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EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Imprint Contents

European Industrial Heritage: The International Story 05 Introduction. 06 European industrial heritage: the international story. awereness. This brochure is published by ERIH, 08 Europe before . the tourism information network of industrial heritage in Europe 10 Long journeys in small ships: international trade. 12 The treasures of our earth. 14 Long-lived manufactures. Text 16 White gold: salt. Dr Barrie Trinder, Olney, Bucks, GB 18 & steam: the of the 18th century. www.trinderhistory.co.uk 20 Changes after 1870. 22 Black gold: the rise of coal-. Editorial 24 Coal triumphant. Rainer Klenner, Kaarst, D 26 Metallic wealth. Jonathan Lloyd, Telford, GB 28 The glow of furnaces and forges: ironworking. 30 : the processes. Layout 32 There’s magic in the web of it: silk. Volker Pecher, Essen, D 34 Fabrics in variety. 40 Workshops of the world: engineering. Photos 42 Ships for the world’s trade. If not otherwise mentioned in the respective picture credits, all photos are provided and reproduced 44 Oil and motor vehicles. by courtesy of the corresponding sites or by the photographers of ERIH e.V. 46 From the depths of dark forests. 48 Our food & drink. Copyright 50 Luxury and utility: ceramics and glass. All rights reserved. Reprints, also extracts, as well as any publishing via online media, film, radio or TV, 52 Safe in harbour. photomechanical reproduction, sound recording media and data processing systems of any kind, are not 54 Inland navigation. permissible unless prior written approval by ERIH e.V.: 56 Progress comes on iron rails. 58 High roads. ERIH – European Route of Industrial Heritage e.V. 60 Flying . Office 62 Living in cities. concept & beratung 64 Blue gold: water – making cities habitable. Christiane Baum 66 Industrial heritage. Am Striebruch 42, 40668 , 68 Our place in history. Telephone +49-2150-756496 70 Reflections. Fax +49-2150-756497 Email [email protected] www.erih.net

Responsible in terms of press and publication law Prof Dr Meinrad Maria Grewenig, ERIH President, Völklingen Ironworks WHS

With the support of the Creative Europe Programme of the European Union Image captions are in the order of columns left to right, 3rd edition 2021 and within columns top to bottom © ERIH – European Route of Industrial Heritage e.V. ERIH Anchor Point European Industrial Heritage: The International Story Introduction

From its very beginning, has crossed borders - it was never a purely national phenomenon. Since the mid-18th century new technologies and methods of production spread rapidly across Europe. Manufacturers built their factories in different countries and generated massive profits, and thousands of workers migrated to the emerging industrial areas. Trade unions fought successfully for workers rights which became embedded in the European welfare state of today. It was on these foundations that modern Europe was established, characterised by its great economic prosperity and its high standards of social and medical care. Every town, every industrial monument, and every workers‘ estate was, and still is, part of this process that started in Europe and subsequently spread across the world. But most visitors are still unaware of this. The closely connected network of European industrial regions that continue to inspire and strengthen each other is something that is rarely presented today at most industrial monuments and attractions. This must change! The ERIH network uncovers the European dimension of industrialisation, offering a hands-on experience of our collective European history. On the ERIH website more than 2.000 sites in 47 European countries invite visitors to discover the variety of themes and stories that together make up our industrial heritage. Over 100 Anchor Points, 20 Regional Routes and 16 Theme Routes currently present the legacy of industrialisation as a mosaic. The aim is that every ERIH site will in future present their part of this mosaic and give visitors an insight into the various European links and interconnections. ERIH is supported in this by the European Commission‘s framework programme ’Creative Europe‘ which acknowledges the network‘s contribution to the conservation and presentation of European industrial heritage and is funding its activities since the year 2014. This funding has enabled the production of this brochure which aims to encourage ERIH sites to present the European dimension of industrialisation to their visitors. Like the ERIH theme routes, the brochure outlines the history of the various industrial sectors, thus creating an exciting European narrative. Of course this is not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it seeks to encourage its readers to focus particularly on the transnational aspects of European indus- trial heritage and provide ideas for including the international story in the sites’ presentations. This brochure is a first step in presenting this complex subject and we look forward to receiving amendments and ideas to continue telling this exciting story.

04 | 05 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY European industrial heritage: the international story. awareness.

mining and manufacturing has dimin- ished. Industry has ancient origins but it grew to dominate the economies of most European countries from the eighteenth century. In the early twenty first century we are witnessing the closure of the last deep coal mines in Western Europe, and the colossal machines recently used to extract brown coal have quickly become redundant. Huge plants that seemed eternal, ironworks, oil refiner- ies, car plants, are coming to the ends of their days. Even sites and machines that seemed characteristic of the late twentieth century are become part of the heritage. In Hungary there is a museum of nuclear power generation, while Con- corde supersonic airliners are displayed in museums in and Great Britain. As industrial communities seek different directions they are aware that new growth may derive benefits from roots in the past. The European Route of Industrial Heritage exists to enable Europeans to share their past experiences of mining and manufacturing, and to show how we made things and how we moved them in recent centuries. The ERIH website offers practical as- New destinations for family outings and something that many people wish to sistance for travellers. It also enables its burg he learned of the storming of the and Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–59) educational visits have appeared over experience. readers to venture in imagination to the Bastille), and provided a motto for every wrote the classic accounts of ‘Little Ire- the past half-century. Princely palaces Industrial buildings have been most distant parts of Europe. Those who archaeologist, ‘so much more powerful land’ the worst slums in , and with their accumulations of old masters conserved and museums of industry study the website follow in the footsteps are things than words’. Karl Friedrich Thomas C Banfield in 1848 described in Essen (D) and fine furniture, elegant parks, and established by varied agencies; by groups of travellers whose writings open up our Schinkel (1781–1841), the great Prussian detail the agriculture and manufactures Zollverein Cooking Plant. waterfalls cascading from mountains of former workers, by national and local understanding of the industrial past. architect, was excited to see the Menai along the River . Illumination. WHS have been joined by show mines, steam government bodies of all political shades, The Swede Reinhold Rücker Angerstein Suspension Bridge and the Pontcysyllte Le Bourget (F) railways, trip boats on canals, water- and by companies respectful of their tradi- 1718–60), who visited in Aqueduct in North in 1826. In Air and Space Museum. wind-mills that still grind flour, and former tions and, above all, by voluntary groups 1753–55 provides a fascinating descrip- 1844 Carl Gustaf Carus (1789–1869), Condorde mills adapted to accommodate determined that the histories of their tion of a country on the verge of industrial physician to King Friedrich Augustus II of Petite Rosselle (F) concerts or exhibitions. The industrial communities should not be lost. revolution. Arthur Young (1741–1820) the Saxony, went out at night in the company Parc Explor Wendel heritage is no longer a minority interest, It is ironic that the popularity of indus- English agriculturalist, observed changes of his royal master to see the pyrotech- Ostrava (CZ) Vitkovice Ironworks. but has taken its place with aristocratic trial heritage has increased as Europe’s in culture as he passed from Lorraine into nics provided by ironworks at Merthyr in Gasholder. Reconversion mansions and captivating scenery as relative standing in the global pattern of Alsace in 1789 (when he reached Stras- South Wales. Friedrich Engels (1820–95) in Multi-Puspose Hall

06 | 07 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Europe before factories.

Samian ware from southern France and the Rhineland found in Great Britain, and the amphora that brought to northern Europe wine and olive oil from the Mediterranean lands. Metals have been mined, smelted and made into useful objects in the Erzegebirge, the Mountains and at over many centuries. Woollen cloth and salt were traded over long distances in the middle ages, and the consequence of the voyages of discovery of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the flow into Europe of such things as silk, coffee, potatoes, porcelain and spices that in the long term were to make great changes in the lives of Europeans. Nevertheless it is in the Industrial Revo- lution of the eighteenth century that we can see the beginnings of moves towards globalisation, as innovations made it possible to increase the output of iron, as the scale of coal-mining grew and the provided a new source of energy, as the production of textiles was concentrated in factories and as improved roads, canals and subsequently railways provided faster means of travelling for people and We Europeans live in a world where most greater capacity for carrying goods. at the other. Families made cheese prosperous areas some families did not of the domestic gadgets that we use, the We can best experience the nature and butter from the milk given by their enjoy the comforts of great farmhous- electronic devices that provide us with of life before the Industrial Revolution cows, they brewed beer from malt made es. They lived in ramshackle huts and entertainment and means to contact our in the open air museums of northern from the barley they prepared and spun may have starved in times of scarcity. friends, the clothes we wear, the books Europe. The great farmhouses from from the wool sheared from their Ways of living in southern Europe where we read even much of the food we eat Westphalia displayed at Detmold, those sheep or from flax and hemp grown families extracted oil from olives rather is made in factories and is carried long from Flanders at Bokrijk, from the around their farmsteads. They were de- than making butter, and made wine distances to reach us. It is difficult to Netherlands at Arnhem, from Galicia at pendent on some specialist craftsmen rather than beer, were rather different,

imagine a world in which this was not so. Sanok, or those in the Norwegian Folk within their communities, on weavers but they similarly lived lives that were in Arnhem (NL) Even in prehistoric times some Museum at Oslo or at Maihaugen at who produced fabrics from their yarn, part self-sufficient. Open Air Museum places specialised in the production Lillehammer, were occupied by families on woodworkers who made their furni- Lillehammer (N) of certain goods that were traded over who were to a large extent self-suffi- ture and smiths who forged their tools. Maihaugen Open Air Museum long distances. The trading links of the cient. Many such houses were occupied Their grain was ground to flour by millers Detmold (D) Roman Empire are exemplified in the at one end by humans and by animals using water- or wind-power. Even in LWL Open Air Museum (LWL)

08 | 09 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Long journeys in small ships: international trade.

Company that sank as it approached the harbour in 1745. The city museum is in the offices and warehouses built for the company between 1747 and 1762. Several western European countries established companies that traded or attempted to trade with China and other countries in the Far East, France, from the port of Brest, the Habsburg Empire from Antwerp, and Great Britain from London. Many ports and trading cities in Europe had links with the Hanseatic League, an association of merchant guilds, chiefly from cities in Germany, which flourished between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, although it declined with the rise of Dutch naval power in the seventeenth century, and its governing body met for the last time in 1669. The League established a depot at Bergen (Norway) where smoked and dried fish, cod liver (or train) oil, and fish roes were collected in warehouses on the Tysksebryggen (German Quay) before being shipped to southern Europe in exchange for salt. A Hanseatic museum occupies one of the warehouses on the quay. The League provided markets for manufacturers in Harlingen is a small port on the eastern links between Europe and distant parts Germany, such as those who worked lar trade that carried textiles and metal side of the Ijsselmeer (Zuyder Zee NL), of the world can also be experienced in with wire in Altena in the Sauerland to products to West Africa, black slaves to now the ferry port for the West Friesian the Netherlands at Enkhuizen, where a make fastenings which were exported the Americas and sugar, and other islands, which is rich in evidence of collection of historic vessels is displayed on a large scale to Scandinavia. colonial produce back to Europe, is com- international trade in the seventeenth in the Peperhuis, a seventeenth-century Many long-distance trading routes memorated in the Museum of Slavery in and eighteenth centuries. The harbour East India Company warehouse, and were established long before the Liverpool (GB). was then surrounded by shipyards, lime at Zaanse Schans at Zaandam, where Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth Trading with distant parts of the world kilns, potteries and salt boiling pans, as abundant wind power was employed century, the carriage of grain and soft- provided raw materials for manufacturers well as the ships and drying sheds of to process many of the commodities woods to Western Europe from such in Europe. By the beginning of the eight- the town’s fishermen. The most telling brought in by local ships after voyages to Baltic ports as Gdansk, Riga and Memel eenth century sugar, tea, coffee, tobacco, evidence of international trade is ware- the East. In Gothenburg (S) visitors can (Klaipėda). There were also established spices and dyestuffs were being processed Bergen (N) houses that bear inscriptions showing see the ship that takes its name from patterns of trading that took wine and around all the ports that were involved German Quay WHS that they served merchants trading to the city, a replica built in 1993 of a ves- olive oil from the Mediterranean coun- in long-distance trade. They changed Zaandam (NL) Russia, , Java and Sumatra. The sel belonging to the Swedish East India tries to the north. The notorious triangu- many aspects of people’s daily lives. Zaanse Schans

10 | 11 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY The treasures of our earth.

The visitor approaching the great copper tures from the eighteenth and nine- Many minerals, ores of lead, silver, iron, mine at Falun () sees first a teenth centuries, although the extraction zinc, tin, nickel, cobalt and uranium, vast hole in the ground the of a of copper ceased in the last quarter of have been mined in the Erzgebirge (the collapse in 1687. When he enters the the twentieth century. ) in Saxony, Germany, building housing the company museum Non-ferrous metals served many extending across the border of what is he sees a charter sealed on 16 June purposes. Lead and tin were alloyed to now the Czech Republic. Miners from 1288, and artefacts relating to mining make pewter, the material from which the Harz Mountains began mining iron that are even older. These are salutary plates, dishes and tankards were made and silver ores in the Erzgebirge in reminders that industry did not begin all over Europe. Brass, made from 1168. Mining in the Erzgebirge reached in the eighteenth century. Like other copper and zinc, was also found in a peak in the fifteenth and sixteenth ancient sources of metallic ores Falun the households of all but the poorest centuries when it was illustrated by the continued to be important through the families. Gold and silver were, of course, Chemnitz physician Georgius Agricola Industrial Revolution and afterwards, used for coinage, as well as for luxury (1494–1555) in his De Re Metallica. and retains many buildings and struc- utensils. The principal museum of mining in the region is at Freiberg, where one of the oldest academies of mining was founded 1713, as well as the Upper Harz Mining they can venture on a 270 m journey in 1765. Public ceremonies associated Museum. At Goslar’s , in a boat along a navigable level, one with mining continue to be observed, visitors can see remarkably early mines, of the most outstanding experiences and traditional miners’ uniforms are including the Rathstiefsten Drift of offered in any mining museum. still worn on special occasions. The c. 1140 and the Feuerzäher Vault of The Erzberg (Iron Mountain) in Abrahamschacht (Abraham pit) at c. 1360, as well as architecturally or- Austria, sometimes called the Steire- Freiberg is a large complex of surface namented entrances to later adits, and rischen Brotlaib (Styrian loaf of bread) buildings dating from 1839, which an ore-dressing plant of 1936–38. The was one of Europe’s principal sources of includes sheds for ore dressing. The whole industry is interpreted in the mu- ore from the twelfth century if not from Alte Elisabeth mine is an inclined adit, seum and visitor mine at Rammelsberg. the traditional date of its discovery in sunk in the 1840s, where winding was Banská Štiavnica, in present-day 712 AD. The long history of ore mining carried out by a steam engine built by Slovakia, has a similar history. The town and smelting in the area is interpreted Constantin Pfaff of Chemnitz, installed was already renowned in the thirteenth in the museum at Eisenerz and on the in 1848–49. At Altenberg a museum century for producing silver, lead and Styrian Iron Trail which guides visitors of mining is located in a dressing plant iron ore. Part of the museum of mining to industrial monuments along a 40 km for ore (Pochwerk) first mentioned in a is located in the Kammerhof, where route from Leoben to Hieflau. Eisenerz (A) document of 1577 which worked until ores were once assayed, and an open Ore Mountain 1952. It is the starting point for tours of air museum displays headstocks, a Falun (S) the Grosse Pinge, a crater that resulted reconstructed miner’s cottage and lo- Falun Mine WHS from mining, 12 ha in extent, 450m in comotives, and offers extensive guided Goslar (D) diameter and 150m deep. tours of a show mine. Rammelsberg Museum The history of mining in the Harz The silver mines at Tarnowskie Góry and Visitor Mine WHS

