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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1978 Development of a colorimetric technique for measuring mechanical damage of grain Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Chowdhury, Mofazzal Hossain, "Development of a colorimetric technique for measuring mechanical damage of grain " (1978). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6450. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6450 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe. Bucks. England HP10 8HR 7913223 CHOWDnURY, MOFAZZAL HOSSAJN DEVELOPMENT OF A COLORÎMETRÎC TECHNIQUE FOP MEASURING M&CHANlCAL DAMAGE OF GRalN. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 Universe Mkapnlrns International 3oon. zeeb road, ann arbor, mi 48io6 © 1978 MOFAZZAL HOSSAIN CHOWDHURY All Rights Reserved Development of a colorimetric technique for measuring mechanical damage of grain by Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Agricultural Engineering Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charg^of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Depar^ent Signature was redacted for privacy. Forr the Graduat^ Coliege Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1978 Copyright @Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury, 1978. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I, INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II. OBJECTIVES 7 CHAPTER III, REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 CHAPTER IV. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CEREAL GRAIN 32 CHAPTER V. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEREAL GRAINS 38 CHAPTER VI. NATURE OF CORN KERNEL DAMAGE IN THE SHELLING CRESCENT OF GRAIN COMBINES 47 CHAPTER VII. DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR A GRAIN DAMAGE METER 64 CHAPTER VIII. DEVELOPMENT OF A COLORIMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATION OF MECHAÎÎICAL DAMAGE 70 CHAPTER IX. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON THE COLORIMETRIC EVALUATION OF CORN DAMAGE 125 CHAPTER X. EFFECT OF KERNEL SIZE, KERNEL M0ISTT3RE CONTENT AND CORN VARIETY ON THE COLORIMETRIC EVALUATION OF GRAIN DAMAGE 142 CHAPTER XI. DEVELOPMENT OF A NUMERICAL DAMAGE INDEX FOR CORN 158 CHAPTER XII. DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE FOR THE PROPOSED GRAIN DAMAGE METER FOR CORN 179 CHAPTER XIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 188 CHAPTER XIV. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 194 REFERENCES 196 ACKNOWLEDQIENTS 208 APPENDIX A; DESCRIPTION OF A CORN KERNEL 209 APPENDIX B: DATA ON NATURE OF CORN KERNEL DAMAGE IN COMBINES 215 APPENDIX C: STAINS FOR SPECIFIC STRUCTURE 221 iii Page APPENDIX D: REST]LT OF PRELIMINARY DAMAGE STTTOIES 223 APPENDIX E: RESULTS OF MACHINE CALIBRATION 227 APPENDIX F: EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON THE COLORIMETRIC EVALUATION OF GRAIN DAMAGE 230 APPENDIX G: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON THE COLORIMETRIC EVALUATION OF SORGHUM DAMAGE 236 APPENDIX H: DATA ON THE EFFECT OF KERNEL SIZE, KERNEL MOISTURE CONTENT, AND CORN VARIETY ON THE COLORIMETRIC EVALUATION OF GRAIN DAMAGE 248 APPENDIX I: DATA ON THE DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION ALONG CONCAVE, ABSORBANCE READING, AND COMPARISON OF DAMAGE INDICES 259 1 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION The United States is one of the most highly agriculturally mecha­ nized countries in the world. Due to the application of advanced science and technology in the field of agriculture, the United States has become one of the major grain producers and grain exporters of the world. In the year 1974, the United States produced 5.149 billion bushels of com, 2.046 billion bushels of wheat, and 1.386 billion bushels of soybeans (USDA, 1976), A major portion of the grain is utilized by the producer and the remainder of the crop moves into the trade channels for domestic use and foreign export. In the year 1974, the United States exported 0.421 bil­ lion bushels of soybeans, 1.149 billion bushels of com and 1.039 billion bushels of wheat. The grain in the field ready for harvest is undamaged and an excel­ lent source of food for man or animal. Damage to the grain begins with the mechanical process of harvesting. Practically every subsequent oper­ ation involved in the drying, transporting and handling of grain further decreases its quality. The rate of subsequent deterioration is dependent upon the initial injury sustained during such mechanical processes, par­ ticularly the harvesting (shelling) operation. During shelling, the grain is subjected to damaging impacts and compressive forces which result in the formation of hairline cracks, chipping of the pericarp and sometimes complete smashing and grinding of the kernels. Even kernels that appear externally sound have sustained 2 stress cracks (Roberts, 1972) and internal fractures (Chowdhury and Kline, 1975). During the subsequent drying and handling operations there is a further deterioration in the quality of the grain. Thompson and Foster (1963) and Peplinski, et al. (1975) reported that almost 100 percent of the com kemels sustain stress cracks during the high speed and high temperature drying operations. The amount of com kemel breakage increases as it moves further away from the initial point of harvest. A recent study by Paulsen and Hill (1977) on com breakage in overseas shipments showed that when U.S. No. 3 com was loaded on the ocean vessel at Toledo, Ohio, it had only 3.59 percent BCFM (broken com and foreign materials). The percentage broken com was determined by sieving the com samples through a 4.76 mm (12/64 in.) round hole sieve. The same load of com, when sampled frcsn barges at Rotterdam, Holland, had 15.04 percent BCFM. The 15.04 percent broken com does not include broken and scuffed kernels that did not pass through the above mentioned sieve. Mechanically injured seed may cause direct financial loss from pro­ duction to consumption, to the farmer, grain buyer, shipper and processor. Kaminski (1968) estimated that the quantity of fines produced by mechan­ ical damage had a market value of 3 cents per bushel. Small kernel frag­ ments (fines), which blow out with combine trash actually cause, a yield reduction. Mechanically damaged com had not only a lower market value and lower storage potential, but also a lower export appeal. Mechanical damage affects short and long term grain storage. Saul and Steele (1966) reported that high moisture field shelled com could 3 not be stored more than a few hours without deterioration in quality. They also reported that faster drying rates were required for damaged com to prevent spoilage between harvesting and drying and drying damage is directly related to air temperature. Thus, mechanical damage also adds to the cost of drying. Mechanically damaged shelled com molds and spoils more readily than sound com (Saul, 1967; Saul and Steele, 1966). Johnson and Lamp (1966) described the reduction of weight during the storage of com due to in­ creased respiration of the damaged product and increased biological activ­ ity of fungi and molds living in the cracks of damaged kernels and in broken pieces of grain. Mechanical damage also adds to the cost of handling and processing the com. The dry and wet milling industry has reported a reduction in both the quantity and the quality of the final products with an in­ crease in mechanical damage to the grain. Freeman (1972) reported that the com, damaged during harvesting, drying, storage, and handling can reduce production capacity of the wet milling plant and result in re­ duced yields of primary products and impair the quality of the products. Among the most serious problems caused by grain damage are poor mill- ability, low oil recovery, low starch viscosity and low pigment content of gluten.

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