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Status of Cultivated & Wild Allium Species in India

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Status of Cultivated & Wild Allium Species in India Review Article THE SCITECH JOURNAL ISSN 2347-7318 ISSN 2348-2311 Online SAMANTHI Status of cultivated & wild Allium species in India : A Review N.C.Shah. Ex-Head of the Division of Botany & Pharmacognosy CIMAP (CSIR) & Founder Director, Herbal Research &Development Institute, Govt. Of U.P.(now in Uttarakhand) MS-78; Sector-”D”;Aliganj, Lucknow -24 Abstract The Allium species cultivated or found wild in India for economic use has been studied. An effort has been made to deal with the exotic and indigenous Allium species, which have been used variously as vegetable, culinary, salad, as a spices & condiment and for seasoning purpose, and occasionally as a medicine. Keywords : Allium ascalonicum, A.consanguineum, A.hookeri, A. humile,A.Macleanii,A. porrum, A. Schoenoprasum, A.stracheyi, A.govanianum, A.tuberosum, A.wallichii, Chives, 'Duna, 'Ek Kali Lahsun', 'Faran', 'Jambu', Leek, Badshah Salab, Seasoning, Shallot. Spice & Condiment Introduction Among these species, the main are; A. cepa (onion) and A.sativum (garlic) cultivated as a vegetable and for culinary purpose within the country and Allium genus has been studied by a number of botanists of the world throughout the world. The introduction of Garlic and Onion in India and under different families, viz., Liliaceae or Alliaceae, or Amaryldiaceae. China from the middle–east countries, has been lost in antiquity. The region of diversity(origin) for Allium is stated to be Central Asian However, an efforts has been made by Shah, (2014) to trace the time of region, Esquinas- Alcazar (2004). As per The Plant List (2010) there are introduction in India. 881 species of Allium (under Amaryldiaceae) found in the world and out of which, Santapau & Henry,(1973) reported only 30 and Karthikeyan, Allium cepa L. (Onion)- et al., (1989) have enumerated 36 species from India. In this study, an It has been cultivated since time immemorial, it is stated to be originated effort has been made to nd out, the uses of the exotic and indigenous in the Near East and Central Asia. These are known not only for the use in Allium species, which have been used variously as vegetable, culinary, cooking, but also for their antiseptic properties, in Egypt, onions were salad, as a spices & condiment and for seasoning purpose, and used in the process of mummication. Presently, these are used in two occasionally as a medicine. stages, the fresh onion, also called “sweet” onions and has a milder taste In the present communication the Allium species of India are studied as used as vegetable and salad. The dry onion, also called “storage,” onions, under: have a stronger avor mainly used for culinary purpose to make gravy and for salad. In India it is extensively cultivated for trade purpose in i. The most common species of Allium, found through out India Nasik(Maharashtra). under cultivation and trade; A. cepa and A.sativum Allium sativum L. (Garlic) ii. The introduced and cultivated species, for the use of the westerners and later also adopted by the local people, for culinary A native to Central Asia, and has historically been prized for both and salad purpose. culinary and medicinal uses. However, Thorwald Jurgan (1962,p.92-93) had stated, that it was used to keep humans free from diseases like; iii. The wild species of Allium growing wild in the montane & dysentery, typhoid, fever, and cholera. A combination of garlic, onion and submontane regions, in the Indian Himalayas and used by the local radish were distributed among the Pyramid workers for prophylactic people as spice & condiment and for seasoning purpose, mainly in used based on empirical knowledge. Garlic has the strongest avor of all Uttarakhand, Nepal, Darjeeling and Sikkim. the Alliums. A hardy perennial, garlic grows as bulbs, which are made up of cloves. The plant has been dealt in detail, Shah,(2014). iv. The species which were earlier imported as crude drug and were well used in Unani and Ayurvedic medicines and were sold in Indian ii. The introduced and cultivated Allium species for the use of the Bazars. westerners and later also adopted by the local people, for culinary and salad purpose. v. The Allium species, which grow wild but their uses if any are yet not known. In this category the Allium species earlier introduced and cultivated in India either for culinary purpose and salad mainly, by the westerners, who vi. The Allium species earlier reported to found in India (British India) but now these are not recorded. Recieved: July 2014 Accepted: August 2014 I. The most common species of Allium, which are commonly cultivated and traded through out India *Corresponding Author E mail: shainc [email protected] 32 THE 28 THE SCITECH JOURNAL VOL. 01 ISSUE 09 SEPTEMBER 2014 Review Article THE SCITECH JOURNAL ISSN 2347-7318 ISSN 2348-2311 Online introduced it for their own use in the British period. These are only seen aphrodisiac. At one time, it was used through out India as it is not much in the vegetable markets of metropolitan cities in India mostly used by foul-smelling like common garlic. It lowers down high blood pressure, the western hoteliers The species are; A.ascalonicum, L. ( Shallot); A. and gives strength to the body. Its oil is also used in medicine in arthritis. porrums Linn. A. ampeloprasum L. var. porrum.