Mountains is illustrated in the twin near Katowice (Poland) also have medi- Tarnowski Góry (PL) towns of Clausthall and Zellerfeld, eval origins. Extraction ceased early in Historic Silver Mine WHS

where there are extensive remains of the twentieth century but the work- Guspini (I) sixteenth-century water power systems, ings were opened for visitors from the Mines of Montevecchio

and some surviving surface buildings 1950s. Visitors can now travel 1700m Rumelange (L) including those of the Dorothee Mine of through underground workings, where National Mining Museum

12 | 13 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Long-lived manufactures.

manufacturing was and is carried out which also includes a scythe-making in small workshops. Solingen was the shop, while the Shepherd Wheel is a world’s largest producers of scissors water-powered grinding shop typical of which were the principal product at those used by ‘little mesters’. Hendrich’s Drop Forge, a with 33 The manufacture of metal goods in drop hammers, which worked between Birmingham (GB) and the nearby Black 1886 and 1896, and is now presented Country was well-established by 1700. to the public. The Museum of Blades, The towns and heathland communities located in a former Augustinian monas- of the Black Country produced nails, tery, displays the whole range of items chains, locks and metal wares for sad- produced over many centuries by Solin- dlers, while craftsmen in Birmingham gen’s metal workers, swords, daggers, specialised in ‘toys’, assorted metal medical instruments, domestic cutlery goods of higher value. The atmosphere and knives for fairground knife throw- of long-established, small-scale produc- ers. The museum includes a pewter tion can be experienced in the restored workshop, and one of its iconic exhibits Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham, at the is a pewter teapot. Black Country Living Museum in Dudley The city of Steyr in Austria was the and at the industrial hamlet of Mush- principal commercial centre for the room Green in Brierley Hill. Styrian iron trade. Edge tools, cutlery The origins of the long-lived indus- and nails were made there from the tries of the Sheffield and Birmingham Middle Ages, and merchants’ houses areas, and of the Styria and the Bergi- in the Gothic, Baroque and Classical sches Land are lost in the distant past. styles witness to the prosperity of the The beginnings of some similar indus- town’s trades. Metal working traditions tries that also proved long-lived can be were extended by the establishment of precisely identified. One such successful factories making bearings, bicycles and plantation was the new town at Eskul- motor vehicles. stuna in Sweden, founded by Reinhold The English city of Sheffield has Rademacher (1609–68) at the instiga- Travel writers in England in the eight- Many towns specialised in the produc- a similar history. It had abundant tion of King Carl Gustaf in 1658–59. The eenth century usually identified the tion of textiles, whether fabrics with par- water-power and coal, and could architect Jean de la Vallée (1624–96) ‘manufactures’ of towns they were ticular characteristics, or such finished readily import steel from Sweden. originally built twenty wooden smithy describing, by which they meant goods items as hosiery, carpets or lace. Others Many factories were established in the buildings arranged on a grid plan. Within Ulft (NL) made there that were traded in distant produced leather goods, gloves or whips, cutlery trade in the nineteenth century, a few years more buildings had been CIVON Innovation Centre parts of the country or even exported, but the longest associations with particu- but small workshops continued, and added and 72 craftsmen, some of them Birmingham (GB) Museum of the those items that were traded beyond lar manufactures relate to the forging of the trade of the ‘little mesters’ (small from Germany, were working there mak- Jewellery Quarter ‘the reciprocal dealings of the inhabit- tools and similar items. masters) who specialised in the making ing locks, nails and cutlery. Six surviving Sheffield (GB) ants’. Most substantial towns in eight- The German city of Solingen was cele- of particular kinds of knives, is demon- buildings make up the museum complex Kelham Island Museum eenth-century Europe produced some brated in the middle ages for the making strated in the Kelham Island Museum. known as Rademacher’s Smithies, but Solingen (D) goods that were traded at a distance, of weapons and cutlery. The industry was The process of making crucible steel, the legacy of the seventeenth century Hendrichs Drop Forge and some had and have associations re-organised on a factory basis in the invented in Sheffield by Benjamin community can also be seen in the LVR Industrial Museum with particular trades that extend back nineteenth century, and the landscape is Huntsman (1704–76) can be studied modern engineering companies that still Dudley (GB) many centuries. dominated by large factories, but most at the Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, flourish in Eskilstuna. Black County Living Museum

14 | 15 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY White gold: salt.

Fieueira da Foz in Portugal, Las Salinas reliefs and even of churches under- de Imón in Spain, Margherita de Savoia, ground. At Wieliczka near Kraków (PL), on the Adriatic coast of , where one of the largest salt mines in Europe large-scale production continues, at the where a thousand people were em- Saline Ettone e Enferosa, at Marsala, ployed in the sixteenth century, the St Sicily, at Mytilene on the Greek island of Antonio chapel of 1689 and the Blessed Lesbos, at Piram on the Adriatic coast Kings’ Chapel are both richly decorated of , and at Pomorie in Bulgaria. with salt reliefs of biblical scenes. The Deposits of rock salt can be mined, significance of salt extraction is also and some sources such as those at illustrated by the works at Arc-et-Senans Hallstatt (A) have been worked since in the French département of Jura, built prehistoric times. Brine can be pumped between 1775 and 1779 to the design to the surface from inland sources of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736–1806). and then boiled to leave salt, as on the The two boiling houses, a monumental Danish island of Laeso, or at the Lion entrance porch and 24 dwellings for Salt Works near Northwich in England. workers in two curved wings make it one The German city of Halle became part of of Europe’s most spectacular industrial Prussia in 1680 and in 1719 King Fred- complexes. erick William I ordered the construction In the course of the Industrial Revo- of a salt works on an island in the River lution salt became a raw material that Saala. Brown coal (lignite) was used as was essential for the manufacture of the fuel for boiling pans, a steam pump- key substances, particularly of hydro- ing engine was installed in 1865, and chloric acid and sodium carbonate the works continued in production until (or alkali) used in making glass and 1964, after which it became the city’s in other chemical processes. Huge Museum of Salt and Saltworkers. Brine chemical plants, using the process can also be passed through graduation for producing alkali devised by Ernest towers as at Bad Dürrenberg in Saxony Solvay (1838–1922) were constructed (D) or Ciechocinek in Poland which are in the late nineteenth century around Salt is essential to life and has been of Valencia in Spain, Oporto in Portugal filled with bundles of blackthorn twigs sources of salt and of potash (potassi- used as a preservative for food and and Piraeus in Greece. Salt was used on which the liquid, when pumped um chloride), at Couillet near for seasoning since prehistoric times. in the preservation of beef, pork and through, leaves deposits of salt which (B) in1865, at Dombasle near Nancy It was a source of taxation revenue for butter, and gave savour to the farina- can be collected. (F) in 1873, at Bad Friedrichshall (D) governments, and easily applied glaze ceous gruels on which many subsisted. Many place where the waters are in the Neckar Valley in the 1890s and for ceramics, and in some societies a In several countries its manufacture infused with salts have become spas at Northwich in Cheshire (GB) in 1874. form of currency. In seventeenth-cen- became a royal monopoly. or resorts, and many have believed The museum at Solikamsk in Russia, tury Europe salt was readily produced Salt is produced by four principal that the atmosphere of salt mines aids where 11,000 people are still em- in the Catholic south and formed a methods. In countries where the climate recovery from illness. The iodine-rich at- ployed producing potash, has one of Salinas de Añana (E) convenient item of exchange with the is warm sea water can be channelled mosphere at Ciechocinek, for example, the most comprehensive collections of Salinas de Añana fishermen of the Protestant north. into lagoons where over time it evapo- still attracts convalescent patients. The structures and artefacts relating to salt Halle/Saale (D) Bacalao (the Spanish term for salt rates leaving deposits of salt. The role of salt working in aiding recovery and working, including wooden brine-pump- Saltworks cod), Bacalhau (the Portuguese term) remains, or in some cases the working scale of some underground workings, ing towers, boiling pans, salt chests Wieliczka (PL) or Klippfisch is still sold in the markets installations of lagoons can be seen at has led to the creation of sculptures, and bath houses. Cracow Salt-Works Museum in Wieliczka

16 | 17 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Coal & steam: the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century.

greater availability of coal made possi- ble the expansion of iron-making, of the smelting of non-ferrous metals, and of brick, lime, pottery and glass manufac- turing. Coal also enabled the use of new prime movers. While many of the textile factories and ironworks of the eight- eenth century relied on water-power, and the leading engineers of the period devoted much energy to improving the efficiency of water wheels, the large- scale expansion of manufacturing, particularly after 1800, depended on steam engines. The first effective steam engine appears to have been that built the 1790s, many of them Newcomen The Industrial Revolution was also by (1663–1729) engines adapted for rotative motion, characterised by a growth in the speed of to drain a coal mine at Coneygre near greatly increased the production of coal. transport and greater capacity for moving Dudley in the English Midlands in Another change of the Industrial freight. Canals, serving the same purposes 1712. Newcomen’s engine could only Revolution was the development of of those constructed in England from the be used for pumping, but it proved the factory, a place where production 1760s, were built in , German, valuable to the owners of both coal was concentrated and where powered France and elsewhere, and every European mines and those extracting non-ferrous machinery was operated. The factory country imported the technology of the metals. About 100 had been installed originated in textile production. The silk main line railway, demonstrated by the in England by 1733, and some exam- mill built by the brothers Lombe (John opening of the line from Liverpool to Man- ples had been built in other European 1693–1722, Thomas 1685–1739) at chester in 1830. Another of the perceived countries. Martin Triewald (1691–1747), (GB) using technology copied from characteristics of the Industrial Revolution for example, installed a steam engine mills in Bologna (I), probably set the was the growth of great cities, the largest to drain the famous iron ore mines at pattern for ’s cotton of them commercial centres, ‘towns of Most historians would agree that mining Dannemora in Sweden in 1727. It was mills at and for many passage’ for both people and goods, rather and manufacturing in Europe took new not successful, but the engine house more constructed in Great Britain, and, than simply centres of manufacturing. directions in the eighteenth century, and still stands. From 1769 im- within a few years in many parts of conti- that the changes began in Great Britain. proved the efficiency of steam engines nental Europe. The late eighteenth century These changes affected the whole by, amongst other developments, using saw the same principles applied in other spectrum of industry. The first and most separate condensers. He also, with industries. Manufacturing establishments, Telford (GB) Blists Hill Victorian Town. basic development was the large-scale others in the 1780s, devised means such as glass works and potteries, be- Mine Shaft WHS use of coal as fuel. Coal had been used of using engines to develop rotative came larger, and the tasks of many of their Chemnitz (D) as a means of domestic heating and for motion – that is enabling them to turn workers were simplified and specialised. Industrial Museum some manufacturing processes long machines. Thereafter it was possible to Nevertheless in most European countries Cromford (GB) before the eighteenth century, but in use steam power to work rolling mills such everyday items as clothing, furniture, Cromford Mills WHS the course of that century production for metals or the machinery in textile footwear and food continued for some Manchester (GB) in Great Britain steadily increased, and factories. The proliferation of cheap, decades to be supplied by individual local Museum of Science and Industry. accelerated rapidly from the 1780s. The simple winding engines for mines from craftsmen. Station Building

18 | 19 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Changes after 1870.

Different kinds of steel for specialist electric power became one of the es- purposes were also developed. In sentials of twentieth-century civilisation. 1882 Sir Robert Hadfield (1858–1940) There were also profound changes in invented manganese steel, an alloy that the chemical industry. The ammonium increased that elasticity of the metal, soda process for making alkali (sodi- which made it suitable for use in railway um carbonate) was introduced by the track work and in crushing machines. Belgian Ernest Solvay (1838–1922). In 1913 another Sheffield steel maker Large plants were set up in several Harry Brearley (1871–1948) introduced parts of Europe where supplies of salt stainless steel, originally with 12.5 per were available, and became centres for cent chromium content, which, in its the production of numerous industrial many forms became one of the char- raw materials and household products. acteristic materials of the twentieth A whole chain of materials, including century. explosives, medicines and plastics, Another new material was alumin- arose from experiments by Sir William ium. The Frenchman Paul Héroult Perkin (1838–1907) which produced (1863–1914) and the American Charles aniline dyestuffs, and were the basis Hall (1863–1914) both discovered of large chemical plants based on the around 1886 means of producing the destructive distillation of coal and later metal by electrolysis, using cryolite, of oil. Plastics, characteristic twentieth whose chief source was in Greenland, century materials, were developed grad- around the year 1886. The process ually in the late nineteenth century and requires large amounts of electricity, a significant innovation was the patent- and most aluminium smelting plants ing of thermosetting phenol-methanal were set up near sources of hydro-elec- resins by Leo Baekeland (1863–1944) tric power such as the Dauphine region in 1907, and his establishment of a of the French Alps where its history is factory near two years later. The portrayed at Vaujany. Bakelite Museum at Williton, Somerset The properties of electric power (GB), displays a wide range of plastics, Industrial development in Europe took long cantilevered spans. During the follow- were demonstrated by such scientists while the wider significance of the Singer (1811–75) in the United States. new directions from the 1870s. In part ing decade steel became the norm for the as Alessandro Volta (1745–1817) and chemical industry can be studied in the Together with the availability of more this was due to the introduction of new construction of such buildings as textile Michael Faraday (1791–1867), and German Chemical Museum at Merse- compact prime movers, gas engines materials. First amongst them was mild mills, hotels and department stores. from the 1870s when a power station burg and at Catalyst at Widnes (GB). then electric motors, they enabled the steel, originally produced in 1856 by Henry Bessemer converters are displayed in began operations in Paris it began Other changes of the late nineteenth establishment of factories such as Bessemer (1813–98), then from the several museums. A whole Bessemer to be applied to practical purposes, century were characterised by a ma- those at Colchester, Leeds and North- 1860s made by an alternative process, plant remains at Hagfors and a complete to the lighting of streets and large chine, the sewing , the first of ampton (all GB); where clothing and the open hearth furnace developed by Sir open hearth plant of 1877 is preserved buildings from the 1870s and tramways which was invented in France in 1830 by footwear could be manufactured on a

William Siemens (1823–83). In Britain at Munkfors in Sweden. At the same time from 1883. Subsequently it powered Bartholemy Thimonniere (1793–1857) large scale. South Queensferry (GB) mild steel was officially recognised as a the Frenchman François Hennebique machinery in factories, rolling mills and and used for the production of military Forth Rail Bridge WHS suitable material for bridges in 1877, and (1842–1921) successfully marketed his hammers in metal works, and loco- uniforms. In most European countries Bitterfeld-Wolfen (D) its potential was demonstrated in 1890 methods of concrete construction across motives on railways. From the 1890s the first sewing machines to be used Industry and Filmmuseum by the completion of the Forth railway Europe, and by 1917 his agents had com- larger ‘central’ (which meant for public on a large scale were produced by the Merseburg (D) bridge in Scotland, with two huge 521 m pleted some 17,692 contracts. use) power stations were opened, and company established by Isaac Merit German Chemical Museum

20 | 21 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Black gold: the rise of coal-mining.

