Aquae Iasae – Nova Otkrića U Rimskom Svetištu – S Posebnim

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DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae 255

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ

Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu / Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 19 HR – 10000 Zagreb [email protected] Aquae Iasae – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom na kultove Apolona, Eskulapa i Serapisa Aquae Iasae – new discoveries in the Roman sanctuary – with special regard to the cults of Apollo, Aesculapius and Serapis

UDK / UDC: 903.7(497.5 Varaždinske Toplice)’’652’’ Izvorni znanstveni rad / Original scientific paper

Članak obrađuje rezultate novih istraživanja The paper presents the results of the new ar- u Varaždinskim Toplicama, koja su provede- chaeological excavations in Varaždinske Toplice, na od 2011. do 2015. godine na prostoru rim- conducted from 2011 to 2015 in the area of the skog svetišta, oko prirodnog izvora termalne Roman sanctuary built around the natural hot vode. Istraživanjima je ustanovljeno da je u 1. spring. The excavations have shown that a wide stoljeću izvor bio ograđen na širem prostoru, area around the spring was enclosed during the a u 2. stoljeću oko njega se gradi pravokut- 1st century AD, while a rectangular structure was na konstrukcija – izvorišni bazen veličine 8 built around it in the 2nd century AD; a spring res- x 13, 5 m, iz kojeg se sustavom kanala termal- ervoir 8 x 13.5 meters in size, from which thermal na voda odvodila u kupališta. Pokazalo se da water was then lead to the baths through a sys- su za popravke izvorišnog bazena u 4. sto- tem of canals. It was discovered that the spring ljeću korišteni stariji natpisi, reljefi, pa čak reservoir was repaired in the 4th century AD i skulpture koje su, kao običan građevinski using older inscriptions, reliefs, and even sculp- materijal, poslužile za gradnju i zatrpavanje. tures, which were used as regular construction Pronađeno je više od 50 žrtvenika, natpisa i material for masonry and backfill. More than 50 reljefa, a u samome izvorištu oko 17.000 rim- sacrificial altars, inscriptions, and reliefs were skih kovanica. U članku se pozornost poseb- found, while the spring itself contained 17,000 no obratila na dio nalaza koji svjedoči o pri- Roman coins. Special attention is given in the sutnosti kultova Apolona (Apolona – Sola), paper to the finds that confirm the existence of 256 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) Eskulapa i Serapisa u razdoblju s 2. na 3. cults dedicated to Apollo (Apollo/Sol), Aesculapi- stoljeće, a koji govore o popularnosti ovoga us, and Serapis at the baths during the 2nd and 3rd svetišta i među najvišim državnim službeni- century AD, which also testify to the popularity cima toga vremena. Novi nalazi ukazuju i na of this sanctuary among the highest government mogućnost da je oko termalnog izvora bilo i officials of the time. New finds also indicate the proročište, a prema nalazu jednog reljefa s possibility of an oracle around the spring, and a natpisom može se pretpostaviti točan datum relief with an inscription could allow us to infer održavanja svečanosti u čast ženskih božan- the exact date of the festivities held in honour stava – Izide Fortune, Venere i nimfa. of female deities: Isis/Fortuna, Venus, and the nymphs. Varaždinske Toplice, termalna sumporna voda, izvorišni bazen, Apolon, Varaždinske Toplice, thermal sul- Eskulap,Ključne riječi:Serapis, proročište phur water, spring reservoir, Apollo, Aesculapius, Serapis,Key words: oracle

Slika / Figure 1: Kompleks rimske arhitekture u gradskom parku u Varaždinkim Toplicama (avionski snimak: Vektra, Varaždin). / Roman architectural complex in the town park in Varaždinske Toplice (aerial photo by Vektra, Varaždin).

KOMPLEKS RIMSKE ARHITEKTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEX U GRADSKOM PARKU IN THE TOWN PARK - - - Od 1953. godine Arheološki muzej u Zagre Since 1953, the Archaeological Museum in Za bu provodi istraživanja na prostoru grad- greb has conducted excavations at the town skog parka u Varaždinskim Toplicama. Na park in Varaždinske Toplice. A public Roman- toj je lokaciji, na površini od 6000 m², ot architectural complex was discovered at the kriven kompleks rimske javne arhitekture,- site, covering an area of 6000 m² and com- a sastoji se od dvije cjeline – kupališnog- prised of two separate sections: the thermae dijela (kupalište i bazilika) i svetišta izgra section (the baths and basilica) and the sanctu đenog oko prirodnog1 izvora termalne sum ary built around the natural1 spring of thermal porne vode (sl. 1, 2). (fotografije 1, 2). sulphur water (Fig. 1, 2). (foto 1, 2). - 1 - 1 Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 24-27, 36-41; Nemeth- Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 24-27, 36-41; Nem Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014a, 133-140; Nemeth-Ehrlich, Ku eth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014a, 133-140; Nemeth-Ehrlich, šan Špalj, 2015, 24-27, 36-41. Kušan Špalj, 2015, 24-27, 36-41; DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 257 - th - st Od 1. do 4. stoljeća izgradnja na ovome pro From the 1 to the 4 century, construction in- storu uglavnom je bila prilagođena položa- this area was in accordance with the position ju i značaju prirodnog izvorišta tako što je- and significance of the natural spring in the re građevinskim rješenjima postignuto opti- gard that optimal use of the thermal water was- malno korištenje termalne vode, a istovre achieved through structural solutions, while meno je arhitektonskim oblikovanjem na at the same time using architectural interven- glašen i njegov mistični te kultni karakter. tions to emphasize the mystical and cult nature- Sva dosadašnja istraživanja, brojni nalazi -i of the hot spring. The previous excavations, nu sačuvana arhitektura svjedoče o važnosti merous finds, and preserved architecturalth re rimskog naselja u razdoblju od 1. do 4. sto- mains testify to the importancest of the Roman ljeća, koje je zbog svoje ljekovite vode bilo settlement from the 1 to the 4 century, which vrlo popularno lječilište i svetište, pozna was a popular health resort and sanctuary due to i među najvišim društvenim krugovima to its curative water, known even amongst the Rimskoga Carstva. highest social circles of the Roman Empire.

- th Slika / Figure 2: 3D virtualna rekonstrukcija kompleksa rimske arhitekture u Varaždinskim Toplicama, 4. st. (izradio: Stu dio Kušan, Zagreb). / 3D virtual reconstruction of the Roman architectural complex in Varaždinske Toplice, 4 c. (made by Studio Kušan, Zagreb). ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS na prostoru rimskog svetišta ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA OF THE ROMAN SANCTUARY

U prvoj fazi radova na ovome lokalitetu,- In the first phase of excavations at this site od 1953. do 1982. godine, koja su vodili from 1953 to 1982, which was headed by Prof. prof. M. Gorenc, dr.2 sc. B. Vikić i V. Damev M. Gorenc, B. Vikić, PhD, and V. Damevski, the2 ski, istražen je kupališni dio kompleksa - i bath section of the complex was excavated, veći dio svetišta. Naime, tada još nije bilo along with a larger portion of the sanctuary. moguće istraživanje prostora oko prirod- Namely, the excavation of the area around the nog izvora jer su se u tome dijelu nalazile natural hot spring was not possible at the time 2 2 - aktivne izvorske instalacije kojima je ter- because active spring installations that lead Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1958, 75-127; Vikić-Belančić, Go- Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1958, 75-127; Vikić-Belančić, Gore renc 1961, 181-223; Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1970, 121-157; nc 1961, 181-223; Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1970, 121-157; Gorenc, Vikić 1963, 111-117; Gorenc, Vikić 1975, 32-50; Go Gorenc, Vikić 1963, 111-117; Gorenc, Vikić 1975, 32-50; renc, Vikić 1980; Nemeth-Ehrlich et al. 1997. Gorenc, Vikić 1980; Nemeth-Ehrlich et al. 1997. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 3: Pogled na izvorišni bazen, nakon istraživanja 2006.god. (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). / Spring reservoir after the 2006 excavations (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich).

