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Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus Tridentatus) Assessment and Template for Conservation Measures in California

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Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus Tridentatus) Assessment and Template for Conservation Measures in California Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus Assessment U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service February 1, 2019 DISCLAIMER The Pacific Lamprey was written with the most current information available at the time, gathered at regional meetings hosted throughout the United States range of Pacific Lamprey in 2017 and 2018. Any new information will be incorporated into subsequent revisions of the Assessment and into the Regional Implementation Plans. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerous individuals representing many organizations collaborated to complete this assessment of Pacific Lamprey. Individuals who contributed to this effort are acknowledged within the individual chapters for each management unit. Special thanks to the editorial team who led the development of the individual chapters and provided review and guidance throughout the process: Erin Butts, Jody Brostrom, Damon Goodman, Ann Gray, Ann Grote, Benjamen Kennedy, Betsy McCracken, RD Nelle, John Netto, Miranda Plumb, Jennifer Poirier, and Christina Wang. ii Table of Contents DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................... xvi 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1 Importance of Pacific Lamprey ................................................................................................................................ 1 Pacific Lamprey Assessment ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Conservation Agreement ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Regional Implementation Planning .......................................................................................................................... 2 Lamprey Technical Workgroup ................................................................................................................................ 2 Revised Assessment ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Accomplishments ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 New Partnerships and Funding ................................................................................................................................ 3 2. BIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, THREATS, AND CURRENT RESTORATION ACTIONS OF PACIFIC LAMPREY ................................................................................. 4 Phylogenetics ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 General Morphological Description ......................................................................................................................... 4 Geographic Distribution ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Historical. ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Current. ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Life History Characteristics ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Ecology ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Population Structure ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Threats/ Reasons for Decline and Current Restoration Activities .......................................................................... 11 Passage (dams, culverts, water diversions, tide gates, other barriers) ................................................................ 11 Dewatering and Stream Flow Management (reservoirs, water diversions, dredging, instream projects) .......... 13 Stream and Floodplain Degradation ................................................................................................................... 14 Water Quality ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 Harvest/Overutilization ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Predation ............................................................................................................................................................ 18 Disease ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 Small Effective Population Size ......................................................................................................................... 19 Lack of Awareness ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Ocean Conditions ............................................................................................................................................... 20 Climate Change .................................................................................................................................................. 20 Other .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 3. METHODS .......................................................................................................................... 21 2011 Assessment and Template for Conservation Measures .................................................................................. 21 iii 2017 Assessment Revision....................................................................................................................................... 21 Regional Meeting Process ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2017 NatureServe Conservation Factors ................................................................................................................ 23 • Rarity Category ................................................................................................................................................ 24 • Trends Category .............................................................................................................................................. 26 • Threats Category .............................................................................................................................................. 26 NatureServe Rank Approach ................................................................................................................................... 27 2017 NatureServe modifications ............................................................................................................................. 28 NatureServe Rank Calculator ............................................................................................................................. 28 Range Extent and Area of Occupancy ............................................................................................................... 28 Threat Categories and Threat Ranking ............................................................................................................... 29 4. SUMMARY OF RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS ......................................................... 33 California ................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Columbia River and Oregon Coast Regions ........................................................................................................... 36 Mainstem Columbia and Snake Rivers ................................................................................................................... 40 Puget Sound/Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Washington Coast ............................................................................ 40 Alaska ....................................................................................................................................................................
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