPartners Export 2008

Turkmenistan’s Top Partners 10Export 5.63 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.14 0.25 0.22 0.10 0.29 0.39 0.03 9.14 Figure 22Turkmenistan’s ExportPartners Italy 2010 2009 0.72 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.33 0.04 2.27 2012

2011 Russian Federation Russian

2010 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.15 0.19 0.39 1.04 2.68 2012 2013

2011 0.74 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.14 0.37 0.39 4.69 7.43 es

were 02 Level 2013 11.21 2012 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.18 0.18 0.54 0.30 8.67 2014

Kazakhstan the the

2014 country’s 11.95 2013 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.22 0.14 0.49 0.65 8.89

eel ineral eel 2015

2015

12.29 2014

0.02 0.03 0.03 0.18 0.07 0.02 0.12 0.09 0.53 0.62 9.52 Ukraine top export 2016 2016 10.02 2015 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.18 0.56 7.83

52

2016 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.21 0.33 0.42 0.42 5.56 7.42 N/A Table 10Turkmenistan’s ExportsatHS-06Level Table 9Turkmenistan’s ExportsatHS02Level cotto The table below shows Turkmenistan’s top exports to the world at HS 02 Level. Mineral fuels, Major Exports gas in gaseous state (down by $2.34 billion), cotton, neither carded nor combed (down by (down combed nor $0.09 billion),andmediumoils(downby$0.21billion). carded neither cotton, billion), $2.34 by (down state gaseous in gas The fall in 2016 export value of $2.60 billion from 2015 was due to a drop-in exports of natural were thetopexportstoworldin2016. from bituminous minerals obtained ($ oils 0.54 and billion) oils and petroleum cotton,billion), neither($5.67 cardedstate norgaseous combedin ($0.23 billion) gas natural level, 06 AtHS *All Values inUSDBillion *All Values inUSDBillion Product Code Product Code 140420 310210 250300 390210 520512 271019 890520 520100 270900 271121 TOTAL TOTAL 84 62 14 63 31 25 39 89 52 27 n, andships,boatsfloatingstructures were thecountry’stopexportitemsin2016. Cotton linters Urea, whetherornotinaqueoussolution parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, sulphur andcolloidalsulphur) precipitated sulphur, sublimed (excluding kinds all of Sulphur rils f pae ad ltig cesre, o kitd or knitted not crocheted accessories, clothing and apparel of Articles Polypropylene, in primary forms Polypropylene, in primary Vegetable plaitingmaterials;vegetable Single cotton yarn, ofuncombedfibres,containing Single cottonyarn, textile articles; rags worn textile articles; and clothing worn sets; articles; textile made-up Other Fertilisers eim is n peaain, f erlu o bituminous or petroleum minerals, notcontainingbiodiesel,n.e.s. of preparations, and oils Medium cement and lime materials, plastering stone; and earths sulphur; Salt; Floating orsubmersibledrillingproductionplatforms Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles Ships, boatsandfloatingstructures Cotton, neithercardednorcombed Cotton erlu ol ad is band rm iuios minerals, bituminous crude from obtained oils and oils Petroleum Mineral fuels,mineraloilsandproductsoftheirdistillation; Product Description Natural gasingaseousstate Product Description All Products All Products Turkmenistan’s Top atHS06Level Exports Turkmenistan’s Top atHS02Level Exports 11.21 11.21 10.37 2012 2012 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.18 0.05 0.00 1.11 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.22 0.48 0.14 8.74 N/A N/A 11.95 11.95 10.66 2013 2013 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.00 0.13 0.05 1.03 0.03 0.11 0.37 0.63 0.07 9.11 N/A N/A N/A N/A 12.29 12.29 11.15 2014 2014 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.01 0.13 0.05 0.84 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.40 0.02 0.62 0.18 9.65 N/A 10.02 10.02 2015 2015 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.40 0.02 0.09 0.09 0.32 0.00 0.57 0.27 9.05 8.01 N/A N/A 2016 2016 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.17 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.04 0.21 0.07 0.23 7.42 0.22 0.47 7.42 0.54 6.44 5.67 33 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 34 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Astana to discuss cooperation in trade, investment, and communication in President Kazakhstan’s with met Berdimuhamedow TurkmenPresident the 2013, May In trade andinvestment between theUSAandCentral Asia. Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan, to provide a U.S, forum for addressing trade the issues, and enhancing with along (TIFA) Agreement Framework Investment and Trade the joined Kazakhstan 2004, June In agreement. this signed not Turkmenistanstill has in Kazakhstan. This exemption does not hold for excise goods (such as alcohol), furniture; equipment electronic alcohol), for accessories and equipment computer television, video, as (such goods excise for hold not does exemption This Kazakhstan. in taxes and value-added customs in concessions for liable are certification proper with CIS the of Independent States (CIS). The agreement states that the imports of goods produced within Commonwealththe of area zone trade free the of part became Kazakhstan 1994 On 15, April Trade with Turkmenistan’s RegionalTrade 36 35 products ofmillingindustry ($11.57million),andpreparationsof cereals ($8.91million). wasThis followedby 2016. in Kazakhstan from import wastop million the $18.79 at sulphur level.Salt; 02 HS at Kazakhstan Turkmenistan’sfrom shows imports table top following The Major ImportsfromKazakhstan: trade surplusof$0.15billioninitswithKazakhstan. 2016, In billion). $0.23 at enjoyeddeficit a Turkmenistan (trade balance trade the in fall sharp However, in 2014, imports rose to $0.35 billion, and exports fell to $0.12 billion which led to a exports. increased to due reduced deficit trade the 2011, In gas. natural of often exports declining period over a with Kazakhstan to due which mainly increased was Kazakhstan with deficit trade the 2007-2010, years.From trade Turkmenistan’s shows figure following The access tothePersian Gulf(2016). three countries are part of the Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway project, which provides years Thefollowing figureshows Turkmenistan’s with trade aperiod over Kazakhstan of ten due to declinindueto

aakhstan aakhstan n billion increased exports

https://www.azernews.az/region/53683.html https://www.export.gov/article?id=Kyrgyz-Republic-Trade-Agreements

USD Billion -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

s rom rom 0 Turkmenistan enoyed a trade surplus o billion in its trade with with inits trade surplus billion a trade o enoyed Turkmenistan 2007 which led to to which led Kazakhstan

exports exports

2008

Howeer inHoweer the trade the Turkmenistans Trade aakhstan with a

o natural as nas natural o sha 2009 rp all in allrp Exports Figure 23TradewithKazakhstan deicit aakhstan with 0.01 2010

i - mport 0.08 the the 0.07 Imports trade balancetrade

2011 s

rose to billionto rose ell to and exports 2012 the the Trade Balance

trade increased trade trade 0.22 2013 0.18

deicit reduced deicit

0.12

which was mainly mainly was which 2014

0.35

at at 36 - 0.23 . Along with Iran, the

billion 0.06

2015

due to due to 35 . However, . 0.21 56 2016 0.15

0.07

Table 11 ImportsfromKazakhstanatHS02Level Table 12ImportsfromKazakhstanatHS 06Level food preparationsforinfantuse(downby$2.91million)were thetopthreeimportsin2016. barium sulphate (down by $6.31 million), wheat or meslin flour (down by $1.28 million), and The following table shows Turkmenistan’s top imports from Kazakhstan at HS 06 level. Natural *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product Code Product code 210112 070310 100630 843143 392350 860610 251020 190110 110100 251110 TOTAL Total 33 10 73 39 86 21 84 19 11 25 seta ol ad eiod; efmr, omtc r toilet or cosmetic perfumery, preparations resinoids; and oils Essential of coffeeorwithabasis Preparations with a basis of extracts, essences or concentrates Cereals Fresh orchilledonionsandshallots Articles ofironorsteel Articles glazed or polished not or whether rice, milled wholly or Semi-milled Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles or 8430.49,n.e.s. 8430.41 subheading of machinery sinking or boring for Parts Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling stock and parts parts and stock rolling thereof; railwayortramwaytrackfixtures locomotives, tramway or Railway Stoppers, lids,capsandotherclosures,ofplastics Miscellaneous ediblepreparations Railway ortramwaytankwagonsandthelike parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, aua clim hshts n ntrl lmnu calcium phosphates, aluminium natural and phosphates calcium Natural Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' or milk; products starch flour, cereals, of Preparations Food preparationsfor infant use, gluten wheat inulin; starches; malt; industry; milling the of Products Wheat ormeslinflour cement and lime materials, plastering stone; and earths sulphur; Salt; ProductDescription Natural bariumsulphate"barytes" Product Description All products All Products Turkmenistan’s Top fromKazakhstanatHS06Level Imports Turkmenistan’s Top fromKazakhstanatHS02Level Imports 165.60 165.60 10.53 24.26 24.18 24.95 16.85 2012 2012 1.22 0.38 3.74 1.42 3.52 3.73 1.79 0.19 0.89 1.37 8.85 0.00 4.15 7.96 6.75 177.50 177.50 10.07 14.44 24.30 23.88 18.39 16.26 2013 2013 2.75 0.55 5.57 1.03 5.57 2.52 0.41 0.42 1.77 7.93 0.00 6.34 1.97 9.81 353.80 353.80 13.48 17.24 12.58 24.33 23.47 29.16 26.23 2014 2014 2.44 0.66 0.83 0.21 0.83 2.03 0.18 5.31 1.71 8.81 0.65 7.56 2.86 114.54 114.54 13.42 10.04 13.29 12.57 26.82 20.02 2015 2015 2.49 0.45 1.72 0.41 1.48 1.72 2.43 0.05 0.04 1.96 5.35 0.00 5.97 6.78 69.10 69.10 11.57 11.29 18.79 13.71 2016 2016 1.46 1.09 1.60 1.38 1.63 1.51 2.31 1.52 2.83 2.16 3.53 2.75 4.78 4.23 8.91 7.13 35 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 36 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 13 ExportstoKazakhstanatHS02level Table 14ExportstoKazakhstan atHS-06Level structures (upby$2.65million). floating and boats ships, and million), $4.9 by (up steel or iron of articles million), $140.67 by increased by $150.69 million in 2016. This was due to an increase in export of mineral fuels (up level.Exports 02 HS Turkmenistan’sat shows Kazakhstan table to following exports The top Major ExportstoKazakhstan million). ($4.32 pipelines gas or oil for used kind a of pipe line and million) ($5.07 lifeboats including three exports to Kazakhstan in 2016 were natural gas in top gaseous The state level. ($192.07 06 million), HS vessels at Kazakhstan to exports Turkmenistan’smajor shows table Following *All valuesinUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product Code Product Code 732690 253090 271091 843143 070200 841229 271099 730519 890690 271121 TOTAL Total 38 58 39 08 25 07 84 89 73 27 Miscellaneous chemicalproducts Articles of ironorsteel,n.e.s. Articles trimmings; embroidery tapestries; lace; fabrics; textile tufted fabrics; woven Special mineral substances,n.e.s. other and colours earth pozzuolana, alunite, sulfides, Arsenic Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles Waste oils Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit ormelons fruit andnuts;peelofcitrus Edible fruit or 8430.49,n.e.s. 8430.41 subheading of machinery sinking or boring for Parts cement and lime materials, plastering stone; and earths sulphur; Salt; Tomatoes, freshorchilled Edible vegetables and certain rootsandtubers Edible vegetablesandcertain Hydraulic powerenginesandmotors parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, Waste oils containing mainly petroleum or bituminous minerals Ships, boatsandfloatingstructures Line pipeofakindusedforoilorgaspipelines, Articles ofironorsteel Articles Vessels, incl.lifeboats iea fes mnrl is n pout o ter distillation; their of bituminous substances;mineral. products and oils mineral fuels, Mineral Product Description Natural gasingaseousstate Product Description All products All Products Turkmenistan’s Top toKazakhstanatHS02Level Exports Turkmenistan’s Top toKazakhstanat HS-06 Level Exports 178.98 178.98 175.34 175.34 2012 2012 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 1.32 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 219.41 219.41 210.00 208.97 2013 2013 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.14 0.00 1.05 0.01 0.00 1.39 2.53 0.27 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 121.25 121.25 23.90 12.14 93.36 91.40 2014 2014 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.90 1.32 0.15 0.76 0.52 0.00 0.08 63.71 63.71 54.41 53.00 2015 2015 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.20 0.07 0.00 0.59 0.07 0.87 0.97 1.33 0.28 2.28 1.43 2.42 0.00 0.50 2.42 214.40 195.08 192.07 214.4 2016 2016 0.36 0.59 0.38 0.69 0.49 0.81 0.56 0.98 0.90 1.01 1.36 2.20 3.39 2.20 5.07 4.32 5.40 5.07 edible preparations($0.56million). 2016 were electrical machinery ($2.03 million), Salt; sulphur ($2.01 million), and miscellaneous The following table shows the top imports from Kyrgyzstan at HS 02 level. Top three imports in Major ImportsfromKyrgyzstan $1.34 million. of worth million $5.70 imported goods, and exported Turkmenistan$4.36 million worth of goods to Kyrgyzstan resulting 2016, in a trade deficit of In oils. and fats vegetable or animal and fertilisers, clothing, and apparel of articles provides exchange in and Kyrgyzstan, from machinery electrical and sulphur, salt, vegetables,Turkmenistan edible Kyrgyzstan. imports and between Turkmenistan flows trade shows below figure trade The trade. Turkmenistan’stotal the Currently area. trade free CIS the volumes between Turkmenistan of and Kyrgyzstan are low and constitute less than 1 percent of part also is Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan, Like Trade with *All Values inUSDMillion Product Code TOTAL 57 62 08 07 87 21 25 85 perent of of perent volumes ike Trae it rstan