- 3 malna voda odvođena u lječilište. Premda- the thermal water to the health resort3 were lo su radovi na ovome lokalitetu4 nastavljeni- cated in that section of the site. Even though početkom 90-ih godina,5 istraživanja u sa excavations 4 were continued at the site in the5 mom svetištu nastavljena su tek 1997., od early 1990s, the excavations of the sanctuary nosno 1998. godine , kada se zahvaljujući itself were continued as late as 1997 and 1998, dobroj suradnji sa Specijalnom bolnicom when a compromise was reached thanks to- Varaždinske Toplice uspio postići dogovor good cooperation with the Special hospital for- o premještanju cjevovoda i postavljanju- rehabilitation in Varaždinske Toplice, result nove bušotine izvan rimskog svetišta. Tako- ing in the relocation of the pipeline and drill se 1998. godine provelo istraživanje do ni ing of a new well outside the parameters of the- voa opločenja svetišta, a u središnjem di Roman sanctuary. In 1998, the sanctuary was jelu pojavili su se zidovi jedne pravokutne- excavated to the level of its paving, and a rec konstrukcije (vel. 13,5 x 8 m). Već se tada tangular structure (13.5 x 8 m) was discovered pretpostavilo da je riječ o izvorišnom6 bana in the central area. Even then the researchers zenu kojim je bio „ograđen“ prirodni izvor, speculated that the rectangular structure6 was odnosno o kaptaži prirodnog izvora, a reservoir “enclosing” the natural spring, i.e. - način kako je poznato i iz rimskog naselja a reservoir used for catchment, in the same - 3 - 3 There was a well in this place through which thermal wa Na tom se prostoru nalazila bušotina kojom se voda od- 1962. godine crpila iz dubljih slojeva te cjevovod za odvod ter was pumped up and lead by a pipeline to the Special hospital for rehabilitation since 1962. nju termalne vode u Specijalne bolnice za medicinsku reha 4 bilitaciju. Thanks to the funds provided by Croatia’s Ministry of Cul 4 - ture, the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb continued the- Zahvaljujući sredstvima Ministarstva kulture RH, radove excavations, headed by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich. Between 1992 ponovno pokreće Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu pod vod and 1996, the work focused on conserving the Roman ar- stvom D. Nemeth-Ehrlich. Od 1992. do 1996. godine radovi- chitecture, stabilizing the surrounding slope, laying down su usmjereni na sanaciju rimske arhitekture, okolne padine, drainage,5 and preparing the necessary project and conser izradu5 drenaže i pripremu potrebne projektne i konzerva vation6 documentation; Nemeth-Ehrlich 1997a , 73-79; torske dokumentacije; Nemeth-Ehrlich 1997a, 73-79. 6 Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan 1999, 68-74; Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan 1999, 68-74. Kušan Špalj 1999, 111-113. Kušan Špalj 1999, 111-113. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 4: Pogled na izvorišni bazen, nakon istraživanja 2006. god. (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). / Spring reservoir after the 2006 excavation (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). Aquae Sulis 7 (Bath). To je potvrđeno 2006. manner as in7 the Roman settlement of Aquae godine, kada8 je izvorišni bazen istražen do- Sulis (Bath). The hypothesis was confirmed dna zidova, a nakon što su ugašene pumpe- in 2006, when the reservoir8 was excavated to- kojima je termalna9 voda ispumpavana tije the bottom of its walls. After the pumps that kom radova, prvi put nakon rimskog vre pumped out the thermal9 water during excava- mena bazen se ispunio termalnom vodom tions were turned off, the reservoir filled up (sl. 3, 4). with thermal water for the first time since an tiquity (Fig. 3, 4). Istraživanja koja su uslijedila od 2011. do 2013. godine donijela su iznimno važna- The excavations conducted from 2011 to 2013 otkrića jer se pokazalo da su za popravke resulted in extremely important discoveriesth izvorišnog bazena, najvjerojatnije u 4. sto regarding the repairs of the spring reservoir, ljeću, korišteni stariji natpisi, reljefi, pa čak- probably conducted during the 4 century. i skulpture koje su, kao običan građevinski- Older inscriptions, reliefs, and even sculptures materijal, 10poslužile za gradnju i zatrpava were used as common building material,10 used nje (sl. 5). Pronađeno je više od 50 žrtve for construction and backfill (Fig. 5). More nika, natpisa, reljefa i dijelova skulptura, a than 50 sacrificial altars, inscriptions, reliefs, 7 - Cunliffe, B., Davenport 1985, 37-45. and parts of sculptures were discovered, while 8 - 7 Cunliffe, B., Davenport 1985, 37-45 Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2007,150-153; Nemeth-Ehr 8 lich, Kušan Špalj 2011, 211-232; Kušan Špalj, Nemeth-Ehr Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2007,150-153; Nemeth- lich, 2012, 107 -112. Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2011, 211-232; Kušan Špalj, Nemeth- 9 Ehrlich, 2012, 107 -112; Zbog prirodnog izviranja termalne vode (temperature 58- 9 - °C) brzinom do 20 l/s, cijelo su vrijeme trajanja radova bile- Because the thermal water (58 °C ) emerges naturally at 20- uključene dvije, ponekad i četiri muljne pumpe, a zbog poja l/s, two, and sometimes four, sludge pumps were used dur 2 ve štetnih plinova – ugljičnog monoksida (CO) i sumporovo ing excavations, while fans were used to disperse the harm dika (H S), korišteni su ventilatori i ograničavan je boravak ful gasses carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulphide - - radnika u iskopu. (H2S), and the time the workers spent in the dig was limited 10 10 Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj, 2014, 28-32, 42-45; Ne Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj, 2014, 28-32, 42-45; Nem meth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj, 2015, 28-32, 42-45. eth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj, 2015, 28-32,42-45; DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 5: Pogled na prostor svetišta i izvorišni bazen, tijekom istraživanja 2011. god. (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). / Sanctuary and spring reservoir during the 2011 excavations (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich).

- - - u ispiranju blata, koje je ispunjavalo izvo- the mud that filled the spring reservoir11 yielded rišni bazen, pronađeno11 je oko 17.000 rim- approximately 17,000 Roman coins and sever12- skih kovanica 12 i nešto nakita (perle, prste al pieces of jewellery (beads, rings, bracelets) nje, narukvice) , što su kao zavjetni daro that were dropped into the water as votive of vi ubacivani u vodu, najvjerojatnije u čast- ferings, most likely to the nymphs who were- nimfama, zaštitnicama termalnog izvora. the guardians of the hot spring. The finds are Ti su nalazi nepregledni izvor novih infor a vast source of information about the evolu macija o razvoju svetišta uz termalni izvor, tion of the sanctuary around the hot spring, the o božanstvima koja su štovana, popratnim deities worshiped there, accompanying rituals ritualima i običajima, ali i ljudima koji su and customs, as well as the people who visited - posjećivali ovo lječilište. the health resort. Sama gradnja izvorišnog bazena predstav- The construction of the spring reservoir itself ljala je iznimno složen građevinski zahvat was a complex feat because the thermal water kojem je prethodilo preusmjeravanje ter had to be redirected so the construction site malne vode kako bi se moglo graditi na would be dry. A wooden canal, discovered south suhome. Drveni kanal, pronađen južno od a 2ofnd the spring reservoir, was probably used to izvorišnog bazena, vjerojatno je korišten13 u redirect the13 water during construction in the tu svrhu tijekom gradnje u 2. stoljeću, century, while a deep stone-built canal in 11 duboki zidani kanal u jugoistočnom dijelu Bilić, 2014, 120-126; Bilić, 2015, 120-126. 11 12 Bilić, 2014, 120-126; Bilić, 2015, 120-126. Perok 2014, Cat. no. 90-114. 12 13 Perok 2014, kat. br. 90-114. The canal was excavated in 2014 13 Kanal je istražen 2014. godine. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 6: Zidani kanal, južno od izvorišnog bazena, Slika / Figure 7: Sjeveroistočni ugao izvorišnog bazena sa koji je vjerojatno služio za pražnjenje vode (snimila D. sustavom učvršćenja terena, tijekom istraživanja 2012. Kušan Špalj). / Stone-built canal to the south of the spring god. (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). / North-eastern corner of reservoir, probably used for drainage (photo by D. Kušan the spring reservoir with a system for terrain stabilisation Špalj). during the 2012 excavations (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich).