the 1980s, and others, such as Beamish (both GB), have adits that replicate such workings. Some of the most difficult conditions are illustrated in the workings in the narrow seams at Arigna in Co Roscommon in Ireland. The day-to-day operations of early mining are best appreciated at the larger museums of technology, such as the German Mining Museum in Bochum. Here can be seen early miners’ tools, forged from wrought iron, drainage pipes shaped and bored from tree trunks, the safety lamps used from the early nine- teenth century which gave light without marshlands along the River Ems near the igniting methane gas, the ventilation border between German and the Nether- doors, often tended by children, the lands the ways of extracting peat are ladders by which miners gained entry to illustrated in the Veenpark at Baarger- the workings, and the vehicles and rails Compascum (NL) and the Elisabethfehn used to convey coal from working faces Marshland Museum in Barßel (D). to pit bottoms. Early winding equipment, The properties of coal gas were whether worked by hand or by horses, demonstrated in 1792 by William has rarely survived and is best illustrated William Murdock (1754–1839), whose by models. employers, the engineering company At the characteristic coal mine of Boulton & Watt proceeded from 1805 the mid-nineteenth century water was to manufacture plant to supply gas for pumped from the workings, and coal was lighting streets, factories and in due raised up the shafts by steam engines. course private housing. By 1850 most The pit at (GB) retains its New- substantial towns in Western Europe Coal was the driving force of the Indus- in every direction, creating the shape of comen Engine of the 1780s. Big Pit at had gas supply systems, and in large trial Revolution. Two impressively large a bell. When the roof began to fall in the Blaenavon and Caphouse Colliery near cities gasworks grew to be substantial Blegny (B) Blegny Mine WHS lumps of Welsh coal are displayed at Bed- shaft would be abandoned, and another Wakefield are both of a size characteristic concerns, producing by-products which wellty Park, Tredegar. One, of 15 tonnes, dug nearby, and as the original collapsed of mid-nineteenth century pits but both served as feedstocks for the chemical Wakefield (GB) National Coal Mining proved too large to be taken to the Great it would leave a saucer-shaped depres- worked well into the twentieth century, industry. The making of coal gas dimin- Museum for England Exhibition of 1851 in the Crystal Palace sion. The remnants of bell pits were and include structures of later date. ished from the 1960s with discoveries Barsnley (GB) at London; the other, of two tons, was discovered during many open cast mining The mine at Blégny in Belgium closed of natural gas. The role of the gas displayed at the Festival of Britain in projects in the twentieth century, and a in 1980, and was the last to work in the industry is illustrated in conserved Blaenavon (GB) 1951. The earliest forms of mining coal notable mining landscape, covered with Liège region, but while many of its sur- small plants at Biggar, Fakenham and Big Pit National Coal Museum WHS were from adits – horizontal passage- bell pits survives on the Clee Hills near viving structures are of twentieth century Carrickfergus (GB), Hobro (DK), Neus- Carbonia (I) ways driven into the sides of hills to reach Ludlow (GB). Several mining museums date it worked for no less than 200 years tadt/Dosse (D) and Paczków (PL), while Italian Centre for Coal the seams of coal within, or from bell provide access to adits that were formerly and retains evidence of earlier times. larger works have been adapted to new Mining Culture pits, shafts sunk to a depth of about 10m used for extracting coal, at Apedale, for In some parts of Europe peat was of uses at Piraeus (GR), Augsburg (D), San Martín del Rey Aurelio (E) at the bottom of which coal was dug out example, where working only ceased in greater importance than coal. In the Budapest (H) and Warsaw (PL). Pozo Sotón Mine

22 | 23 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Coal triumphant.

The scale of coal mining changed from Museums that reflect coal mining in has been extracted, and a briquette the late nineteenth century. Deeper pits recent times include those at Ostrava plant at Hoyerswerda. The outstanding were sunk and some collieries em- in the Czech Republic, Bexbach in the monument is the F60 overburden con- ployed several thousand miners. Coal Saarland, Carbonia in Sardinia, Cercs in veyer bridge at Lichterfeld, completed was raised to the surface, and miners and El Entrego in Asturias. The in 1991 and scarcely used. It incorpo- travelled to and from their work in cages Limburg coalfield on the borders of Bel- rates 11,000 tonnes of steel, extends Hoyerswerda (D) Knappenrode hauled from lofty headstocks of steel or gium and the Netherlands was exploited 80 m above the ground and could move Energy Factory concrete, wound by compound steam from the closing years of the nineteenth 29,000 cubic metres of spoil per hour. Beringen (B) engines and later by electric winding ma- century. Activities were concentrated in a Two other aspects of coal mining beMine Flamish chines. Mechanised screens separated small number of very large pits, including are commemorated on the European Mining Museum grades of coal by size, and loaded them that at Beringen in Belgium, now the Route of Industrial Heritage. Mines have Lichterfeld (D) directly into railway wagons, although in Flemish Mining Museum, and the Winter- always attracted migrant workers, and F60 Overburden Conveyer Bridge some collieries sorting by hand contin- slag pit near Genk, otherwise C-Mine 10. the museum established at Ronchanps ued after 1950. From the 1880s larger The most spectacular monuments to in Alsace by Marcel Maulini (1913–83), Essen (D) Zollverein Colliery. collieries used compressed air from twentieth-century coal mining are in the born in the Vosges of Italian parents, Shaft XII. WHS compressor houses on the surface to Ruhrgebiet. The winding engine room of Few coal workings remain accessible colliery closed in 2014, and visitors who commemorates the role of Polish (B) power tools. Machines were increasingly the Zollern 2/4 mine in Dortmund dating but there are some places where visitors are physically fit can now be taken on migrants in local mines. Safety in mines WHS used for cutting and carrying coal under- from 1904, is a light and airy tent-like can explore coal workings deep under- four-hour tours which venture into work- was much improved in the twentieth Zabrze (PL) ground, particularly after 1950, and they building in the Jugendstil. Zollverein ground. At Zabrze (PL) visitors to the ings 556 m below the surface. century but the increased scale of Guido Mine were powered by electricity, often from Colliery Shaft XII in Essen, a shaft which Guido Colliery, which takes its name A feature of the twentieth-century operations meant that when disasters Gräfenhainichen (D) collieries’ own power stations. Pithead opened in 1932, once employed 5000 from Guido Henckel von Donnersmarck coal industry in Germany and Poland occurred they involved terrifying loss Ferropolis-Town of Iron baths were introduced in Germany in the men, and closed in 1986. It is a superb (1830–1910), can see workings 320 m was the exploitation of brown coal or of life. At Senghenydd in South Wales Grossouvre (F) 1880s and became obligatory in larger example of Expressionist architecture. underground. The Sotón mine between lignite. The industry is commemorated is a memorial to 83 men who died in Charcoal Hall pits from 1900, and soon afterwards in Another aspect of the coal industry in Sotrondo and El Entrego in Asturias (E) by a power station built in 1922–23 to an accident in 1907 and 493 lost in an Ostrava (CZ) Belgium and the Netherlands. It was not the Ruhrgebeit is illustrated by the monu- was developed from 1845 by the Eng- burn brown coal at Borken in , by underground explosion on 14 Oct 1913, Michal Mine until the 1930s that the Miners’ Welfare mental buildings of the Hansa Coke lishman William Partington. The workings a visitor centre at Grossräschen in Lu- while at the Grube Anna II at Alsdorf (D) Dortmund (D) Committee in Great Britain began to Plant in Dortmund, opened in 1927 and were deepened in 1917–22 when two satia which by 2018 will overlook a lake some 271 victims of an accident on 21 Zollern II/IV Colliery erect baths. closed in 1992. 33 m high headstocks were built. The occupying a vast area from which lignite October 1930 are remembered. LWL Industrial Museum

24 | 25 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Metallic wealth.

Some mines of metallic ores of ancient Britain published in 1815. Smith was century copper was used in cables for about 250 men were working on the origin continued to be important in the responsible in 1829 for arranging the telecommunications systems and later mountain. The colourful soils, impreg- eighteenth century and afterwards. Rotunda Museum at Scarborough for for the transmission of electric power. nated with copper, lead and sulphur, Others sources of ore were discovered the Philosophical Society whose aim was Age-old mines were transformed have little vegetation. There are remains during the Industrial Revolution. Our ‘to give energy, concentration and effort by innovations, by steam pumping of dressing floors and calcining kilns, understanding of the location of coal, to native talents to examine the great and winding engines, by the use of and green pools where copper was once metallic ores and clays was increased by laboratory of the earth’. cages in shafts, by the safety lamp, precipitated from water pumped out of the work of geologists. The most notable The demand for copper increased and subsequently by the application of the workings. was William Smith (1769–1839) who, greatly. One new use was for sheathing high explosives, compressed air and The principal expansion of cop- from humble origins, became a surveyor the hulls of ships which enabled them to electric power. , important for per ore output in the late nineteenth and used the knowledge he gained from undertake longer voyages in tropical wa- tin ores since ancient times, became an century came in the Rio Tinto mines in fossils while building canals to develop ters. Rolled copper could also be used important source of copper in the eight- southern Spain. They too had origins an understanding of stratification, which to construct larger vats for brewers and eenth century. The expansion of mining in ancient times, but activity on a large was displayed in the Geological Map of distillers, and from the mid-nineteenth owed much to steam engines, initially scale began in 1873 with the estab- to Thomas Newcomen’s atmospheric lished, with capital from Britain, of the engines, then to engines supplied by Rio Tinto Company. The huge Bessemer Boulton & Watt , and from 1812 by the Smelter, constructed in in 1904, stands , a condensing, sin- in a landscape as arid as that of Parys gle-, high pressure Mountain. There are also remains of designed by (1771– crushing plants, precipitation pits, cal- 1833). About 300 engine houses still cining kilns, smelters, and a sulphuric stand in Devon and Cornwall, of which acid plant, and of a metre gauge railway seven retain their engines, including that linked Rio Tinto with the port of those at East Pool and Levant. The Huelva between 1876 and 1974. mining landscape of the area around Less common metals have also been and Camborne is unique, and mined in Europe. Abies Alba in Italy, is interpreted at numerous sites and by Amaden in Spain and Idrija in Slovenia means of several trails. have been sources of cinnabar, the ore Parys Mountain on the island of from which mercury is extracted. Cobalt, in forms one of the source of blue dyes, was mined at the most dramatic mining landscapes Modum in Norway, and tungsten at in Europe, and produced ores that Fundao in Portugal. The area near transformed the copper industry. Ore Aachen (D) known as or La Almadén (E) Almadén Mining Park was discovered there in 1761, and it Calamine, was for centuries Europe’s WHS was exploited from two adjacent and principal source of calamine or zinc (GB) largely open-cast mines, both of which carbonate, used in making brass, and Parys Mountain from the 1780s were controlled by between 1816 and 1919 was a neutral (Jens Klein)

Thomas Williams (1737–1802), the region, independent of the Netherlands Minas de Riotinto (E) ‘Copper King’, who for a time command- (later Belgium) and Prussia (later the Riotinto Mining Area ed the world copper market. From the German Empire). (Edgar Bergstein) beginning of the nineteenth century the Trewellard, Pendeen, scale of activity diminished as depos- near St Just (GB) Cornwall Mining Area WHS its were exhausted and by 1881 only (Jens Klein)

26 | 27 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY The glow of furnaces & forges: ironworking.

The making and shaping of iron was a key element in the transformation of Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Excavations in Sweden and Germany have suggested that blast furnaces were used in some parts of Europe as early as the fourteenth cen- tury, but it was in the fifteenth century that the indirect process for producing wrought iron, by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace to produce what is usually called pig iron (a form of cast-iron) and then refining it to wrought iron in a finery- and-chafery forge, was used in Italy, then in the Liège region (B), northern France and then to southern England. dling process for making wrought iron, same, but their size increased, there Furnaces and forges of that period developed by Henry Cort (1740–1800) in were new means of powering bellows, used charcoal for fuel and water-power the late eighteenth century is sometimes lifts were used to charge raw materials, for operating their bellows and hammers, demonstrated at the nearby Blists Hill and tops were closed in and the hot a pattern that scarcely changed until the Museum. Several ironworks from the gases used in hot blast stoves, the second half of the eighteenth century, Industrial Revolution period survive in invention in 1828 of James Neilson while a few ironworks operated in that South Wales, the most complete of them (1792–1865), to heat the air being way into the twentieth century. The blast within the Blaenavon industrial land- charged from bellows, and to reclaim furnace at Sauvignac-Lédrier in the Dor- scape. by-products. Blast furnaces grew in dogne (F) for example, originated in the Different traditions were used in size through the twentieth century and 1530s, and its blast furnace continued southern Europe. From the Italian Alps several awe-inspiring works have been to operate until 1930. Other furnaces through Provence to Spain some blast conserved for visitors to explore, most remain in isolated rural settings in most furnaces were of the Bergamasque notably those at Völklingen in the Saar- European countries. One of the most type, with flat fronts held in by wrought land, Hattigen and Duisburg-Meiderich Blaenavon (GB) evocative is the Fourneau St-Michel, an of the . The community is clus- The nature of ironmaking changed iron bars extending between two tow- in the Ruhrgebiet, Uckange in Lorraine, Model of the Ironworks WHS essentially complete blast furnace of tered around the owners’ chateau of the when it became possible to use coke ers. Furnaces and forges were blown by Esch-sur-Alzette in Luxembourg, and Dommartin-le-Franc (F) 1771, which worked until 1842, and is 1740s. A forge, rebuilt in the 1840s, also as fuel and to employ steam engines streams of air created by water pouring the Vitkovice Ironworks at Ostrava in Metallurgic Park preserved amongst the forests of the Bel- makes use of the water-power system, to power bellows, hammers and rolling down ‘trumpets’, as at Pescia Fiorentina the Czech Republic. Duisburg (D) gian Ardennes. The forge at Osterby Bruk and workers’ houses from the eighteenth mills. Coke was used in the blast fur- near Capalbio in Tuscany (I). Most of the processes that shaped North Landscape Park. near Dannemora in Sweden provides century still stand along with two summer nace at Coalbrookdale (GB) by Abraham There were further changes in scale iron into useful forms are demonstrat- Blast Furnaces perhaps the best impression of a forge of houses constructed from blocks of slag. Darby I (1668–1717) in 1709, and in in the late nineteenth century. The ed in various parts of Europe. Scythe Hattingen (D) this period, but la Grosse Forge d’Aube in One of the most complete works of this the time of his son Abraham Darby II most important was the development making at Nans-sous-Sainte-Anne (F), at Henrichshütte Ironworks LWL Industrial Museum Normandy, is a well-preserved example period is La Grande Forge at Buffon near (1711–63) in the 1750s it was employed from 1856 by Henry Bessemer of mild Leverkusen and at the Tobias Hammer of a Walloon forge of the early sixteenth Montbard in France, built in 1768–70 in several newly-built furnaces in the steel, which for most purposes could be at Ohrdruf (D), needles at Iserlohn (D) Völklingen (D) Völklingen Ironworks century from which the finery-and-chaf- by the famous naturalist Georges-Louis region, soon spreading to other parts substituted for wrought iron, but which and Redditch (GB), wire at Altena in the WHS ery forge was derived. The preserved Leclerk de Buffon, which worked until of Britain, and then to the Ruhrgebiet, could be readily produced in greater Sauerland (D), tinplate at Kidwelly (GB), Sabero (E) ironworks village (or bruk) at Engelsberg, 1866 and includes a blast furnace, a Belgium, Saxony and Silesia. Darby’s quantities. The principles on which and the Mannesmann process for mak- Museum of Iron and Steel Industry also in Sweden, includes a blast furnace finery-and-chafery forge and slitting mills. furnace can still be seen, and the pud- blast furnaces operated remained the ing seamless tubes at Remscheid (D). and Mining of Castilla and Leon

