11th ESRI India User Conference 2010
Ground Water Quality mapping in Gorakhpur District Parul Singh M. Tech. Student Dr. R.K. Shukla Assistant Professor (Department of Civil Engineering) M.M.M Engineering College Gorakhpur Affiliated by U.P. technical university, U.P.
Abstract: About the Author:
The rivers and the water reservoirs are supposed to be the life line of any civilization . The ground water is most prime water which has multipurpose uses ranging from drinking to industrial and agricultural uses. The quality requirement varies distinctly with respect to the specific uses. For instance drinking water must have specified quality, which is not at all Name : Parul singh essential for industrial uses. Though ground water appears to be less prone to pollutant Designation : Student mixing yet there are a number of potential Department : Civil Enginreeng source of ground water pollution. Mail add: [email protected] The alarming increase in the level of pollution of water is a serious threat. This needs to be Mob.: 09554532348 taken up with utmost priority. The city of Mailing Address : PARUL SINGH Gorakhpur is also not untouched with this S.No. 31, Bichhiya Rly, Transit House serious issue. The pollution level of the major water sources in and around the city is going Charphatak N.E. Rly., Gorakhpur, on increasing rapidly. The study area, Uttar Pradesh, India Gorakhpur is a city in the eastern part of the Co-Author(s): Dr. R. K. Shukla state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near the border Asstt.Prof in Civil Engineering Mob +91 with Nepal. [email protected] The main objective of the present study has M.M.M Engineering College Gorakhpur been to study the variation of ground water OR quality in Gorakhpur district. By using 59 Dr.B.lal Scientist ‘SD’ samples of water from hand pumps and tube [email protected] And wells from 59 locations well distributed withing Dr. Arvind Mathur Scientist ‘SC’ Gorakhpur District were analysed for different [email protected] Remote parameters such as pH. Electric conductivity, Sensing Application Centre Lucknow U.P. carbonates, Bicarbonates, chloride Total hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and SAR. Global Position System Acknowledgements: The authors are (GPS) was used to record the sample locations thankful to the UP State Remote Sensing and the quality parameters were mapped using Application Centre, Lucknow and Madan ARCMAP Geographical Information System Mohan Malaviya Engineering College, (GIS). This study is carried out with the Gorakhpur for providing the instruments objectives of assessment of water quality and lab facilities to carry out this work. status of Gorakhpur city region and identification of contaminated or polluted zones so that the appropropriate remidial measures can be taken.
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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010
Introduction
Water plays a vital role in the development of any activity in the area. Thus, the availability of surface and ground water governs the process of planning & development. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but groundwater resources have not yet been properly developed through exploration. Keeping this in view, the present study attempts to select suitable locations for groundwater areas using an integrated approach of & GIS.
These locations were entered into GIS as point coverage through digitization and transformed into geographical coordinate systems. These points were used as input in interpolation process. Each point location was assigned a unique code in their feature attribute table. The ground water as well soil and corresponding chemical data (EC, pH, calcium and potassium for each point were entered as separate database. These associated information were linked to the corresponding point data through a common field (sampling code) for the approximation. Arc view (ver.9.2) GIS software with spatial extension module was used for interpolation
