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Early Chinese Faience and Glass Beads and Pendants

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Early Chinese Faience and Glass Beads and Pendants BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers Volume 25 Volume 25 (2013) Article 4 1-1-2013 Early Chinese Faience and Glass Beads and Pendants Simon Kwan Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Kwan, Simon (2013). "Early Chinese Faience and Glass Beads and Pendants." BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 25: 3-39. Available at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads/vol25/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers by an authorized editor of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EARLY CHINESE FAIENCE AND GLASS BEADS AND PENDANTS1 Simon Kwan Translated by Jeffrey A. Keller The earliest Chinese beads and pendants were composed of faience Early glass is only found in objects such as simple beads and appeared during the early Western Zhou period, around the and rods. During Egypt’s 18th dynasty, Pharaoh Tuthmosis 11th Century B.C. True glass began to be made about the time of III (1490-1437 B.C.) attacked Syria and his territory then the Spring and Autumn period (771-467 B.C.). An amazing variety extended to the border of Mesopotamia. This is when of beautiful “dragonfly-eye beads” appeared in China during the more complex shapes and glass containers entered Egypt. Warring States period (475-221 B.C.), but these were imported The Chinese discovered glass more than a thousand years and not local products. The complex eye beads were replaced after the West. The earliest Chinese faience-style glassware during the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220) by small, plain appeared in the early Western Zhou period or slightly earlier, glass beads generally intended to be strung together. Perforated around the 11th century B.C., and true glass was not created glass ear spools were also popular during this period and were in China until much later. sometimes adorned with bead strands. Small glass stringing beads Glass is a silicate whose main component is silicon as well as other forms continued in use in subsequent dynasties, dioxide (quartz). The melting point of quartz is 1,700°C, as did various types of pendants. During the Ming dynasty (1368- a temperature which cannot be reached using ancient 1644), glass was used to produce beautiful imitation jade objects kiln technology. Consequently, various fusing agents and including fanciful compound pendants. These were often finely combinations thereof were used to lower the melting point carved and exhibit a high level of craftsmanship. of the quartz. Ancient Egypt and most of Mesopotamia used pure natural bases such as soda (Na) and lime (Ca) which INTRODUCTION produced a soda-lime (Na-Ca) glass. Although there are exceptions, this was the main type of glass. Glass becomes an inorganic liquid substance after The earliest genuine Chinese glass appeared around the quartz grains are fused at high temperatures. After cooling, Spring and Autumn period (771-467 B.C.). It was produced it does not acquire a crystalline structure. Glass can be from quartz granules mixed with minerals containing lead described as still being a type of liquid at room temperature, (Pb) and barium (Ba) which acted as the fusing agents. This and some even feel glass is a fourth state that is neither glass is called lead-barium or Pb-Ba glass. Chinese glass solid, liquid, nor gas. The earliest glass appeared around the from the Warring States and Han dynasties is mostly Pb-Ba 30th century B.C. in the area encompassing Mesopotamia glass, so its composition is entirely different from that of and Syria. This type of primitive glass is called “faience” imported glass. by modern scholars. True glass appeared around the 15th century B.C. in the same area. Before the appearance of Ancient Chinese glass has always been seen as coming faience, the Badarian culture of pre-dynastic Egypt ca. 3200 from outside of China. In the early 20th century, British B.C. already knew how to use similar faience materials to scholars analyzed the composition of some ancient Chinese glasses and found that the materials used were entirely cover talc beads and fire them to create colored glaze. This different from Western glass. This reveals that the Chinese faience coating can be said to be the earliest man-made knew how to make glass since ancient times and refutes the glass substance. Ancient Western legends tell of sailors theory that Chinese glass was always imported from the accidentally producing glass when cooking on a sand West. This changed the history of Chinese glass. beach, but this story does not appear to be historically valid because glass was created