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Regurgitation by the Face Fly, Musca Autumnalis Degeer

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Regurgitation by the Face Fly, Musca Autumnalis Degeer University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1984 Regurgitation by the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer Russell E. Coleman University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Coleman, Russell E., "Regurgitation by the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1984. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4370 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Russell E. Coleman entitled "Regurgitation by the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Entomology and Plant Pathology. Reid R. Gerhardt, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Charles D. Pless, M. L. Pan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Russell E. Coleman entitled "Regurgitation by the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer." I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Entomology and Plant Pathology. Reid R. Gerhardt, Major Professor We have read this thesis an�d i t;s ,xce: 9z--� Accepted for the Council: The Graduate School REGURGITATION BY THE fACE ·r'LY MUSCA AUTUMNALIS (DeGeer) A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree ·The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Russell E. Coleman December 1984 Copyright © Russell E. Coleman, 1984 All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Drs. R.R. Gerhardt, M.L. Pan and C.D. Pless for serving on my thesis committee. I would also like to thank Dr. Gerhardt, major professor, for the advice and assistance freely given througout the course of my education here. He has made this study both pleasurable and rewarding. Special thanks are due Dr. M.L. Pan for his assis­ tance with the electrophoretic work and his generous gift of time and equipment, and Dr. J.B. McLaren, whose aid in the statistical analysis of data was invaluable. Dr. F.M. Hopkins generously donated the use of the facilities at the UT Veterinary Animal Clinic. The use of the T.V. Services of the UT Veterinary Teaching Hospital are appreciated. The video analysis of regurgitation took a great deal of time and eftort on the part of Mr. Wayne 8tagg and without his capable advice and assistance this production would have been impossible. Any faults in the video are my own. Assistance in the statistical analysis of data, alony with a two-week crash course in the use of computers, was treely provided by Joey Williamson and Nancy and Bruce Greene and special thanks are due to them. Dr. P.L. Lambdin was extremely helpful, and patient, in giving advice and lessons on the uses of the computer. iii Personal thanks are extended to Larry Hribar, Anita Baker, Clarence Maslowski, Mark Giesemann and Robert Fort tor various reasons. Their help and friendship has been greatly appreciated. To my parents go my utmost thanks, as without their encouragement, love, guidance and enthusiasm none of this would have been possible. To my in-laws I have deep appreciation for their support and love. My wite, Susan, has encouraged and aided me for the duration ot this study, and has made the last two years both easier and more rewarding. This thesis is in large a result of her dedication and love. I hereby acknowledge with thanks the permission granted by the Canadian Entomologist, th� editor, Dr. E. C. Becker, and the author, Dr. A.J. Thomson, to use tigure 1 from "Synchronization of tunction in the foregut of the blowfly Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphor- idae) during the crop emptying process" (1975). iv ABSTRACT Face flies normally began regurgitating within 1-U minutes after feeding, and continued for periods of up to 240 minutes. Almost 100 percent of flies fed a concen­ trated (4.8%) solution of trypticase-soy broth were observed regurgitating. The deposition of droplets onto a substrate was almost never observed, indicating that the regurgitation is not analagous to vomiting. The droplet exuded contained from five to ten percent of the food consumea, with the crop the source ot the fluid. The crop is also the most likely destination ot the regurgitated material. The purpose of this phenomenon is still not clear. however, the fluid in the regurgitation droplet was almost constantly circulating, possibly increasing the concentration of the liquid through the