Definition of Groundwater: Groundwater is defined as the water present in the saturated zone beneath the water table. As noted above, the pore spaces between the particles of the porous medium are completely or nearly completely filled with water, so that all water is in contact and the water pressure increases proportionally with depth. Sources of Groundwater Pollution: The major sources of groundwater pollution are principally the same as those of soil pollution and include landfills (waste dumps), accidental spills, agriculture, septic tanks, and atmospheric deposition. Dissolved pollutants move with the percolating soil water into groundwater, while organic liquid pollutants may reach the groundwater autonomously. In addition, in areas where surface water infiltrates to groundwater, surface water pollution is a potential source of groundwater contamination. Materials And Methods
is a city in the eastern part of the state of Uttar (ﮔﻮرﮐﻬﭙﻮر :Study area : Gorakhpur (Hindi: xksj[kiqj, Urdu Pradesh in India, near the border with Nepal. It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur District and Gorakhpur Division and of Gorakhpur in one of the most important cities of eastern Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and the principal town in the transghagar plain. The name of the city has been assigned after the name of saint Guru Gorakhpur of 12th century. It is situated at 26º45’ north latitude and 83º22’east longitude, in Taral belt and located in the middle of district Gorakhpur at the confluence of river Rapti and Rohni. The location of
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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010
the city is very important strategic being located quite near to Indo-Nepal Border and very well connected by Railway. Roads and Airways from other part of the country. Collection of Water (ground water)Samples and their Analysis For the study of the water quality in the area under consideration the samples of water were collected in the sterilised plastic containers of 2 liter capacity from the hand pump, well as well as tube wells water The collected samples of the ground water were analyzed, for their physical and chemical characteristics, in the laboratory using the standard methodology Results And Discussion
A total overview of the water quality status of any city can only be understood by a comprehensive and critical study of all the components of the aquatic and soil ecosystem and their interrelationship. However, it is rather a difficult task to be undertaken by the author alone for project work consequently the author has selected physiochemical parameter of water for detail investigations on the water quality status in Gorakhpur city region. In the following text the analytical values obtained for various parameters are represented with reference permissible and desirable limit (IS:10500) which are demarcated with green and red lines. The quality of water for drinking purpose is discussed with IS:10500 standard norms. Brief detail of the parameters are given below : pH pH is the major of the intensity of acidity or alkalinity and measures the concentration of hydrogen ion in the water. However, it does not major total acidity or alkalinity pH is generally measured on a log scale an equal to negative logarithmic of hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of water sample in the entire investigation ranges from 6.95 at location no. 26 to 8.16 at location no. 14 including all sampling locations i.e. handpump, tubewell and well water. As per IS:10500 standard for drinking purpose the allowable limit of pH is 6.5 to 8.5 and the study indicates all the water samples are in safe limit and do not shows any health hazard. EC (Electrical Conductivity) Electrical Conductivity represent the salt content of water. By analyzing electrical conductivity pollution status can be ascertained. Electrical conductivity fluctuate from 230 µs/cm at location Jatepur to 7670 µs/cm at location Golghar in the handpump while the tubewell depicted the EC in the range of 583 µs/ms at location Vansampati to 1560 at location khajini and well water shows the EC value from 332µs/ms at location Divyanager to 1440 at location Nasur, the highest EC value was observed at Jatepur i.e. 7670, which is a very high value as per standard except sampling location Jatepur, all the other water sample are found to be in the safe limit.
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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010