Turkmenistan Krgzstan imported and lothingfertilis inKrgzstan from provides and artiles o andehange eletrial mahiner

USD Million Kazakhstan Krgzstan is of Krgzstan Kazakhstan part also 10 -6 -4 -2

0 2 4 6 8 s Carpets andothertextilefloorcoverings rils f pae ad ltig cesre, o kitd or knitted not crocheted accessories, clothing and apparel of Articles Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit ormelons fruit andnuts;peelofcitrus Edible fruit Edible vegetables and certain rootsandtubers Edible vegetablesandcertain and accessoriesthereof parts and stock, rolling tramway or Vehiclesrailway than other Miscellaneous ediblepreparations cement and lime materials, plastering stone; and earths sulphur; Salt; recorders andreproducers,television. sound thereof; parts and equipment and machinery Electrical Product Description All products etween Turkmenistan andKrgzstan 2007 Turkmenistan’s trade.total resulting ina Kyrgyzstan - 0.63 and

million worth of goods and eported million 2008 Krgzstan Krgzstan

ers anders animal vegetale or Turkmenistan’s Top fromKyrgyzstan Imports atHS02Level Turkmenistans Trade Krgzstan with trade trade

2009

defiit million of Turkmenistan importsedile Exports Figure 24TradewithKyrgyzstan 2010

The figureelow 2011 Imports the free trade areathe free - 5.03 fats and are low are 2012

2012 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.47 0.91 0.00 5.19 0.00 2.68 Trade Balance shows oils Turkmenistan n 2013 and vegetales 2013 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 0.53 0.00 5.05 0.00 2.58 onstituteless than trade trade urrentl the trade the urrentl 2014 worth of

2014 flows flows salt 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 3.15 0.00 7.85 0.00 3.87 2015 f apparel f apparel goods to s etween ulphur ulphur 2015 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.22 0.36 0.00 6.31 1.86 2.95 4.36 2016 61 5.70

- 1.34 2016 0.06 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.56 5.70 2.01 2.03

37 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 38 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 16 ImportsfromKyrgyzstanatHS-06Level Table 15ImportsfromKyrgyzstanatHS02Level three imports in 2016 were natural barium sulphate “barytes”, filament lamps, and food and lamps, filament “barytes”, preparations. sulphate barium natural were 2016 in imports three Top level. HS-06 at Kyrgyzstan from Turkmenistan’simports shows top table following The xot i 21 wr atce o aprl n cohn acsois $.4 ilo) fertilisers million), ($1.44 ($1.06 million),andanimalorvegetables fatsandoils ($0.85million). accessories clothing and apparel of articles were 2016 in exports three Top level. 02 HS at Kyrgyzstan to exports top Turkmenistan’s shows below table The Major ExportstoKyrgyzstan *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code Product code 271019 570241 853929 070310 080232 620342 870891 210690 853922 251110 TOTAL Total 15 31 61 84 27 eim is n peaain, f erlu o bituminous or petroleum minerals, notcontainingbiodiesel,n.e.s. of preparations, and oils Medium woven, not tufted or flocked, of construction, madeup orflocked, ofpileconstruction, woven, nottufted hair, animal fine or wool of coverings, floor other and Carpets Filament lamps,electric Fresh orchilledonionsandshallots Fresh ordriedwalnuts,shelled shorts, ofcotton shorts, and breeches overalls, brace and bib trousers, boys' or Men's Radiators and parts thereof, fortractors,motorvehicles Radiators andparts prepared ediblefats;animal products; cleavage their and oils and fats vegetable or Animal Food preparations,n.e.s. Fertilisers Filament lampsofapower rils f pae ad ltig cesre, nte or knitted accessories, clothing and crocheted apparel of Articles Product Description Natural bariumsulphate"barytes" Product Description parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, All products All Products iea fes mnrl is n pout o ter distillation; their of bituminous substances;mineral products and oils mineral fuels, Mineral Turkmenistan’s Top fromKyrgyzstan Imports atHS02Level Turkmenistan Top fromKyrgyzstan Imports atHS-06Level Turkmenistan’s Top toKyrgyzstan Exports atHS02 level 2012 2012 2012 0.02 0.00 0.28 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.77 0.00 0.00 2.39 5.19 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.82 0.02 2013 2013 2013 0.05 0.00 0.37 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.99 0.00 0.00 2.21 5.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.05 2014 2014 2014 0.05 0.00 0.26 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.72 0.00 0.00 3.61 7.85 0.04 0.00 0.00 3.49 0.05 2015 2015 2015 0.01 0.00 0.33 0.17 0.06 0.00 0.36 2.25 0.00 0.84 2.59 6.31 0.00 1.86 0.53 3.89 0.01 2016 2016 2016 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.25 0.85 0.56 1.06 1.93 5.70 1.44 2.01 0.05 4.36 0.05 Table 18ExportstoKyrgyzstanatHS-06Level Table 17ExportstoKyrgyzstanatHS02level primary forms($0.56million)were thetopthreeexportstoKyrgyzstan in2016. in polypropylene, and million) ($0.85 oil cotton-seed crude million), ($1.06 solution aqueous level. 06 HS at Kyrgyzstan to exports top shows table following The *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code 610462 611020 610342 620342 611120 610510 610910 390210 151221 310210 TOTAL 16 57 60 63 58 62 39 and shorts ofcotton,knittedorcrocheted and shorts breeches overalls, brace and bib trousers, girls' or Women's of cotton,knittedorcrocheted articles, similar and waistcoats cardigans, pullovers, Jerseys, shorts ofcotton,knittedorcrocheted shorts and breeches overalls, brace and bib trousers, boys' or Men's shorts, ofcotton shorts, and breeches overalls, brace and bib trousers, boys' or Men's or crocheted knitted cotton, of accessories clothing and garments Babies' Men's or boys' shirts ofcotton,knittedorcrocheted Men's orboys'shirts Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquaticinvertebrates molluscs crustaceans, of or fish of meat, of Preparations T-shirts, T-shirts, singlets and other vests of cotton, knitted or crocheted Carpets andothertextilefloorcoverings Polypropylene, in primary forms Polypropylene, inprimary Knitted orcrochetedfabrics Crude cotton-seedoil Crude textile articles; rags worn textile articles; and clothing worn sets; articles; textile made-up Other Urea, whetherornotinaqueoussolution Product Description trimmings; embroidery tapestries; lace; fabrics; textile tufted fabrics; woven Special rils f pae ad ltig cesre, o kitd or knitted not crocheted accessories, clothing and apparel of Articles All Products Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles Turkmenistan’s Top toKyrgyzstan Exports atHS06Level Turkmenistan’s Top toKyrgyzstan Exports atHS02level 2012 2012 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.00 0.20 1.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 2013 2013 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.99 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 Urea, whether or not in not or whether Urea, 2014 2014 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.72 3.49 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 2015 2015 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 2.25 3.89 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.11 2016 2016 0.08 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.27 0.29 0.01 0.37 0.03 0.56 0.04 0.85 4.36 0.05 1.06 0.06 0.23 0.56 39 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 40 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE in economic,energy,transport,andcommunicationsector cooperation increased with along billion, $1 to i.e. two-folds by trade increase to wasagreed on trade-economic, scientific-technical and cultural cooperation electrical and mechanical equipment from Uzbekistan. materials, During construction products, agricultural the fertilisers, mineral Uzbek-Turkmenvehicles, transport receives commission and chemicals, other and polymers propylene products, petroleum supplies Turkmenistan which goesbackmanycenturies. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are bound by historical roots and they share a common history Trade with 39 38 37 Tajikistan EmomaliRahmon visitedTurkmenistan in1995. Moreover,fields. economic and trade Communique Joint a of President the when issued was in cooperation bilateral improving on focused that countries two the between signed were TajikDuring Minister’sPrime Turkmenistanto visit documents of number a 1993, January in embassy in Ashgabat whiletheEmbassyofTurkmenistan isinDushanbe. an Tajikistanhas 1993. 27, January on established were countries two the between Relations Trade with ewe te w cute ws ind Te w gvrmns lo ind h following the signed also governments two The agreements: signed. was counties two the between After the meetings, a Joint Statement was adopted and an agreement on strategic partnership in the areas of commerce, transportation, economy, petrochemicals, agriculture, and tourism. cooperation discussed presidents two the visit, his During 2017. March Turkmenistanin to visit foreign first his made Mirziyoyev, Shavkat Uzbekistan, of President elected newly The countries involved intheprojectareTurkmenistan, Oman,Iran,Kazakhstan,andPakistan. transit a of construction envisages which corridor that will enable transport of goods between Central Agreement Asia and the Persian Gulf. Other Ashgabat the of part is Uzbekistan Due tonon-availability ofdatawe cannotcommentontradebetween thetwocountries. Tradefigures for Tajikistan-Turkmenistan are notavailable onITCTrade Map https://en.trend.az/casia/uzbekistan/2063132.html FiguresforUzbekistan-Turkmenistan tradearenotavailable onITCTradeMap • • • • • Regions. of spheres between Dasoguz and Khorezm Regions and between Lebap and Bukhara Affairs Foreign An of Agreement on Cooperation in Trade and Economic, Cultural Ministries and Humanitarian the between Turkmenistan andtheRepublicofUzbekistanfor2017–2018 cooperation of Programme Humanitarian and Cultural Sphere for2017–2019 in Cooperation of Programme Intergovernmental Development ofCooperationinRailroadTransport Economic Cooperation2018-2020 Uzbekistan Tajikistan 39 37

38 . meeting in Tashkent (2012), it 40 and exportstotaled$58million,resultinginatradedeficitof$419millionwithIran. pushing the balance towards a trade deficit in 2006. In 2011, importsdecreased amountedIran toto $477goods million of supply the and long last not did situation the However, exports. trade the in improvement slight a to balance. The trade balance contributed in 2004 turned positive for and Turkmenistan due to a 2003, spur in light oils after halt complete a to came these Iran, from mints of oils and oils essential imported Turkmenistan Initially, 2006. after Turkmenistan growing of deficit favor trade in the been with not has Iran with Overalltrade supply ofnaturalgastoIranduenon-paymentdebts. railway,its reduced Turkmenistan recently however, gas, natural Turkmen Tejen–Serakhs–Mashhad of importer prominent a the include been had Iran Previously, Iran. projects in Dam Doosti and railway,Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran joint Other pipeline. Khangiran Dauletabad–Sarakhs– and pipeline Korpeje–Kordkuy pipelines, gas two by connected are countries The energy. and infrastructure, economics, transportation, to relating areas in Iran Iran is one of the neighboring countries of Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan has collaborated with Trade with and receives toTajikistan, andcement consumer goods,aluminumandarticlesthereof,otheragriculturalproductsfromT oil, cottonseed refined oil, exports Turkmenistan boost foreign investment inthe region. and jobs, create trade, increase will project the that hoped is It Europe. and China to rail of area the Afghanistan-Turkmenistancountries three the connect will that was2013 railroad” in signed in partnership successful a transportation and formed automobile communication. An have agreement for constructing Tajikistanthe “Tajikistan- and Turkmenistan economy. and culture, education, of areas the in cooperation on documents signed presidents two the on trade-economic, energy, and scientific-technical level was discussed. Furthermore, in 2012, cooperation prospective 2009, Turkmenistanin to visit TajikRahmon’s the President During 40 eraks and auletaad–araks ener itollaorated in ran to areas relatin isran neiorin ote one ountriesTurkmenistan o Trae it ran

ran. reentl erall t erall dets. rom rom .nitiallroin ater lon and lon Turkmenistan imroement inimroement tetrade million deiit

Turkmenistan Due tonon-availability ofdatawe cannotcommentontradebetween thetwocountries. Turkmenistan-Iran tradefiguresfor2007, 2008,2009,and2012onwards areunavailable onITCTradeMap

USD Million reiousl -600 -400 -200 ran 200 400 600

in . Te ountries onneted are to as ielines 0 –asad raila Turkmenistan resultin in rade itrade as ran sul o oods to dereased sul to te oods ran o a usintoards alane te tese 2001 - Iran trade figures for 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2012 onwards are unavailable on ITC TradeMap on unavailable are 2012 onwards 2009, and 2008, 2007, for figures trade Iran Iran n imorts amounted to amounted imorts to million. n a due to asurdue to ame to aomlete alt

ran ran

2002 trade a trade ad eeno imorter arominent redued –aniran ieline alane. , 38 2003

aakstan not een innot ao deiit o million in litoils eorts Turkmenistan - 91 its TurkmenistansTrade ran it 144

