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Home , Front yard, Pacitan Regency, Pekarangan

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 484-491, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_052 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=5 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication

THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE AS A MODEL FOR DEVELOPING OF SUSTAINABLE RESERVE FOOD PROGRAM IN PACITAN

Indartato Doctoral Program in Environmental Science, Graduate School, Brawijaya University, , Indonesia

Abdul Hakim Public Administration Department, Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

Amin Setyo Leksono Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathemathic and Natural Sciences Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

Bagyo Yanuwiadi, Amin Setyo Leksono Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathemathic and Natural Sciences Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Indonesia is a country with high biodiversity and ethnicity. Every ethnic group has local knowledge dealing with the environmental problems. One of the local knowledge in managing environmental resources is the concept of a house yard. House yard can be utilized as a sustainable reserve food garden (SRFG). One of the strategies to optimize the yard area is a program of SRFG. The objective of this is to analyze the special characteristics of in Pacitan Regency as a model in preparing sustainable reserve food garden. Data was obtained from field observations and in- depth interviews with community or the house yard owners. The classification of yard in including in Pacitan Regency can be divided into three, it is based on the location of the house, namely the (ngarepan omah), the (buritan omah) and the side yard of the house. The front yard was utilized to reduce the cost of community consumption. The yard strata or the type of yards for SRFG are divided into various types depending on the conditions of the yard. In general, private property (house owners) and owned by offices or institutions and public facilities are classified into eight chategories: very narrow yard (without a yard), narrow yard (<120 m2), medium yard (120-400 m2), large yard (> 400 m2), intensification of road fences, yards intensification of village office, schools, and other public facilities, village seed and conservation area of local food for the future. This

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 484 [email protected] The Authenticity of the House Yard as a Model for Developing of Sustainable Reserve Food Garden Program in Pacitan Regency Indonesia

study suggest that preservation of the yard of food crops through the SRFG can increase income which will ultimately improve people's welfare. Fulfillment of food from the use of the yard is considered ideal and sustainable. Key words: house yard, land use optimization, Pacitan, sustainable reserve food garden. Cite this Article: Indartato, Abdul Hakim, Amin Setyo Leksono, Bagyo Yanuwiadi, Amin Setyo Leksono, The Authenticity of the House Yard as a Model for Developing of Sustainable Reserve Food Garden Program in Pacitan Regency Indonesia, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 484-491. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=5

1. INTRODUCTION Besides having high biodiversity, Indonesia also has diversity in terms of ethnic groups. Every ethnic group in Indonesia has local knowledge in overcoming environmental problems [1]. This local knowledge is a system of utilizing natural resources, in which each region and ethnicity have speaciality, identity and unique characteristics depending on culture and geographic conditions of the community who have such local knowledge are settled. This differences ultimately influence all human activities in living. The communities understanding on the local knowledge, especially related to spatial planning, aims to determine the level of adaptation strategies of the local communities on the environmental conditions around them. In addition, this understanding can also be used as a distinctive community identity and provide an influence on the surrounding environmental conditions [2]. One of the local knowledges in managing environmental resources in Indonesia is the concept of a house yard. House yard also known as , homegardens, homestead plot and open space surrounding a house. Pekarangan is defined as a complex, species rich agroforestry system [3]. The house yard is one of the local wisdoms of the community in the tropical regions, especially in Java and the surrounding area, in utilizing natural resources. The yard is the land around the house which is used as a area. in the house yard have high diversity and generally have vertical or horizontal structures like forests. The house yard is one of the family's economic resources for the owners, since the plants can be utilized for daily needs. Besides, the yard also has ecological and social functions which are also important [4]. The population growth that keeps increasing year after year requires the need of food and residential areas. The increase of land conversion made the community do some alternatives in fulfilling food and nutrition needs on narrow land, for instance by utilizing the house yard. This is because the yard can be utilized not only to fulfill the needs of the family, but it also pays attention to the ecological side. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the land. One of the optimization strategies of yard area is a sustainable reserve food garden (SRFG). This program is one of the strategies for optimizing yards that is eco- friendly and it also can fulfill the needs of food, family nutrition, and increasing income, in which it can improve the community prosperity so that to be able to realize food self-sufficiency in the village. As a result of the culture of local wisdom in having a yard, it has various forms of management that typically depend on each community groups. In addition, the distinctiveness of the yard is also influenced by the geographical conditions in which the yard is located. Considering that every place has different culture and geographical conditions, it causes the structure of the yard in each distinctive region. The distinctiveness of this yard is expected to be used as a regional identity, as an effort of sustainable development in accordance with regional characteristics, including in the development of SRFG. The objective of this study is

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 485 [email protected] Indartato, Abdul Hakim, Amin Setyo Leksono, Bagyo Yanuwiadi, Amin Setyo Leksono to analyze the special characteristics of houses in Pacitan Regency as a model in preparing sustainable reserve food garden.