- th - vjerojatno14 tijekom velike obnove u 4. stolje the south-eastern section was probably 14 used ću (sl. 6). Prije gradnje zidova proveden je during repairs in the 4 century (Fig. 6). Be vrlo kompliciran zahvat učvršćenja terena, fore the walls could be erected, there was the kako bi se stvorilo stabilno tlo za gradnju.- complex task of stabilizing the terrain in order- Zbog toga su drveni hrastovi piloti zabijeni to make the ground suitable for construction. ispod zidova prije gradnje temelja, a učvr Oak piles were driven in below the walls be- šćen je teren unutar i izvan bazena (sl. 7).- fore the foundations were laid down, while the Istočni i zapadni zid izravno su izgrađeni terrain in and around the reservoir was stabi na padini prirodne gline koja se strmo spu- lized as well (Fig. 7). The eastern and western šta prema sredini bazena, dok je tlo ispod walls were built directly on a steep natural- sjevernog i južnog zida bilo znatno nesta clay deposit that slopes toward the centre of bilnije, kao i prostor južno od bazena. To je the reservoir, while the soil beneath the north- bio i razlog zbog čega su sjeverni i južni zid ern and southern walls was significantly more- popravljani u 4. stoljeću, dok o gradnji u 2. unstable, as wasth the terrain south of the reser stoljeću svjedoče istočni i zapadni zid, koji voir. The northern and southern walls were re mjestimično imaju i sačuvanu ogradu. Za paired in the 4 century for exactly thatnd reason,- gradnju zidova u 2. stoljeću upotrijebljen while the eastern and western walls remained je lokalni kamen – litotamnijski vapnenac intact in their original form from the 2 centu 14 ry, with sections of their fence still intact. The Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 28, 42; Nemeth- 14 Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 28, 42. Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 28, 42; Nemeth- Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 28,42; 262 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 8: Pogled na urušeni sjeverni zid izvorišnog bazena, tijekom istraživanja 2011. god. (snimila D. Nemeth- Ehrlich). / A collapsed northern wall of the spring reservoir during the 2011 excavations (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). nd - 15 - raznih struktura koji je, ovisno o čvrstoći original walls from the 2 century were con i drugim svojstvima, korišten za pojedine structed from local stone; lithothamnium15 lime dijelove zida. Temelj je bio građen od većih, stone of different textures, which was used- grubo obrađenih blokova, a zid se sastojao for different parts of the walls depending on od tri reda pravokutnih kamenih blokova its hardness and other properties. The founda 15 15 Aljinović 2014, 126-129; Aljinović 2015, 126-129. Aljinović 2014, 126-129; Aljinović 2015, 126-129 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 9: Pogled na južni zid izvorišnog bazena s vidljivom konstrukcijom zida sa sekundarno upotrebljenim spomenicima, tijekom istraživanja prostora južno od izvorišta 2011. god. (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). / Southern wall of the spring reservoir with a wall constructed of reused monuments during the 2011 excavations of the area to the south of the spring (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich).

opus quadratum 16 u tehnici . Za taj je dio- tion was made out of large rough-hewn blocks, zida upotrijebljen vrlo mekani, ali gusti opuswhile quadratum the walls were built out of three lines of sitnozrnati vapnenac, kojeg je bilo mogu rectangular stone16 blocks in the technique of će vrlo precizno obraditi kako bi blokovi . This section of the wall was potpuno prianjali jedan uz drugi, dok je built from a very soft, but dense fine-grained gustoća kamena osigurala nepropusnost limestone, which could be finely cut to adhere- zida. Kameni su blokovi slagani na način to one another completely, while the density of da su neki bili postavljeni uzdužno, a neki the stone ensured the walls would be water poprečno, te je tako opus postignuto quadratum dodatno- tight. Some of the stone blocks were laid down učvršćenje i sidrenje u okolni teren. Iznad longitudinally, while others were laid down dijela zida, u tehnici , po transversely, making the wall stronger and stavljen je završni red kamenih blokova- opusanchoring quadratum it to the surrounding terrain. Above od gušćeg vapnenca, visine 25 cm i širine the section of the wall built in the technique of- 70 cm, s utorom (dubine 5 – 10 cm), a slu , there was a final line of stone žio je kao ležište za kamene grede ograde.- blocks made out of a more dense type of lime Za grede, od kojih je bila izrađena ograda stone, 25 cm in height and 70 cm in width, with (visine 70 cm), upotrijebljen je krupnozr- slots (5-10 cm in depth), serving as the base- nati vapnenac, otporan na vanjske uvjete. for the fence’s stone beams. A course-grained Dodatnu čvrstoću ovoj konstrukciji dava limestone resistant to adverse weather condi lo je kutno i vezno kamenje kojim su bile tions was utilized for the beams and slabs, from međusobno povezane kamene grede, kao i which a 70 cm high fence was made. The fence 16 16 Adam 1999, 206. Adam 1999, 206. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

264 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) kameni blokovi koji su povezivali ogradu s was additionally strengthened by the corner- opločenjem foruma. Prema načinu gradnje- and binding stones by which the stone beams- i upotrijebljenom materijalu, očito je da su- were connected, as well as the stone slabs con na većem dijelu sjevernog i južnog zida iz necting the fence to the forum paving. Accord vršeni popravci tijekom obnove komplek ing to the manner of construction and the used sa, najvjerojatnije početkom 4. stoljeća. Ti- material, it is apparent that larger sections of- su zidovi zatečeni u vrlo oštećenom stanju, the northern and southern wallsth were repaired što pokazuje kako je došlo do pomicanja te when the complex was being renovated, prob rena i nakon njihove obnove u 4. stoljeću. ably at the beginning of the 4 century. There Vjerojatno je došlo do ispiranja i pomicanja was probably significant erosion and soil shift- tla u području izviranja vode, zbog čega su in the vicinity of the spring so the walls and zidovi i slojevi s rimskim nalazima propali- archaeological layers with Roman finds shift prema sredini bazena. Zbog toga se i veći ed along toward the centre of the reservoir. A dio sjevernog zida urušio, a ostao je saču- larger section of the northern wall collapsed van samo u rubnim dijelovima (sl. 8), dok je- because of this as well (Fig. 8), and only the južni zid sačuvan u cijelosti, zajedno s ogra corner sections remained intact. The southern- dom, ali se pomaknuo i potonuo prema sre wall was preserved in its entirety, along with dini izvorišnog bazena (sl. 9). U urušenju its fence, but did shift and sink toward the cen sjevernog zida, ali i u njegovim sačuvanim tre of the spring reservoir (Fig. 9). In the rubble dijelovima, te u južnom zidu, pronađeni su of the northern wall, but also in its preserved- brojni sekundarno upotrijebljeni natpisi, sections, and incorporated into the southern- žrtvenici i reljefi. To je kamenje, uz manje wall, numerous reused inscriptions, sacrifi- dorade, korišteno za gradnju i slagano u- cial altars, and reliefs were found. The mate sličnoj tehnici, kao i zidovi iz 2. stoljeća. rial was reworkednd used for construction us U urušenju i konstrukciji ovih zidova pro- ing a similar technique as the one used for the nađeno je i više dijelova tanjih mramornih walls from the 2 century. In the rubble and ploča – uglavnom fragmenata reljefa i nat- structure of these walls, several thin slabs of pisa, a koji su korišteni za podlaganje većih marble were found; mostly fragments of reliefs kamenih blokova u konstrukciji zidova. Za- and inscriptions, which were used as chocks nimljivo je i da su neki dijelovi istih ploča for fixing larger blocks of stone into place. It is pronađeni na raznim mjestima; npr. dijelo interesting to note that different pieces of the vi istih reljefa pronađeni su u konstrukciji same slabs were found in different places, e.g.- sjevernog i južnog 17 zida, a jedan je reljef s- pieces of the same relief were found in both the- prikazom 3 nimfe, čiji su dijelovi nađeni northern and southern17 wall. One relief depict uz sjeverni zid izvorišta, nadopunjen fra- ing three nymphs was found along the north gmentima pronađenim još 60-ih godina u ern wall of the spring and matched fragments- zidu istočnog hrama i jednom zidu kupali found in the structure of the wall of the eastern šta, što potvrđuje i istovremenost obnove temple and one wall of the baths during the ex tih objekata. cavations conducted in 1960’s, which confirms 17 that the different structures were repaired and Kušan Špalj, 2014, 61-62, 86-87. kat. br. 80: Kušan Špalj, 2015, 61-62, 86-87. kat. br. 80. renovated at the same time. 17 Kušan Špalj, 2014, 61-62, 86-87. Cat.no. 80: Kušan Špalj, 2015, 61-62, 86-87. Cat.no. 80: DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae 265