Te 2004 sul o natural as natural sul o Figure 25TradewithIran Exports 45 trade trade Turkmenistan ater ater transortation 2005 imorted essentialimorted and oils oilsmints o r o Turkmenistan o r it te alaneinositie turned ter . ter oint inlude roets Imports . oeer 2006 ontriuted to and ontriuted to it ran. ran raila ran 40 to ran to eonomi Turkmen as natural Turkmenistan as. Turkmenistan 2007 oree Balance

nd eorts totaled totaled nd eorts te situation did not last

due to non due to 2008 – s ordku ielineordku and inrastrutu a slit trade trade 2009 oos – Teen te ament o ament o or or deiit deiit oeer oeer ti am ti trade trade 2010 re and re

- 325

in in 69 ajikistan. 58 2011

477 - 419

41 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 42 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 20ImportsfromIran atHS06level Table 19 ImportsfromIranatHS-02Level in 2011were Portlandcement,petroleumbitumen,andfresh orchilledpotatoes. Following table shows top import products from Iran at HS 06 level. Top three import products fuels (upby$21.42million),andironsteel$10.93million). and articles thereof (up by $22.91 million), articles of iron or steel (up by 23.42 million) mineral Imports in 2011 increased by $63.80 million which was due to an increase in import of plastics or iron steel. of articles and thereof, articles and plastics sulphur, salt; were 2011 of imports Top Turkmenistanby Iran level.from 02 imported HS products at top the shows below table The Major ImportsfromIran *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code Product code 392010 690890 730630 080810 391721 320890 570292 070190 271320 252329 TOTAL TOTAL 69 72 32 08 57 27 07 73 39 25 Plates, sheets,film,foilandstrip, of non-cellularpolymersethylene Ceramic products Glazed ceramic flags and paving, hearth or wall tiles; glazed ceramic mosaic cubes and the like, the and cubes mosaic whether ornotonabacking ceramic glazed tiles; wall or hearth paving, and flags ceramic Glazed Iron andsteel Tubes, pipes andhollowprofiles,welded,ofcircularcross-section,ironornon-alloy steel paints andvarnishes matter; colouring other and Tanningpigments , derivatives; their and tannins extracts; dyeing or Fresh apples ormelons fruit andnuts;peelofcitrus Edible fruit Rigid tubes,pipesandhoses,ofpolymersethylene Carpets andothertextilefloorcoverings natural polymers, Paints and varnishes based, incl. enamels and lacquers, on synthetic polymers or chemically modified Mineral fuels,mineraloilsandproductsoftheirdistillation;bituminoussubstances;waxes pile construction, madeup pile construction, Carpets and other floor coverings, of man-made textile materials, woven, or not flocked, tufted not of rootsandtubers Edible vegetablesandcertain Fresh orchilledpotatoes(excludingseed) ofironorsteel Articles Petroleum bitumen thereof Plastics andarticles Portland cement (excluding white, whether or not artificially coloured) cement(excludingwhite,whetherornotartificially Portland Product Description andstone;plasteringmaterials,limecement earths Salt; sulphur; Product Description All products All products Turkmenistan’s Top fromIranatHS06Level Imports Turkmenistan’s Top fromIranatHS02Level Imports 413.69 413.69 13.43 23.82 31.67 40.67 30.45 18.86 10.58 24.40 26.18 17.32 12.81 10.43 33.23 66.29 72.44 2010 2010 5.76 8.99 7.44 3.86 9.11 477.49 477.49 12.13 10.61 24.36 13.66 24.50 16.35 26.01 17.43 31.12 18.75 32.00 23.53 33.71 26.68 36.23 31.19 56.14 54.94 60.95 2011 2011 9.20 Table 22ExportstoIranatHS-06Level Table 21 ExportstoIranatHS-02Level and preparations,cottonlinters. oils light residues, solid other and oilcake preparations, and oils medium were 2011 in Iran to exports Top level. 06 HS at Iran to exports Turkmenistan’stop shows table following The inorganic and which ledtoafallintheexportvalue. industries, food the from waste chemicals, etc. The value and for mineral fuels & mineral oils decreased by more than half in 2011 residues oils, mineral fuels, mineral include these level, 02 HS at 2011 and 2010 in Iran to exports top shows table following The Major ExportstoIran *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code Product code 520511 842952 382319 152200 520512 280120 140420 271011 230610 271019 TOTAL TOTAL 50 25 84 38 15 52 14 28 23 27 Single cotton yarn, ofuncombedfibres Single cottonyarn, Silk Self-propelled Self-propelled mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders, with a 360° revolving superstructure andstone;plasteringmaterials,limecement earths Salt; sulphur; Fatty acids,industrial,monocarboxylic;acidoilsfromrefining thereof Machinery, mechanicalappliances,nuclearreactors,boilers;parts Degras; residuesresultingfromthetreatmentoffattysubstancesor animal orvegetablewaxes Miscellaneous chemicalproducts Single cotton yarn, ofuncombedfibres Single cottonyarn, waxes Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable Iodine Cotton Cotton linters Vegetable plaitingmaterials;vegetableproductsnotelsewherespecifiedorincluded Light oilsandpreparations,ofpetroleumorbituminousminerals radioactive elementsorofisotopes of metals, rare-earth of metals, precious of compounds inorganic or organic chemicals; Inorganic extraction ofcottonseeds the from resulting pellets, of form the in or ground not or whether residues, solid other and Oilcake Residues andwastefromthefoodindustries;preparedanimalfodder Medium oilsandpreparations,ofpetroleumorbituminousminerals,notcontainingbiodiesel,n.e.s. Product Description Mineral fuels,mineraloilsandproductsoftheirdistillation;bituminoussubstances;waxes Product Description All products All products Turkmenistan’s Top toIranatHS06Level Exports Turkmenistan’s Top toIranatHS02Level Exports 89.02 89.02 23.91 12.24 13.48 26.49 66.99 2010 2010 0.32 0.17 0.09 0.00 0.58 0.26 0.23 0.58 0.66 0.23 0.64 3.92 0.02 0.02 1.10 58.36 58.36 11.77 17.83 17.83 20.45 32.39 2011 2011 0.29 0.12 0.38 0.17 0.80 0.53 0.88 0.82 0.92 0.88 1.85 1.50 1.92 1.92 1.93 43 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 44 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE ilo wih osiue 2.2 ecn o Trmnsa’ ttl mot. h corresponing export value was $0.42billionwhichresultedinatradedeficitof$0.82billion. The imports. total Turkmenistan’s of percent 26.82 constituted which billion from imports $1.25 2016, were Turkey In cotton. of exports in increase to wasdue surge This with a minor dip in 2012. In 2013, exports more than doubled from $0.30 billion to $0.65 billion. major destination for Turkmen exports as well. From 2009-2013, the value of exports increased This was due to its postion as one of the leading import partners of Turkmenistan. Turkey is a has predominantly been in favour of Turkey owing to a persisent trade deficit from 2008-2016. The figure below shows Turkmenistan’s trade balance with Turkey for the last ten years. Trade the Trans-CaspianGasPipeline(TCGP). Turkmenistan.of constuction overMoreover,the Turkeystance favourable a alwayshad has Ankara which resulted in an energy cooperation agreement between Turkey, Azerbaijan, and visted Berdimuhamedow President Turkmenistan’s 2015, In . in relations economic Lazuli Lapis the of part include are which countries Both politics. relations and investments, cordial foreign economics, trade, enjoyed in cooperation have Turkey and Turkemnistan years, the Over Trade with appliances, nuclearreactors,boilers,partsthereof. mechanical machinery, and thereof, parts and equipment and machinery electrical steel, or iron of articles of comprised majorly and 2016 in billion $1.25 totaled Turkey from Imports Major ImportsfromTurkey *All Values inUSDBillion Product code TOTAL 84 85 73 Trae it Turke

USD Billion -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5

-2 -1 0 1 2 parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; andequipmentparts Electrical machinery Articles of ironorsteel Articles Product Description All products ent of of Turkmenistan’s ent imports total 2007

0.34 Turkey 0.06 transport and transit corridor project that hopes to strengthen trade and trade strengthen to hopes that project corridor transit and transport

2008 shows Turkmenistan’s trade balance with Turkey for last the ten balance Turkmenistan’swith shows Turkey trade

Turkmenistan’s Top toTurkey Exports atHS 02Level 2009 Exports

2010 Figure 26TradewithTurkey 1.14

Imports 2011

0.30 In 2015, Turkmenistan’s 2015, In

2012 Trade Balance 2012

0.14 0.26 1.48 0.25 0.65 2013

2013

0.19 0.42 1.96 0.22 2014 2.23

- 1.61

2015 2014

0.23 0.49 2.23 0.33 0.42

2016

1.25 2015

0.19 0.42 1.86 0.36 - 0.82 74

2016 0.13 0.21 1.25 0.25 Table 24ImportsfromTurkey atHS06Level Table 23ImportsfromTurkey at HS-02Level rods. which level 06 include HS at Turkey from imports top Turkmenistan’s shows table following The *All Values inUSDBillion *All Values inUSDBillion Product code 940360 850423 760429 732690 853710 730619 761090 721420 854449 730890 TOTAL 87 32 44 72 76 94 39 structures and parts of structures, of iron or steel, or iron of structures, of parts and structures Wooden furniture > 10.000kVA Liquid dielectric transformers, having a power handling capacity Bars, rodsandsolidprofiles,ofaluminiumalloys,n.e.s. Articles ofironorsteel,n.e.s Articles ors cbnt ad iia cmiain o aprts for apparatus electric control of combinations similar and cabinets Boards, rolled productsofironorsteel, Line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas pipelines, welded, of flat- Tanning ordyeingextracts;tanninsandtheirderivatives; plates, rods,profiles,tubesandthe and n.e.s., aluminium, of structures, of parts and Structures and accessoriesthereof parts and stock, rolling tramway or Vehiclesrailway than other Bars and rods, of iron or non-alloy steel, with indentations, ribs Wood and articles ofwood;woodcharcoal Wood andarticles fitted withconnectors,n.e.s. not V,insulated, 1.000 <= voltage a for conductors, Electric Iron andsteel Structures and parts of structures, ofironorsteel, ofstructures, and parts Structures Product Description Aluminium and articles thereof Aluminium andarticles Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions Furniture; bedding,mattresses,mattresssupports, All products Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles Turkmenistan’s Top toTurkey Exports atHS02Level Turkmenistan’s Top toTurkey Exports atHS02Level 2012 2012 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.07 1.48 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.09 0.09 electric conductors, and bars and bars and conductors, electric 2013 2013 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 1.96 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.14 0.10 2014 2014 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.06 0.10 2.23 0.06 0.15 0.08 0.15 0.14 2015 2015 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.07 1.86 0.03 0.19 0.08 0.13 0.10 2016 2016 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 1.25 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.08 45 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 46 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 26ExportstoTurkey atHS-06Level Table 25 ExportstoTurkey atHS02Level as mineralfuels&oils,andplasticsarticlesthereofalsofellin2016. such imports top Other 2016. in million $360 to 2015 in million $430 from fell exports Cotton fuels andmineraloils. Exports to Turkey amounted to $420 million in 2016 and majorly comprised of cotton, mineral Major ExportstoTurkey include cotton,neithercardednorcombed,singlecotton yarn,andlightoils. The following table shows Turkmenistan’s top export products to Turkey at HS 06 level which *All Values inUSDBillion *All Values inUSDBillion Product code Product code 410150 520511 520942 310210 390210 520812 271012 520512 520100 TOTAL TOTAL 41 31 39 27 52 Whole rawhidesandskinsofbovine Single cotton yarn, ofuncombedfibres Single cottonyarn, Denim Urea, whetherornotinaqueoussolution Raw hidesandskins(otherthanfurskins)leather Polypropylene, in primary forms Polypropylene, inprimary Fertilisers Plain wovenfabricsofcotton, Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles which Light oils and preparations, of petroleum or bituminous minerals iea fes mnrl is n pout o ter distillation; their of bituminous substances;mineralwaxes products and oils mineral fuels, Mineral Single cotton yarn, ofuncombedfibres Single cottonyarn, Cotton Product Description Cotton, neithercardednorcombed Product Description All products All products Turkmenistan’s Top toTurkey Exports atHS02Level Turkmenistan’s toTurkey Exports atHS06Level 2012 2012 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.30 0.11 0.30 0.25 0.08 2013 2013 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.16 0.19 0.65 0.09 0.65 0.44 0.26 2014 2014 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.62 0.10 0.62 0.45 0.28 2015 2015 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.56 0.13 0.56 0.43 0.22 2016 2016 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.42 0.14 0.42 0.36 0.17 41 roots certain and vegetables Edible 2015. constituted 60.87percentofthetotalTurkmen importsfrom in Afghanistan. Turkmenistan of imports three top the were skins and level.hides raw and vinegar, and spirits, beverages, product roots, certain and vegetables Edible 02 HS at Turkmenistan to exports Afghanistan’s shows table following The Major ImportsfromAfghanistan $0.92 millionproducingasurplusof$631.50with Afghanistan. to fell imports and million, $632.40 to increased exports 2015, In balance. trade the reduce to from Afghanistan increased by more than 400 per cent, however, this surge was not sufficient imports 2013, In country. that from imports low with combined to Afghanistan exports high of because primarily was This period. time this throughout balance trade positive a had has The figure below shows Afghanistan’s trade with Turkmenistan from 2008-2015. Turkmenistan Afghanistan; to electricity Turkmen of Turkmenistan export hasdeveloped infrastructuretofurtherfacilitatethetransfer. in cooperated also have countries two The from Turkmenistan. supply gas from benefit to Afghanistan allow will which (TAPI)project Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-Indiathe in involved also are nations the Both opened. was border – theTurkmenistan Afghan of side the Afghan on station first the 2016, In trade. boost and countries three the between linkages independence. form will which Turkmenistan’s project line (TAT)railway to recognize countries first Turkmenistan the and Afghanistan have of collaborated in the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan one was Afghanistan Trade with *All Values inUSDMillion Product code TOTAL 41 22 07 Taikistan Turkmenistan and Afghanistan hae thefirstAfghanistan was recognize to countries Turkmenistan’sindependence. of one Trae it

countries trade. 20 boost n and Turkmenistan Turkmeni to benefitto Turkmenistan. gas from suppl from The countries two hae Turkmenistan hasbalancea positie hadtrade this throughout The figurebelowshows Afghanistan’s with Turkmenistan trade 2008 from furtherinfrastructure facilitate to transfer. the Turkmen of in Afghanistan electricit to eport primaril becaus .0 million with Afghanistan. increased 2. to thishoweer surgewas sufficient not to n20imports Afghanistancountr. from centincreased than00per bmore Tradefigures for 2015arenotavailable for

