Notário Em Pterossauros E Aves: Aspectos Evolutivos, Ontogenéticos E Morfo-Funcionais

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Notário Em Pterossauros E Aves: Aspectos Evolutivos, Ontogenéticos E Morfo-Funcionais 1 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL ESCOLA DE CIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E EVOLUÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE NOTÁRIO EM PTEROSSAUROS E AVES: ASPECTOS EVOLUTIVOS, ONTOGENÉTICOS E MORFO-FUNCIONAIS Alex Sandro Schiller Aires TESE DE DOUTORADO PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL Av. Ipiranga 6681 - Caixa Postal 1429 Fone: (051) 320-3500 CEP 90619-900 Porto Alegre - RS Brasil 2019 2 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL ESCOLA DE CIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E EVOLUÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE NOTÁRIO EM PTEROSSAUROS E AVES: ASPECTOS EVOLUTIVOS, ONTOGENÉTICOS E MORFO-FUNCIONAIS Alex Sandro Schiller Aires Orientador: Professor Doutor Marco Brandalise de Andrade TESE DE DOUTORADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2019 I1 Banca examinadora Profa. Dra. Fabiana Rodrigues Costa Nunes – UFABC Prof. Dr. Felipe Lima Pinheiro – UNIPAMPA Prof. Dr. Santiago José Castroviejo Fisher – MCT/PUCRS II 2 SUMÁRIO Índice de figuras VI Índice de tabelas IX Lista de siglas institucionais X Agradecimentos XI Resumo XII Abstract XIII I. Introdução geral 14 II. Justificativa 16 III. Objetivos gerais 17 Capítulo 1 19 Capítulo 2 61 Capítulo 3 116 IV Conclusões Gerais 147 V. Referências bibliográficas 149 Anexo 1 – Caracteres de 165 Ardeadactylus longicollum e Germandodactylus cristatus codificados em matriz; e lista de tabelas Anexo 2 – Tabela geral de Gêneros de 172 Pterosauria e referências III3 Capítulo 1 – Notário em Pterosauria: O mais antigo registro e comentários 19 sobre sua origem e evolução Resumo 20 Abstract 21 1.1 Objetivos do capítulo 22 1.2 Notário em Pterosauria: Ocorrência e 23 morfologia 1.3 Materiais e métodos 34 1.4 Contexto geológico local da proveniência de 36 Ardeadactylus longicollum 1.5 Resultados 37 1.5.1 Sistemática paleontológica e redescrição 37 morfológica do notário 1.5.2 Análise filogenética 41 1.5.3 Análise estatística 43 1.6 Discussão 46 1.6.1 Função do notário 48 1.6.1 Evolução do notário em Pterosauria 49 1.6.3 Diversidade relativa do notário em 54 Pterosauria no tempo 1.6.4 Pterosauria x Aves 58 1.7 Conclusão 60 Capítulo 2 – Caracterização, origem, ocorrência e evolução do notário em 61 aves IV 4 Resumo 62 Abstract 63 2.1.1 Evolução das aves 64 2.1.2 Notário em aves 65 2.2 Objetivos do capítulo 67 2.3 Materiais e métodos 68 2.4 Resultados e discussão 69 2.4.1 Morfologia do notário em aves 70 2.4.2 Análise estatística sobre a morfologia 95 notarial em aves 2.4.3 Funcionalidade do notário em aves 96 2.4.4 Evolução do notário aviano no tempo e 102 contexto paleoecológico 2.5 Conclusão 114 Capítulo 3 – Padrões ontogenéticos no notário: Comparativo entre 116 pterossauros e aves atuais Resumo 117 Abstract 118 3.1 Introdução 119 3.2 Objetivos do capítulo 121 3.3 Materiais e métodos 121 3.4 Resultados e discussão 122 3.5 Conclusão 145 V 5 Índice de Figuras Figura 1. Notário de Pteranodon longiceps YPM 2692 27 Figura 2. Diversidade de notários em Pterosauria 33 Figura 3. Ardeadactylus longicollum SMNS 56603 – 40 em detalhe o notário parcialmente preservado em vista lateral esquerda. Figura 4. Cladrograma de Consenso estrito 42 posicionando Ardeadactylus longicollum na matriz de Wang et al. (2012) e relacionado com os respectivos notários. Figura 5. Gráfico exibindo resultado de análise 44 multivariada de PCA sobre a dispersão de Pterosauria no morfoespaço baseado em índices de proporção dos ossos longos dos membros Figura 6. Gráfico exibindo resultado de análise 45 multivariada de PCA sobre a dispersão de Pterodactyloidea no morfoespaço baseado em índices de proporção dos ossos longos dos membros Figura 7. Gráfico mostrando o registro reportado de 53 notários na literatura por Gênero e por espécimes de Pterosauria ao longo do tempo geológico e em quais depósitos fossilíferos ocorrem. Figura 8. Diversidade total e com notário de 57 Pterosauria por idade geológica Figura 9. Diversidade de notários em aves 66 Figura 10. Exemplos de notário em Tinamiformes 71 Figura 11. Exemplos de notário em Galliformes 73 Figura 12. Tendões ossificados nas vértebras 75 torácicas de anatídeos da tribo Tadornini Figura 13. Notário de Columba livia (Columbiformes) 77 Figura 14. Um dos dois únicos esqueletos completos 78 de Dodô (Raphus cucullatus - Columbiformes) conhecidos no mundo Figura 15. Comparativo entre o notário de 80 Phoenicopteriformes a longo do tempo VI6 Figura 16. Notários de Podiceps major e Podiceps 82 cristatus (Podicipediformes) Figura 17. Notários de Aramus guarauna (Gruiformes) 84 Figura 18. Esqueleto de Psophia crepitans 85 (Gruiformes) Figura 19. Notário de Eurypyga helias 87 (Eurypygiformes) Figura 20. Notário