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017)

Slika / Figure 10: Pogled na zidove kojima je bilo stograđeno izvorište u 1. st., istraživanje 2013. godine (snimila D. Nemeth- Ehrlich). / Walls surrounding the spring in the 1 c., the 2013 excavations (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich).

PROSTOR SVETIŠTA:

THE SANCTUARY: th FAZE IZGRADNJE I OBNOVE PHASES OF CONSTRUCTIONst AND REPAIRS OD 1. DO 4. STOLJEĆA FROM THE 1 TO THE 4 CENTURY

Prostor oko prirodnog izvora već je u 1. The space around the naturalst spring was a stoljeću imao karakter svetišta, a što su sanctuary as early as the 1 century, which was potvrdila istraživanja provedena od 2012. confirmed by the archaeological excavations do 2015. godine. Nalaz kamenih zidova i conducted from 2012 to 2015. The stone walls drvenih konstrukcija ukazuju na to kako- and remains of wooden structures discovered- su u 1. stoljeću Rimljani samo „ogradili” show that the Romans simply “fencedst off” the veliku prirodnu jamu, gdje je bilo prirod large natural spring pit in the 1 century, ena no izvorište, i tako omogućili pristup vodi. bling access to the thermal water. There were Sa zapadne i istočne strane bili su zidovi s walls with semi-circular niches on the western- polukružnim nišama, a u sjevernom dijelu Ri- and eastern sides, while a stair-like plastered stepenasta, ožbukana konstrukcija ispred18 structure was located on the northern sec jednoga pravokutnog objekta (sl. 10). - tion in front18 of another rectangular structure- ječ je najvjerojatnije o hramu, čiji su zidovi (Fig. 10). The rectangular structure was most sačuvani ispod kasnijega sjevernog stepe likely a temple, the walls of which were pre ništa, a s obzirom 19 na natpise datirane u served below the later northern stairs. Taking ovu najraniju fazu, vjerojatno je posrijedi- into consideration the inscriptions, which date- 18 18 Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 32, 46; Nemeth-Ehr Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 32, 46; Nemeth-Ehr lich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 32, 46. lich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 32, 46 19 Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1970, 151; CIL 4118; CIL III 10893. 266 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017)

‒ th

Tlocrt / Layout 1: Kompleks rimske arhitekture u gradskom parku, 1 4. st. (geodetsko snimanje: ing. M. Kadi, Vektrast -Varaždin, obrada: Vektra -Varaždin, Studio Kušan, S. Skrinjarić). / Roman architectural complex in the town park, 1 –4 c. (land survey: ing. M. Kadi, Vektra -Varaždin, Studio Kušan, S. Škrinjarić). DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 267 - svetište posvećeno nimfama. Najnoviji na back to the earliest phase, we can presume19 that lazi iz 2015. godine upućuju i na jednu još the temple was dedicated to the nymphs. The- raniju fazu u kojoj je prostor izviranja bio most recent finds from 2015 indicate an even ograđen samo jednostavnim zidovima bez earlier phase, during which the spring was en - apsida. closed by simple walls with no apses. Budući da je u ovim najranijim fazama ter Since the thermal water was “enclosed” in a malna voda bila „ograđena” na relativno relatively large space in the earliest phases, it velikom prostoru, istovremeno se i hladila cooled from 58 °C, which is the temperature of te je od 58 °C, koliko je njezina temperatura the water when it emerges from the ground, to20 kod izviranja,20 postala ugodne temperature- a pleasant temperature between 30 and 35 °C. 30 – 35 °C. Stepenasti okvir sugerira da je The stairs indicate that it was possible to enter bio moguć ulazak u vodu, ili sjedenje na Voda sa the water or sit at the very edge of the spring, mome rubu, tako da se liječenje vjerojatno21 and healing was probably a 21part of the rituals odvijalo i kao dio rituala u svetištu. - conducted in the sanctuary. The water was je kanalom odvođena u kupalište, i danas lead through a canal to the thermae, which can vidljivo u jugozapadnom dijelu komplek still be seen in the south-western section of the- sa, a koje se sastojalo od niza pravokutnih complex, and consisted of rectangular rooms prostorija i većih stepenastih bazena, pa se- and large stair-like pools, so they were proba može pretpostaviti da je bilo namijenjeno- bly intended22 for larger groups of people, i.e. the 22 main users of the thermae in this phase were većim grupama ljudi, odnosno najvjerojat nd nije su u ovoj fazi glavni korisnici bili voj soldiers. nici. - The 2 century brought about significant- U 2. stoljeću dogodile su se velike promjene changes for the entire complex, probably as a- na cijelome kompleksu, vjerojatno kao po- result of more numerous visitors and new de- sljedica sve većeg broja posjetitelja i novih mands regardingAquae Iasaecult worship, but also as a re- Aquaezahtjeva Iasae, u samome kultu, ali i zbog nove ad sult of administrative reorganization. The set ministrativne reorganizacije kada naselje- tlement of , belonging23 to the territo vjerojatno,23 kao dio teritorija ry of the Poetovio colony, probably became the kolonije Petovione, postaje glavno lječili main health facility of the region at that time. In šte na tome području. U toj je fazi potpuno- this phase, the space around the natural spring preuređen prostor oko prirodnog izvorišta, was completely renovated, and construction a kako bi se dobila što veća površina, izgrad- expanded to the nearby hill in order to gain as- nja se širi u okolno brdo. Radi se o pomno- much space as possible. The construction was planiranoj izgradnji, s vješto izvedenim gra- carefully planned, and the architectural solu đevinskim rješenjima, prilagođenima zada- tions were skilfully adapted to the challenges nim prirodnim uvjetima. Kako bi se maksi of the natural landscape. In order to fully make malno iskoristio prostor za gradnju, zidovi- use of the area for construction, the walls of the- ma hramova (i bočnih prostorija) „zasijeca”- temples (and side rooms) “cut” into the slope, se padina, a sve se dodatno učvršćuje ma additionally strengthened by massive support sivnim potpornim zidovima s istočne i za ing walls from the east and west. On the slope padne strane. U padini iza zidova izrađen je- behind the walls, a system of drainage was laid sustav obodne drenaže kojom se skupljala down aimed at collecting rainwater, which was oborinska voda, a što je bilo važno za spre important for preventing the walls from getting 20 19 - To je potvrđeno i mjerenjem temperature vode, kada je Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1970, 151; CIL 4118; CIL III 10893 20 nakon istraživanja 2013. godine termalna voda ispunila In 2013, this was confirmed by temperature measure istraženi prostor ograđenog izvorišta iz 1. stoljeća. 21 ments when water filled the already excavated enclosed 22 Kušan Špalj 2014 a,107-108, 114-115; Kušan Špalj 2015a, spring from the 1st century; 21 107-108, 114-115. 22Kušan Špalj 2014 a, 107-108, 114-115; Kušan Špalj 2015a, Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1970, 151. 107-108, 114-115. 23 Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1970, 151. Klemenc, Saria 1936, 93; Horvat 2003, 160. 23 Klemenc, Saria 1936, 93; Horvat 2003, 160; DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