(L.) Leek. Chemical constituents & Pharmacology A.ascalonicum, L. Shallot Asolkar et al., (1992) report that it contains fructose and other sugars, Earlier, in India, it was known with number of vernacular names such glucosamine and uronic acid, lysine. The brown skin of bulb contains as; Arabic- Kirath; Hindi-Ek kanda, Lahshun, Ek poti Lahshun; quercetol and its glucosides. Fresh leaves contain avones. It is anti- Bengali-Paru or Gandham; Panjab-Gandana, Gandhan; Kashmiri- cogulant, brinolytic and hypocholestremic and shows signicant Praan; Nepal-Chyapi; Malayalam- Cheriya ulli or Chuvanna ulli; activity against P388 lymphocytic leukaemia in mice. Tamil- Chinna vengayam or (sambhar vengayam or the onion of Sambhar) as it is an important ingredient of Sambhar. It is reported that it Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz): Carbohydrates- 16.8 g; Sugars-7.87 is native of Palestine and believed that shallots came to Europe through g; Dietary ber- 3.2 g; Fat-0.1 g; Protein-2.5 g; Thiamine (vitamin B1)- the Crusaders from Ascalon, an ancient Israeli city and such, it is named 0.06mg; Rivoavin-(vitamin B2)-0.2%; Niacin(Vitamin B3)-0.2mg; after that city as Allium ascalonicum, Pantothenic acid (vit.B4)-0.29mg; Vitamin B6-0.345mg; Folic acid (Vitamin B9)-34 μg; Vitamin C-8mg; Calcium-37 mg; Iron-1.2 mg; Usually, it may have two cloves, and occasionally as many as ten. Shallot Magnesium-21 mg; Mangnese-0.292 mg;Phosphorus-60mg; bulbs grow in clusters and have a distinctive tapered shape that sets Potassium-334 mg; Zinc-0.4mg, (www. free wikepedia shallot,); them apart from other members of the onion family. Most often these are of copper brown color or reddish. Their avor, sometimes described Collet, (1921) reported that A.ascalonicum, L. (the shallot) was as a blend of sweet onion and garlic. It is the favourite of gourmet chefs. cultivated in Simla hills. Santapau & Henry,(1973) reported that it is It is about 30- 60 cm. high and perennial plant. No seeds are produced cultivated in South Indian gardens and there are earlier reports that it was and propagate only by cloves or bulblets. Its morphology resembles both not only cultivated in South India but also exported to Sri Lanka & with the onion and garlic. The bulblets resembles garlic and its texture Malaysia,(Pruthi,1976). Now, it has to be conrmed, whether it is still and color with onion. cultivated in South India, if so the exact places are to be recorded and also to get information about its export. However, the leak and chives are Earlier, Dymock & Hooper, (1891, p.492) described it, and stated that it seldom used and cultivated in Indian culture. The small bulbs are is called by the natives (Indians) Ek-dana-lasun or Ekla-kali' lasan, variable and sold in crude drug market from Rs. 20/-to 100/-per kg in meaning 'one-clove garlic," and is used by them to cure ear-ache; when a crude drug market, Negi,(2006). small piece being placed in the meatus. It is also fried in butter and preserved in honey as an aphrodisiac.The shallot was also adopted in Allium porrum L. syn. A. ampeloporasum L .var. porrum (L.). Regel Ayurveda as a medicinal herb. In South India, as a culinary, it is used as Leek. or the Egyptian Garlic. These are the largest member of the an especial ingredient of Sambhar. Allium family and are big in size. These are cultivated and also found However, most of the Ayurvedic physicians mis-identify the shallot with wild. The wild plant is commonly known as 'wild leek' or 'broadleaf wild the leak. In Nepal, shallots are used as one of the ingredients for making leek.' distribution: southern Europe to Western Asia. Wild populations momo. In Kashmir shallots are widely used in preparation of Wazwan produce bulbs up to 3 cm across. Now being cultivated in many countries Kashmiri cuisine due to their distinct avour shallots are also used in and naturalized. It is stated to be native of Crimea. The species may have South Eastern countries. been introduced to Britain by prehistoric people. Plant up to 1 m. tall. bulb ovoid, 3-4 cm. broad, scaly. and scape arising from the centre of the bulb. Leaves 6-12, linear ,1-2 cm. broad, at. Umbel globose and many owered.
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