USD Million 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

s 0 Raw hidesandskins(otherthanfurskins) andleather Beverages, spiritsandvinegar Edible vegetables and certain roots andtubers Edible vegetablesandcertain Product Description All products stan TAT TAT 2008 Afghanistan anistan border was opened. opened. was border Afghanistan e of e of railwa line railwa proect 0 million0.2millionimportsto fell and produci

Turkmenistan’s Top fromAfghanistanatHS02Level Imports high high 2009 TurkmenistansTrade Afghanistan with eports to Afghanistan to eports combined with

akistan

Exports 2010

Figure 27Tradewith the firstthe Afghanside onthe station oth thenationsoth ar which between will linkages the form ndia collaborated collaborated Afghanistan on ITCTradeMap reduce trade the 2011 Imports TA 41

Turkmenistan has deeloped Turkmenistan has deeloped

Afghanistan proect in the Turkmenistan the 2012 e also Trade Balance which will balance. n 20 eports balance. 20eports n inoled in the time 2013 2012 14.20 0.07 0.00 2.76 2.48 low

allowAfghanistan period

ng asurplus of

imports imports of the of also Afghanistan 14.18 12.22 2013 2014 0.01 0.00 three three This was was . This 20. cooperated Afghan from that from 632.40 2014 0.00 0.09 5.61 4.10 2015 – 79 631.50

2015 0.08 0.24 0.92 0.56

47 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 48 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 29Exportsto Table 28 Importsfrom Table 27Importsfrom the topimportsof2015. Commodities not elsewhere specified, non-alcoholic beverages, and wallets, purses, etc. were level product 06 HS at Turkmenistan’sfrom Afghanistan shows imports table following The fuels whichshowed anincrease of$198.07million. mineral wasto increase due The mainly 2014. in million $464.77 from 2015 in million $632.41 to rose Exports TurkmenistanAfghanistan. to of exports top the shows table following The Major ExportstoAfghanistan 42 *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code Product code 420231 220290 999999 TOTAL TOTAL 15 18 28 04 30 99 90 31 11 42 27 99 38 Tradefigures for 2015arenotavailable for Animal orvegetablefatsandoils theircleavageproducts;prepared Cocoa andcocoapreparations Inorganic chemicals;organicorinorganiccompoundsofprecious Dairy produce;birds'eggs;naturalhoney;edibleproductsofanimal Dairy Pharmaceutical products Pharmaceutical Commodities notelsewherespecified medical orsurgical precision, checking, measuring, cinematographic, photographic, Optical, Fertilisers and tobacco-pouches cigarette-cases, . carried similar articles key-pouches, purses, Wallets, Products of the milling industry; malt;starches;inulin;wheatgluten Products ofthemillingindustry; Non-alcoholic beverages (excluding water, fruit or vegetable juices and milk) rils f ete; adey n hres tae gos hnbg and handbags goods, travel harness; similar containers;articles and saddlery leather; of Articles Mineral fuels,mineraloilsandproductsoftheirdistillation; Product Description Commodities notelsewherespecified Product Description Commodities notelsewherespecified All products All products Miscellaneous chemicalproducts Afghanistan atHS02Level Afghanistan atHS06level Afghanistan atHS02Level Turkmenistan’s Top fromAfghanistanatHS06Level Imports Turkmenistan’s Top fromAfghanistanatHS02Level Imports Turkmenistan’s Top toAfghanistanatHS 02Level Exports Afghanistan on ITCTradeMap 42 423.10 410.18 2012 2012 2012 0.41 2.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.87 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 2.76 2.55 0.00 0.00 383.12 350.98 12.18 14.18 13.04 2013 2013 2013 1.46 3.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 7.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 464.77 365.13 14.97 40.55 31.77 2014 2014 2014 7.00 3.16 0.05 0.44 0.00 0.80 0.14 0.09 0.14 5.61 4.24 0.04 0.00 632.41 563.20 14.85 24.85 2015 2015 2015 0.94 0.96 1.71 2.80 3.99 8.43 9.27 0.01 0.24 0.01 0.92 0.67 0.01 0.02 Table 30 Exportsto of $0.24billionwithRussia. deficit trade a produced which valuewasbillion import $0.57 corresponding The boats. and Exports to Russia peaked at $0.33 billion in 2016, which was primarly due to the trade in ships Turkmenistan.for destination export important most fourth the Russia Russia making billion $0.15 to exports to increased exports oil 2010, In and incident. pipeline gas fuels the to mineral owing cent per 2009, 97.60 by declined In list. ten top the to climbing occasionally of while markets Turkmenistan export fifteen top the in remained Russia 2009, to 2001 From http://www.reuters.com/article/russia-gazprom-turkmenistan/russias-gazprom-ceases-purchases-of-turkmen- 43 and financialproblems economic also and market, gas international in changes to due gas buying stopped Gazprom Turkmenof purchase gas. Turkmengaz to According (Turkmenistan’s company), gas natural its stopped Gazprom 2016 in while surfaced, issues payment gas 2015, In downtrun. a taken have relations onwards, point this From gas. natural of supply the halting fiasco, by retaliated and this for Gazprom Russia’s blamed Turkmenistan (2009). countries two the between relations strained and exploded Russia Turkmenistanto from runs that pipeline gas Centre and the Astrakhan rail-ferry service. However, the following year, a section met of in Ashgabat, and the considered Central collaboration in Asia- projects such as the Caspian Sea gas pipeline, the then Russian President, Dmitry Medvedev, and the Turkmen President Berdimuhamedow been settled by agreements but have invariably impacted Turkemistan’s exports. In July 2008, the from gas natural of Turkmen supply region. Over securing the Russia years, around the two centred countries are have clashed Russia over with price disputes Relations which have Trade with ilo) ntrl a i gsos tt (208 mlin, n cmoiis o elsewhere not commodities and million), ($280.82 specified ($26.48million) were thetopthreeexportsin2015. state gaseous in gas natural million), The following table shows Turkmenistan’s exports to Afghanistan at HS 06 level. Peat ($282.36 *All Values inUSDMillion Product code 180690 110290 151800 040700 300670 902830 110100 999999 271121 270300 TOTAL gas-ria-cites-turkmengaz-idUSL8N14O1QX20160104 hclt ad te peaain cnann cca i cnanr or containers in cocoa, containing immediate packings preparations other and Chocolate Cereal flours(excludingwheat,meslinandmaize) nml r eeal ft ad is n ter rcin, old oxidised, boiled, fractions, their and oils dehydrated, sulphurised and fats vegetable or Animal Birds' eggs, in shell, fresh, preserved orcooked Birds' eggs,inshell,fresh,preserved lubricant forparts a as medicine veterinary or human in used be to designed preparations Gel Electricity supplyorproductionmeters,incl.calibratingmeterstherefor Wheat ormeslinflour Commodities notelsewherespecified Natural gasingaseousstate Peat, incl.peatlitter, whetherornotagglomerated Product Description All products Afghanistan atHS06level Russia 43 . Turkmenistan’s Top toAfghanistanatHS06level Exports 366.21 423.10 53.79 2012 1.70 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 247.84 110.69 383.12 12.18 2013 2.35 0.00 1.46 0.00 0.00 7.97 0.00 263.38 119.13 464.77 40.55 31.77 2014 2.34 0.00 7.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 280.82 282.36 632.41 24.48 26.48 2015 0.34 0.37 0.94 2.80 3.99 9.22 49 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 50 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 31ImportsfromRussiaatHS-02Level h floig al sos ukeitn ao iprs rm usa t S 2 product 02 mechanical appliances($0.04billion)were HS thetopimportsin2016. at machinery, Russia and billion), ($0.07 steel and from iron billion), ($0.16 steel imports and iron of Articles level. major Turkmenistan shows table following The Major ImportsfromRussia oe rout TT *All Values inUSDBillion Product Code All values inBillion TOTAL 10 19 85 38 87 15 44 84 72 73 Thefollowing tableshowsimports Turkmenistan ussiamaor from at aor mports leel. leel.

machiner appliances mechanical

-1.5 -0.5 USD Billion0.5 1.5 -1

0 1 2 achiner mechanical and steel ron steelArticlesiron or of rout prouts egetable waes egetable edibleprepared fatsanimalor and their products cleaage fatsandAnimal oils egetable or charcoalwood and articles ood wood of boilers thereof parts appliances nuclear reactors

ss Articles of iron and steel Cereals Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' or milk; products starch flour, cereals, of Preparations Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; andequipmentparts Electrical machinery Miscellaneous chemicalproducts and accessoriesthereof Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts prepared ediblefats;animalorvegetablewaxes products; cleavage their and oils and fats vegetable or Animal Wood and articles ofwood;woodcharcoal Wood andarticles parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, Iron andsteel Articles ofironorsteel Articles Product Description All products 2007 Turkmenistan’s esription rom ussia rom 0.10

2008

Turkmenistan’s Top atHS02Level fromRussia Imports 0.05 2009

Turkmenistans Trade ussia with

Top Top 0.15 2010

Export

0.0 billion Figure 28TradewithRussia 0. billion mports rom ussiaHS mports rom at 2011 0.02 0.0 0. 0. 0. .2 Imports

0

were the top imports top the were in 20. 2012 i ron and steel0.0 ron billion 2012 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.17 1.21 0.37 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0. . Trade Balance

2013

1.43 -

1.29 ee 2013 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.26 1.43 0.16 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.2 0. .