268 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017)

čavanje vlaženja zidova, kao i za stabilnost wet, as well as for the stability of the slope. In- padine. U ovoj fazi prirodni izvor ograđuje this phase, a smaller space around the natural se na manjoj površini, odnosno oko njega spring was enclosed, by building a rectangu se gradi pravokutni bazen veličine 8 x 13,5 lar 8 x 13.5 m reservoir around it, with walls m, sa zidovima visine cca 2 m i ogradom. approximately 2 m high and a fence. The new Novim načinom kaptaže izvora mijenja se method of catchment changed the role of the i njegova funkcija u svetištu jer se voda u spring within the sanctuary, because the water manjem prostoru više ne uspijeva dovoljno was not able to cool enough in the smaller space ohladiti za direktno korištenje. U ovoj fazi and direct use was not possible. In this phase, liječenje se provodi isključivo u kupalištu healing is reserved for the thermae, to which u koje se termalna voda dovodi sustavom thermal water was led by a system of canals, and zidanih kanala, a prirodno izvorište dobiva- the natural spring is used exclusively for cult izrazito kultni karakter, dodatno naglašen worship, highlighted by the construction of the izgradnjom okolnog prostora svetišta. Ra surrounding sanctuary. It was a relatively closed dilo se o relativno zatvorenom prostoru, space enclosed by high porticos, dominated by ograđenom visokim trjemovima, u kojem je “the sacred spring”, and the steam coming from- dominirao „sveti izvor”, a isparavanje vruće- the thermal spring most likely emphasized the termalne vode posve je sigurno pojačavalo mystical atmosphere of the sanctuary. The sanc vrlo mističnu atmosferu svetišta. Oblik sve tuary was built as a forum with a capitolium tišta, kao foruma s kapitolijem, u funkciji je to emphasize the cult character of the spring.- naglašavanja kultnog karaktera izvorišta te- A complex architectural structure on top of a- je ovdje riječ o jedinstvenoj arhitektonskoj natural phenomenon, a healing spring, was im cjelini, u kojoj je prirodnom fenomenu, lje bued by the supernatural, while enabling con

- th Slika / Figure 11: 3 D model izgleda svetišta u 4. st., s detaljima ograde izvorišnog bazena (izrađeni na temelju nađenih el emenata), (izradio Studio Kušan, Zagreb). / 3D model of the the 4 c. sanctuary, with a detailed view of the spring reservoir enclosure (made on the basis of existing elements) (made by Studio Kušan, Zagreb). DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 269 - kovitom izvorištu, dana dimenzija nadna trolled exploitation of the spring throughth the ravnog, a istovremeno je vještinom rimskih skill of Roman engineers (Fig.25 11). The whole24 graditelja ostvarena i njegova kontrolirana complex was renovated during the 4 century, eksploatacija (sl. 11). Poznato25 je da se cijeli24- and new baths were added, but there were no- kompleks obnavlja početkom 4. stoljeća, - major changes to the layout of the sanctuary. gradi se novo kupalište, ali u izgledu sve Construction work was mostly limited to the re tišta nije došlo do većih promijena. Građe- pairs of certain elements (roofs, pillars etc.), and vinski radovi uglavnom su se odnosili na the central temple was expanded, after which all obnovu i popravke pojedinih objekata (kro the temples were covered with a common roof. višta, stupova i sl.) te je proširen središnji- The repairs done to the spring reservoir and hram, nakon čega su svi hramovi natkriveni the surrounding paving 26 should probably also zajedničkim krovištem. U ovu fazu najvjero be dated to this phase, when numerous stone jatnije treba smjestiti i popravke izvedene- monuments were reused. na izvorišnom bazenu26 i okolnom opločenju, kada su sekundarno iskorišteni brojni ka meni spomenici. KULTOVI U SVETIŠTU st th CULTS IN THE SANCTUARY OD 1. DO 4. STOLJEĆA FROM THE 1 TO THE 4 CENTURY 27 27 - Ljekovita voda je bila bila glavni razlog- The healing properties of the water was the popularnosti ovog lječilišta i svetišta, ali i main reason for the popularity of this health re štovanja raznih božanstava kojima se pripi sort and its sanctuary, but also for the worship - sivalo njezino čudotvorno djelovanje. of deities considered responsible for the water’s - miraculous effects. Prema do sada pronađenim zavjetnim nati da - pisima može se pretpostaviti da je u 1.28 sto According to discovered votive inscriptions, it ljeću svetište bilo posvećeno nimfama 29- can be inferred that the sanctuaryst was dedind28 je tada cijeli prostor bio u funkciji nimfeja. cated to the nymphs during the 129 century U 2. stoljeću, velikim građevinskim zahva and that it served as a nymphaeum. In the 2 - tima i izgradnjom više hramova, uvode se -i century, construction work and new temples nova božanstva, a sasvim sigurno uvode se brought about new deities, as well as new fes i nove svečanosti te rituali. O vrlo dinamič tivities and rituals. Numerous recent finds of nom religijskom životu u ovome svetištu reliefs and inscriptions testify to the dynamic30 svjedoče30 mnogobrojni novi nalazi reljefa i religious2nd activitiesrd within the sanctuary, which natpisa koji se uglavnom mogu datirati u can mostly be dated to the period from the razdoblje s 2. na 3. stoljeće. Već su u ranijim31 to the 3 century. Earlier excavations31 also istraživanjima pronađeni brojni natpisi s- yielded numerous inscriptions dedicated to- 24 24 - Natpis na tzv. ploči cara Konstantina (CIL III 4121.) spo An inscription on the so-called tablet of Emperor Con minje obnovu građevina uništenih u požaru, a arheološka stantine (CIL III 4121.) mentions repairs on structures de- 25istraživanja potvrdila su građevinske zahvate na cijelome stroyed in a fire, and construction across the whole complex in25 the 4th century was confirmed by archaeological excava 26kompleksu tijekom 4. stoljeća. Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1961, 181-223. tions26 as well. Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1961, 181-223. Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 34, 48-49; Nemeth- Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 34, 48-49. Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 34, 48-49; Nemeth- 27 Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 34, 48-49. Hajduk, Luetić 1981,59-82; Šimunić, Avanić 2008, 205- 27 218. Hajduk, Luetić 1981, 59-82; Šimunić, Avanić 2008, 205- 28 218. CIL 4118; CIL III 10893. 28 29 CIL 4118; CIL III 10893 Kušan Špalj 2014a, 108,115; Kušan Špalj 2015a, 108,115. 29 30 Kušan Špalj 2014a, 108,115; Kušan Špalj 2015a, 108,115; Nalazi nađeni u istraživanjima prostora rimskog svetišta 30 Finds discovered during the excavations at the Roman od 2011. do 2015. godine. 31 sanctuary between 2011 and 2015. Rendić-Miočević, 1992,67-76; Rendić-Miočević, Šegvić 31 Rendić-Miočević, 1992, 67-76; Rendić-Miočević, Šegvić 1998, 7-16; Lučić 2013, 185-255. 1998, 7-16; Lučić 2013, 185-255. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