after continual improvements in Chinese archaeology has rapidly advanced in recent the quality of faience led to a composite man-made material; years and much Chinese glass has been excavated. Much this process was not accidental. of this has undergone energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence BEADS 25:3-39 (2013) 4 spectrometry (EDX) which has provided a preliminary Most modern scholars think liuli or biliuli comes from outline of the changes in the chemical composition of the Sanskrit vaidurya, but to say that the words biliuli and Chinese glass. Actually, Chinese glass, apart from the liuli came from the pronunciation of vaidurya seems a little widespread use of Pb-Ba glass from the Spring and Autumn far-fetched. The 1st-century-B.C. Roman architect Vitruvius period to the Han dynasty, was continually changing. Pollio called glass caeruleum in his writings (Nicholson This may be the greatest difference between Chinese and 1993:16), and this may be the origin of biliuli, liuli, lulin, or Western glass and is the single most important characteristic luli. Many glass objects were imported from Rome during of Chinese glass. the Han dynasty, and it would have been natural to call it The principal use of Chinese glass was as decoration biliuli or liuli for short in the local dialect. This name for and it was used because of its bright colors and moldability. glass seems to not have been used before the Western Han 3 A large amount of jewelry and other objects were created, dynasty. and even though these items were not usually highly “Faience” originally referred to a type of blue-glazed valued, they have remained an important part of Chinese ceramic that came from Faenza, Italy, in the Middle Ages. craftsmanship. Therefore, research into ancient Chinese Europeans discovered that the color of these ceramics glass has been related to the important topics of ancient was similar to that of a type of “primitive glass” that the dress, fashion, foreign trade, and cultural exchange. ancient Egyptians made, so they called it faience. After this, faience became the name for the man-made “primitive GLASS AND FAIENCE glass” material found in Mesopotamia (Nicholson 1993:9). Even though the process of making faience is different from In ancient China, glass was called biliuli or liuli for that of glass, their components are largely the same. There short. Liuli came from a foreign language and its earliest is only a small difference in the amount of fusing agents use as a noun in ancient texts must be Heng Kuan’s (Western used and the temperature at which they are fired. This is Han dynasty; 206 B.C.-A.D. 25) Discourses on Salt and why faience is rightly called the predecessor of glass, or Iron: “Precious hides, colorful banners, and tapestries “primitive glass.”4 filled the mansions, and jade, coral, and glass were the state’s most treasured objects” (Huan Kwan n.d., 1). The There is a long history of faience production in Book of Han, Western Regions (vol. 96) states that “glass... Mesopotamia and Egypt, which originated in the pre- comes from... the state of Jibin” (present-day Kashmir). dynastic period (5500-3050 B.C.) of ancient Egypt, nearly The Book of Han, Geographical Records 2 (vol. 28, Xia) 2,000 years before the appearance of “primitive glass” in reveals, “From the state of Gandulu [near Myanmar] boats China. The appearance of both types of faience are extremely travel for around two months, and the state of Huangzhi [in similar and their relationship is worth investigating. India]... has made offerings since Emperor Wu’s time. There were official interpreters who, along with recruits, sent in The process of producing faience in ancient Egypt sea pearls, glass, precious stones, and strange objects.” can be divided into three parts: making the body, applying These writings reveal that glass was imported into China. the glaze, and firing. The core ingredients of faience are Excavated materials indicate that the earliest Chinese glass soda, lime, and quartz granules; i.e., Na2CO3+CaO+SiO2. appeared during the Western Zhou dynasty (1100-771 According to Pamela Vandiver’s research on ancient B.C.), and genuine, mature glass products began to appear Egyptian faience, the amount of quartz (SiO2) can reach around the transition from the Spring and Autumn period 92-99%, CaO 1-5%, and Na2O 0.5-3%, with trace amounts to the Warring States period (ca. 475 B.C.). Why was glass of other substances (Nicholson 1993:9). After the body is not mentioned in writings before the Western Han dynasty? formed, it is dried, reworked, and then glazed. The glaze Some believe that in this passage from the Book of Shang, is also a soda+lime+quartz mixture (i.e., the components Yugong, “Yongzhou, of Xihe, Heishui..
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