2014

2014 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.21 1.14 0.15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0. 0.8

2015 02 product

2015 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.18 0.84 0.14 0.33 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0. and and 2016 84

0.57

2016 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.57 0.16

Table 32 ImportsfromRussiaatHS-06Level Table 33ExportstoRussia atHS02Level bridges andbridgesectionsincreasedby$0.09billion. coniferous wood fell by $0.07 billion, and $0.01 and billion respectivelyrods, in and 2016. Bars On the sawn. other hand, wood coniferous and rods, and bars bridge-sections, and bridges The following table shows top imports from Russia at HS 06 product level which comprise of articles thereof,cotton,andothermade-uptextilesarticles. Major and plastics included level. items Other 2016. 02 in Turkmenistan from imports HS Russian total the at of Russia to exports major contributors to Turkmenistan’sexports were ships, boats, and shows floating structures which made up below 64.77 percent table The Major ExportstoRussia *All Values inUSDBillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code Product code 730890 380893 999999 721499 100630 730511 151219 440710 721420 730810 TOTAL TOTAL 08 51 84 58 62 27 63 52 39 89 Structures and parts of structures, ofironorsteel, ofstructures, and parts Structures Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit ormelons fruit andnuts;peelofcitrus Edible fruit Herbicides, anti-sprouting products and plant-growth regulators Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and woven fabric yarn horsehair hair; animal coarse or fine Wool, Commodities notelsewherespecified Machinery, mechanicalappliances, nuclearreactors, hot-drawn or only hot-extruded hot-drawn oronlyhot-extruded only hot-rolled, only steel, non-alloy or iron of rods, and Bars Special woven fabrics; tufted textilefabrics;lace;tapestries; Special wovenfabrics;tufted glazed or polished not or whether rice, milled wholly or Semi-milled Articles ofapparelandclothingaccessories, Articles Line pipeofakindusedforoilorgaspipelines, Mineral fuels,mineraloilsandproducts not refined, or whether fractions, their and oil safflower Sunflower-seed or Other made-up textile articles; sets; worn clothing sets;worn Other made-uptextilearticles; Coniferous wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, Cotton process rolling the indentations, during produced deformations other with or groves ribs, steel, non-alloy or iron of rods, and Bars Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles Bridges andbridge-sections,ofironorsteel Product Description Ships, boatsandfloatingstructures Product Description All products All products Turkmenistan’s Top atHS06Level fromRussia Imports Turkmenistan’s Top atHS02Level toRussia Exports 183.76 100.99 17.01 19.49 22.88 2012 2012 0.02 0.61 0.00 4.23 0.03 6.39 0.01 2.05 0.03 2.87 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.05 1.21 0.02 1.05 139.42 20.71 25.03 78.27 2013 2013 0.01 0.27 0.00 2.00 0.02 2.71 0.02 1.84 0.02 3.18 0.04 0.78 0.02 0.06 0.08 1.43 0.00 0.00 18.35 21.51 90.91 37.54 2014 2014 0.01 0.18 0.00 1.46 0.00 6.05 0.04 0.77 0.02 1.95 0.00 0.43 0.02 0.06 0.09 1.14 0.01 0.00 10.51 18.36 71.28 27.43 2015 2015 0.04 0.13 0.00 1.11 0.00 0.04 0.03 1.39 0.02 2.50 0.01 8.87 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.84 0.03 0.00 331.18 214.51 10.01 12.35 35.21 50.17 2016 2016 0.01 0.83 0.01 1.44 0.01 1.45 0.01 1.50 0.01 1.91 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.57 0.12 51 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 52 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 34 ExportstoRussiaatHS06Level hn are t by 0 billion 30 buy to 2006, In agreed years. China 25 past the for relations diplomatic enjoyed have China and Turkmenistan Trade with 2016. in items export top the cotton were yarn single and polypropylene, platforms, production or level. 06 HS at Russia to exports shows table following The $0.34 billionrespectively producingatradesurplusof$5.22billion. and billion $5.56 to fell China from imports trade and exports a 2016, for In Turkmenistan. for allowing surplus widen, to continued has imports and exports between gap the which trade surplus with China. In 2011, exports were more than four times the figure in 2010, after a maintain consistently to able been deficit, has trade Turkmenistan a running of years three After 2007-2016. from China and Turkmenistan between trade shows graph following The shown supportforChina’sBeltandRoadinitiative. care, health are infrastructure, in telecommunication, agriculture, health opportunities countries and technology. Turkmenistan has two also exploring The are and China. cooperation, energy from beyond looking loans now and investments received also has country the Chinese energy companies play an influential role in Turkmen energy production. Moreover, trade relationshipbetween ChinaandTurkmenistan. trade and investment business, fronts. During the meeting, various deals economic, were signed to strengthen the in cooperate to agreed and Berdimuhamedow President Turkmen the with met China of Xi President when 2013 September in formed was partnership strategic a opened. From this point, China became Turkmenistan’s largest trading partner. Furthermore, pipeline gas Central Asia-China the of line first the later, years three 2039; and 2009 between *All Values inUSDMillion Product code 620342 510121 580219 520511 520100 271311 630260 520512 390210 890520 TOTAL Men's orboys'trousers,bibandbrace Shorn wool,degreased, Shorn Terry towelling and similar woven terry fabrics,ofcotton Terry towellingandsimilarwoventerry Single cotton yarn, ofuncombed Single cottonyarn, Cotton, neithercardednorcombed Petroleum coke,non-calcined Toilet linenandkitchenlinen,ofterry Single cotton yarn, ofuncombedfibres, Single cottonyarn, Polypropylene, in primary forms Polypropylene, inprimary Floating orsubmersibledrillingproductionplatforms Product Description All products China Turkmenistan’s Top atHS06Level toRussia Exports

ui mtr o ntrl a anal from annually gas natural of meters cubic 183.76 100.99 18.78 14.88 2012 1.74 4.23 0.73 4.15 3.10 5.32 0.00 Floating or submersible drilling submersible or Floating 139.42 20.35 11.40 78.27 2013 1.42 2.00 0.77 4.92 7.20 0.00 0.00 10.23 17.75 90.91 37.54 2014 1.90 1.46 0.73 3.45 0.13 6.99 0.00

10.14 71.28 27.43 2015 Turkmenistan 2.28 1.11 1.38 1.65 5.98 8.87 9.53 0.00 331.18 214.51 10.01 11.84 27.08 50.02 2016 1.42 1.44 1.50 3.02 3.88 Table 35 Turkmenistan’s ExportstoChina the quantityexportedhadincreased. though even fell China to exports as well as exports total 2014, in fell prices oil When prices. oil international by influenced are figures export the that surprising not is it hence China), to exports total of cent per (98.6 gas natural by dominated Turkmenistan’sare China to exports million, electricalmachineryfellby$110 andvehicles by$70million. was a 80 percent fall over the 2012 figures. Between 2012-2016, machinery imports fell by $400 followed a declining trend since 2012. In 2016, imports were approximately $340 have million Imports level. 02 which HS at China from Turkmenistan’simports shows table following The Major ImportsfromChina Quantity (BillionTons) Value (USD Billion) toChina Natural GasExports Turkmenistan's Total (USDBillion) NaturalGasExports Turkmenistan's Total toChina(USDBillion) Exports *All Values inUSDBillion Turkmenistan's Total (USDBillion) Exports Product Code TOTAL 85 84 The below s graph Tns iin uantit iin aue t rts ina as atura iin rts as atura Tta Turkmenistans Turkmenistans iin rts Tta Turkmenistans hina to eports gas (98 natural by Turkmenistan’s Chinadominated are to exports

figurein whi 200after surplusmaintain atrade were more than witheports times four hina. n20 the ears of three of hinafrom widen international hina theuantit hadincreased. though fell eported een .22 billion.

USD Billion

10 12 -2 ss

0 2 4 6 8 allowing for allowing for recorders sound thereof; parts and equipment and machinery Electrical parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, Product Description All products 2007 fell to .billion and to 0. fell oil oil Tta rts t ina iin rts Tta ina t running a

s s prices

2008 hows trade between Turkmenistan 200 trade andhows from hina hence itis surprising not the eport that figure

a t rade surplus Turkmenistanrade for . Turkmenistan’s Top fromChinaatHS02Level Imports ch the gap between thegap eport ch henoil prices in20 fell trade deficittrade Turkmenistan Turkmenistans Trade hina with

2009 Exports Turkmenistans rts t ina t rts Turkmenistans Turkmenistan’s toChina Exports 1.04 2010 Figure 29TradewithChina

b 4.69 Imports 2011 illion illion

r

espectiel producing 2012 s and import able to consistentlhas to been able Trade Balance . n 20 eports and imports. n20eports total 2012 0.16 0.49 1.70 8. 2.2 . . .2 2013

eports

s

2013 h 0.14 0.37 1.14 2014 as as well as eports

s continued to .

20. 0.02 are .8 8.0 .8 per cent of total cent of total per trade a trade

2015 2014 18.74 12.29 2014 0.09 0.32 0.95

9.44 9.65 9.52 0

influenced b

20. After 20. After surplus surplus 5.56 2016 0.34 2015 20.40 10.02 2015 0.09 0.32 0.82 7.68 8.01 7.83

5.22 2.

.8 . . .2 90 to

2016 21.63 2016 0.05 0.09 0.34 5.48 5.67 5.56 7.42 53 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 54 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 37ImportsfromChinaatHS-06Level Table 36ImportsfromChinaatHS02Level casing andtubing,seamless,ofironorsteel,specialpurposemotorv levelwallmachines, HS-06 wereor conditioning at window air China from imports 2016 top The following table shows top ten import products from China at HS 06 level. Turkmenistan’s *All Values inUSDBillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code 841950 848180 852872 090220 630260 870880 401110 870590 730429 841510 TOTAL 09 94 63 39 40 73 87 Heat-exchange units Appliances forpipes,boilershells,tanks, Reception apparatusfortelevision,colour, Green teainimmediatepackingsof>3kg Toilet linen and kitchen linen, of terry towelling or similar terry Toilet towellingorsimilarterry linenand kitchenlinen,ofterry Coffee, tea,matéandspices for tractors, thereof, shock-absorbers, incl. parts and systems Suspension Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions Furniture; bedding,mattresses,mattresssupports, incl. stationwagonsandracingcars New pneumatic tyres, of rubber, of a kind used for motor cars, textile worn and clothing worn sets; articles; textile made-up Other Special purposemotorvehicles Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles drilling foroilorgas Casing and tubing, seamless, of iron or steel, of a kind used in Rubber and articles thereof Rubber andarticles "split-system" or self-contained machines, conditioning air wall or Window Product Description Articles ofironorsteel Articles All Products and accessoriesthereof Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts Turkmenistan’s Top fromChinaatHS02Level Imports Turkmenistan’s Top fromChinaatHS06Level Imports 1,699.11 37.70 86.05 17.14 12.93 61.55 26.51 2012 2012 7.38 5.07 3.08 0.01 5.77 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.41 0.11 1,137.64 11.25 36.67 12.00 10.67 17.62 88.51 27.37 2013 2013 7.10 4.27 0.00 0.02 0.02 2.30 0.02 0.03 0.24 0.08 954.28 13.11 21.94 10.23 13.08 54.13 23.51 2014 2014 0.53 8.48 5.48 0.01 0.02 0.03 4.16 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.08 ehicles. 815.47 11.56 19.51 11.70 79.46 25.75 2015 2015 4.09 6.70 4.60 0.00 0.02 9.62 0.02 3.11 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.05 338.48 12.29 15.12 15.72 2016 2016 7.01 7.49 7.84 8.32 8.90 0.01 9.24 0.01 9.25 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 Table 38 ExportstoChinaatHS02Level te tp xot i 21 wr sl; upu (3.6 ilo) vgtbe liig materials plaiting vegetable million), ($19.75 million),andcotton($10.50million). ($35.26 sulphur salt; were 2016 in exports top Other due tomineralfuelswhichfell$5.48billion(downby$2.24billion). mainly was This billion. $2.26 by 2016 in fell which China to exports shows below table The Major ExportstoChina in 2016over 2015. of all kinds by $35.26 million. However, the export of cotton linters increased by $8.97 million export top three the of out products of Turkmenistan to China fell Two in 2016. Natural gas linters. fell by $2.20 billion, and Sulphur cotton and kinds, all of sulphur gas, natural were Following table shows Turkmenistan’s exports to China at HS 06 level. In 2016, the top exports *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product Code Product code 520512 280120 520100 130212 140420 250300 271121 TOTAL TOTAL 62 41 51 12 28 13 52 14 25 27 rils f pae ad ltig cesre, o kitd or knitted not crocheted accessories, clothing and apparel of Articles Raw hidesandskins Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn andwoven fabric yarn horsehair hair; animal coarse or fine Wool, Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; Oil seedsandoleaginousfruits; Single cotton yarn, ofuncombedfibres,containing Single cottonyarn, Inorganic chemicals;organicorinorganic Iodine Lac; gums,resinsandothervegetablesaps Cotton, neithercardednorcombed Cotton Extracts ofliquorice specified orincluded elsewhere not products vegetable Vegetablematerials; plaiting Cotton linters cement and lime materials, plastering stone; and earths sulphur; Salt; Sulphur ofallkinds Mineral fuels,mineraloilsandproductsoftheirdistillation; Product Description Natural gasingaseousstate Product Description All products All Products Turkmenistan’s Top toChinaatHS06 Level Exports Turkmenistan’s Top toChinaatHS02Level Exports 8,673.38 8,673.38 8,595.32 8,512.12 30.04 11.62 11.53 37.59 11.75 11.75 2012 2012 0.13 0.01 1.00 0.66 7.30 1.89 7.30 7.53 7.53 8,893.26 8,893.26 8,801.35 8,791.73 18.81 10.09 33.68 10.09 31.70 31.70 2013 2013 0.43 0.21 1.09 0.00 9.08 8.97 4.00 3.85 3.85 9,516.16 9,516.16 9,441.30 9,441.06 20.28 11.06 11.06 26.22 26.22 2014 2014 0.30 0.51 1.11 0.00 8.47 9.00 8.90 6.07 4.60 6.07 7,827.66 7,827.66 7,716.42 7,681.10 13.75 13.57 10.78 10.78 70.52 70.52 2015 2015 0.32 0.55 0.76 2.33 0.33 6.69 3.46 4.61 6.69 5,563.30 5,563.30 5,480.97 5,480.84 10.50 19.75 19.75 35.26 35.26 2016 2016 0.06 0.06 0.77 1.72 2.26 6.16 6.06 7.95 7.54 7.95 55 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 56 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE e rut TT Millionvalues USD in *All Table 39ExportstoChinaatHS06Level had adeficitof$36millionwithIndia. 2016, Turkmenistan In million. $86 of deficit a produced which million $101 to rose imports increasing imports and almost stagnant exports. In 2014, exports increased to $15 million, from 2007 to 2016. During while these years, Turkmenistan has had a trade deficit with India due to years ten of period a over India Turkmenistan’swith shows relations below trade graph The will facilitatetransportofgoodsbetween Central Asia andthePersian Gulf. interest in joining the Ashgabat agreement, which envisions creation of a transit corridor that shown also has India Moreover, India. to Turkmengas of transfer facilitate will (TAPI)that One of the most important initiatives is the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline enhance cooperationindefence,tourismmedicine,etc. enhance bilateral cooperation between the two countries were signed. The agreements look to to intended sevenpacts talks, the after terrorism; of issue regional in the discuss to Ashgabat the 2015, July in Moreover, TurkmenBerdimuhamedow the President Asia. with met Modi, Narendra Central Minister, Prime Indian in trade enhance to Iran Agreement with Transit along Trilateral signed a was 1995, In (1997). Evasion Fiscal of Prevention Double and Taxation of Avoidance the on Agreement and (1995), Agreement Protection and Promotion Over the years, the two countries have signed bilateral treaties such as the Bilateral Investment Turkmenistan inSeptember,1995. P.V.Shri. Minister, Prime Indian wasthe to visit of Rao, His visit Narasimha followedthe by 1991. Relations developed further when the late in President Niyazovindependence visited former’sIndia in the April 1992. since relationships maintained have India and Turkmenistan Trade with *All Values inUSDMillion