28 | 29 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Textiles: the processes.

wheel, great wheels for spinning wood from side to side. The speed of working and short wheels for hemp and flax. was increased by the ‘flying shuttle’, the The first practical multiple- invention of John Kay (d 1764), introduced spinning machine was the in 1773. The first powered loom was invented and patented in England in patented in 1784–87 by Edmund Cart- 1770 by (1721–78). wright (1743–1853) but it was many years Workshops in which hand-operated jen- before the power loom was successfully nies were concentrated multiplied in the applied to every type of fabric. following decades and proved one route The finishing of woollen cloth, by to the development of the textile factory. pounding it with hammers with fuller’s The , patented by Richard earth in a water-powered fulling mill was Arkwright (1732–92) in 1769 drew out the first textile process to be mechanised yarn between sets of rollers turning at in the middle ages. Fabrics were tradi- different speeds, and would it by means tionally bleached by exposing them to the of a flying onto a rotating spindle. As sun on bleaching greens. This stage of its name implies, it was initially oper- production was transformed by the use ated by water-power, and formed part of bleaching powder containing chlorine, of a sequence of operations, including patented in 1800 by Charles Tennant water-powered machines, that (1768–1838). Dyeing used such natural made it possible for Richard Arkwright materials as indigo, woad and logwood, to open the integrated spinning mill at some of which were imported to Europe Cromford (GB) in 1771. The spinning from the Far East or the Americas, but mule, invented by was transformed by the introduction in (1753–1827) in the 1770s, combined the second half of the nineteenth century the rollers of the water frame with the of aniline dyes, discovered in Great Brit- moving carriage of the spinning jenny, ain in 1856 by Sir William Perkin (1838– and proved itself capable of producing 1907) but chiefly developed in Germany. uniform in a wide range of sizes. Many textile products and process- The fully-mechanised self-acting mule es are illustrated in museums, calico The most appropriate place to begin the and its finishing by tentering, shearing, was developed by Richard Roberts printing at Mulhouse (F), Česká Skalice examination of textile manufactures in fulling and dyeing. (1789–1864) and was widely used in (CS) and Budapest (H), carpet making at Europe is in the small town of Monschau Woollen fabrics and various kinds spinning mills across Europe. The ring Kidderminster (GB) and in the colourful that lines the banks of the River Laufen- of linen, made from hemp or flax, were was patented in the Unit- Templeton’s Mill at Glasgow, hosiery bach in the Eifel, 30 km south of Aachen made all over Europe by the sixteenth ed States by John Thorp (1784–1848) in manufacture at Ruddington (GB), Salhus Calais (F) (D). The Rotes Haus (red house) was century, and the tools and implements 1828 and came into widespread use in (N) and Herning (DK), heavy canvas The International City for Lace and Fashion (Kleinefenn) built in 1756 by Johann B Scheibler used in their manufacture can be seen the late nineteenth century. for line shafting belts at Gothenburg (1705–65) as the focus of a system of displayed in context at Bokrijk (B), Det- in peasant societies was (S), lace at Calais, Caudry (F) and Salhus (N) Norwegian Knitting domestic production of woollen cloth. mold (D), Maihaugen (N) or other open often a specialised activity. A weaver’s (GB), ribbons and tapes at Industry Museum A spectacular stairwell is ornamented air museums, as well as in collections loom is essentially a frame in which lon- Gross-Siegharts (A), Killinkoski,(FI) and Perth (GB) by late Baroque carvings that depict specifically devoted to textiles. Most gitudinal warp yard is wound between a Coventry (GB), leonine wares (fine gold, Stanley Mills every stage of textile manufacture, the self-sufficient peasant families had pair of rolls or ‘beams’ making a ‘shed’ or silver and copper brocades) at Roth (D), Euskirchen (D) preparation of the raw materials, the hand cards for treating wool, heckles for opening through which the weft yards are and heavy woollen fabrics dyed scarlet Müller Cloth Factory spinning of yarn, the weaving of cloth combing flax, and two kinds of spinning carried by a shuttle or shuttles passed for military uniforms at Bramsche (D). LVR Industrial Museum

30 | 31 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY ‘There’s magic in the web of it’: silk.

Silk was brought to Europe from China nineteenth century into Essex where along the Silk Roads through Central the Warner Silk Archives at Braintree Asia in the middle ages. Silk manufac- has a collection of more than 80,000 turing became established in northern silk items, most of which were made in Italy, particularly around Lake Como and the nearby silk mill opened in 1818 by in Bologna where multi-storey build- Samuel Courtauld (1793–1881). The ings that could accommodate tall silk principal concentration of silk facto- throwing machines were constructed in ries in England was on the borders of the sixteenth century, and silk manu- Cheshire and Staffordshire in the towns facturers were drawing power from 400 of , Congleton and Leek. A waterwheels in the region by 1700. silk mill 74m long was built at Congleton A half-scale silk throwing machine is in 1753, although only fragments re- demonstrated in the Museo del Pat- main. The industry is commemorated at rimonio Industriale in the city. Lyon in Macclesfield by a museum in the School France also became a major centre for of Art building of 1877, by the Paradise working silk and the city’s Musée des Mill where 26 restored Jacquard looms Tissus, dating from 1864 and housed are demonstrated, and by numerous in the mansion of the Villeroy family, houses with weavers’ attics of the early has displays concerning silk in ancient nineteenth century. civilisations as well as the development In southern Italy the royal palace, of the industry across Europe. the Casino Reale de Belvedere, in the The Englishman (1693– former kingdom of Naples was built in 1722) learned many of the secrets of 1774, but, after the king was distressed working silk in northern Italy, and in by the death of his son in 1778, it 1721 built a five-storey silk mill in which was adapted as a silk factory. Further throwing machines occupied the two silk-working buildings were added in the lower floors and twisting machines nineteenth century, and the complex is the upper storeys, that was powered now a training centre for silk workers by the waters of the River Derwent at and designers, and has been designat- Derby (GB). The mill, rebuilt after an ed a UNESCO World Heritage Site. early twentieth-century fire, now houses There are also museums of the silk Derby’s Museum of Making. The industry at Stockholm (S), and at Soufli building doubtless influenced Richard in Greece, while the Silk Exchange still Arkwright when he designed his cotton stands in Valencia (E). The most com- spinning mill at Cromford which opened plete collections of artefacts relating silk in 1771. making are in the Museo didattico della Silk manufacturing prospered in Seta at Como (I), which remains the prin-

London amongst Huguenot immigrants cipal centre in Europe for research into Stockholm (S) in the early eighteenth century. Some of silk, and the museum at Garlate in the Silk Weaving Museum

the fine houses they built with weav- neighbouring province of Lecco, found- Como (I) ing rooms on the upper floors can still ed in 1953 by the Abegg family who Silk Museum

be seen in the Spitalfields area. The established another centre for research Bologna (I) industry moved in the first half of the at Riggisberg in Switzerland. Museum of Industrial Heritage

32 | 33 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Fabrics in variety.

The twentieth century saw the growth of synthetic . Rayon or artificial silk, introduced in 1892, was derived from wood pulp, and nylon, first manufactured on a large scale in 1940, from petroleum derivatives. One of the few heritage sites devoted to this aspect of the is the former viscose plant at Échirolles near Grenoble (F), but the processes are illustrated in several major museums of technology. Manchester became the symbol of the cotton trade, and in the 1840s of the growing industrialisation of Europe. The manufacture of cotton, like that of been important in Ireland but from the Its mills and its slum housing were de- silk, depended on raw materials import- 1830s spinning factories proliferated scribed in the 1840s by many overseas ed to Europe from distant countries, around Belfast and by 1900 Irish mills visitors, most notably by Friedrich Engels chiefly from the southern states of the were exporting all over the world. The (1820–95) and Alexis de Tocqueville United States and from Egypt. Cotton Benurf Valley Heritage Centre in Co (1805–59). It was then still dominated nevertheless became the pace setter, Armagh occupies a flax mill of the 1850s by cotton spinning mills, the most or, in the term used by economists, and the machines used in the industry notable examples of which still stand in the ‘leading sector’ of several national are displayed in the Ulster Museum of the Ancoats area, but from the mid-nine- economies. The technologies introduced Technology. Flax manufacturing also teenth century Manchester’s economy at Cromford by Richard Arkwright, and prospered in the late nineteenth century diversified. Mechanical engineering Augsburg (D) the subsequent development of the in Flanders, where its history is portrayed whose growth had been stimulated Textile and Industrial Museum and the power loom, were in the National Flax Museum at Kortrijk. from the 1790s by demands for textile Delmenhorst (D) spreading before the end of the eight- The prospects of wealth realised from machinery and steam engines to power Nordwolle Industrial Museum eenth century to continental Europe. An textile manufacturing led some entre- mills, assumed a greater importance, as Bocholt (D) Arkwright-style cotton-spinning factory types of woollen cloth. In England the in- the principal centre of flax spinning in preneurs to build mills in places where did factories producing consumer goods. TextileWorks LWL Industrial Museum was built in 1784 by Johann Gottfried dustry’s prosperity in the mid-nineteenth Britain, but the industry also flourished they were never likely to be viable. The Cotton manufacturing ceased to expand, Łódź (PL) Brügelmann (1756–1802) in a commu- century was epitomised by such ostenta- in Scotland, particularly around Dundee village of Prosperous, established in the but the city became the global centre Manufaktura – Factory Museum nity at Ratigen southwest of the Ruhrge- tious buildings as Manningham Mill and where several iron-framed mills were bogs of central Ireland in 1780, never of cotton trading, a role reflected in the (E) biet, appropriately named Cromford. Mill in Bradford, West Yorkshire. built with iron roofs in the Gothic style. matched its name, and the ruin of the Exchange and in the lofty warehouse mNACTEC Catalonian Museum Similar mills proliferated in Flanders, in The flax industry was transformed by From the 1850s flax spinning at Dundee mill of 1792–94 at Spinningdale in the buildings that still line Whitworth Street. of Science and Industry

Switzerland around Zurich and Winter- the Yorkshire entrepreneur John Mar- was largely displaced by the manufac- Scottish Highlands is one of the Eu- Manchester’s significance as the symbol Pratovecchio Stia (I) thur, in Saxony and in Bohemia. shall (1765–1845) who worked his first ture of jute fabrics, using raw materials rope’s most poignant industrial monu- of industrialisation is show by the way Museum of the Art of Woolmaking

Woollen manufacturing technology mill in Leeds from 1785, utilising ma- imported from India. ments. Gayle Mill near Hawes (GB), built in which its name was applied to other (I) developed more slowly than cotton chines made by the engineer Matthew John Marshall’s company was closed to house Arkwright’s processes in 1784, textile manufacturing cities, to Ghent, Museo del Tessuto production, but similar machines could Murray (1765–1826). Marshall and his by his descendants in the mid-1880s, was soon adapted to other uses, and the ‘Manchester of Belgium’, Łódź, the Balmaseda (E) be applied to spinning, and gradually in partners built the first wholly iron-framed symbolising the decline of the flax indus- housed a saw mill before it was adapted ‘Manchester of Poland’, Bielsko-Biala, ‘La Encartada’ Factory Museum the first half of the nineteenth century the ‘fireproof’ textile mill at Ditherington, try in Yorkshire. Meanwhile it flourished in 2008 to the needs of the twenty-first the ‘Manchester of Silesia’, and Gabrovo, Dundee (GB) power loom was used to weave various Shrewsbury, in 1795–96. Leeds became elsewhere. Flax production had long century. the ‘Manchester of Bulgaria’. Verdant Works

34 | 35 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Norrköping (S) Museum of Labour (Arild Vågen)

Lage (D) Lage Brick Works LWL Industrial Museum

Zehdenick (D) Mildenberg Brick Works Park

Gent (B) Industrial Museum

Peenemünde (D) Historical Technical Museum

Llanberies (GB) Welsh Slate Museum

Geeste (D) Emsland Moormuseum

Grimeton (S) WHS

Waltham Abbey (GB) Royal Gunpowder Mills

36 | 37 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Istanbul (T) santralistanbul

Cedegolo (I) Museum of Hydroelectric Energy

Rjukan (N) Norwegian Industral Workers Museum WHS

Bydgoszcz (PL) Exploseum DAG Fabrik Bromberg

Tyssedal (N) Norwegian Museum of Hydro Power and Industry

Oberhausen (D) Gasholder (Wolfgang Volz)

Narvik (N) Museum Nord

Malnisio di Montereale Valcellina (I) Power Plant Museum & Science Centre

38 | 39 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Workshops of the world: engineering

The principal makers of machines in erector. The pioneering steam engine for re-melting pig iron or scrap, of making produce heavy forgings in 1862. The men by 1895. Other hubs of mechanical mid-eighteenth-century Europe were makers Boulton (Matthew 1728–1809) forgings using the techniques of the locomotive works opened in Munich (D) engineering developed in Pilsen (CZ), clockmakers, together with millwrights & Watt (James 1736–1819) worked in blacksmith, aided by steam- or water- in 1836–37 by Joseph Anton Ritter von Winterthur (CH), Turin (I) and Berlin (D). whose ‘machines’ used buildings as this way until 1796 when they estab- powered hammers, and of finishing, Maffei (1790–1870) produced 500 loco- Mechanical engineering skills also frames. It was from clockmakers, lished their own foundry which remained using lathes and machines for planning, motives by 1864. Public demonstrations spread to smaller towns where compa- along with blacksmiths, that the textile in production for almost a century. At drilling and slotting. The coming of main when one of the company’s S3/6 type nies chiefly making agricultural machines entrepreneur Richard Arkwright looked the same time similar companies were line railways from the 1830s created a pacifics was lodged in the Deutsches developed from the businesses of mill- for help in the 1760s and 70s when he established in other British cities, in demand for steam locomotives. The first Museum in 1958 were testimony to the wrights, ironmongers and blacksmiths. sought to make water frames for spin- Leeds, Manchester and London, and the purpose-built factory for assembling affection in which the In the course of time some companies ning cotton. A mine owner at that time ability to create machines from iron parts locomotives remains in Forth Street, was held. The Swiss Abraham Ganz came to supply specialised products to seeking to install pumping machinery spread to other European cities, and in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (GB), and similar (1814–67) opened the foundry that was global markets. The scale of such con- would purchase a cylinder and pump bar- the course of the next 50 years to many works were erected all over Europe. to become the foundation of Budapest’s cerns can readily be appreciated in the rels from an iron foundry, forgings from much smaller towns. The techniques of Most have been demolished but some (H) engineering industry in 1845. The Long Shop at Leiston in eastern Suffolk, a smith and expertise from an engine making castings, using cupola furnaces of the first generation of steam locomo- company employed more than 6000 or in the museum in the paint shop of the tives remain to be studied in museums. St Nicholas works at Thetford in Norfolk, The blast furnaces and engineering England. works at (B) that extends along A different kind of engineering the banks of the River Meuse 8 km west enterprise was established in 1776 at of Liège were established in 1816 by Beaucourt in the Pays de Monbéliard (F) John Cockerill (1790–1840) in a former by Frédéric Japy (1749–1812). Originally palace of the Bishops of Liège. he produced parts for watches, using In Vienna (A) the locomotive works machine tools that could be operated of the Nordbahn (North Railway) was by unskilled workers. Under Japy’s built in the suburb of Floridsdorf by John descendants the company produced Baillie (1806–59) in 1839, after which a wide range of metal goods in the he worked in Karlsruhe (D) with Emil mid-nineteenth century, including ma- Kessler (1813–67) on the Badenia, the chine tools, coffee grinder, pumps and first locomotive to run on the state rail- later typewriters, electric motors and way of Baden, and subsequently worked bicycle parts. In 1895 the Japy company in Hungary. Kessler was subsequently declined to embark on building motor involved with the establishment of loco- cars and was eclipsed in the Pays de motive works in Karlsruhe and in Esslin- Monbéliard by the company established gen in Württemburg. The works of the by Armand Peugeot (1849–1915). Südbahn (Southern Railway) in Vienna was established by John Haswell (1812–

97) in 1839. The Scottish-born Has- Furtwangen (D) well made the rest of his career in the German Clock Museum

Habsburg Empire, where he designed an Paris (F) 8-coupled locomotive in 1855 that set Museum of Arts and Crafts

the pattern for heavy freight locomotives Sochaux (F) for several generation, built the first The Peugeot Experience Museum

four-cylinder locomotive in 1861, and Leiston (GB) devised a hydraulic press that could Long Shop Museum

40 | 41 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Ships for the world’s trade.