270 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) - 32 to Diana 32 posvetama33 nimfama34 , ali i natpisi35 posveće36 the nymphs33 , but 34 also inscriptions35 dedicated36 37 ni Dijani37 , Fortuni 38, Poluksu 39, Minervi40 -, 38, Fortuna 39, Pollux ,40 Minerva , Juno -, Junoni , Silvanama , Herkulu i Solu . U- Silvanae , Hercules, and Sol . In recent years, posljednjih su nekoliko godina pronađe inscriptions were discovered mentioning Ascle- ni i natpisi na kojima se spominju Askle pius and Hygia, Isis, Serapis, and Apollo, while pije i Higija, Izida, Serapis i Apolon, a novi new finds of sculptures also show that Isis/For- nalazi reljefa i skulptura pokazuju da su u tuna, Venus, Apollo/Sol, and41 Diana/Luna were svetištu štovane i božice Izida – Fortuna41- worshiped in the sanctuary. The most numer i Venera te Apolon – Sol i Dijana – Luna. ous are the reliefs and inscriptions dedicated Daleko su najbrojniji reljefi i natpisi posve- to the nymphs, who were the guardians of the ćeni nimfama koje su, kao zaštitnice vode i water, personificationsiasae 42 of the spring, reflected personifikacije izvora,iasae.42 predstavljale svoje a local cult, and were often referred to as local vrsni lokalni kult te se često i spominju kao nymphs, . It is interesting to note that- lokalne nimfe – Zanimljivo je da se they appear on inscriptions dedicated to other na mnogim natpisima pojavljuju i zajedno deities as well (e.g. Fortuna,43 Apollo, Diana, Sera s drugim božanstvima (npr. s Fortunom,- pis, Minerva, and Juno), which indicates the Apolonom,43 Dijanom, Serapisom, Minervom, specific character of this sanctuary, where the Junonom), što svakako ukazuje na speci cult of the spring was the dominant cult. fičnost ovog svetišta u kojem je dominirao Excavations have so far shown that religious kult izvora. worship in this sanctuary revolved around- Dosadašnja su istraživanja pokazala da je the worship of deities connected with healing religijski život ovoga svetišta razvijan na- and recovery, and new finds show the wor štovanju božanstava vezanih uz liječenje i ship of Apollo, Aesculapius, and Serapis, which ozdravljenje, a novi nalazi koji otkrivaju što indicates44 the presence of the official (state) vanje Apolona, Eskulapa i Serapisa44 ukazuju- religion, “spread” by officials during the rule of- i na službenu (državnu) religiju koju su the Severan dynasty. The new finds45 also indicate „širili“ državni službenici za dinastije45 Seve- the presence of the Imperial cult, primarily ap ra, kao i na prisustvo carskog kulta, prije parent in the emphasis of the divine nature of svega vidljivog u isticanju božanskog karak Emperor Caracalla. tera cara Karakale. In addition to the numerous finds, the nature Osim brojnih nalaza o karakteru svetišta and ambiance of the sanctuary that housed i ambijentu u kojem su se odvijali rituali i rituals and festivities is best seen in the “sacred svečanosti, najbolje svjedoči „sveti izvor“ s spring”, providing a constant supply of mystical 32 ljekovitom vodom koja neprestano izvire i CIL III 4117, 4118, 4119, 10891, 10893 etc. 32 33 CIL III 4117, 4118,4119,10891,10893 itd. AE 1938 0516, Iljug 0356, Iljug-02 1166, Vikić-Belančić, 33 Gorenc 1958,114 etc. AE 1938 0516, Iljug 0356, Iljug-02 1166, Vikić-Belančić, 34 AE 1976,0540 Gorenc 1958,114 itd. 35 34 CIL III 4120; AIJ 466 AE 1976,0540. 36 35 ILJug 1169; RIU 2, 13; Gorenc, Vikić 1975, 39; Redő 2003, CIL III 4120; AIJ 466. 36 204. ILJug 1169; RIU 2, 13; Gorenc, Vikić 1975, 39; Redő 2003, 37 ILJug 1168 204. 38 37 AIJ 467; AIJ 468 a,b; ILJug 1168. 39 38 AIJ 458 AIJ 467; AIJ 468 a, b. 40 39 Demo 1994, 72; Migotti 1999, 56 AIJ 458. 41 40 Kušan Špalj 2014, 56-119; Kušan Špalj 2015, 56-119; Demo 1994, 72; Migotti 1999, 56. 42 41 AE 1985. 00714; ILJug-02 1170. Kušan Špalj 2014, 56-119; Kušan Špalj 2015, 56-119. 43 42 Kušan Špalj 2014, 50, 70, 76 83, 95, 100. 161 (Cat.no.76); AE 1985.,00714; ILJug-02 1170. Kušan Špalj 2015, 50,70, 76 83, 95, 100. 161 (Cat. no.76.); 43 44 Kušan Špalj 2014, 50,70, 76 83, 95, 100. 161 (kat. br.76); Ando 2007, 444. Kušan Špalj 2015, 50,70, 76 83, 95, 100. 161 (kat. br. 76.); 45 44 Fishwick 1991; Weddle 2014. Ando 2007, 444. 45 Fishwick 1991; Weddle 2014. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 271 - dočarava mističnostAquae prostoraIasae te tako dopri healing water andAquae makes Iasae easier to understand nosi razumijevanju specifičnoga religijskog the specific nature of the religious worship in života naselja . the settlement of .