520291 510220 121190

million Top import produtsimport million Top at The ollowing shows table Turkmenistan ar to rom ears shows The belowgraph Turkmenistan’strade to aall in produts mahiner and meat The edible oal drop

ndia im inreasing dueto ompared to ompared to to million n

million harmaeutial produts rut ruts

USD Million -100 100 150

-50 50 mrts Garnetted stockofcotton Garnetted Coarse animalhair, neithercardednorcombed perfumery in primarily used fruits, and seeds incl. plants, of parts Plants, 0 Turkmenistano had adeiit meat and edible meat andedible esritin Turkmenistans 2007 India rm nia rm

while

2008

imports Turkmenistan’s Top toChinaatHS06Level Exports

ports and al ports

uring these ears Turkmenistan theseuring ears T T meat oal Turkmenistans Trade ndia with 2009

rose to rose to million whih produed mrts nia at rm Exports Figure 30TradewithIndia 2010 imports imports most eportsn stagnant ’ s imports rom imports s leel 2011 Imports that ellb that million relations in

2012 in

2012

0.00 0.93 0.66 ee ndiain whih ell to

with ndia oer oer ndia with import alueimport Balance with ndia were pharmaeutial pharmaeutial were

has 13 2013 million

63

2013 0.00 1.05 0.00 had had

15 2014 a

was due mainl 101

eports trade

in a - a deiit o 86 2014

a period o ten ten periodo a 0.00 1.11 0.00

deiit 2015

inreased

s 2015 0.00 0.76 2.33

with with

2016

97 - 36

2016 0.38 0.74 1.72

Table 40 ImportsfromIndiaatHS02Level Table 41ImportsfromIndiaatHS-06Level meat offalimportsthatfellby$31.56millionin2016ascomparedto2015. edible and meat in fall a to due mainly import value was drop-in The offal. edible and meat $57.25 million. to Top import 2016 products at in HS 02 fell level which in 2016 India were from pharmaceutical products, imports machinery, Turkmenistan’s shows table following The Major ImportsfromIndia boneless meatofbovineanimals,machinesandmechanicalappliances. imports in2016amountedto$57.25million.Itemsthelistincludemedicaments,frozen, The tablebelowshowsTurkmenistan’s topimportsfromIndiaatHS06level. Thevalue of *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code Product code 401161 841370 300420 300220 841990 551011 848180 847989 020230 300490 TOTAL TOTAL 90 29 83 09 40 85 55 02 84 30 precision, medicalorsurgical checking, measuring, cinematographic, photographic, Optical, Pneumatic tyres,new, ofrubber, Organic chemicals Centrifugal pumps,power-driven Miscellaneous articles ofbasemetal Miscellaneous articles Medicaments containing antibiotics, put up in measured doses Coffee, tea,matéandspices Vaccines forhumanmedicine Rubber and articles thereof Rubber andarticles Parts ofmachinery, equipment, plantandlaboratory Parts recorders andreproducers,television sound thereof; parts and equipment and machinery Electrical Single yarn Single yarn Man-made staplefibres Appliances forpipes,boilershells,tanks,vatsorthelike Meat andediblemeatoffal Machines andmechanicalappliances,n.e.s. parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, Frozen, bonelessmeatofbovineanimals Pharmaceutical products Pharmaceutical Product Description eiaet cnitn o mxd r nie pout for products therapeutic orprophylacticpurposes, unmixed or mixed of consisting Medicaments Product Description All products All Products Turkmenistan’s Top fromIndiaatHS02level Imports Turkmenistan’s Top fromIndiaatHS06Level Imports 14.40 70.60 39.22 70.60 14.19 10.23 2012 2012 0.73 0.00 0.76 6.55 0.09 2.07 0.09 0.36 1.14 0.67 4.17 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.01 1.34 63.00 18.95 63.00 20.81 13.47 2013 2013 0.67 0.00 1.46 0.10 0.02 2.72 0.12 1.94 2.46 0.13 3.37 0.00 0.00 1.80 9.86 0.00 9.83 100.74 100.74 48.48 19.79 48.48 20.53 15.02 2014 2014 0.93 0.02 0.22 0.07 0.00 2.04 0.15 0.42 1.91 0.00 1.82 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.14 45.02 80.46 80.46 44.96 17.27 13.06 2015 2015 0.51 0.07 0.51 0.00 0.01 1.73 0.21 0.65 0.98 0.00 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.01 9.23 13.46 57.25 14.10 57.25 13.46 19.28 14.58 2016 2016 0.32 0.95 0.40 1.20 0.47 1.72 0.81 1.90 1.58 2.00 2.20 2.27 2.28 3.48 4.21 57 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 58 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 43ExportstoIndiaatHS06Level Table 42 ExportstoIndiaatHS-02Level or coarseanimalhair. were2016 in exports top Other million. $15 fine wool, and sulphur, chemicals, salt; inorganic in 2016 over the previous year in spite of an increase in the exports of cotton by approximately The following table shows exports to India at HS 02 level. Exports dropped by more than half Major ExportstoIndia and sulphurofallkinds. to $21.70 million in 2016. Top exports in 2016 were The following table shows Turkmenistan’s exports to India at HS 06 level and which amounted *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product Code Product code 510119 410229 121190 320417 310210 500200 510129 250300 280120 520100 TOTAL TOTAL 41 12 32 31 50 51 25 28 52 Greasy wool, incl. fleece-washed wool, neither carded nor carded combed neither wool, fleece-washed incl. wool, Greasy Raw hidesandskins(otherthanfurskins)leather Raw skins of sheep or lambs, without wool on, fresh or salted, , and fruit; industrialormedicinal and fruit; seeds grains, miscellaneous fruits; oleaginous and seeds Oil perfumery, perfumery, in primarily used fruits, and seeds incl. plants, of parts Plants, pigments Tanningdyes, derivatives; their and tannins extracts; dyeing or Synthetic organicpigments;preparationsbasedonsynthetic Fertilisers Urea, whetherornotinaqueoussolution Silk Raw silk(non-thrown) Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn andwoven fabric yarn horsehair hair; animal coarse or fine Wool, Degreased wool,non-carbonised,neithercardednorcombed cement and lime materials, plastering stone; and earths sulphur; Salt; Sulphur ofallkinds nrai ceias ognc r nrai cmons of compounds inorganic metals precious metals,ofrare-earth or organic chemicals; Inorganic Iodine Cotton Product Description Cotton, neithercardednorcombed Product Description All products All Products Turkmenistan’s Top toIndiaatHS06level Exports Turkmenistan’s Top toIndiaatHS02level Exports cotton, neither carded nor combed, iodine, 2012 2012 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.17 0.00 0.00 5.42 5.41 8.36 8.36 2.06 2.06 13.12 13.12 2013 2013 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.40 0.98 0.22 0.00 0.00 9.80 9.80 1.94 1.94 11.16 15.48 11.16 15.48 2014 2014 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.04 3.76 3.76 47.79 47.79 2015 2015 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.06 2.29 2.29 2.51 2.51 2.89 2.89 21.70 21.70 17.88 17.88 2016 2016 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.14 0.40 0.40 3.07 3.07 $20.96 millionwithPakistan. of balance trade positive a in resulting million $24.96 to increased exports and million, $4 to fell imports 2016, In values. import the than more always were figures these Nevertheless, 2008export year. following the million in $2.25 to fell sharply and 2007, of byfluctuations; that twice than more wasvalue characterized are patterns Export imports. low of because Pakistan with surplus trade a Turkemnistanenjoyed 2007-2016, period the Over former. of the favour in entirely is which Pakistan with trade Turkmenistan’s shows below graph The goodsentering to regulations strict visa, Turkmenistan, highcustomduties,andlanguagebarrier. in obtaining difficulties as such factors other by affected are Turkmenistan to which exports Pakistan’s route Additionally, land Afghanistan. through the passes of because low remains however, countries, two the between Trade joined the Ashgabat Agreement in2016. the TAPI pipeline project which will ensure supply of Turkmen gas to in Pakistan. Pakistaninvolved also are countries two The port. Gwadar water warm Pakistan’s to access have will Turkmenistan Moreover, (ECO). Organization Cooperation Economic the of members also trade linkages with the Central Asian economies such as Turkmenistan. Both the countries are facilitate will which (CPEC) Corridor Economic China-Pakistan the of member a is Pakistan held duringthatvisitinIslamabadtoenhancebilateraltradebetw also was Forum Pakistan-TurkmenistanBusiness The Additionally, tourism. in increase an collaboration, the opening of communication channels that will facilitate trade, and to discuss economic to relating plans discuss to President the and Minister Prime the with meetings for Pakistan in arrived Berdimuhamedow President Turkmen the 2016, March In politics. and commerce, trade, in relations improve to meeting been have states respective the of Leaders Pakistan was oneofthefirstcountriestorecognize since Turkmenistan’s independencein1991. especially relations cordial enjoyed have Pakistan and Turkmenistan years, the Over Trade with rom akistanrom at akistan rom totaled mports ar produts mathes prophori allos total imports akistantotal rom up approimatel made ats whih and oils animal egetable or All Million values inUSD e rut TT

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2007 Pakistan prepared edibleprepared ats animal or produts leaage and their atsnimal and oils egetable or rut ruts egetable waes egetable Turkmenistan’s rm akistanrm 25.19 2008

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Figure 31TradewithPakistan mrts rm akistanmrtsat rm millionshows Table inbelow and Imports 2011 other 2012 egetable

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24.96 2016 imports imports the top