Potassium Concentration in natural water is usually less than 10 mg/l. measured with. Potassium is an essential constituent and no limit has been set by any agency for potable water. In most of the water sample potassium concentration is found below 10mg/l the concetraion of potassium at differntet sources viz. handpump ,Tubewell and Well water observed between 6.002 meq/ ( Markarla ) to 0.013 meq/ [Golghar
(Kali Mandir)] respectvily. Potassium was found to be in safe limit at all locations.
Chloride There is no evidence that chloride constitute any human health hazards for this reason, chloride are generally limited 250mg/l in supply intended for public used in many area of the world The permissible limit of chloride is set 250mg/l/7.4 meq/l) as per IS standard Chloride concentration in Gorakhpur city region varied from 21.2 meq/ at location khajini to 0.52 meq/ at location Shastri Chowk. including all the sampling source like handpump, tubewell and well. except sampling location khajini all the water sample are found to be in the safe limit
Fig:1 – Title of the Figure (Name of the figure should be given just below the figure)
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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010
Table 1 Water Quality Analysis (Handpump, tubewell and well) at the various locations
Sl.No. Locations Description pH EC Ca Mg Na K CO3 HCO3 Cl CaCO3 meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l µs/cm meq/l 2.59 1 Mohaddipur Chauraha Handpump 7.68 860 2.08 3.54 0.09 NIL 9.01 5.01 3.01 2.72 NIL 2 MMM Engg. College Handpump 7.33 987 3.01 6.41 0.02 9.01 6.09 4.55 0.45 NIL 3 Kurnaghat Handpump 8.14 327 1.01 0.06 0.03 6.05 5.04 4.55 1.85 NIL 4 Sardar Nagar Sugar Mill Handpump 7.54 395 5.06 1.95 0.02 11.5 1.08 7.55 0.63 NIL 5 Sariya Disllary Handpump 7.33 387 1.09 5.06 0.02 6.05 3.02 7.05 1.50 NIL 6 Suba Bazaar Handpump 7.58 362 3.03 0.22 0.03 8.01 6.05 3.25 1.43 NIL 7 Ranidia Handpump 7.16 582 3.01 0.89 0.01 8.05 7.01 3.09 0.29 NIL 8 Singharia Handpump 7.45 640 0.65 0.03 0.03 4.05 2.09 0.95 0.17 NIL 9 Nanda Nagar Handpump 7.89 570 2.05 1.02 2.04 1.09 1.82 3.25 0.45 NIL 10 ITM (GIDA) Handpump 7.47 351 2.09 1.46 0.01 9.05 19.1 3.55 3.63 NIL 11 Transport Nagar (Mahewa) Handpump 7.02 1270 2.09 2.11 0.00 0.65 10.4 4.02 2.55 NIL 12 Gita Vatika Handpump 8.01 470 5.65 1.00 0.13 0.06 6.01 2.65 1.40 NIL 13 Sahapur Handpump 7.81 691 1.05 1.65 0.10 0.65 4.05 3.15 1.44 NIL 14 Fatima Road (Bypass Road) Handpump 8.16 398 1.65 1.01 0.29 0.35 4.04 2.75 1.26 NIL 15 Kanchanpur (Saria Bazaar) Handpump 7.04 830 2.02 3.03 0.08 0.45 6.09 5.05 2.19 NIL 16 Raptinagar (Medical Road) Handpump 7.44 754 1.51 1.64 0.06 0.65 4.05 3.15 1.91 NIL 17 Asuran Chauraha Handpump 7.44 754 2.35 0.02 0.04 0.75 5.08 2.55 2.00 0.03 NIL 18 Jatepur Handpump 7.38 230 3.01 0.89 0.09 2.02 3.09 1.12 NIL 19 Fertilizer Road Handpump 7.02 1160 3.09 1.91 0.03 0.05 5.05 5.01 2.91 NIL 20 Gorakhnath Mandir Handpump 7.63 754 1.05 0.07 0.02 0.75 4.01 2.02 2.35 NIL 21 Suraj Kund Handpump 7.24 300 4.01 1.29 0.01 0.85 17.4 5.03 0.08 NIL 22 Railway Station Handpump 7.26 1330 4.55 1.09 4.04 0.75 6.01 6.45 3.45 NIL 23 Golghar (Kali Mandir) Handpump 7.04 7670 2.55 3.95 0.07 0.95 8.03 6.05 1.44 NIL 24 Bakshipur Chauraha Handpump 7.17 990 3.75 4.01 0.07 0.85 14.9 3.05 2.40 NIL 25 Shastri Chowk Handpump 6.95 1010 1.01 1.05 0.01 0.08 0.52 2.15 2.93 NIL 26 Betihata Handpump 7.51 1120 1.65 1.01 0.16 0.06 5.07 2.65 3.04 NIL 27 Charuchandra puri (Kasya Road) Handpump 7.75 997 3.07 1.75 0.03 0.65 15.1 5.45 2.84 NIL 28 Padleganj Handpump 7.01 916 1.15 0.95 0.08 0.04 2.09 2.01 1.57 NIL 29 Charphatak (Mohaddipur) Handpump 7.67 584 2.02 0.85 0.08 6.01 8.06 3.05 NIL 30 Daudpur Handpump 7.01 1070 2.45 1.33 2.45 0.06 0.52 2.87 3.78 NIL 31 Humaunpur Handpump 7.45 650 1.52 0.98 2.47 0.04 0.05 2.45 2.05 NIL 47 Mainbhager Handpump 6.01 312 1.03 2.01 2.01 0.08 6.95 9.05 3.04 NIL 49 Sherpur Chamraha Handpump 7.79 667 2.01 2.01 2.32 0.04 4.09 16.01 4.02
NIL Maximum 8.16 7670 5.65 6.41 3.63 4.04 11.5 19.1 7.55
NIL Minimum 6.01 47 0.65 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.52 0.95
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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010