APOLONA I SERAPISA APOLLO AND SERAPIS KULTOVI ESKULAPA, THE CULTS OF AESCULAPIUS,

- Eskulap Aesculapius - U novijim su istraživanjima u Varaždinskim During recent excavations in Varaždinske Topli Toplicama pronađeni spomeniciAesculapius koji po ce, monumentsAesculapius were discovered that confirmAskle- (tvrđujuAsklepios) prisustvo kulta u kojem su zajedno thepios existence of a cult dedicated to the god of štovaniHygieia) bog liječništva i zdravlja medicineHygieia (from the Greek - grč. i njegova kći Salus – Hygia- ) and his daughter Salus/Hygia (from the (grč. , božica zdravlja. Djelomično Greek ), the goddess of health. A partial sačuvan žrtvenik, posvećen ovim božanstvi ly preserved sacrificial altar dedicated to these ma, pronađen je 2001. godine u urušenju deities was discovered in 2001, in the rubble of kod zapadnog trijema svetišta i vjerojatno- the western portico of the sanctuary, probably je bio sekundarno upotrijebljen u jednom reused for one of the walls. The sacrificial altar od zidova. Riječ je o jednostavnom žrtve- is relatively simple, small in size, and made out niku, relativno malih dimenzija, izrađenom- of dense, fine-grained limestone. Only the upper od gustoga sitnozrnatog vapnenca, a saču part of the altar was preserved, containing the van je samo gornji dio s imenima– Asclepi/o božan –names Asclepi/o of the et deities, Hy/giae from which it was inferred- etstava, Hy/giae prema kojima se može odrediti daAs se- that itAsclepius, was dedicated Hygia 46 to Asclepius and Hygia radiloclepius, o Hygia)posveti46 Asklepiju i Higiji . The names of the dei . Oblik imena božanstava ( ties ( ) are in the Latinized form predstavlja latinizirani oblik of their Greek names, as is the case with other47 grčkih imena, kao što je to slučaj i na nekim47 inscriptions from Pannonia and Roman Dacia. drugim natpisima iz Panonije i Dacije. - During the excavations in 2011, a marble slab- U istraživanjima 2011. godine pronađena- was discovered with a relief48 depicting deities je i jedna mramorna ploča 48s reljefnim pri connected with healing. According to the in kazom božanstava zdravlja, a prema nat scription on the slab, the relief was made and pisu moguće je datirati njezin nastanak i incorporated into the 49sanctuary during the rule postavljanje49 u svetište za vladavine cara- of Emperor Caracalla. It was discovered in theth Karakale. Pronađena je na prostoru južno area south of the spring, where it was reused in od izvorišta, gdje je bila sekundarno upotri the paving, probably at Hygia)the beginning of the 4 - jebljena u Aesculapius opločenju, vjerojatno početkom century (Fig. 12). The relief depicts Aesculapius- 4.Salus stoljeća – Hygia) (sl. 12). Na reljefu su prikazani and his daughter Salus ( , with his son Tel Eskulap (Telesphorus)), njegova kći Salus esphorus between them, believed to grant re ( , a između njih i njegov sin covery from illness (Fig. 13). 46 Telesfor ( , za kojeg se vjerovalo Dimensions of the sacrificial altar: height 27 cm, width da donosi oporavak od bolesti (sl. 13). 21 cm, thickness 10 cm.; Nemeth-Ehrlich., Kušan Špalj 2012, 46 112, Fig. 31.; Kušan Špalj 2014, 72, 96; Kušan Špalj 2015, Dimenzije žrtvenika: visina 27 cm, širina 21 cm, debljina 72, 96; 47 10 cm; Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2012, 112, sl. 31; Kušan CIL III, 15137; CIL III, 03413; AE 1982, 00805; CIL III, Špalj 2014, 72, 96; Kušan Špalj 2015, 72, 96. 07740 etc. 47 48 CIL III, 15137; CIL III, 03413; AE 1982, 00805; CIL III, Kušan Špalj 2014, 73- 75, 96-99, (Cat. no. 69); Kušan Špalj 07740 itd. 2015, 73- 75, 96-99, (Cat. no. 69); 48 49 Kušan Špalj 2014, 73- 75, 96-99, (kat. br. 69); Kušan Špalj The slab is 128 cm in height, 121 cm in width and is from 2015, 73- 75, 96-99, (kat. br. 69). 18 to 24 cm thick. Temporary storage: AMZ, VTks-17. 49 Ploča je visine 128 cm, širine 121 cm i debljine od 18 do 24 cm. Privremena pohrana: AMZ, VTks-17. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

272 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017)

Slika / Figure 12: Mjesto nalaza ploče s reljefom i nat Slika / Figure 13: Ploča s prikazom božanstava zdravlja pisom za zdravlje i pobjede cara Karakale, istraživanje i natpisom za zdravlje i pobjede cara Karakale (snimio: 2011. god. (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). / Find spot of the Zottmann Gmbh, Austrija). / The slab with a depiction slab with a relief and inscription for health and victory of of the gods of medicine and an inscription for health and the emperor Caracalla, the 2011 excavations (photo by D. victories of the emperor Caracalla (photo by Zottmann Nemeth-Ehrlich). Gmbh, Austria).

- Prikaz na mramornoj ploči kompozicijskitabula ansa- The depiction on the marbletabula slab ansata is horizontally - taje horizontalno podijeljen u tri dijela. Iznad- separated into three parts. Above two semi-cir dvije polukružne niše nalazi se cular niches, there is a with an in s natpisom, smještenatabule između ansate dvije otkriva Vik scription, positioned betweentabula ansatatwo Victorias with torije koje u rukama drže vjenčiće i palmine wreaths and palm branches in their hands. The grane. Natpis unutar inscription within the shows that da se radi50 o molbi za zdravlje i pobjede cara the donor asked the deities to bring good 50health PRO SALVTE ET VICTORIIS PRO SALVTE ET VICTORIIS Karakale. and many victories to Emperor Caracalla. IMPERATORIS CAESARIS IMPERATORIS CAESARIS

M(arci) AVRELLI(i) ANTONINI M(arci) AVRELLI(i) ANTONINI For the health and victories of Emperor and Cae- Za zdravlje i pobjede cara i cezara Marka PII FELICIS AVGVSTI AurelijaPII FELICIS Antonina, AVGVSTI pobožnog, sretnog, uzvi- sar Marcus Aurellius Antoninus, the pious, the šenog. lucky, the exalted Aurellius nomen gentilicium Aurellius - Zanimljiv je oblik gentilicija (s dva The form of the nd slova „L“ ), koji se pojavljuje51 na natpisima (with two Ls ) is interesting to note, which ap- od kraja52 2. stoljeća, vezano uz Karakalu i pears on51 inscriptions from the end of52 the 2 - njegove nasljednike Elagabala i Aleksandra century, regarding Caracalla and his follow Severa. Pretpostavlja se da je takav oblik ers Elagabalus and Severus Alexander. It is as 50 50 Visina slova – 1. – 3. red: 2, 2 cm, 4. red: 2 cm. 52 Letter height- lines 1-3: 2.2 cm, line 4: 2 cm. 5152 51 AE 1904, 75. AE 1904, 75 CIL VI 570, CIL XVI 143, CIL III,05750, CIL III 05746 itd. CIL VI 570, CIL XVI 143, CIL III, 05750, CIL III 05746 etc. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 273

Slika / Figure 14: Model dobiven 3D skeniranjem (izradila Vektra, Varaždin). / 3D scanning model (made by Vektra, Varaždin).

- bio korišten s namjerom da se članovi car sumed that this form was used with the intent of ske obitelji53 razlikuju od ostalih koji su nosili differentiating members of the imperial53 family - to ime. from others with the same name. - Ispod natpisa je prikazana školjka i dva ma Below the inscription, there is a shell with two nja delfina. Centralni dio prikaza čine dvije small dolphins. In the central piece of the im polukružne niše, s korintskim stupovima, u age, there are two semi-circular niches with kojima na povišenoj stepenici stoje bogovi Corinthian pillars, in which Aesculapius and- Eskulap i Salus (Higija), a između njih mali Salus (Hygia) are standing on an elevated stair, Telesfor. Eskulap je prikazan kao snažan a dwarf Telesphorus between them. Aescu muškarac, omotan samo u plašt od kojeg je- lapius is depicted as a strong man, wearing jedan kraj prebačen preko lijevog ramena nothing but his cloak over his left shoulder,- i pada niz tijelo, dok drugi kraj, koji pridr- flowing freely down his body. He is holding the- žava lijevom rukom, prekriva desno bedro. other end of the cloak with his left hand, cover Prikazan je u kontrapostu, oslonjen na de- ing his right thigh. He is depicted in contrap- snu nogu, a u desnoj ruci drži štap oko kojeg posto, leaning against his right leg, holding his je omotana zmija. Salus (Higija) je odjeve snake-entwined staff. Salus (Hygia) is wear na u hiton koji seže do poda, s prebačenim ing a chiton which reaches the ground, with a ogrtačem preko lijevog ramena. U desnoj cloak over her left shoulder. In her right hand, ruci drži zmiju, a u lijevoj jaje. Telesfor je she holds a snake, while holding an egg cuculin the- smješten ispred središnjeg stupa, omotan left. Telesphorus is in front of the central pillar, u ogrtač sa šiljastom kapuljačom na glavi wrapped in a cloak with a pointed hood ( 53 53 Degrassi 1921, 293-299; Gordon 1983, 28, 33. Degrassi 1921, 293-299; Gordon 1983, 28, 33. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