de Phalacrocorax brasilianus 88 (Suliformes) Figura 21. Notários de Threskiornithidae 90 (Pelecaniformes) Figura 22. Exemplos de notários de Falconiformes 92 Figura 23. Notário em Passeriformes 94 Figura 24. Gráfico exibindo resultado de análise 95 multivariada de PCA sobre a dispersão dos tipos morfológicos de notário em aves nomorfoespaço Figura 25. Gráfico exibindo resultado de análise 99 multivariada de PCA sobre a dispersão de aves no morfoespaço baseado em índices de proporção dos ossos longos dos membros Figura 26. Cladograma dos Neornithes construído a 111 partir de análises moleculares atuais com a presença de notário por grupos Figura 27. Diagrama mostrando o tempo em que 120 ocorre a fusão nos diferentes sítios vertebrais do notário em Gallus gallus Figura 28. Comparativo entre um notário de 124 Opisthocomus hoazin imaturo e adulto Figura 29. Notários de Nothura maculosa juvenil e 125 adulto Figura 30. Comparativo entre os notários de dois 128 pterossauros anhanguerídeos em diferentes estágios ontogenéticos VII7 Figura 31. Notário de Istiodactylus latidens 131 Figura 32. Notário de um indivíduo juvenil de 132 Tupuxuara leonardii Figura 33. Sequencia de fusão do centro vertebral em 134 Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Suliformes) Figura 34. Comparativo entre o notário de Podiceps 135 major (Podicipediformes) juvenil e adulto Figura 35. Notário de Pteranodon sp. 137 Figura 36. Diagrama mostrando como ocorre a fusão 140 do notário em pterossauros baseando-se nos estágios encontrados nos fósseis e em comparativos com aves. Figura 37. Tipos de desenvolvimento do notário em 144 Pterodactyloidea baseado nos materiais fósseis descritos na literatura. 8 VIII Índice de Tabelas Tabela 1. Dados de medidas dos ossos longos (mm) e 166 índices de proporção relativa em Pterosauria (Anexo 1) Tabela 2. Todos os notários registrados em 52 Pterosauria, como na literatura Tabela 3. Número total de gêneros válidos de 56 Pterosauria e com notário por idade geológica Tabela 4. Padrões de fusão das vértebras torácicas 167 em Dinosauria avianos compilados na literatura e em espécimes analisados (seguindo metodologia de Storer, 1982). Tabela 5. Dados de medidas dos ossos longos (mm) e 171 índices de proporção relativa em Aves (Anexo 1) Tabela 6. Tipos de fusão do notário em Pterosauria a 139 partir dos espécimes descritos na literatura. Tabela geral (anexo 2 – material suplementar). Total de Gêneros válidos de Pterosauria por idade 172 geológica (compilado a partir de papers científicos publicados entre 1859 e 2018) com referências. IX9 Lista de siglas institucionais AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York; BSP, Bayerische Staatssamlung für Paläontologie, Munique; FHSM, Fort Hays Sternberg Museum, Fort Hays; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; IMCF, Iwaki Coal and Fossil Museum, Fukushima; IVPP, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing; KUVP, Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, Kansas City; MCN-FZB, Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; MCT-PUCRS, Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; MHNT, Museu de História Natural de Taubaté, Taubaté; MN, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; MPEG, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém; NHMUK, Natural History Museum, Londres; RGM, National Natuurhistorich Museum, Leiden; SMNK, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlshure; SMNS, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart; USNM, United States National Museum, Washington; YPM, Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven. X 10 Agradecimentos Agradeço principalmente ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) que, através da contribuição da sociedade brasileira, financiou as taxas de pós-graduação, a bolsa de doutorado e a taxa de bancada utilizada nesta pesquisa. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade (antigo PPG Zoologia) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul pela infraestrutura oferecida e a todos os professores, que através de suas disciplinas e conversas pessoais, contribuíram para a elaboração desta tese e de meu conhecimento geral. Também agradeço a secretária do PPG, Patrícia Costa Baptista por sua simpatia, eficiência e atenção para com os pós-graduandos. Ao Professor Doutor Marco Brandalise de Andrade, pelo aceite do desafio na orientação deste trabalho, por todas as sugestões, trocas de idéias, dicas no âmbito da ciência e conselhos na esfera pessoal. Também pela disposição em sempre ajudar nas situações extra-acadêmicas. Aos Professores Doutores Mônica Ryff Vianna e Santiago Castroviejo Fisher pelo acompanhamento, críticas e sugestões ao projeto de tese durante sua elaboração. Agradeço também ao Professor Doutor Pedro Ivo Simões pela ajuda com a parte estatística desenvolvida no estudo. Aos membros da banca de avaliação deste trabalho, que
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