2. METHOD 2.1. Time and Place This research was conducted in February - October 2016. The research location was determined by using purposive sampling technique in several areas, they are in the Dersono Village of Pringkuku Subdistrict, the Tahunan Baru Village of Tegalombo District and the Nanggungan Village of Pacitan District.

Tahunan Baru Map of Pacitan Regency Village

Nanggungan Village

Dersono Village

Figure 1. Research Location

2.2. Data Collection Method This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The method of data collection was carried out by using field observations and in-depth interviews with the community who owned the house yard in Pacitan Regency. Field observations were used to see the components of gardening and the types of vegetation in the yard. Interviews were used to explore information regarding to the utilization of house yard components and the types of vegetation in the yard. In addition, a literature study was also carried out related to the typology of house yards in Pacitan Regency.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Pacitan Regency Traditional Yard The yard in Java including Pacitan can be divided into three based on the location of residence / home, namely the front yard (ngarepan omah), the backyard (buritan omah) and the side yard of the house. The front yard is a yard located in front of the house, generally planted with ornamental plants or fruit. It was common in this open area that has function as a place to dry the crops (rice, corn and others) up, the front yard of the house also called as latar. Meanwhile, the backyard (buritan omah) is a yard located behind the house. This backyard was used as a , pond, pet place or the place of cages. In addition, there was

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 486 [email protected] The Authenticity of the House Yard as a Model for Developing of Sustainable Reserve Food Garden Program in Pacitan Regency Indonesia a place to store liquid waste from the bathroom or household liquid waste called peceren, or the open disposal of household waste. On the edge of peceren, it is usually planted with riparian plants, such as the sweet flag (Acorus calamus Spreng), Pandanus (Pandanus amaryllifolius), Roses (Rosa sp.), Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) and many others. Meanwhile, the yard with mixed garden or with various plants was the semi-intensive land management. The location was behind the house or in the middle of the village, the village characteristic of this yard is the ground which has never been swept, so there are many leaf litter and also rich of orginic materials. Besides, the were more varied plants such as fruit trees and wood, while the edge of the yard is planted with bamboo plants or other perennials [5] (Purnomo, 2015). The main characteristic of the yard is the diversity of plants, whose composition depends on the needs of the owner. Several yard-related studies was carried out, especially about the SRFG role in supporting community food security [6,7]. The yard is usually located around a , where the settlements in Java are generally gathered and run parallel to the road. This causes the yard of the community which is generally not too large (less than 1 hectare) assimilating into one area with other residents. Thus, the existence of the yard shapes a particular landscape in the rural . In which the house yards, especially in the rural area, most of the management systems are agroforestry systems, even though the planted plants belong to cultivated plants yet the existance of canopy stratification make the plants diversity resemble to the forest structure. Plants that grow in the yard and livestock kept in the yard generally have important economic value. The plants in the yard were domesticated plants that have economic value. House yard plants in the slopes of Mount Merapi were known having 10 types of food crops, 45 species of fruit plants, 46 types of vegetable plants, and natural dyes and 14 types of plantation crops for industries that were cultivated and consumed by the community. In addition, 57 types of medicinal plants, 81 types of ornamental plants and 52 types of plants which have functions as the wood for materials, fuel wood, handicraft materials, animal feed and hedgerows [8]. The yard can be utilized as a food source in fulfilling family needs. Besides, the yard notice the ecological side. Since the yard as a source of food supplies inspires the government to make the yard as one of the forms of food processing by oplimalizating the land. One of strategies to optimalize the land area is SRFG program or Sustainable Food House Area Development. The SRFG is one of the strategies for optimizing the yards that are environmentally friendly and it also fulfill the needs of food, family nutrition, and increasing income which in the end also improve community prosperity, thus it also be able to realize food self-sufficiency in the village.