Until the 1860s most seagoing ships anchors and small fastenings. The iron- and the hemp and flax necessary for were made in small yards on river banks master Alexander Brodie (1732–1811) cordage and sail making. Significant or on the shores of sheltered harbours. who had works near the Iron Bridge numbers of European and particularly The most significant innovations did not and in London, manufactured cast-iron of British ships were built elsewhere, involve changes in methods of con- stoves that could heat cabins safely in India, where shipbuilders used teak struction. Copper sheathing and bolts in rough weather. Estuary shipyards which was more resistant than oak to were applied to deter maritime pests, were dependent on supplies of timber decay, or on the shores of the maritime enabling ships to make longer voyagers brought down Europe’s rivers, some- provinces of Canada. The processes to distant waters. Sir Marc Brunel’s times in ships sometimes as massive involved in building wooden ships can (1769–1849) block-making machines, rafts. Shipbuilding also depended on best be appreciated in former naval installed at Portsmouth (GB) from 1801, ‘naval stores’, the collective name given dockyards such as those at Chatham accelerated the production of essen- to the softwoods used for masts, spars (GB), (S), the Holmen base tial components. Increasing quantities and yard arms, the various derivatives in Copenhagen (DK), the former Royal of wrought iron became available for on pine resin used as preservatives, Navy yard at Vittoriosa, Malta, or the Arsenal at Venice (I). The first practical iron vessel was Nevertheless most of Europe’s seago- built at Birkenhead (GB) on the banks of probably the Trial, a barge on the River ing trade in 1860 remained in wooden the River Mersey opposite Liverpool and Severn launched by the ironmaster sailing ships. The construction of iron after the Second World War riveting was John Wilkinson (1728–1808) in 1787. steamships depended on the availability almost entirely displaced by welding. The development of steam propulsion of wrought-iron (later steel) plates rolled The history of shipbuilding is illustrated was pioneered in Scotland by William to appropriate sizes, and on workshops by notable preserved ships, such as the Symington (1763–1831), whose paddle that could supply engines. Iron ships , at Greenwich (GB), HMS steamer Charlotte Dundas was launched could not be constructed on beaches, Warrior at Portsmouth (GB), and the in 1803. Steam boats became impor- but required slipways or docks, and, Soldek, conserved at Gdansk, the first tant on the rivers of continental Europe. as their size increased, investments ocean-going ship built in Poland after The potential for building steam-pow- in cranes and workshops where rivets the Second World War. The NDSM yard at ered ships of iron was demonstrated by could be manufactured and plates Amsterdam (NL) includes concrete slips Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s (1806–59) prepared for fitting. They also required of 1919 where many ships were con- 3270-ton SS Great Britain, launched in deep water for launching, and in Britain structed and at the Meyer company’s 1843. She was the first oceangoing, iron these requirements dictated the remov- yard at Pappenburg (D) visitors can view hulled, screw driven ship, and made her al of shipbuilding from London to the the construction of cruise liners and other

maiden voyage to New York in 1845. On mouths of the Clyde, the Tyne and the large seagoing ships. The ways in which Bristol (GB) a subsequent voyage, in 1846, she went Wear, to Merseyside, and Belfast. The craft for inland waterways and the coastal SS Britain

aground at Dundrum in Northern Ireland. Scottish shipbuilding industry is com- trade were constructed is depicted in the Chatham (GB) Between 1852 and 1876 the SS Great memorated by the Titan Crane of 1905 yard at Dendermonde (B). Historic Dockyard

Britain took migrants to Australia, and at Clydebank. Copenhagen (DK) was then employed carrying coal. She In 1914 most steel ships were fitted Holmen

went aground in the Falkland Islands in together by riveting, but in 1885 Nikolai Clydebank (GB) 1886, but was returned in 1970 to the Benardos (1842–1905) obtained a Titan Crane

dock at Bristol, England, where she was patent in Russia for electric welding, and Papenburg (D) built, one of the most spectacular exam- subsequently the technique was widely Meyer Shipyard ples of the conservation of the industrial used for repairing vessels. The first all- Venice (I) heritage. welded ship was the 389-ton Fullargar, Arsenal

42 | 43 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Oil and motor vehicles.

(UA) in March 1853, and established the first refinery in Poland in 1856 at Ulaszowice. The refinery at Rifov near Ploiesti in Romania opened in 1857. Pehr August Alund set up a refinery at Anglesberg on anisland in Lake Amän- nigen (S) in 1875–76. His eight retorts produced a thousand barrels of fuel per year, but production of fuel ceased in 1902 and the establishment closed completely in 1927. The refinery, now part of the Bergslagen Ecomuseum provides a picture of the beginnings of an industry whose huge present day establishments, with mysterious stills and crackers, many hectares of tank The first motor cars were built in small Giacomo Matte-Trucco (1864–1934) and farms, and innumerable kilometres of workshops, but from 1900 more ambi- built in 1916–24, which has a test track pipes, are not readily understood. A tious factories were constructed, either on the roof. new industry began in the 1960s with extended series of single-storey shops, No aspect of the industrial heritage discoveries of oil off the coasts of Great or multi-storey buildings which allowed is better illustrated in museums than Britain and Norway and gas in the Neth- more logical flows of components. Some the motor car. Numerous collections erlands. The museum at Stavanger (N) were stylish buildings where wealthy made by wealthy individuals, many of shows the growth of the industry from owners could be entertained when buy- them primarily of high-performance 1971. ing or taking in their vehicles for servic- sports cars, are displayed to the public. The origins of the modern motor car es. An outstanding example is the Argyll There are collections in most large Wietze (D) German Petroleum Museum can be discovered in Germany. Karl Motor Works, at Alexandria, near Glas- museums of technology, and some Benz (1844–1929) patented his first gow (GB), built in 1905, with red sand- manufacturers have museums that Budapest (H) Hungarian Railway Museum. practical engine in 1879 and in 1883 stone from Dumfriesshire, granite from display their products, Skoda at Mlada Railcar by Ganz (M.Uebel) set up a works in Mannheim, from Aberdeen and marble from Italy. It now Boleslav (CZ), Ferrari at Modena and Angelsberg (S) which he patented a three-wheel motor- accommodates the Loch Lomond Gal- Marandello (I), Peugeot at Sochaux (F) Oljeoen The motor car, the characteristic arte- stocks for numerous chemical manufac- car, now in the in leries shopping mall. All the major motor and Mercedes-Benz at Stuttgart (D), for Eindhoven (NL) fact of twentieth-century civilisation, tures. Munich, in 1886, and a four-wheel car car manufacturers were influenced by example. There are also important col- DAF Museum was made possible by the availability The oil refinery established at in 1893. Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900) the system of production lections of commercial vehicles, made Ladenburg (D) of fuels derived from petroleum. The oil Lucacesti-Bacau in Romania in 1840 established a works at Stuttgart in introduced by Henry Ford (1863–1947) by Tatra at Kopřivnice (CZ), by MAN at Dr Carl Benz Museum industry is often said to have originat- is recognised as the first of its kind, the early 1880s where he applied the from 1911. Most present-day factories Augsburg (D), by DAF at Eindhoven (NL) Hoorn (NL) ed in the United States in 1859 when although it operated on a small scale oil engine developed by Nikolaus Otto are rather confusing concentrations and by Saurer at Arbon (CH). Hoorn-Medemblik Edwin Drake (1819–80) drilled a well using equipment originally intended to (1832–91) to drive moving vehicles, of largely inelegant buildings housing Steam Tram Museum from which petroleum was extracted at distil plum brandy. Drilling for oil began a motor cycle in 1885, a four-wheel huge presses producing body panels, Marinello (I) Titusville, Pennsylvania, but it had earlier at Bóbrka in Poland in 1854 and the carriage in the following year, and his vast workshops making smaller parts, Ferrari Museum origins in Europe. During the twentieth industry’s history is displayed in an open first purpose-built motor car in 1889. and largely-automated assembly lines. Turin (I) century the industry expanded from a air museum. Jan Jósef Ignacy Lukasie- The following year he built 350 cars and Europe’s most spectacular motor car Lingotto Factory producer of oil for lamps to providing the wicz (1822–82) demonstrated the first began to issue licenses for production factory is the 507 m long, five-storey Fiat Zwickau (D) universal fuel for transport, and feed- kerosene lamp in his pharmacy at L’viv in other countries. Lingotto works at Turin (I), designed by August-Horch-Museum

44 | 45 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY From the depths of dark forests.

The ability to use wood – to build ships the scaffolding for the erection of the cuttings can be bundled into faggots to that could transport traders to Asia Iron Bridge. heat baking ovens. Ashes from wood and colonists to America, to devise A forest can be felled and cleared fires are a source of potash, and wood machines that could spin yarn or as a prelude to agricultural use of the can be charged into kilns to produce pump water from mines, and to create land on which it stands, but in recent tar. Some forests were sources of furs. commodities such as clocks or toys centuries most woodlands have been Timber was floated down some rivers that could be traded from regions with managed. Mature trees may be used for to customers or exporters. Forest sparse agriculture resources was one building houses or ships. Some wood industries are well illustrated in the of the foundations of European industri- may be split into staves for barrels. Norsk Skogbruksmuseum at Elverum, alization. Baltic softwoods (or deals) for Some trees may be coppiced, cut so that and in the museums at Puntaharju in example were being taken up the River they grow with many trunks, for use as Finland and Sopron in Hungary, while Severn into the English Midlands by charcoal or pit props. Underwood can a forest manufacture that was vital to the early eighteenth century and in the be sold as fuel or used to make baskets, another industry, can be appreciated at 1770s timber from Gdansk (PL) formed chairs, clocks or toys while twigs and the Park Mill in the English Lake District which made reels and bobbins for textile manufacturers. from 1453 until 1955 and houses the In the past 150 years Europe’s forests Swiss Museum of Paper. have become the continent’s main Most paper mills using wood pulp are source of paper. The manufacture of very large, and few historic plants have paper originated in China and spread to been preserved after they have ceased Western Europe by the eleventh century. operating. The Brunnshaab cardboard Rags were the principal raw material, factory at Viborg in Demark, adapted but with the invention of papermaking from a textile mill in 1909, has been a machines in the early nineteenth museum since its closure in 1988, and century, by the brothers Fourdrinier retains most of its machines. The Klevfos (Henry 1766–1854; Sealy 1773–1847) Industrimuseum in Norway produced and others, demand increased. Paper wood pulp used to make wrapping paper. was made from straw, and from Its machinery, dating from 1909 has Esparto grass, but the industry was been retained and illustrates the whole transformed from the 1850s by the use process from the mills that cut wood into of wood pulp, which also became an chips and the in which the chips

important material for the manufacture were heated with caustic soda, to the Bergisch Gladbach (D) of artificial fibres. guillotines that cut the paper before des- Old Dombach Paper Mill LVR Industrial Museum The making of paper by hand is patch. The richly-ornamented buildings demonstrated in museums and restored of the 1890s at the Verla pump mill in Laakirchen (A) Austrian Museum of mills all over Europe, in the Netherlands Finland, together with the adjacent work- Papermaking and Printing Open Air Museum at Arnhem, at Almalfi ers’ village, now form a UNESCO World Oslo (N) in Italy, Capellades in Spain, Düren in Heritage Site. The most distinguished of Norwegian Museum of Science Gemany and Dusniki Zdrój in Poland, all mills of this kind is the Sunila Pulpmill and Technology

for example. Paper making machines at Kotka, Finland, built in 1937–38 to Verla (FIN) can be seen on the Paper Trail at Hemel the design of Alvar Aalto (1888–1936), Verla Ground Mill WHS

Hempstead in England, and in the where visitors are welcomed to see the Duszniki Zdrój (PL) Galliciani Mill at Basel which worked plant in operation. Museum of Papermaking

46 | 47 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Our food & drink.

Bread made from wheat is the staple one of Europe’s most imposing corn teen roller mills were built in Buda- food over much of Europe, and until the mills although it is no longer in use. The pest in the 1860s, most of them in late nineteenth century almost every building’s seven storeys are capped by the Ferencvaros area, and by 1870 community had a mill for grinding grain a colossal pitched roof. Its stones were Budapest was the largest flour-pro- into flour. Many water-powered mills powered by eighteen overshot water ducing city in Europe. The five-storey using millstones for grinding still operate wheels. Concordia mill of 1867 remains. The on a small scale for visitors, and sell The production of flour was trans- technology spread is demonstrated at the flour they produce, as do a smaller formed in the second half of the nine- Caudwells’ Mill in , at the number of windmills. The Mühlenroute teenth century by the adoption of rolling San Antonio mill of 1912 at Medina de based around the Westphalian city of milling technology, demonstrated in 1834 Rioseco, Spain, and at a mill at Castelló Minden (D) provides guidance to 43 mills. by the Swiss Jacob Sulzberger (1802–55), d’Empúries in Catalonia, installed in The Big Mill at Gdansk (PL), built by the and subsequently developed in Hungary 1860s. The scale of late nineteenth Teutonic Knights in the mid-sixteenth by Abraham Ganz (1814–1867) and and early twentieth century roller mills century, and rebuilt many times, remains Andras Mechwart (1834–1907). Thir- built in ports to grind imported grain is illustrated by the Baltic Mill at Gates- head, England, now an arts centre. demblik (NL), and in several open air the Meiermuseum. Also in Denmark is Biscuits are a stable form of grain. museums. an open air museum of the co-operative Gingerbread, still sold at fairs and Beer was already produced in large movement at Holbæk. Dairy co-opera- markets in northern Europe, was establishments in Europe’s principal tives were important elsewhere in widely traded in the seventeenth and cities by 1700, in London, Edinburgh, Scandinavia and in the Netherlands and eighteenth centuries. Several towns and in some towns where the supply of Ireland. In Spain about 50 buildings in were celebrated for their gingerbread water was favourable to brewing, such the Art Nouveau style were built in the including Deventer in the Netherland, as Burton-on-Trent (GB) and Pilsen (CZ). early twentieth century to accommodate where the manufacture of Deventer Nevertheless much beer production wine co-operatives, and were known as Koeken is celebrated in the town was on a small scale, and malt houses, Wine Cathedrals. A preserved example museum and at the Hotel de Leeuw. a typical example of which is conserved built in 1913 at L’Espluga de Framcoli, The technology of biscuit making on a at Great Dunmow in England, were fea- north of Tarragona, has the appearance large scale was developed in the early tures of many towns. Most of Europe’s of an imaginative Gothic railway termi- nineteenth century at naval victualling large-scale brewing concerns, including nus. The museum at Agia Paraskevi on

depots such as that at Karlskrona in Peroni in Rome (I), Stiegl in Salzburg (A), the Greek island of Lesvos occupies a Amsterdam (NL) Sweden and the Royal William Yard at Guinness in Dublin (IRL), in former communal olive oil mill.