evaporation of excess water. This theory is supportea by results from tests on the osmolality of the reyurgitated droplets. The osmolality of the regurgitation dro�lets was more than two times greater than that of the ingested food, indicating some change had taken place. The effect of various factors on regurgitation was also determined. The concentration and amount and type of food all significantly affected regurgitation. Solid foods did not result in regurgitation, and large amounts and high concentrations of liquids increased the V frequency and duration of the process. Low relative humidity levels significantly increased the occurrance ot regurgitation, and a temperature of 29 ° C promoted regurgitation. Significant differences were found when interactions between these factors were examined. Since regurgitation droplets were rarely deposited onto a substrate, various factors were examined which would result in this deposition. Increasing the number of flies within a given area increased the number ot drops deposited, however, the actual number of drops deposited per fly did not increase. More important was t�e effect of adding unted tlies to flies already regurgitating. Flies which were regurgitating normally remained motionless, with no·interactions occurring between regurgitating flies. Unfed flies actively searched tor a meal, and during the search often disturbed regurgitating flies. ,This resulted in the deposition of droplets onto the substrate. The presence of a cow also increased this deposition of droplets. This was due to activity of the cow, and may also have been a result of the microclimate produced by the cow. These results prove that face flies frequently reyurgitate and may in fact be ideal vectors of pathogens. vi TABLE Or' CONTENTS CHAPTER PAG� I • INTRODUCTION. ................................ l i The Face Fly •.•••••••••••••.•...••••.•. 1 ii Regurgitation ••••.•.••.•.•.•.....•.•... 7 iii Purpose of this Study ..•...••...•••.•.• 15 II. ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISM OF REGURGITATION BY THE FACE FLY.............. 18 i Introduction •.••.••..••.•...•.•.•...•.• 18 ii Materials and Methods •••.•.•...•....... 19 iii Results and Discussion .•...•..•.•...• 25 iv Summary............................. 39 III. THE EFFECT OF VARIAION IN INGESTED FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON REGURGITATION...... 40 i Introduction .•..•••.•••••..••••.••.••.. 40 ii Materials and Methods •..•••••.•...•••.• 41 iii Results and Discussion ••••.•.••••.••..• 46 iv S umrnary .••.•.••••••..•.•..••••...• 68 IV. l"ACTORS AFFECTING REGURGITATION ONTO THE EY ES OF CATTLB .••.•...••.•.•.••..•. 70 i Introduction ••...•••...••.••..•...••.•• 70 ii Materials and Methods •..•...•.••...•. 71 iii Results and Discussion ••..•.•••.••.•. 74 iv Summary••••• ••••••••••• ••• •• ••••••••• 81 v. CONCLUSIONS •..•••••••.••.••••.•.••••••••••.• 82 REFER�NCES CITED ••.•••..•••••..•...•............•... 86 VITA....... • 98 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Effect of Age and Sex of Flies on Regurgitation.. •..••. .•.•. .•. •••.•....... • 28 2. The Destination of Regurgitated Fluid Containing Nigrosin•• •. ...••. ••••.••. ••••.. 33 3. The Volume of Regurgitation Droplets Collected from �lies Fed 3.0% and 4.8% Solutions of Trypticase-soy broth•• ..•... •••• 35 4. Effect of Type of Food Ingested on Regurgitation. ... .. .... ...... .. .. ..... ..... 47 5. ANOVA: Effects of Relative Humidity, Amount of TSB, and Concentration ot TSB on Regurgitation (Transformed).. .. .... ..... ... .. 50 6. ANOVA: Effects· of Temperature, Amount of TSB, and Concentration of TSB_on Regurgitation (Transformed Values) •.•. ••••. .. 50 7. Mean Separation for the Effects of Relative Humidity Levels on Regurgitation .••• : •••.•••. 54 8. Mean 8eparation for the Interactions Between Relative Humidity Level and Arnou n t of Ts B • •• • . •• •. •. •• •. •. •• . .. .. •. 5 6 9. Mean Separation for the Interactions Between Relative Humidity and Concentration ot TSB •.•••.•...•.. •.... .•.. •.. 57 10. Mean Separation for the Interactions Between Amount of TSB and Concen- tration of TSB. ...... ............. .......... 58 11. Mean Separation for the Interactions Between Temperature and Amount of TSB ••...••• SY 12. Mean Separation for the Interactions Between Temperature and Concentra- tion ot TSB........... ................. .... .. 60 13. Etfect of the Presence of a Cow
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