o o 4 20.96

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03

59 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 60 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 44 ImportsfromPakistan atHS02Level oils, whichmadeupapproximately49.30percentofthetotalimportsfromP Pakistan. In 2016, Turkmenistan imported $1.97 million worth of animal or vegetable fats and matches; pyrophoric alloys, and other vegetable textile fibres were the top 2016 imports from products; pyrotechnic explosives; oils, from and fats vegetable or imports level.Animal 02 top HS at Pakistan shows below Table 2016. in million $4.00 totaled Pakistan from Imports Major ImportsfromPakistan h tbe hw iprs rm aitn t S 6 ee. eeal ft ad is n their and oils and fats Vegetable level. 06 HS fractions, matches,and at Pakistan from imports shows table The *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product code Product code 630510 100630 120740 531090 360500 151620 TOTAL Total 20 84 39 30 63 12 10 53 36 15 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts ofplants nutsorotherparts Preparations of vegetables, fruit, parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles Pharmaceutical products Pharmaceutical textile articles; rags textile articles; worn and clothing worn sets; articles; textile made-up Other ak ad as fr h pcig f od, f ue r other or jute of textile bastfibresofheading5303 goods, of packing the for bags, and Sacks Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneousgrains, Oil seedsandoleaginousfruits; glazed or polished not or whether rice, milled wholly or Semi-milled Cereals Sesamum seeds,whetherornotbroken paper yarn of fabrics woven and yarn paper fibres; textile vegetable Other 33 bece, yd md o yr o dfeet oor, or printed colours, different of yarn of made dyed, bleached, 5303, heading of fibres bast textile other of or jute of fabrics Woven Explosives; pyrotechnicproducts;matches;pyrophoricalloys; Matches prepared ediblefats;animalorvegetablewaxes products; cleavage their and oils and fats vegetable or Animal Product Description eeal ft ad is n ter rcin, aty r wholly or partly hydrogenated fractions, their and oils and fats Vegetable Product Description All Products All Products woven fabricswere thetopthreeimportsfromPakistan in2016. Turkmenistan’s Top fromPakistan Imports atHS06Level Turkmenistan’s Top fromPakistan Imports atHS02Level 2012 2012 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.75 1.33 0.00 0.00 1.33 2013 2013 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.48 0.48 1.28 1.28 2.42 0.00 0.00 2.42 2014 2014 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.22 0.61 4.71 4.71 0.61 0.17 0.16 0.97 0.97 6.95 0.03 0.03 6.95 akistan. 2015 2015 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.59 0.54 0.44 3.94 5.65 0.44 1.02 0.95 0.46 0.46 8.17 0.00 0.00 8.17 2016 2016 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.15 0.13 0.25 0.24 0.29 0.25 0.55 0.47 0.68 0.68 4.00 1.97 1.97 4.00 Table 46 ExportstoPakistan atHS02Level Table 45ImportsfromPakistan atHS06Level $0.65 million;Plastics andarticlesthereof,however, fellby$0.16million. by sulphur salt; and million, $11.34 by rose cotton 2016, In thereof. articles and plastics and exports top of Turkmenistan2016, In to Pakistanlevel. at HS-02 HS 02 at level Pakistanwere cotton,to salt; sulphur;exports earths andtop Turkmenistan’s stone, shows below table The Major ExportstoPakistan combed, sulphurofallkinds,andpolypropylene, inprimaryforms. of consist Pakistan to exports Turkmenistan’stop level, 06 AtHS *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product Code Product code 410210 843780 390210 250300 300490 520100 100640 531010 Total Total 17 32 41 84 39 25 52 Sugars andsugarconfectionery Tanning ordyeing extracts;tanninsandtheirderivatives; Raw hidesandskins(otherthanfurskins)leather dried, limed, pickled or otherwise preserved dried, limed,pickledorotherwise salted, or fresh on, wool with lambs, or sheep of skins Raw parts thereof parts boilers; reactors, nuclear appliances, mechanical Machinery, Machinery used in the milling industry or for the working of working cereals ordriedleguminousvegetables the for or industry milling the in used Machinery Plastics and articles thereof Plastics andarticles Polypropylene, in primary forms Polypropylene, inprimary cement and lime materials, plastering stone; and earths sulphur; Salt; Sulphur ofallkinds eiaet cnitn o mxd r nie pout for products therapeutic orprophylacticpurposes, unmixed or mixed of consisting Medicaments Cotton Product Description Cotton, neithercardednorcombed Product Description Broken rice All Products All Products 5303, unbleached heading of fibres bast textile other of or jute of fabrics Woven Turkmenistan’s Top fromPakistan Imports atHS06Level Turkmenistan’s Top toPakistan Exports atHS06Level Turkmenistan’s Top toPakistan Exports atHS02Level 2012 2012 2012 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 7.97 7.95 6.26 0.00 7.97 0.00 17.11 14.12 11.09 17.11 2013 2013 2013 0.00 0.00 2.81 2.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.23 0.00 0.00 cotton, neither carded nor carded neither cotton, 15.78 13.58 12.22 15.78 2014 2014 2014 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.01 14.71 11.68 14.71 2015 2015 2015 0.06 0.00 1.68 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.89 0.89 0.01 9.57 1.70 0.07 24.96 23.02 23.02 24.96 2016 2016 2016 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.13 0.17 0.17 1.54 1.54 0.03 0.05 0.08 61 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 62 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 47ExportstoPakistan atHS06Level flour asthetopproducts. to million amounted 186.68 Pakistan from products ten top for potential import Turkmenistan’s 2016, In imports fromtheworldforthatproduct product from Pakistan from the minimum of Pakistan’s exports to the world or Turkmenistan’s Import potential for a product is calculated by subtracting Turkmenistan’s actual imports for a Import Potential countries iftradeisperfectlyfrictionlessbetween them. trade can be increased. It seeks to measure the additional trade that can exist between the two Trade potential is an economic concept that allows us to measure the extent to which bilateral Trade Potential: Turkmenistan’s Trade *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product 847490 170490 210690 020230 870190 100630 110100 730890 300490 320290 code Parts of machinery for working mineral substances of heading of machinery Parts Sugar confectionery not containing cocoa, incl. white chocolate Food preparations,n.e.s. Frozen, bonelessmeatofbovine animals Tractors or notpolishedglazed Semi-milled or wholly milled rice, whether Wheat ormeslinflour or steel,n.e.s. of of structures, and iron Structures parts unmixed productsfortherapeutic Medicaments consistingofmixedor or not whether preparations, tanning substances; tanning Inorganic from Pakistan ofX Pakistan’s Min Import Potential = ih eiaet, n srcue ad at o srcue, ha o meslin or wheat structures, of parts and structures and medicaments, with Product Description Turkmenistan’s fromPakistan Potential Imports atHS06Level exports Turkmenistan’s Top toPakistan Exports atHS06Level to the Potential withPakistan: world (Turkmenistan’s Turkmenistan’s imports from imports Pakistan, of 2016 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.03 X) – Turkmenistan’s imports Turkmenistan’s imports from imports 2012 world, 2016 0.00 0.00 0.00 165.73 20.04 11.69 14.63 14.61 77.11 9.60 from 2013 0.00 0.00 0.00 current the world, 2016 Pakistan’s exports to exports world 1418.93 172.84 19.21 11.00 15.64 73.32 24.48 2014 0.00 0.00 0.00 imports of X, 2015 0.00 0.06 0.00 potential trade, Indicative 11.00 11.69 73.29 14.61 14.39 24.48 2016 9.60 2016 0.01 0.02 0.02 45 44 and world the from imports Pakistan’s of minimum Turkmenistan’s the exportstotheworldforthatproduct. from Pakistan to exports product actual Turkmenistan’s a subtracting for by calculated is product a for potential Export Export potential Table 49Turkmenistan’s PotentialExportstoPakistan atHS06Level Table 48Turkmenistan’s PotentialImportsfromPakistan atHS06Level to $322.32million. potential. In 2016, Turkmenistan’s export potential to Pakistan for top ten products amounted combed, polypropylene, in primary forms, and urea are the goods that have nor significant trade carded neither Cotton, Pakistan. to exports Turkmenistan’s shows table following The *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Product Product 410150 520942 520513 730519 843143 520512 250300 310210 390210 520100 870899 190110 901890 code code Excludesproducts fromProductCode:27 ExcludesproductsfromProduct Code:27 Whole rawhidesandskinsofbovine Denim ofuncombedfibres, Single cottonyarn, gas or oil pipelines, for used kind a of pipe Line forboringorsinkingmachinery Parts ofuncombedfibres, Single cottonyarn, Sulphur ofallkinds Urea, whetherornotinaqueoussolution forms Polypropylene, inprimary Cotton, neithercardednorcombed persons more or ten of transport the for vehicles and Parts accessories, for tractors, motor Food preparationsforinfantuse in used medical, surgicalorveterinary appliances and Instruments = Potential Export Pakistan’s exports toPakistan ofX Product Description Product Description Turkmenistan’s fromPakistan Potential Imports atHS06Level Turkmenistan’s toPakistan Potential Exports atHS06Level imports from Min the (Turkmenistan’s Turkmenistan’s Turkmenistan’s Pakistan, 2016 imports from imports world exports to exports Pakistan, 23.02 2016 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 45 of 44 X) Turkmenistan’s Turkmenistan's imports from imports exports – world, 2016 world, 2016 exports to exports 171.91 227.88 Turkmenistan’s 17.00 40.04 30.47 68.92 10.01 6.85 3.93 4.32 4.64 9.21 9.46 to the imports from imports world, 2016 world, 2016 world Pakistan’s Pakistan's exports to exports 384.89 580.54 326.03 14.22 52.98 31.97 15.23 3.56 9.04 3.56 9.52 9.12 5.49 current of X, potential trade, trade,2016 Indicative Indicative potential 204.86 15.23 68.75 2016 3.56 9.04 3.93 4.32 4.64 3.56 7.98 9.12 9.46 5.49 63 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 64 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Major ImportSources-CommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS) Independent States(CIS). of Commonwealth the of with billion $0.12 at stood deficit trade members the 2016, In then. since CIS the with deficit trade continuous a had has Turkmenistan 2009. in billion $0.94 to 2008 in billion $6.18 from decline sharp a experienced Exports years. ten last the over (CIS) The figure below shows Turkmenistan’s trade with the Commonwealth of Independent States its neutralitystatus. member state since it a has not to ratifiedopposed the CISas Charter.state This hasassociate beenan done inis Turkmenistan order alliance. to safeguard military and economic an have Soviet Union, and consists of the former Soviet Republics. The aim of the CIS is to eventually the of break-up the following created was (CIS) States Independent of Commonwealth The Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Turkmenistan’s imports fromtheCIScountriesmadeup16.40percentoftotalimports. and Kazakhstan are the top supplying markets for goods imported by Turkmenistan. In 2016, The Armenia Kyrgyzstan Georgia Kazakhstan Belarus Russia Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS)Total *All Values inUSDMillion table below shows Turkmenistan’s top import partners within the CIS. Russia, Belarus, Russia, CIS. the within partners import Turkmenistan’stop shows below table onsistsoietthe nion o and Theommonwealtho tates ndependent wasreated mmnealt Turkmenistan’s Trade Alliance

eentuall eentuall opposed toopposed amember sine state it has ratiied not harter the in order tates oer the the oer tates Thefigurebelow shows Turkmenistan’s with trade Commonwealth the Independent of the ommonwealththe ondepen with deiithadin aontinuous billionhastrade in Turkmenistan billion to

USD Billion -3 -2 -1 members o the the o members 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

s tosaeguard 2007 TurkmenistansTrade ommonwealth with ondependent tates hae an hae Turkmenistan’s Partners CommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS)Import 6.18 2008 eonomi and alliane militar Turkmenistan Figure 32TradewithCommonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS)

Trade Alliances sine then n the trade deiit trade the sine then n its neutralit status last ndeendent tates tates ndeendent 0.94

ten earsten 2009 dent tates dent tates Exports the the 2010

s ormer oiet epublis oiet ormer ports eperiened asharpdeline rom

2011 Imports

2012

1,210.65 2,220.94 165.60 230.18 13.46 2012 5.19 7.96 Trade Balance 2013 stood at ollowing 1,429.90 2,396.52 177.50 315.75 The aim The o 18.27 14.13 2013 5.05 is is This has been done an 2014 billion with with billion

assoiate state 1,137.66 2,171.41 353.80 174.02 the break the 13.16 14.33 2014 7.85 the the 2015 1,264.98 114.54 843.93 17.01 16.05 81.94 2015 6.31

up o

is is 111

2016 as as to

- 0.12 101.98 570.58 764.00 10.35 69.10 2016 5.24 5.70

Table 51 ExportPartners fromtheCommonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) Table 50ImportpartnersfromtheCommonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS) approximately $640million. In exports. Turkmenistan’s for 2016, exports to the markets CIS increased by $347.60 million compared to the CIS previous year and were top the are Georgia and Kazakhstan, Russia, Major ExportDestinations-CommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS) Azerbaijan Ukraine Moldova, Republic of Moldova, Republic Kyrgyzstan Armenia Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Ukraine Russia Moldova, Republic of Moldova, Republic Commonwealth ofIndependentStates(CIS)Total *All Values inUSDMillion *All Values inUSDMillion Turkmenistan’s Partners CommonwealthofIndependent States(CIS)Import Turkmenistan’s Partners CommonwealthofIndependent States(CIS)Export 123.43 178.98 528.17 183.76 575.82 32.71 14.17 30.66 58.92 2012 2012 4.05 1.82 6.24 0.83 100.53 219.41 395.09 139.42 566.50 48.30 47.90 39.85 2013 2013 3.22 1.68 2.67 3.38 0.98 121.25 431.34 329.05 13.20 24.58 69.34 38.00 90.91 2014 2014 0.01 3.49 1.19 5.08 1.24 111.81 170.33 291.80 19.62 16.32 63.71 13.10 71.28 2015 2015 2.68 3.89 0.50 2.00 1.78 214.40 331.18 639.38 75.48 2016 2016 0.02 4.36 6.23 7.71 1.06 N/A N/A N/A N/A 65 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 66 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 52ImportPartners fromtheEconomicCooperation ofOrganization(ECO) 46 Major ImportSources-EconomicCooperationOrganization(ECO) which from past the in Turkmenistansummits hosted the 4 many held has organization The member. full a as listed Turkey,Turkmenistan, TurkmenistanUzbekistan. and is and 1992, in organization the joined members include Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, of Pakistan, Tajikistan, leaders its the Currently prospects. investment and by trade towards focused is 1985 and Pakistan, Turkey,and in founded was (ECO) Organization Cooperation Economic Economic CooperationOrganization(ECO) the ECOhave declinedsince2014, andamountedto$1.32billionin2016. Turkey, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are ECO. the top three supply markets of Turkmenistan.the Imports from within partners import main Turkmenistan’s shows table following The producing a trade deficit of $0.66 billion with the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). billion, $0.67 to declined exports and billion $1.32 to fell imports 2016, In yearperiod. review ten- the during billion $1.40 of deficit trade highest the to contributed which billion $2.64 at mainly due to fluctuating exports, and an increasing trend in imports. Imports peaked in 2014 Organization (ECO). The country has had a trade deficit with the ECO since 2008 which was The graph below shows Turkmenistan’s trade with the members of the Economic Cooperation May, 1996.InMarch2017,theECOsummitwas heldinIslamabad,Pakistan. Azerbaijan Afghanistan Pakistan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Turkey *All Values inUSDMillion Economic CooperationOrganization(ECO)Total Excludestrade withUzbekistan,Tajikistan, andIran(2007-2009) duetonon-availability ofdata onITCTradeMap

rganiation ummit 46 itsCurrentl and and prospetsis inestment akistanTurke trade fousedand towards cnmic eratin raniatin organiation in and is listed asmember afull Turkmenistan akistan Taikistanand Turke

was held summitsinpast the defiit of imports sine whih was mainl due to flutuating eports and eports flutuating to mainl was sine due whih Cooperation rganiation C Thehasountr had atrade defiit with shows Economic The with of the members table below the Turkmenistan’strade with the billion delined to and eports