Plymouth, England, and was adopted Amsterdam (NL), Carlsberg in Copen- Museums in various parts of Europe Vigo (E) by commercial manufacturers such hagen (DK) and the Union Brewery are devoted to particular types of food, Galician Museum of the Sea

as E G Verkade at Zaandam (NL) who in (SLO), have facilities for to cheese at Nakkila-Seurra in Finland Pilzen (CZ) supplied merchant ships embarking on visitors, and brewing on a smaller scale and Alkmaar in the Netherlands, to Pilsen Urquell Brewery

voyages to the Far East. Biscuits were is demonstrated in several open air coffee in London and in Campo Maior Schiavon (I) sold through imaginative marketing, museums. in Portugal, to sugar at Halfweg in Poli Distillery and Museum

which is illustrated by the astonishing A feature of the late nineteenth the Netherlands and Funchal on the Saxmundham (GB) collection of biscuit tins and other century food industry was the growth of Portuguese island of Madeira, to rice in Snape Maltings

marketing artefacts at the museum at producer co-operatives to market their Valencia in Spain and to pasta in Riesa Tychy (PL) Reading (GB). The baking of bread is products. One of the first was a dairy in Saxony. Tyskie Brewery

demonstrated in specialist museums co-operative at Hjedding near Olgod in Żywiec (PL) at Seia (P), Radzionków (PL) and Me- Jutland (DK), opened in 1882, and now Żywiec Brewery Museum

48 | 49 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Luxury and utility: ceramics and glass.

continued the traditions of Bohemian glassmaking in a village established in a former explosives factory. The centre for the study of the glass industry in Spain is at La Gránja de San Ildefonso near Segovia where manufacturing near the royal summer palace began in 1727–28, and moved to an imposing grey granite building in the 1770s. The royal works in France, La Crystallerie de la Reine (the queen’s glassworks), a palace-like building that incorporates two glass cones, is the headquarters of the ecomuseum at Le Creusot. The manufacture of utilitarian glass wares, became a major industry. Kaolin was Several potteries had royal patronage. works near Liège (B) was also opened in bottles, jars, lamps, carboys and lamps discovered in the same year near Limo- Perhaps the most celebrated is the a former monastery, in 1826. The com- is illustrated at Petershagen on the Riv- ges, which became the principal centre works established in 1738 which moved pany established at Selb in Bavaria (D) er Weser in Germany, and at the Surte for pottery manufacture in France. More to Sèvres near the palace of Madame by Philip Rosenthal (1855–1937) also works in West Gotland in Sweden. than 30 factories were in production de Pompadour on the outskirts of Paris gained a strong brand image, but one there in 1850, and their products are in 1756, and was formally recognised as of the main themes of the museum at displayed in a museum named after its a royal factory three years later. Visitors Selb is technical ceramics such as heat founder Adrien Debouché (1818–81). can tour the present-day factory and shields for space shuttles The most intensive concentration view collections of historic wares. At Glass is made by heating mixture of of ceramics works (or potbanks) was Schloss Nymphenburg in the suburbs silica (sand) sodium carbone (alkali) and in the North Staffordshire Coalfield of Munich visitors can see the products lime at a very high temperature. It can around Stoke-on-Trent (GB), where made at the pottery originally estab- be blown, moulded, pressed, drawn, Josiah Wedgwood (1750–95) opened lished in 1747 by the Prince-Elector Max rolled or spun, can be decorated by a rationally-planned pottery at Etruria III Joseph (1727–77), which moved to cutting, and engraving. Plate glass was Baruth (D) Baruth Glassmaking Village The ceramics and glass industries tury. The industries were even interde- in 1769 that became the pattern for Nymphenburg in 1754 and prospered made by casting in France from 1688. had much in common. Both have their pendent, for glassmaking depended on subsequent large-scale ceramics works. due to the work of the Swiss modeller Traditions of making glass in some Murano (I) Glass Works origins in the ancient civilisations. The crucibles made from refractory clays. The Gladstone works is a characteristic Franz Anton Bustelli (1723–63). places in Europe extend back many products of each range from exquisite- Porcelains – clay wares with more or potbank of the mid-nineteenth century, Other potteries were developed by centuries. The glassmakers of Venice (I) Selb (D) Porzellanikon ly beautiful objects collected by the less translucent bodies – were brought and Middleport a model factory of the talented entrepreneurs. Jean Francois moved in 1291 to Murano, an island in wealthy to commonplace disposable to Europe from China by Portuguese and 1880s, while the Potteries Museum Boch (1782–1858) established a pot- the lagoon, where visitors can see Vene- Mettlach (D) containers. Glass and ceramic sherds Dutch traders. Porcelain was probably & Art Gallery has the country’s best tery in a Benedictine abbey at Mettlach tian glass made over many centuries in Villeroy and Boch, Keravision found in archaeological excavations pro- first made in Europe by Johann Friedrich collection of North Staffordshire wares, in the Saarland (D) which he purchased a museum, as well as visiting working St Helens (GB) vide evidence of past manufactures and Böttger (1682–1719) at the pottery Wedgwood products are displayed in a in 1794. In 1836 he merged his busi- glass works. Traditional Bohemian The World of Glass living conditions. Window glass, bricks established in 1710 at Meissen near museum at the model factory built by the ness with the porcelain company estab- glass and glassmaking can be seen at Seraing (B) Christal Discovery and tiles are essential components of Dresden (D). In 1768 William Cookworthy company at Barlaston in the 1930s, and lished by Nicolas Villeroy (1759–1843), Jablonec nad Kisou and Karlovy Vary Val Saint Lambert most buildings. Large production plants (1705–80) patented a porcelain made the preparation of materials for pottery and Villeroy & Boch became one of the (both CZ), and at Waldekraiburg in Maastricht (NL) in both industries were concentrated on with China Clay or Kaolin from Cornwall, is demonstrated at the Etruria Industrial most powerful brands in the industry in Bavaria where Sudeten Germans, ex- former ‘De Spinx’ coalfields from the mid-eighteenth cen- where the extraction of clay subsequently Museum and Cheddleton Flint Mill. the twentieth century. The St Lambert pelled after 1945 from Czechoslovakia, Sanitary Ceramics Factory

50 | 51 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Safe in harbour.

construction. His West India Docks in London of 1800–03 incorporated high boundary walls, designed to restrict pilfering, and multi-storey warehous- es. This was the pattern for the future construction, including the Albert Dock at Liverpool designed by Jesse Hartley (1780–1860), and now home of the Liverpool Maritime Museum. While shipping has long ceased to use the range of wet docks in London built between 1800 and 1913, many of the docks themselves remain in water, surrounded by luxury apartments, and can be explored on foot. As main line railways gained access Richborough to France during the First tion of containers, which in a short time to ports multi-storey warehouses were World War, and some of the equipment rendered most wet docks redundant. displaced by single-storey, open-sided was redeployed to operate a ferry service Sir Samuel Cunard (1787–1865) es- transit sheds, the best examples of for freight wagons between Harwich (GB) tablished regular sailings between Eng- which remain at Antwerp in Belgium. The and Zeebrugge (B) in 1924. From 1936 land and North America in 1830s and hydraulic crane was patented in 1846 by there were direct sleeping car services in 1839 gained a contract to carry mails Sir William Armstrong (1810–1900), and between London and Paris via a ferry which set the pattern for what became cranes, pumping stations and accumu- between Dover (GB) and Dunkirk (F). known as ‘liner’ services for more than lator towers providing the necessary Train ferries were of most importance a century. There was fierce competition heads of water for their operation be- in Scandinavia, some of them providing between the shipping lines of the vari- came features of many ports. Multi-sto- links with Germany, and between Sicily ous European nations in the decades rey warehouses for particular purposes and the Italian mainland. Similar instal- before the First World War, particularly appeared in the late nineteenth century, lations could be used for loading cars on the route to North America. While for tobacco, tea, and frozen meat, while and trucks on to ships, and, after some luxury facilities for first-class passengers The sea has carried international trade modate them. Some of Europe’s princi- grain ships increasingly despatched tentative experiments before the Second draw much attention, the liners also throughout the industrial period and in pal ports, such as Southampton (GB), their cargoes by suction into concrete World War, ‘roll-on: roll-off’ services conveyed large numbers of emigrants 1950 remained the principal means of were situated on natural harbours where silos. Ports exporting coal, some of it expanded rapidly in the 1950s, and all from Europe to the United States. Liner intercontinental passenger transport. ships could moor in deep waters. Others despatched to ‘coaling stations’ on the over Europe now form the main means of services were restored after the Second Until after the middle of the nineteenth such as Hamburg (D), Rotterdam (NL) main sea routes throughout the world, carrying freight over short sea crossings, World War but declined dramatically century many merchant ships were and Bristol (GB) took advantage of the were important, the most significant although new bridges in recent decades from 1957 after the first commercial jet Hamburg (D) Museum of Work, Harbor Museum remarkably small. The warship Victory, sheltered estuaries of large rivers. Many of them in Cardiff, Wales, where the over the Sound between Denmark and flights across the Atlantic. Since that pe- launched in 1765 and preserved at needed to build docks, basins in which Pierhead Building, once the centre of the Sweden and the Great Belt between riod large passenger vessels have been Antwerp (B) Old Port Cranes Portsmouth, England, displaces 3,500 ships could float at all states of the tide global coal trade still stands. Funen and Zealand have reduced the used for cruising rather than transport. tonnes and is 70 m long and was vastly while being loaded and unloaded. The first train ferry in Britain took number of vehicle ferries in Scandinavia. The Stazione Marittima at Genoa in Italy, Liverpool (GB) larger than most merchant ships of her A dock was built at Liverpool (GB) as carriages across the Firth of Forth be- Vessels preserved at Maritiman in Gothen- with a baggage hall of the 1930s deco- Albert Dock WHS time. Nevertheless the use of iron en- early as 1715 but it was John Rennie fore the completion of the Forth railway burg (S) include a car ferry of 1963. rated with images of ships, hotels and Genova (I) Stazione Marittima abled the construction of larger vessels (1761–1821) in the 1790s who devised bridge in 1890. Ferries crossed the From the late 1960s international sea biplanes, is an outstanding memorial to (Wikimedia Commons. and port facilities expanded to accom- the essential principles of subsequent English Channel from Southampton and traffic was transformed by the introduc- liner travel. Alessio Sbarbaro)

52 | 53 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Inland navigation.

Europe’s principal rivers, the Rhine, Dordrecht in the Netherlands where the demonstrated the possibilities for Several forms of lift and inclined plane the Rhone, the Elbe, the Severn, the logs would be sold. inland navigation. In the next 70 years were built in Great Britain, but the inad- Niemen, were used for commercial Man-made waterways, canals, were ambitious projects were realised in equacy of building materials meant that navigation from early times. Each had its used for navigation in ancient China, Prussia, Russia and Ireland. only those in the Coalbrookdale area, own traditions, relating to the shapes of and by the fifteenth century artificial The British canals of the Industri- such as the Great Hay Incline which car- boats and the customary stretches over channels in the Netherlands were used al Revolution, the first of which were ried boats of no more than eight tonnes, which boatmen worked. On some rivers both for drainage and navigation. The the Sankey Brook Navigation and the worked for long periods. By the 1880s logs were taken downstream lashed Canal du Midi in France, built by Pierre- Bridgewater Canal, of 1757 and 1760, hydraulic transmission could be used, together as rafts, a custom that survived Paul Rignet (1609–80) and opened served different purposes. Originally steel was available for construction and well into the nineteenth century. On the shortly after his death, linking the River they were built to supply coal to towns, wire rope for haulage, and soon after- Rhine a raft assembled at Bingen (D), Garonne, and therefore France’s Atlantic but they evolved into a network that wards it was possible to employ electric might be more than 200 m long, and coast, with the Étang de Thau on the for 50 years distributed merchandise motors. The Anderton Lift in Cheshire, have a crew of up to 500 people, and Mediterranean, was a summit waterway across much of Britain, and carried coal completed in 1875 to the design of would take about eight days to reach that included Europe’s first canal tunnel, for much longer. The system includ- Edwin Clark (1814–94) set a pattern ed 58 km of tunnels, including that copied at Fontinettes in northern France beneath the Pennines at Standedge, in 1888, and on the four lifts of 1885– raises Europa barges 73.15m, was 4951 m long, and numerous aque- 1917 on the Canal du Centre near La completed in 2002, after which the four ducts, including that at Pontcysyllte, Louvière in Belgium. The prosperity of lifts near La Louvière were retained, and which carries the Ellesmere Canal for inland navigation was also reflected in have been designated a UNESCO World 305 m at a height of 38 m above the the improvement in the channel of the Heritage Site. From the 1890s vessels River Dee. Rhine which enabled trains of barges to were hauled upstream through the Iron The success of British canals led to progress as far upstream as Basel (CH) Gates gorges on the Danube by steam the construction of waterways, most by 1904, and the completion in 1899 of railway locomotives, but a hydro-electric of them linked to river navigations the Henrichenburg lift at Waltrop (D) at scheme completed in 1972 and asso- or lakes, in most of the coalfields in the Dortmund-Ems Canal. ciated works linked with the navigation Europe. In the course of the nine- The prosperity of inland navigation have submerged the railway and the teenth century the scale of operations in the twentieth century was marked by towing path cut in the time of the Em- changed. The first major innovation was the completion of spectacular engineer- peror Trajan. The history of navigation the steamship, invented in Britain but ing projects, some of them in Germany: through the Iron Gates is portrayed in scarcely used on British waterways. At Niederfinow on the Oder- Canal, the museum at Drobeta Turnu-Severin The first steam boat on the Rhine, the a 36 m boat lift built in 1927–34 raises in Romania. British Defiance, reached Cologne in vessels of up to 1000 tonnes. A similar 1816, and the following year the Cale- lift at Rothensee near Magdeburg was Waltrop (D) LWL Industrial Museum donia ventured as far as Koblenz (D). In completed in 1939. A lift at Schar- Henrichenburg Shiplift 1834 the steamship Argo became the nebeck on the Elbe Seitenkanal raises Dudley (GB) first to pass through the Iron Gates on Europa barges of 1350 tonnes 23 m, Tunnel the Danube. Several paddle steamers and opened in 1975. A steel aqueduct (GB) from the mid-nineteenth century are 918 m long has carried the Mittelland National Waterfront preserved, including the Stadt Wehlen Canal over the Elbe near Magdeburg Museum

of 1879 at Dresden in Saxon (D) and since 2003. The inclined plane on Wrexham (GB) the of 1856 which plies the Canal du Bruxelles á Charleroi at Pontcysyllte Aqueduct WHS

between Eidsvoll and Lillehammer on Ronquières in Belgium was completed Magdeburg (D) Lake Mjosa in Norway. in 1965. The lift at Strépy Thieu, which ‘Rothensee’ Ship Lift

54 | 55 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Progress comes on iron rails.