Sam.No. Locations Description pH EC Ca Mg Na K C03 HCO3 Cl CaCO3 µs/cm meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l 1. Vansapti Tubewell 7.16 583 1.07 2.93 0.42 0.07 0 6.01 4.09 4.01 2. Belwar Tubewell 7.74 682 1.08 1.92 1.39 0.03 0 9.01 8.01 3-Jan 3. Kusumi Jangal Tubewell 7.21 776 2.15 0.95 1.88 0.02 0 4.05 2.04 3.01 4. Khajini Tubewell 6.95 1560 4.02 0.93 3.65 0.12 0 6.01 21.2 4.95 5. Hardalganj Tubewell 7.02 605 1.95 0.04 1.01 0.02 0 0.05 2.07 2.35 6. Kushmiroad Tubewell 7.86 475 2.76 1.76 1.09 0.06 0 0.14 4.51 4.52 7. Mahla Tubewell 7.00 1456 2.01 0.34 2.17 0.12 0 7.01 19.01 2.34 8. Bargadwa Tubewell 7.02 1267 4.05 1.96 1.07 0.20 0 1 2.05 6.01 9. Lalganj Tubewell 6.95 734 1.02 4.02 1.90 0.05 0 1.04 6.09 5.04 10. Mainbhagar Tubewell 7.45 891 1.01 1.02 4.02 2.03 0 3.05 7.34 2.03 11. Sanjhai Tubewell 7.12 634 2.56 1.52 1.12 0.42 0 0.45 7.09 4.08 12. Atraulla Tubewell 7.82 793 3.89 1.23 4.01 1.89 0 7.02 6.12 5.12 13. Bilanpur Tubewell 6.99 973 2.88 1.02 5.67 2.78 0 4.87 3.01 4.08 14. Madhopur Tubewell 7.09 773 1.76 1.03 3.08 0.88 0 2.95 2.96 3.06
Maximum 7.86 1560 4.05 4.02 5.67 2.78 0 9.01 21.2 6.01
Minimum 6.95 475 1.01 0.04 0.42 0.07 0 0.05 2.005 2.03
Sam.No. Locations Description pH EC Ca Mg Na K C03 HCO3 Cl CaCO3 µs/cm meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l 1. Jharkhandi well 7.35 847 3.05 0.71 1.62 0.01 0 3.06 15.1 4.21 2. Divyanager well 7.68 332 1.25 0.89 0.30 0.02 0 1.09 9.01 2.14 3. Meshra well 7.28 471 1.05 2.07 0.38 0.06 0 3.01 8.05 3.12 4. Nausar well 7.78 1440 2.02 2.05 0.40 2.01 0 3.04 5.09 4.25 5. Lacchipur well 7.49 1230 2.01 1.01 3.33 0.06 0 0.09 7.01 3.01 6. Rashulpur well 7.77 431 0.75 0.25 4.60 0.13 0 1.03 14.1 1.25 7. Rustampur well 7.03 850 1.04 1.05 2.30 0.02 0 1.06 12.1 2.45 8. Chargawah well 7.02 1040 1.75 1.25 2.88 0.08 0 0.09 2.05 0.03 9. Markarla well 8.01 354 3.01 3.02 3.01 0.03 0 0.52 5.09 6.03 10. Kumrwa well 7.47 593 3.03 2.03 2.45 0.45 0 5.99 4.45 5.06 11. Kunrwa well 7.95 547 3.14 1.09 4.12 0.45 0 8.03 3.06 5.04 12. Markarla well 7.89 921 3.11 3.01 2.03 6.00 0 3.56 2.04 6.12
Maximum 8.01 1440 3.14 3.02 4.60 6.002 0 8.03 15.1 6.12
Minimum 7.02 332 0.75 0.25 0.30 0.018 0 0.09 2.04 0.03
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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010
Conclusion:
On the basis of the present exercise is an endeavor to integrate the high technology of Satellite remote sensing GIS with the conventional field methodologies and data collection procedures, adapted higher to by numerous Govt. Agencies. The efforts has been to acquire data in respect to various natural resources in Gorakhpur city region Chemical analysis ground soil and water quality was done for specific period. Detailed results for different samples are incorporated in the report. The analysis of water sample of the study reveal at all the analyzed parameters are within permissible limit. As per IS standard with few exception for example Electrical Conductivity at Jatepur, Calcium and Magnesium show the high value at few locations but such high values do not pose any health hazards problems to users, the high value of Chloride at one location i.e., Khajini may produce a salty taste. Over all water quality study area found to be good.
References:
• Burrough, P.A., R.A. McDonnell (1998), Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford University Press, 333 pp., Oxford, • Dhameja Suresh Kumar 2005-06 (Second edition) Environmental Engineering and Management S.K. Kataria & Sons Guru Nanak Market, Delhi. • Fytianos, K. and C. Christophoridis (2004) Nitrate, Arsenic and Chloride Pollution of Drinking Water in Northern Greece. Elaboration by Applying GIS’, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 93:55-67. • Kaushik, N.K, et al. 1963. A study of well waters in rural Delhi. Indian Jl. of Environ. Health, 5,128-138. • Maps: Remote sensing application centre Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow – 226021 • Santra S.C. (2005) Environmental Science (Second edition) New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkota. • Remote Sensing for Resouce and Environment Surveys, A Progress review-1974 (National Research Council, National Academy of Science Committee on Remote Sensing Programmes for Earth Resource Surveys, U.S.) • Toposheet no.: 63N/5, 63N/6, 63N/10, and 63N/11 North West part and east part
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