3.2. Yard Optimization in Pacitan Regency Through SRFG Household spending for consumption expenditure in this regency was generally the highest expenditure in rural areas. The average of consumption expenditure reached 58.57% of total expenditure. This consumption expenditure was the highest for food sources, namely rice, which reaches 13.25% of total food purchases. This causes a high dependence on the consumption of grains [9]. This dependence on food demands the expansion of agricultural land and deforestate or land conservation areas for land. Even though the forest has biological wealth and as a biological wealth conservation area. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the land around the house or house yard as a strategy for fulfilling food. The SRFG program reduced the consumption expenditure for vegetables, tubers and animal protein needs when compared to people who do not implement the SRFG program.

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The fewer expenditures will be able to improve the community prosperity, besides they can assure the quality of food produced [10]. The SRFG has the principle of utilizing an environment-based yard and was designed to meet the needs of family food and nutrition, food-based diversification, local resources, preservation of food crops for the future, and increased income which ultimately improve the community prosperity. The aim of developing SRFG is to: The needs fulfillment of family and community food and nutrition through the optimization of sustainable use of the yard;Improving the ability of the families and communities in the use of land in urban and rural areas for the cultivation of food crops, fruit, vegetables and family medicinal plants, raising livestock and , processing products and processing household waste into ; Developing the seeds sources to maintain the of land use and preserve the local food crops for the future; and Developing productive family economic activities [11]. The fulfillment of food from the yard is considered ideal and sustainable. This can not be separated from the function of the yard as well as one form of conservation of ex-situ plants and also has social functions. This optimization is implemented by the implementation of SRFG program. Various regions implement this strategy as one of the strategies to fulfill food needs as well as conservation efforts. One of the districts that implemented this program is Pacitan District, especially in Kayen Village, in one of the districts in Pacitan Regency. The SRFG program was first held in Kayen Village, in one of the districts in Pacitan Regency in February 2011 involving 35 heads of families. The preparation and implementation process of SRFG program in Kayen Village involved various parties. At present in most households in Pacitan Regency, the SRFG model has been adopted. Besides, the SRFG model was also developed in various agencies such as military institutions of Kodim or District Military Command and all Koramil or Military District Command Offices, moreover the civil institutions in Pacitan Regency also developed the model. The adoption of the SRFG process in Pacitan District which was relatively fast because supported by the commitment of the Regional Government to realize food security through the development of food diversification by optimizing the use of land by applying the SRFG model. The commitment was shown by the issuance of the Pacitan Regent Instruction to the the Pacitan region community to develop and implement the SRFG model and the Instruction of the Military Command which was followed up by the members of Pacitan District Military Command to develop SRFG at the Kodim or District Military Command and Koramil or Military District Command Offices. In addition, the Food Security Office of Pacitan Regency had a growing number and development of SRFG villages, which were 12 villages per year. Furthermore, Pacitan Regency was active in various SRFG activities at the provincial and national levels. In 2016 the village programmed to become SRFG village was Mendolo Kidul Village in Punung district, Dusun Krajan in Sudimoro district and 9 villages in the Nawangan district. One of the positive impacts of the SRFG program implementation in Pacitan was the decrease of farmers’ households expenditure in the range of IDR 170,000 to 700,000 per month, this program increases Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP), especially for the autonomy of villages and households [11].

3.3. Yard Structures of SRFG and Plants Selection The strata of the yard or type of yard of SRFG can be divided into various types according to the geographical conditions of the community where the yard is located. Pacitan, which has dry and hilly land, must have the types of a set of plants compilation of house yard which are suitable to the local geographical character. This was because the success of the SRFG