The first known railways were wooden tracks serving metalliferous mines in central Europe, illustrated in the mid-six- teenth century by Georgius Agricola (1494–1555), and guide-wheel lines, on which vehicles called ‘hunds’ run on parallel timber baulks guided by a ‘pin’ that passed between them. Lines of this sort continued in the German-speaking world into the nineteenth century and examples are conserved at Lucerne in Switzerland and Eisenerz in Austria. The main line railway evolved in the English coalfields, where by the early seventeenth century distinctive systems of wooden railway were developing in with hydro-electric power, had electrified The last TEE trains ran in 1995–96, but Northumberland and Durham and in most of their systems by 1939. Electrifi- some rolling stock has been preserved, Shropshire, where iron wheels were cation continued in most countries after a German multiple unit in Nuremburg used on railway vehicles from 1729, and the Second World War. and Belgian-built locomotive-hauled crude cast-iron rails were laid from 1767. The pattern of long-distance inter- carriages with corrugated aluminium In the North East railways were generally national trains established by 1914 sides at Schaerbeek. Few very long-dis- of wider gauges, and substantial bridges was revived with modifications after tance trains with sleeping cars remain were built, such as the Causey Arch of the First World War, but after 1945 the but high speed lines make it possible to 1727. In the early nineteenth century division of Europe by the Iron Curtain cross Europe by train faster than at any George Stephenson (1781–1848) and made it impossible to restore some time in the past. others began to develop steam loco- traditional routes. Nevertheless it was Freight traffic has also been trans- motives, first suggested by Richard still possible in the 1970s for the British formed in recent decades. Traditional Trevithick (1771–1833), and from 1820 traveller arriving at Hoek van Holland on railway freight depots have been closed railway builders began to use the T-sec- the overnight ferry from Harwich (GB) to in most countries, and typical freight Merthyr Tydfil (GB) Cyfarthfa Castle Museum. tion wrought iron rails developed by John were built all over Europe in the decades restaurant services between the conti- board trains for Copenhagen, Moscow trains are now made up of flat wagons Trevithick‘s Penydarren Birkinshaw. Many of these technological after 1830 nent’s principal cities. In 1879 Werner or Rome. The willingness of national carrying containers to and from ports, Locomotive of 1804 developments were brought together in At first the growing railway system von Siemens (1816–92) demonstrated railway companies to co-operate ena- or large wagons carrying steel or motor Azpeitia (E) the railway between Liverpool and Man- was something of a mystery to trav- an electric locomotive in Berlin, and by bled the development from 1957 of the cars, or bulk tankers containing coal, Basque Railway Museum chester built by George Stephenson and ellers, but publishers such as George 1902 electric locomotives were being Trans-Europe Express (TEE) network of grain or oil. Nuremberg (D) opened in 1830 using the terminus now Bradshaw (1801–53), John Murray III built in Budaperst (H) for main lines in fast, first-class only trains, designed to DB Railwaymuseum incorporated in the Museum of Science (1808–92) and Karl Baedeker (1801– Italy. The Swiss and Italian mountain meet the needs of businessmen. The Gijón (E) and Industry in Manchester. Trains ran 55) began to explain its secrets, and by routes through the Simplon and Lötsch- system grew and by the late 1970s Asturian Railway Museum on specialised track, they were mechan- the 1850s patterns of rail-borne tourism berg passes, completed in 1906 and totalled 39 trains serving 31 routes. It Jaworzyna Śląska (PL) ically propelled, the line accommodated were developing. Georges Nagelmackers 1910 were electrified from the begin- declined with the building in France and Silesian Railway Museum public traffic and conveyed passengers, (1846–1905) from the mid-1870s devel- ning. The line from Berlin to Silesia was Germany, and later in other countries, Entroncamento (P) and it operated under a measure of pub- oped the Compagnie Internationale des electrified by 1911, and that from Paris of high speed routes on which trains op- National Railway Museum lic control. These are the five accepted Wagons-Lits et des Grands Express Eu- to Orléans in 1926, while Bavaria, Swe- erated relatively frequent services, and Vila Nova de Famalicão (P) criteria for the mine line railways that ropéens which provided sleeping car and den and Switzerland, all well-endowed also with the growth of low cost airlines. National Railway Museum at Lousado

56 | 57 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY High roads.

The development of roads along which coaches or wagons could travel long distances at reasonable speeds was an important pre-condition of industrialisa- tion. By the mid-sixteenth century the road from Paris to Orleans, the nearest port on the River Loire was paved, and before 1700 there were timetabled coach services, if only in the summer months, from London to most of the principal towns in England. The extent of well-surfaced roads increased in the mid-eighteenth century, either by royal decrees enabling the speedier carriage of mails, or by the raising of revenue from tolls that could be devoted to road improvements. Toll houses and roadside posts measuring distances are dis- played in most open air museums. Some roads were improved for political or stra- tegic reasons. That from London to Holy- head, authorised by legislation of 1815, enabled members of parliament from Ireland to travel more easily to London, and also made it easier to send English troops to Ireland. Its improvement under the direction of Thomas Telford (1757– 1834) included the construction of the cast-iron Waterloo Bridge at Bettws-y- Coed and the Menai Suspension Bridge, gen. Vehicles, signs and models relating don’s great coaching inns remains, the the 1890s, initially due to the demands bil-Verkehrs- und Uebungstrasse (Au- linking Anglesey Island and the mainland to in the pre-railway era in Bavaria are George in Southwark. There are several of cyclists, tar was increasingly used to tomobile Traffic and Practice Road) or of Wales. illustrated in the transport museum in notable collections of horse-drawn ve- create bonded surfaces, which became AVUS, built in the Grunewald district of Bristol (GB) The nature of road transport facilities Nuremburg (D). In Great Britain it has hicles, including those of the Bavarian increasingly necessary as numbers Berlin between 1913 and 1921. It was Clifton Suspension Bridge in various countries in the mid-nine- been estimated that in 1835 there were court displayed at Nymphenburg Castle of motor cars with pneumatic tyres the first road in Europe to be designed Oberhausen (D) teenth century is revealed in guide- about four thousand mail and stage at Munich, and those that belonged to increased. Concrete was also used to primarily for the motor car. LVR Industrial Museum. Road Construction Equipment. books such as those published by John coaches, giving employment to about the Marquesses of Bute, conserved by surface roads, and the race track at Temporary Exhibiton 2006 Murray III (1802–92) and Karl Baedeker 35,000 people, and 150,000 horses. the National Trust at Arlington Court Brooklands in England of 1907 brought Menai Bridges (GB) (1801–59). In most countries there were The inns where horses were changed near Barnstaple in Devon. it to public attention. The pattern for Menai Bridges coaches operating scheduled services, and passengers refreshed could be Most roads in Europe in 1850 had road building in the second half of Telford (GB) sometimes called ‘diligences’ and vehi- impressively large establishments, with unbonded surfaces, although in the the twentieth century was set by the Iron Bridge and Tollhouse WHS cles that plied for private hire. In most extensive yards and ranks of stables. In Netherlands some had surfaces of Italian autostrada and the German Telford (GB) German states diligences belonged to large towns many have been replaced bricks called klinker, and in Belgium autobahnen of the 1930s the prototype Iron Bridge Tollhouse WHS the government and were called Eilwa- by shopping centres. Only one of Lon- many were paved with cobbles. From for which was the 10 km long Automo- Table of Tolls

58 | 59 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Flying machines.

Aeroplanes, heavier-than-air craft de- introduced It remained in production for some of the epic inter-continental and 180 passengers. It revolutionised riving from the first successful powered 13 years and some aircraft remained in round-the-world journeys made by Zep- intercontinental air transport after its flight made by the Wright Brothers (Wilbur service for 20 years. Examples remain pelins in the 1920s and 30s, before the first transatlantic flight in 1958, and 1867–1912, Orville 1871–1948) in the in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, in fire at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937 effectively brought an end to traditional United States in 1903, were developed Berlin, Budapest and Stockholm, and brought an end to the use of airships ocean liner passenger services in the in Europe in the following decade, and at Le Bourget, Paris. filled with hydrogen. The crash of the next decade. a Bleriot XI of 1909 is preserved in The 1920s also saw the growth of air- experimental airship R101 in 1930 sim- There are aircraft museums in Paris. Aircraft were mass-produced ships. Count Ferdinand Zeppelin (1838– ilarly ended British interests in airships, most European countries, although during the First World War after which 1917) built his first dirigible airship at although two enormous airship hangars, many concentrate on military aircraft. the first experimental commercial flights Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance (D) in one of them where the R101 was built, Most airliners in the former USSR were took place. Some utilised adapted 1900, and the town remained the base remain at Cardington near Bedford (GB). made in factories in Ukraine, and the military aircraft, but as early as 1919 for his operations in the inter-war years. The needs of European imperial collection of the aviation museum at the four-seater Junkers F13, the first The Zeppelin Museum contains many ar- powers to communicate with their Kyiv includes eight Tupolov airliners and all-metal framed passenger aircraft, was tefacts from airships, and shows films of colonies and dependences led to the six Ilushins. encouragement of intercontinental air routes by subsidies. The French needed to maintain contacts with Indo-China and Central Africa, the British with India, the Cape and Australasia and the Dutch with Indonesia. Routes were built up with stops, where the small numbers of passengers carried on airliners of the time could sleep overnight. By the early 1930s low-wing, all-metal mono- planes, most of them carrying about 20 passengers were displacing earlier biplanes, and by 1939 four-engine air- craft such as the Armstrong Whitworth Ensign and the Fokker-Wulf Fw200 Kondor, were coming into operation, size enabled the provision of luxurious Sandringham IV flying boat of 1946 in which potentially could have carried accommodation. They were used on the museum at Southampton (GB). 40 passengers across the Atlantic or imperial mail routes, and on services Air travel grew steadily in the late to Australia. The Second World War linking the principal cities around the 1940s and 1950s, at first dependent Berlin (D) brought an end to such prospects, but Baltic. Foynes, at the mouth of the River on airliners developed from wartime German Technical similar aircraft in the form of bombers Shannon, Ireland, became the airport for bombers. The first turbo-prop airliner, Museum

went into , and trans- flights to Botwood in Labrador, Canada, the Vickers Viscount, flew in Britain in Dessau-Roßlau (D) atlantic flights became commonplace. and remained so during the Second 1948, and was used on many European Hugo Junkers Technical Museum. There was a brief interlude in the World War. Some flying boats remained routes. The first pure jet airliner, the de Ju 52 history of commercial aviation in the in commercial service after 1945, but Havilland Comet was also made in Eng- Budapest (HU) late 1930s and 1940s when flying the building of long runways during the land but its development was delayed Hungarian Museum of Science, boats appeared the most viable means war rendered them redundant, and after metal fatigue caused two examples Technology and Transport

of crossing oceans since they did not the last British services ceased flying to crash. It was eclipsed by the American Friedrichshafen (D) need runways and their relatively large in 1958. Visitors can explore a Short Boeing 707 which could carry up to Zeppelinmuseum

60 | 61 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Living in cities.

been investigated by archaeological ex- 1920s and 30s was in Vienna (A) where cavations. In Birmingham some back- numerous architecturally distinguished to-back houses in Hurst Street and Inge developments can still be seen, most Street built between 1802 and 1831 notably the Karl Marx Hof, 1 km long, have been restored and opened to and comprising 1382 dwellings, con- visitors by the National Trust. structed in 1927–30 to the design of The Frenchman Léon Faucher Karl Ehn (1884–1957). (1804–54) and other travellers in England in the 1840s were appalled by living conditions in cities, but com- mended rural factory communities, many of which depended on water-pow- er and were thus free of smoke. Textile manufacturers such as the Strutts at or the Gregs at Quarry Bank aimed to attract and retain skilled ideas of the socialist Charles Fourier of 1872 built by Émile-Justin Menier workers, and to establish communities (1771–1817). Most of the buildings (1826–81), Crespie d’Adda and Col- in which children would succeed their remain and their history is explained legno in Italy, Port Sunlight, Bournville parents in factories. The factory and ad- in a museum. The Chartist movement and New Earswick in England, and the jacent workers village of more than 800 in Great Britain in the 1830s and 40s colonies established by the Krupp fami- dwellings at Saltaire, built in the 1850s aimed to gain the vote for working peo- ly around Essen, Altenhof I and II and by the manufacturer Sir Titus ple, and also established the Chartist Margarethenhöhe of 1906. The suburb Salt (1803–76) continued the tradition. Land Company which reflected a of Nikiszowiec, part of Katowice in The owners of other isolated widespread desire by industrial workers present-day Poland, is a self-sufficient industrial communities had broader to return to the land. Five estates were community built for miners and their objectives. (1771–1858) acquired, three-bedroom cottages were families with its own shops, bakeries, from 1799 managed mills set up by his built on each in plots of up to 1.2 ha. hospital, pharmacy, laundry, and public father-in-law (1739–1806) They were settled by more than 250 bath house which has been adapted as at , and his ideas about families, but the financial foundations of a museum. Housing for working people in every by passages through larger buildings co-operation and education became the scheme were insecure and the com- Local government authorities in city and town had its own particular fronting the main thoroughfares. In highly influential. Workers at New pany was wound up in 1850. A cottage many cities came to take a responsi- Birmingham (GB) Back-to-Backs Worker characteristics. In some places closely Scottish cities most working people Lanark lived in tenement blocks, similar on the estate at Dodford is conserved bility for housing. The London County People‘s House intertwined working and living quarters lived in multi-storey tenement blocks. to those in Scottish cities but in the by the National Trust. Colonies of a dif- Council, set up in 1889, continued Lanark (GB) can still be seen, as in the faubourg Some cities in England, including Leeds, second decade of the nineteenth cen- ferent kind, intended to provide houses the practice of philanthropic bodies in New Lanark WHS Saint-Antoine in Paris, the centre of fur- Nottingham and Birmingham, had many tury Owen built a school, notable for its and small holdings for very poor families building multi-storey blocks of apart- Port Sunlight (GB) niture-making in the French capital since back-to-back houses, terraced dwell- enlightened teaching methods, and the were established at Frederiksoord ments, one of the first of which, dating Port Sunlight Village (Paul Thompson) the fifteenth century, or the Gewerbe- ings that shared common back walls. Institution for the Formation of Charac- and Willemsoord in the Netherlands in from 1849–50, remains in Streatham Guise (F) höfe (industrial yards) in the Kreuzberg The first generations of houses built as ter, which can still be seen by visitors. 1818–20. Street. Het Schipp (the ship) in Amster- Familistère district of Berlin. In Ghent, the principal cities began to expand in the eighteenth The equally influential Familistère at Paternalistically-inspired factory dam (NL); a block of 102 dwellings built Capriate San Gervasio (I) textile-manufacturing city in Belgium, century were mostly demolished long Guise in the département of Aisne in communities abounded in the late nine- in 1919–20 by a housing association Villaggio Crespi d‘Adda WHS houses were built in parallel ranges ago because they could not be altered to France was established from 1859 by teenth and early twentieth centuries. with the support of government, proved Berlin (D) around courts known as Begijncomplex conform with sanitary legislation, but in the iron founder Jean-Baptiste Godin Examples include Noisiel-sur-Marne in influential. Perhaps the most impres- Nazi Forced Labour (inner blocks) and were approached Manchester some early dwellings have (1817–88), who was inspired by the France around the chocolate factory sive housing by city authorities in the Documentation Centre

62 | 63 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Blue gold: water – making cities habitable.