Excludes trade with Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Iran (2007 Iran and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, with trade Excludes onomi Cooperation rganiationonomiCooperation C

USD Billion -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Imports peakedImports in in in onomi Cooperation 2007 Islamabad akistan Islamabad TurkmenistansTrade with members inludemembers Turkmenistan’s Partners EconomicCooperationOrganization(ECO)Import bil lion during ten the lion 2008 from from

held Figure 33TradewithEconomicCooperationOrganization(ECO) th Economic Cooperation Organization Summit held between 14-15 2009

whih Turkmenistan between Exports

fghanistan erbaian Iran aakhstan rgstan aakhstan erbaian Iran fghanistan

at at rganiation C 2010 billion whih ontributed to billion ontributedto whih

ear ear billion billion onomi Cooperation rganiationCooperation onomi

a a 46 C Imports

2011 reiew

was was - 2009) due to non to 2009) due produing

founded in founded hosted the hosted 2012 bekistan period period

Trade Balance 1,480.05 1,713.84 165.60 Theorganiation ha 58.92 2012 In 2.76 1.33 5.19

2013 a arh arh In impo In - trade defiit of billion defiit trade of availability of data on ITC Trade Map on data of availability

1,957.48 2,196.49 th Turkmenis 177.50 39.85 14.18 2013

2.42 5.05 onomi Cooperation an an 2014

b the leaders of leaders of Iran the b 2.64

46 - inreasing trend 1.40

the the the highestthe 2,231.25 2,643.46 353.80

38.00 2014 2015 rts fellrts 5.61 6.95 7.85 tan oinedtan the C summit s held man s held man the the 0.67

to to 1,857.96 2,001.00 2016 114.54 13.10 1.32 2015 0.92 8.17 6.31

trade trade C C - 0.66 114 in in

1,245.51 1,324.31 69.10 2016 4.00 5.70 N/A N/A Table 53ExportPartners fromtheEconomicCooperationofOrganization(ECO) with theOrganizationofIslamicCooperation(OIC). billion $0.69 of deficit in a to led which billion billion $1.36 figure was import corresponding $0.67 the 2016; were and 2014 since fallen have Exports 2013. till continued trend upward Turkmenthis wasin and There increase 2011, imports. an in increasing bloc to the to exports due onwards 2008 from OIC with deficit trade a faced has country The (OIC). Cooperation The following graph shows Turkmenistan’s trade with members of the Organization of Islamic world, andinternationalpeaceharmony. Muslim world, the of interests the for Muslim stands It representation. prominent the with them providing and of voice one becoming of goal the with countries. founded was57 organization of The comprises 1969, in up set (OIC), Cooperation Islamic of Organization The Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) markets three Top countries. ECO include Turkey, to Kazakhstan and Pakistan. exports Exports to Turkmenistan’sthe ECO reduced by shows almost half in 2016. table following The Major ExportDestinations-EconomicCooperationOrganization(ECO) Azerbaijan Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Kazakhstan Turkey Economic CooperationOrganization(ECO)Total *All Values inUSDMillion Thefollowin table interests theuslim world of and world uslim oal the with founded countriesThe was oraniation slamicThe raniation of ooeration raniatin slamic slamic ooeration

and were continueduwardtill trend inthis blocand onwards led to led to

USD Billion -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

a deficit s

due to increasindueto imorts 2007 TurkmenistansTrade raniation with ofslamicooeration of of Turkmenistan’s Partners EconomicCooperation Organization(ECO)Export billion in billion 2008

shows Turkmenistan’s with trade of the members roidin them roidin them Figure 34TradewithOrganization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC) billion with ofslamic theraniation ooeration

the corresondin fiureimort was the The countr Thecountr 2009

eratin and international eace andharmon Exports 0.79 2010

There was a There was with with

has a faced 1.01 2011 Imports rominent reresentation t standst for reresentation rominent

n 1.16 set u in setu

2012 increase in Turkmen eorts to theeorts to inTurkmen increase 178.98 trade deficit with deficit trade 303.51 32.71 423.1 948.1 2012 Eorts hae fallen since hae Eorts Trade Balance 1.82 7.97 of becomin one oice of the the oice one of becomin of 1.48 2013 1,323.44 383.12 219.41 653.82 17.11 2013 48.3 1.68 1.40 2014

comrises 1,241.81 raniation of 464.77 121.25 623.33 15.78 2014 13.2 3.49

billion which which billion 2015 from from 1,291.69

632.41 557.36

19.62 14.71 63.71 2015 3.89 of of

0.67

2016 the the 116 1.36

422.49 24.96 214.4 666.2 2016 4.36 N/A N/A

67 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 68 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Table 55Top10ExportPartners fromtheOrganizationofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Table 54 Top10ImportPartners fromtheOrganizationofIslamicCooperation (OIC) was lessthanhalfofthatin2015,andamountedto$672.14million 2016 in OIC with trade Turkey,Export Pakistan.include and markets Kazakhstan three Top Turkmenistan’sexports. for OIC the from markets importing the shows table following The Major ExportDestinations-OrganizationofIslamicCooperation(OIC) in 2016. the OIC countries have followed a decreasing trend since 2014, and amounted to $1.36 billion from Turkmenistan.Imports for markets Turkey,supply three top OIC. the are Malaysia and the Kazakhstan within partners import main Turkmenistan’s shows table following The Major ImportSources-OrganizationofIslamicCooperation(OIC) Morocco Albania Kuwait Saudi Arabia Albania Egypt Malaysia Bahrain Egypt Pakistan Indonesia Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Pakistan Malaysia Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Turkey Turkey *All Values inUSDMillion Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC)Total Organization ofIslamicCooperation(OIC)Total *All Values inUSDMillion Turkmenistan’s Top Partners fromOrganizationofIslamicCooperation(OIC) 10Import Turkmenistan’s Top Partners fromOrganizationofIslamicCooperation(OIC) 10Export 1,480.05 1,155.30 2,569.01 178.98 165.60 303.51 74.09 11.63 2012 2012 0.23 0.00 0.34 2.21 0.12 0.06 0.00 2.87 1.33 1.28 5.19 1.82 4.28 7.97 1,957.48 1,477.67 2,902.59 219.41 177.50 653.82 17.11 33.63 2013 2013 0.53 0.09 0.76 4.18 0.00 0.41 0.07 0.00 6.90 2.42 2.92 5.05 1.68 2.19 2,231.25 1,401.28 3,325.77 121.25 353.80 623.33 11.37 15.78 22.87 2014 2014 0.25 0.23 0.40 6.28 0.47 0.11 0.00 5.35 6.95 0.29 7.85 3.49 3.41 1,857.96 1,395.77 2,288.66 114.54 557.36 14.81 14.71 12.28 63.71 2015 2015 3.52 0.04 0.35 0.00 0.36 0.16 0.00 2.11 8.17 8.37 6.31 3.89 5.72 1,245.51 1,361.46 422.49 672.14 24.96 20.73 214.4 69.10 2016 2016 0.11 0.66 0.20 1.74 0.69 2.07 0.92 3.73 1.60 4.00 2.23 5.70 4.36 7.47 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan SECTION IV Business In Turkmenistan 70 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Due tonon-availability ofreporteddataonTurkmenistan, we cannotcommentonthissection Ease of Doing Business 71 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 72 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE Foreign DirectInvestment (FDI)in2015stoodat$4.26billion. (2013). Turkmenistan in investment foreign analyze to Risks Economic from Protection Agency for the up set government the Furthermore, 2011. in (ADB) Bank Development Asian the from million $125 received it (IDB); Bank Development Islamic the from loan billion $1 a year, received following Turkmenistan The field. gas Galkynysh the of development the for year, same (CDB) the Bank Development In Chinese the pipeline. from billion gas $4 worth Asia-China loan a Central received Turkmenistan the of opening the to due was which 2009 in billion $4.55 to soared figure the onwards, 2000 from FDI in increase gradual a After rights arenotadequatelyprotectedinTurkmenistan. investor that perception the to due mainly was This 1995. in million $233 from million $108 to 1997 in declined even and slow, remained investment foreign in increase government, the duties, custom on concessions as preferential tax status, setting product prices, etc. However, in spite of the measures such taken by incentives provide which Zones Economic Free of foreign creation with the was action important ventures most The loans. joint foreign and incentives, through tax participation, FDI promoted government the independence, After Figure 35Turkmenistan’s ForeignDirectInvestment (1993-2015) and (27%), chemical (57%), energy were transportation (14%). investment of areas main 2012 in Additionally, 2012 confirmed that foreign sources accounted for 21 percent of investment in Turkmenistan. in Bank Central Turkmenistan of Chairman The construction. and agriculture, gas, country oil, are the in investment for sectors prominent most The corruption. and reforms, policy and economic inconsistent and few country, the running of way autocratic an include these in FDI of flow the Turkmenistan; to impediments as reported havebeen factors of number A Foreign Direct fter indeendenefter - Turkmenistan number of fators been hae nestment irect rein

reation o artiiation inonsistent whih the wasoenin due entraof to the i a radua fter eretion the due that roteted to adeuate inestorrihts not in are Turkmenistan miion indeinedand miion to from This een was main measures the takenb ustom duties statusreferentia ries rodut settin ta et for were ener ener were hemia transortation and inestmentin Turkmenistan of erent of Turkmenistan

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oil sector. and gas the in (PSAs) Agreements Sharing Production of list the shows table following The Chinese companiesarethemajorinvestors intheextractive industries. However, Uzbekistan. and investment is low compared to other Central Kazakhstan Asian countries such as Kazakhstan. Moreover, Russia, China, are countries investing main The 47 Table 56 ProductionSharing Block 21 Block 23 Blocks 11and12 Block III Block II(ChelekenContractualTerritory) Block 1 Off-shore Bagtyarlyk ContractualTerritory Khazar project Nebitdag ContractualTerritory On-shore https://www.state.gov/doc uments/organization/228818.pdf Production SharingAgreements(PSAs) Agreements (PSAs)inTurkmenistan 47 Itera ofRussia RWE ofGermany Operation) (Joint Maersk OilofDenmark;WintershallGermany Buried Hill(Canada) Dragon Oil(UAE) Petronas ofMalaysia Chinese NationalPetroleum Corporation(CNPC) Austria (JointOperation) Turkmennebit of andMitroInternational stateoilconcern EnergyUK/ENI Burren Operated By: 73 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE 74 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE WEBSITE: www.mofa.gov.pk/turkmenistan/ EMAIL: [email protected] FAX: (+993)(12)482130 TELEPHONE (+993)(12)482128/9 ADDRESS 4/1,GarashsyzlykStreet Ashgabat Turkmenistan Embassy ofPakistan inAshgabat,Turkmenistan WEBSITE https://pakistan.tmembassy.gov.tm/en EMAIL [email protected] FAX +92(51)8318416 TELEPHONE +92(51)2609774 ADDRESS: Islamabad,Parveen ShakirRoad1-A,Str.25F-7/2 Embassy ofTurkmenistan inIslamabad,Pakistan Consulates and Business Forums • • • • • • • Cover Page • • • • • Sources https://www.flickr.com/photos/9508280@N07/15635975984 panorama.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvaza_gas_crater#/media/File:Darvasa_gas_crater_ David%20Stanley.jpg http://www.eurasianet.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/large_photo/Turkmenbashi%20 Library_%283891768059%29.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Ashgabat_-_National_ jpg https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99kil:IndependenceMonumentAshgabat. https://c1.staticflickr.com/8/7557/16258380325_a72d228315_b.jpg Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28160%29.jpg Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28160%29.jpg/1200px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Independence_Day_ http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/FDI%20Statistics/FDI-Statistics.aspx UN ConferenceonTradeandDevelopment https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkmenistan Britannica https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ CIA WorldFactbook http://www.trademap.org/ ITC TradeMap http://data.worldbank.org/ World BankOpenData 75 TURKMENISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE

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