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 488 [email protected] The Authenticity of the House Yard as a Model for Developing of Sustainable Reserve Food Garden Program in Pacitan Regency Indonesia program was largely determined by the identification of geographic potential and the culture of local communities and also the institutions in the local community [10]. In general, group of yards both private property (house owners) and owned by offices or institutions and public facilities are classified into 8 namely Very Narrow Yard (without a yard), Narrow Yard (<120 m2), Medium Yard (120-400 m2), Large Yard (> 400 m2), Intensification of road fences, Yards Intensification of village office, schools, and other public facilities, Village Seed Gardens and conservation area of local food crops for the future [12]. The very narrow yard group (without a yard) could be used for the development of plants with vertically cultivated planting models, by hanging, sticking, upright, and racking. In addition, small pots can also be used. The plants could be vertically planted and it was usually planted with dried vegetables or medicinal plants such as the sand ginger (Kaempferia galanga), the Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica.), gempur batu (Ruellia napifera), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), kalmegh (Andrographis paniculate), red ginger (Zingiber officinale varietas rubrum), Heartleaf maderavine (Bassela rubra) and betel (Piper betle). Meanwhil, the plants planted are vegetables: chili (Capsicum annum), (Solanum melongena), tomatoes (Solanum tuberosum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus). The group of narrow yards which was less than 120 m2 can be used for the plants cultivation by using verticulture and pots, and planted with vegetable crops such as mustar India (Brassica juncea), Oriental garlic, (Allium tuberosum), bok choy (Brassica rapa), kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), green amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus), holy basil (Ocimum sanctum), sellerie (Apium graveolens) Grand Rapids (Lactuca sativa), the Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum). Meanwhile, medicinal plants that could be planted were same as the narrow yard. Potted plants could also be used for fruits citrus (Citrus spp.), mangoes (Mangifera indica), and (Psidium guajava). Types of food crops: taro (Colocasia esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot utilisima), (Cocos nucifera), the Indian Shot (Canna indica), arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), corn (Zea mays), or local food crops Medium yards (120-400 m2) could be used for the plantation using the methods of pots / polybags / planting directly on the ground. This yard can be planted with vegetable crops such as chili chili, mustard greens, king salad (Cosmos caudatus), eggplant, tomatoes, kalmegh, water spinach, the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), winged beans, gooseberry (Sauropus androgynus), munga (Moringa oleifera), pumpkin (Cucurbiota moscata). Meanwhile, the medicinal plants were sama as above yards. The method of multistrata planting could also be cultivated in this yard, plants that were planted in multistrata were trees of Erythrina, the Indian Shot, arrowroot, taro, (Musa paradisiaca), pineapple, melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), gooseberry, munga, pumpkin, canna. Large yards (> 400 m 2) could be used for planting with beds, pots / polybags, nurseries and multistrata. This yard could be planted with a variety of plants including hedgerows which were cultivated for ingredients and vegetables as well. This type of yard also could be cultivated for livestock businesses, such as local chicken, goats and cattle farms by utilizing the existing plants in the yard as animal feed. This type of yard has a complete vertical and horizontal structure. The existence of gardens in the SRFG program strongly supports ecosystem services, especially in terms of provisioning of food, carbon sequestration, maintaining of top soil layers, and producing oxygen. As carbon stock decline with the land converstion to settlement, the usage of such environment may elevate the potential as carbon stock in the rural area [13,14].

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A study indicated that the house yards influence environmental services as biodiversity conservation, carbon stock accumulation, economic resource possession and additional nutrition for humans [15]. Some studies that have been carried out recognize the positive impact of home gardens to food and services. Such program also provides additional values such as income and livelihood opportunities for resource-poor families [16]. A study in America showed that sustainable development policies for Community Gardens link with the issues of health, education, community development and food security with the use of green space in towns and cities. The article concludes that the use of urban open spaces for parks and gardens is closely associated with environmental justice and equity [17].

4. CONCLUSION Yard can be used as a food source in fulfilling family needs, besides it also notice the ecological side. One strategies of optimizing the land area is SRFG program or through the Development of Sustainable Food House Area. The concept of food fulfillment by the Ministry of Agriculture was compiled and this arrangement is called "Sustainable Food House Area (SRFG)". SRFG has a principle of using land based on the environment and is designed to meet the needs of family food and nutrition, diversification of food based on local resources, preservation of food crops for the future and also increase the income which will ultimately improve the community prosperity. The fulfillment of food from the utilization of yard is considered ideal and sustainable. This can not be separated from the function of the yard as the form of ex-situ plants conservation and social functioning. The yard strata or the type of yard in SRFG were divided into various types depending on the conditions of the yard. Pacitan which has dry and hilly land must have the types of gardening plants that are suitable with the local geographical character. In general, private property (house owners) and owned by offices or institutions and public facilities are classified into 8 namely Very Narrow Yard (without a yard), Narrow Yard (<120 m2), Medium Yard (120-400 m2), Large Yard (> 400 m2), Intensification of road fences, Yards Intensification of village office, schools, and other public facilities, Village Seed Gardens and conservation area of local food crops for the future.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank the Director of Postgraduate School for permitting the research. This research supported by Pacitan Regent Office.

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