Water is essential to life, but it can also by elaborate well head installations, towers near the Rotes Tor (red gate) be a threat. It can be helpful to Man in some of which are preserved in open air in Augsburg (D), three of which in their powering water wheels of all shapes, museums. present form date from 1599, 1672 sizes and configurations; it can be me- The creation of effective water and 1746. Nine more were added dicinally beneficial, as at Spa in Belgium, supply systems was one of the great subsequently, and by 1850 Augsburg’s Mariánské Lázné (Marienbad) in the achievements of the engineers of the water supply systems reached most Czech Republic or Bath in England; it Roman Empire, and the Pont du Gard, houses in the city. The New River a can be lifted from springs or rivers into part of a 50 km system that supplied contour canal that took water 38 km reservoirs and led by aqueducts or pipe- water to the city of Nîmes in France, from springs near Hertford into London lines to provide for the needs of great and the 36-arch aqueduct at Segovia built by Sir Hugh Myddleton in 1613, cities, or to fill navigable canals. It can in Spain, both of the first century AD is less spectacular but evidence of also be man’s enemy with its potential are monuments to a civilisation whose the importance of supplying water to to flood lowlands or carry diseases. The engineering achievements were not great cities. In some cities there were significance of pure water is symbolised matched for many centuries. The water networks of wooden pipes that took water to the homes of the wealthy, and made it available to the populace at pumping installations. The Finnish Man’s efforts to reclaim land from the large from conduits, like that at Carfax, Museum of Technology is located in a sea and to protect it against floods the principal crossroads in Oxford (GB), waterworks of the 1870s on the island are, naturally, best appreciated in the which now stands in parkland at near- of Kuninkaankartano near Helsinki. The Netherlands. At Kinderdijk south east of by Nuneham Courtenay. The outstand- Zawada of 1895 at Rotterdam are two ranges of windmills ing water supply system constructed in Karchowice (PL) holds a comprehensive on either side of drainage canals, one the eighteenth century was the 58 km collection of the equipment used in the of eight brick-built tower mills built aqueduct of 1720, with its 109 stone purification and supply of drinking water. in 1738, the other of eight octagonal arches, that took water into Lisbon, Other preserved pumping stations tower mills faced with reeds construct- Portugal. Its history is explained in a include one of 1904 in Riga, Latvia, and ed two years later, together with two museum in the Barbadinhos pumping the Cornellà station of 1909 in Barce- smaller mills. This amazing landscape station of 1880. lona, Spain. In the second half of the can be explored along the Molenkade A steam engine was used to pump nineteenth century civil engineers built walkway. Equally astonishing is the water for drinking at Chelsea, London, dams to create reservoirs from which Cruquius engine house one of three Cornellà de Llobregat (E) Agbar de les Aigües Museum in 1720, and through the nineteenth cities could be supplied with water. built in the 1840s to drain the Haar- century and into the twentieth century The Gileppe Dam in eastern Belgium of lemmermeer. The 144-inch (3.65 m) Haarlemmermeer (NL) Cruquis Steam Pumping Station steam pumping stations were built 1862–76 is a notable example, while cylinder of the engine built by Harveys in most towns and cities in Europe. the 118 km linking the Elan Valley res- of Hayles in Cornwall operated eleven Karchowice (PL) Zawada Historical Water Station Notable conserved examples include ervoirs in mid-Wales with Birmingham, cast-iron beams balanced on the walls the London Museum of Water & Steam opened in 1904 is one of the longest of the circular crenelated engine house Lemmer (NL) Ir. D.F. Wouda Steam at Kew, in a pumping station of 1838, of its kind. Similar pumping stations tower. Pumping Station WHS which displays a steam engine with were built to remove sewage from great While many water pumping instal- London (GB) a 90 inch (2.29 m) diameter cylinder, cities, according to the principles set lations are spectacular, perhaps none London Museum of Water & Steam which can still be steamed, and another out by the British engineer Sir Joseph provides a better interpretation of the Medemblik (NL) with a 100 inch (2.54 m) cylinder. The Bazalgette (1819–91). Examples in- industry than Aquarius at Mulheim-an- Dutch Steam Machine Museum pumping station of 1884 at Papple- clude that at Crossness in London and der- (D), a museum in a water tower Prague (CZ) wick near Nottingham is architecturally the Bukeneč pumping station of 1906 of 1892–93, that makes dramatic use Stará Čistírna Old Waste the most spectacular of British water in Prague. of multi-media systems. Water Treatment Plant

64 | 65 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Industrial heritage.

Concern for the industrial past, its buildings, its machines, its products, the memories of workers and entrepre- neurs, is not entirely a recent phenom- enon. The term ‘industrial archaeology’, meaning the study of the physical remains of past systems of mining, manufacturing and transport, came to be used in Britain in the mid-1950s, and was taken up in other countries, but it was not a new expression. The Portuguese Francisco de Sousa Viterbo (1845–1910) used it in 1896, in a study that showed how people’s memories of their work could be of relevant in the modern world. Concern for a fast-dis- museums, such as those at Hagen (D), Initiatives to conserve and interpret appearing industrial heritage was Beamish (GB) and Zaanse Schans (NL), the industrial heritage have multiplied expressed in Britain in the 1960s by came to be concerned with the indus- across Europe in the past half century. the establishment within a few years of trial past, although critics argued that Most have no great academic or social five open air museums concerned with buildings should not, where possible, be pretensions, but simply reflect the de- the industrial past, by the re-opening by moved, but that they should remain in sire of communities to retain reminders voluntary groups of railways on which place and be interpreted. of their past industrial activities steam locomotives could work, by a An alternative approach was pro- and to tell their stories to visitors and recognition that canals had a future as posed from 1967 by the French ethnolo- to succeeding generations. cruising waterways, and by the preser- gists Georges Henri Rivière (1897–1985) vation of mills, mill engines, collections and Marcel Evrard (1920–2009), founder of artefacts by countless groups of of the Écomusée de la Communauté concerned individuals. From the 1970s Le Creusot Montceau-les-Mines. Rivière this concern for the industrial past was argued that an ecomuseum should echoed across Europe. seums of technology, the Conservatoire historic buildings from all over Sweden permit the people living in an area to The collection of aesthetically pleas- National des Arts et Métiers in Paris, that took the name Skansen (forti- discern their own identity, through their ing products of industry, of porcelain, established by a government decree of fications) because it was built on a built environment, their ecology and Beamish (GB) glass, coins, shoes, and, in the twenti- 1794, the Science Museum in London, fortified island in Stockholm harbour. geology, as well as through documentary Beamish Open Air Museum eth century, of motor cars, has a long which evolved after the Great Exhibition Many such museums were established and oral history, and that such topics Hagen (D) history. Visitors to Falun can see the of 1851, the museums in Vienna and in Scandinavia, and subsequently in should be studied as communal activi- LWL Open Air Museum beautifully-constructed models of hoists Stockholm, opened respectively in 1908 other countries, particularly after 1945, ties, and not be confined to experts. The Munich (D) and other mining equipment made and 1936, and the Deutsches Museum and the word ‘Skansen’ now means project at Le Creusot proved influential, German Museum by Christopher Polhem (Polhammar) in Munich, opened in 1925. open air museum in several European and the term ‘écomusée’ or its English Paris (F) (1661–1851), the Swedish engineer The open air museum, part of the languages. Hazelius and the founders equivalent ‘ecomuseum’ has since been Museum of Arts and Crafts who studied in Germany, Netherlands Romantic Nationalism movement of of later museums were concerned to applied to industrial conservation pro- Le Creusot (F) England and France. Machines that were the late nineteenth century, was born preserve the buildings and artefacts jects across Europe. The first interna- Creusot Montceau Ecomuseum critical in the development of industry in Scandinavia. In 1891 Artur Hazelius characteristic of rural life in particular tional conference on ecomuseums was Vienna (A) are displayed in Europe’s principal mu- (1833–1901) opened the collection of regions. From the 1960s some open air at Seixal, Portugal in 2012. Technical Museum

66 | 67 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Our place in history.

Encounters with the industrial heritage viaduct in Saxony, Germany. Visitors who laboured there, are keys to under- remind us first of our place in history. We to some industrial heritage sites can standing many aspects of our past. All may reflect on Europe in 1916, the year see how skills, such as weaving, glass over Europe buildings whose architec- of Verdun and the Somme, when it was blowing, decorating pottery, building and tural qualities may be unremarkable in the midst of a destructive war, on how repairing canal boats or replacing have been conserved by communal our ways of life have changed in the past tubes, are fostered and passed to future efforts because they have been judged century, and how they may change again generations. We can come to appreciate to be worth keeping, they foster an before 2116. some of the benefits of industrialisation, appreciation of the industrial past and We can admire the beautiful objects the improvements in personal hygiene of wider aspects of a community’s produced by past generations of manu- that came with the availability of cheap history, they can be homes to museum facturers, glass from Bohemia or Venice, cotton sheets, or the benefits to health collections, and venues for meetings, or porcelain from Sèvres in France or of cheaper fuels for household heating. concerts and exhibitions. Two of many Gustavsberg in Sweden. We can expe- We can admire the resilience with which French examples are at Bussières, a rience what an English poet called the some groups of migrants developed town of 1500 people in the Beaujolais ‘keen unpassioned beauty of a great manufactures in the countries that gave region, where a collection of artefacts machine’ when we see the Maffei S3/6 them refuge, the Huguenots in England, relating to silk working, carried on there locomotive in the Deutsches Museum at or the wartime refugees who settled from the 1830s until the 1960s, was Munich, Germany, or the 241P four-cylin- at Hermoupolis on the Greek island of begun in 1977, and displayed in an old der compound locomotive at Mulhouse, Syros in the 1820s. silk mill from 1998. Textile manufac- France, built by Schneider at Le Creu- Involvement with the industrial tures at Cholet in Maine et Loire began sot, about 1950. We can wonder at the heritage also brings confrontations with in the seventeenth century and the mathematical sophistication of James aspects of our past that are causes for town became famous for producing the Watt’s or the intricacies shame. The slave trade is remembered ‘mouchoir rouge (red handkerchief) de of a Jacquard loom. We can also admire at Liverpool and forced labour under Cholet’. Here in 1982 a voluntary group past generations of industrial build- the Third Reich in Berlin. Hamburg in prevented the demolition of a bleach- ings. Some manufacturers expressed Germany, Caen in France and Coventry works of 1881 and has since developed their pride in what they were doing by in England retain evidence of the satu- the building as a museum and cultural commissioning fine architecture, such ration bombing of cities and at Sanok centre. as the archway of 1836 in Fallonica, in Poland and Waldkraiburg in Germany Tuscany, that was once the entrance to we can learn about the forced move- a foundry, the casting hall in the Gothic ments of ethnic groups after the Second style of 1828 at the Sayner Hütte at World War. We also have to confront the Bendorf-Sayn, Germany, the Fagus shoe exploitation of workers, as well as the last factory designed by Walter Gropius philanthropic activities of some employ- (1788–1864) at Alfeld, Germany, or ers. At Silkstone in Yorkshire (GB) is a Stepy Thieu (B) the extraordinary saltworks designed memorial to the victims of an inrush of Canal du Centre. by Nicholas Ledoux (1736–1806) at water into a local coal mine in 1838, Ship Lift No 3

Arc-et-Senans, France. We can marvel who included eleven girls aged between Alfeld (D) at seemingly miraculous feats of civil 8 and 17 and fifteen boys aged between Fagus Works WHS

engineering, such as the aqueduct at 7 and 16. Mylau (D) Lisbon in Portugal, the canal lift at Industrial buildings, the machines Göltzsch Viaduct

Strépy-Thieu in Belgium or the 574 m that worked in them, the products that S. João da Madeira (P) long and 78 m high Göltzschtalbrücke, were made there, the memories of those Industrial Tourism

68 | 69 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY Reflections.

Coal mining in Western Europe has The industrialisation of Europe almost ended which gives rise to changed the face of the earth. Men’s contemplation of its legacy. Its ending lives came to be determined by clocks, symbolises the changes of the early and their work measured by money. twenty-first century. At several former Machines replaced hand-operated mines, such as Energeticon at Alsdorf, spinning wheels and looms and later Germany, and C-Mine at Genk, Belgium, the sewing machine came to dominate visitor are urged to contemplate future the making of shoes and clothes. In supplies of energy, while in several the twentieth century robots took over former coalfields trails show the effects from men and women many of the tasks of mining on the landscape. Aiseau- along production lines for motor cars. Presles near Charleroi, Belgium, is the Some manufacturing activities have starting point for a journey which takes been moved to the East, and Delhi and in 43 towns and villages, and 340 large Beijing are now more severely polluted pit heaps in an area where 60 that Duisburg or Manchester. Europe is nationalities were involved in mining. again experiencing radical change as The Durham Coast Heritage Trail in old and not-so-old industries come to England extends 17 km south from an end. New forms of economic activity Seaham to Crimdon, and includes the aided by information technology are sites of four twentieth-century collieries emerging, nanosciences, biotechnology, whose workings extended under the and the generation of electric power sea, as well as former miners’ villages from wind and sun. Whole regions are and ports from which coal was exported. looking for new identities and seeking to At Nordstern Park, Gelsenkirchen, in equip themselves for the future. the Ruhr, where the coal mine closed in What remains is a rich industrial and 1993, visitors can enjoy restaurants cultural legacy, a network of sites across and bars in a garden landscape that Europe that conserve and interpret the incorporates the elegant pit head build- continent’s industrial past. ERIH brings ings of c 1930, and take trips on canal them together and brings to life the boats to the Henrichenburg boat lift or industrial past so that it can animate the gas holder at Oberhausen. our future.

70 | 71 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: THE INTERNATIONAL STORY ERIH, the EUROPEAN ROUTE OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE, is the tourist information network of industrial heritage in Europe. Where was the world’s first factory? Where was the largest steam engine built? And where can you find the most up-to-date colliery of its time? Industrialisation changed the face of Europe. Conse- quently it has left us a rich industrial heritage. A gigantic network of sites spread all over Europe. It only has to be brought back to life – which is what the European Route of Industrial Heritage is doing. It is the common link between them all. From disused production plants to industrial landscape parks and inter-active technology museums. Come with us on an exciting journey of discovery to the most important sites in Europe’s industrial history.

ERIH’s route system of Anchor Points, Regional Routes and European Theme Routes is your signpost to Europe’s industrial heritage.

Anchor Points Regional Routes European Theme Routes Anchor Points form ERIH’s Regional Routes open up the Theme Routes illustrate the virtual main route. industrial history of a region. European connections.

The name says it all. Many features Each region has its own specialisms Such as “The treasures of the Earth”: are anchored here. Primarily the overall and in this respect European industrial what, where, when and how were they route framework. Anchor Points cover heritage is just like food. Its strength lies extracted from the ground? Or “Textile the complete range of European in the fact that it unites many different manufacturing”: what were the mile- industrial history. After that, they tell traditions within a single idea. The stones along the way from fibre to tourists what they can see at a local Regional Routes link landscapes and factory? Theme Routes focus on specific level. Visitors of all ages can relive their sites which have left their mark on questions relating to European industrial industrial heritage through fascinat- European industrial history. Germany’s history and reveal – offen in connection ing guided tours, exciting multi-media Ruhrgebiet, for example. Or South with the biographies – potential links presentations and outstanding special Wales, a key region in the “world’s first between radically different industrial events. Last not least, Anchor Points industrial nation”. Both these areas monuments all over Europe. The result are simultaneously starting points for a comprise a number of less significant is a “circuit diagram” showing the variety of regional routes. industrial monuments – the small cogs connections between the main themes in the large machine. of European industrial heritage.

www.erih.net