INSECTA MUNDI A Journal of World Insect Systematics 0177 Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Saba Island, Lesser Antilles: Unusu- ally high species richness indicates the Caribbean Biodiversity Hotspot is woefully undersampled Jozef Slowik Denver Museum of Nature and Science 2001 Colorado Blvd Denver, CO 80205 USA Derek S. Sikes University of Alaska Museum 907 Yukon Drive Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA Date of Issue: May 6, 2011 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Jozef Slowik and Derek S. Sikes Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Saba Island, Lesser Antilles: Unusually high species richness indicates the Caribbean Biodiversity Hotspot is woefully undersampled Insecta Mundi 0177: 1-9 Published in 2011 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. P. O. Box 141874 Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 U. S. A. http://www.centerforsystematicentomology.org/ Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. 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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons, Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, dis- tribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. http:/ /creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ 0177: 1-9 2011 Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Saba Island, Lesser Antilles: Unusually high species richness indicates the Caribbean Biodiversity Hotspot is woefully undersampled Jozef Slowik Denver Museum of Nature and Science 2001 Colorado Blvd Denver, CO 80205 USA [email protected] Derek S. Sikes University of Alaska Museum 907 Yukon Drive Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA [email protected] Abstract. Saba Island (Caribbean Netherlands) is one of the northernmost islands of the Lesser Antilles. It is only 13 square kilometers but contains a wide variety of potential spider habitats including dry, moist, and elfin forests. As part of a collaborative effort between Conservation International and Saba Conservation Foundation, during a several week period in March and May 2008 we briefly surveyed the island for spiders and other arthropods. This survey, the first for spiders of Saba, resulted in the identification of 18 families and 76 spider species, including six new species that will be described elsewhere and may be endemic to Saba. The species richness of Saba’s spider fauna is considerably higher than that reported from other small Caribbean islands. We conclude this is probably a combined result of undersampling and lower habitat diversity on these other islands. Keywords. Araneae, Biodiversity Hotspot, Caribbean, Species list. Introduction Saba Island (17o38’N, 63o14’W) is one of the northernmost volcanic islands among the Lesser Antilles island arc chain. Geologically the island has undergone many periods of volcanic activity and lava flows followed by dense revegetation (Defant et al. 2001) since its presumed origin above sea level sometime between 500,000 and 10,000 years ago (Westermann and Kiel 1961). With relevance to the island’s biogeo- graphic history, Saba was never connected to any extant island but was possibly connected to a large island, now submerged, four kilometers to the southwest known as the Saba Bank (Westermann 1957). Although small (13 km2), Saba has a variety of plant communities including subtropical dry-forest scrub, moist forest, palm breaks, and elfin woodland (Stoffers 1956). The center of the island is a volcanic cone, Mt. Scenery, reaching 877 m in elevation, and characterized by steep hillsides, bluffs and narrow valleys. The rugged topography of the island has limited human expansion, although an airport and dock now exist. No previously published records for spiders could be located for Saba although the island has had its larger organisms such as plants and vertebrates, and some invertebrates inventoried (Rojer 1997 and citations therein). Saba is found within what has been defined as the Caribbean Island Hotspot (CIH) (Smith et al. 2005). This area, which includes the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles, shows high levels of endemism for the available surface area in many of the taxa occurring on the islands. Remark- ably high endemism in the CIH has been found in the reptiles (468 of 499 species are endemic) and amphibians (162 of 164 species are endemic) (Smith et al. 2005). High species’ extinctions in the hotspot are mainly due to western-style developments and agriculture, as well as from the introduction of inva- sive species. It is estimated that 36 vertebrate species have gone extinct in the area since 1500 A.D. (Smith et al. 2005). 1 2 • I NSECTA M UNDI 0177, May 2011 SLOWIK AND SIKES Figure 1. Saba Island (17o38’N, 63o14’W), Lesser Antilles. Thirty-three collection sites mapped using Google Earth. Numbers correspond to sites listed in Table 1. Methods Specimens were collected from 33 sites in 11 macrohabitats (Fig. 1, Table 1) primarily from 9-16 March 2008. Various collection methods were employed, these included sweep net, beat sheet, pitfall trap (10 cm diam.), flight intercept trap, blacklight, and hand collecting at night with the aid of a headlamp. Sampling effort involved, on average, 6-8 hours per day of active collection. Sweep net and beat sheet effort was not recorded and varied depending on the habitat of the collection site. Transects were also not employed, rather, collections were made within a 20 m area of the recorded location. Night collecting was limited to close proximity of roadways for easy access. Spiders were collected primarily by the first author. Pitfall traps were allowed to remain active for a period of three weeks and were collected by the second author during 18-26 May 2008. Additional speci- mens were collected by Gary Alpert who surveyed ants, Piotr Naskrecki who targeted orthopteroids, and Michael Ivie who, along with the second author, focused on beetles. Vouchers of ants and orthopteroids are deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and beetles are in the WIBF (West Indies Beetle Fauna Collection) Montana State University. Spiders were collected in 75% ethanol, trans- ferred to 95% propylene glycol for travel, then rinsed and returned to 75% ethanol. Identifications were made primarily by the first author using the Denver Museum of Nature and Science arachnological collection. Additional identifications were made by Darrell Ubick (California Academy of Sciences), Dr. Herb Levi (Harvard University, retired), Dr. Sarah Crews (University of California), and Dr. G. B. SURVEY OF SPIDERS FROM S ABA I SLAND INSECTA MUNDI 0177, May 2011 • 3 Table 1. Collection locations of spider specimens on Saba Island (17o38’N, 63o14’W), Lesser Antilles. Geocoordinates obtained via a Garmin GPS unit in the field under the WGS 84 Datum with errors ranging from 20m to 100m. Macrohabitat data taken from flora classification map by Stoffers (1956). Edwards (Florida Division of Plant Industry). Arachnid specimens from this study have been deposited in the Florida