274 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) (cucullus) lus

. Ispod: reljefa, na donjem okviru ). Below the relief, on the lower: frame of the ploče, nalazi54 se natpis s imenom dedikanta slab, there is an inscription with54 the name of i posvetom the dedicator and a dedication L(ucius) ALFENVS AVITIANVS LEG(atus) L(ucius) ALFENVS AVITIANVS LEG(atus) LEG(ionis) X GEMIN(ae) LEG(ionis) X GEMIN(ae) DEANTONINIANAEVOTVS NVMINI P(iae)F(idelis) MAIESTATIQ VPRAES(es)E EIVS DEANTONINIANAEVOTVS NVMINI P(iae)F(idelis) MAIESTATIQ VPRAES(es)E EIVS PROV(inciae) ARAB(iae) LucijePROV(inciae) Alfen Avitijan, ARAB(iae) legat X. legije gemine Lucius Alfenus Avitianus, legate of the legio X antoninijanske pobožne i odane, upravitelj Gemina Antoniniana pia fidelis, governor of the provincije Arabije. Posvećeno božanstvu i ve- province of Arabia. Dedicated to his divinity and ličanstvu njegovom. majesty. - -

Ovaj je reljef iznimne kvalitete i pokazu- The relief is of exquisite quality and it is obvi je da je riječ o djelu vrhunskog majstora, ously the work of a master craftsman, whose a njegova vještina prepoznaje se u meko skill is apparent in the softness and precision ći i preciznosti kojom su izvedeni likovi, with which the figures, architectural elements, arhitektonski elementi, i pojedini detalji. and certain details were done. By separating Kompozicijom spomenika, raščlanjenog u the monument into three sections, a balance of tri dijela, postignuta je ravnoteža plošnih- surfaces with inscriptions was achieved with površina s natpisima i središnjeg, relativno the relatively dynamic central figural image. dinamičkoga figuralnog prikaza. Smješta- By placing the key figures inside architectural- jem glavnih likova u arhitektonske okvire, elements, inside two semi-circular niches, on a unutar dvije polukružne niše, na postamen pedestal in the form of a temple stair, a struc tu u obliku stepenica hrama, uspostavljena- tural connection between the relief and the je strukturalna povezanost reljefnog polja i architectural elements was achieved. Dynamic- elemenata arhitekture. Položajem Eskula movement and a feeling of depth were achieved- pove desne ruke ispred središnjeg pilastra by placing Aesculapius’ hand in front of the cen postignuta je dinamičnost pokreta i osjećaj tral pilaster. Space is also emphasized by plac dubine prostora. Prostornost je naglašena -i ing Telesphorus in front of the central pilaster, postavljanjem lika patuljka Telesfora ispred additionally enhancing the feeling of space in- središnjeg pilastra, čime se dodatno pojača- front of the architectural framework and the va doživljaj prostora ispred arhitektonskog feeling of the characters coming out of the back okvira i dojam odvajanja likova od pozadi ground. By Aesculapius leaning on his right leg ne. Položajem tijela Eskulapa, s osloncem- and Salus leaning on her left, their bodies could na desnu nogu, te tijela Salus, s osloncem na be slightly turned toward the central axis of the lijevu nogu, omogućeno je blago zaokreta relief, contributing to the general harmony and nje njihovih tijela i glava prema središnjoj balance of the composition. - osi reljefa, a što je doprinijelo ukupnom - While the goddess Salus and little Telesphorus skladu i uravnoteženosti kompozicije. are depicted in accordance with the usual ico- Dok su božica Salus i mali Telesfor prikaza nography, the depiction of Aesculapius shows ni u skladu s uobičajenom ikonografijom,- significant deviation from the standard depic- lik Eskulapa pokazuje znatna odstupanja- tions on reliefs and sculptures from the Greek od standardnih prikaza na reljefima i skul and Roman periods. As opposed to being de pturama grčko-helenističkog i rimskog raz- picted as an older man with a cloak covering- doblja. Za razliku od uobičajenog prikaza- the lower part of his body, Aesculapius from starijeg muškarca s ogrtačem, koji mu pre Varaždinske Toplice is a young, strong, scant kriva donji dio tijela, lik Eskulapa na relje ily clad man. Especially interesting is the way 54 54 Visina slova 1. – 3. red: 2,8 – 3,1 cm. Letter height: lines 1-3: 2.8-3.1 cm. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 275 fu iz Varaždinskih Toplica predstavljen je the face was depicted, with highlighted portrait- kao snažan, mlađi muškarac, vrlo oskudno- characteristics. The details of the wide face with odjeven. Posebno je zanimljiv način na koji prominent cheekbones and folds on the fore55 je prikazano lice, s vrlo izraženim portret- head indicate that the relief probably depicts- nim karakteristikama. Detalji šireg lica s Emperor Caracalla as Aesculapius (Fig. 14). naglašenim jagodičnim kostima, kao i na55 A comparison of Caracalla’s portraits with56 em bori na čelu, ukazuju da je na ovome reljefu phasized facial expressions characteristic for vjerojatno prikazan car Karakala (sl. 14). the beginning of his independent rule shows Usporedba s Karakalinim portretima, s vrlo56 very similar facial lines and the same expression naglašenim emocijama karakterističnima Aesculapius has on the relief from Varaždinske za početak njegove samostalne vladavine, Toplice. This is especially confirmed by the pokazuje slične crte lica i izraz koje ima folds above the nose, giving the face a dramatic Eskulap na reljefu iz Varaždinskih Toplica.- strength. The emphasized curls in the styling To posebno potvrđuju bore iznad nosa koje- of the hair57 resemble the portraits of Alexander- licu daju dramatičan izraz i snagu. Obliko the Great. The idealistic depiction of a young, vanje frizure s naglašenim uvojcima uka strong body is used to highlight the heroic mili zuje na57 sličnost s prikazima Aleksandra- tary nature of the emperor, i.e. his strength and Velikog, dok je prikazom idealiziranoga power. mladenačkog tijela, naglašen herojski i voj The inscription reveals thatpro salute the nature et victoriis of the nički karakter cara, odnosno njegova snaga dedication for the healthLucius and victoriesAlfenus Avitian of the- i moć. - usemperor is very formallegio (X Gemina ), Natpis otkrivapro salute da etje riječvictoriis o vrlo službenom andpraeses that the donator was karakteruLucius posvete Alfenus za Avitianus carevo zdravlje i po- , the legate of the and governor- bjede ( praeses) ), a donator je ( ) of the province of Arabia, an important bio , legat X. legi person in the service of the empire and the em je i upravitelj ( provincije Arabije, peror, probably belonging to the most trusted of važna osoba u službi države i samog cara,- advisors. Regarding the date of the inscription, vjerojatno iz njegova užeg kruga ljudi od it is important to note that it was dedicated only povjerenja. Za dataciju je natpisa važan po- to Emperor Caracalla, which indicates that it is datak da je posvećen samo caru Karakali, from the period of his independent rule, (AD što pokazuje da je iz razdoblja njegove sa 211 – AD 217), while the position of the donator Lucius Alfenus Avitianus mostalne vladavine (211. – 217. godine), is important for precisely dating the inscription. dok je za precizniju dataciju važna funkcija hailed from Hispania- donatora.Lucius Alfenus Avitianus - and held prominent58 state positions as an official bio je porijeklom iz during his career, inferred from the inscrip- Hispanije pa je tijekom svoje karijere58 obav tions mentioning his name and functions. An- ljao vrlo visoke državne službe, a što je inscription found in Piliscév (Hungary),59 dedi- moguće rekonstruirati prema natpisima na- cated to Jupiter (Neptune, Serapis), also ask kojima se pojavljuje njegovo ime i funkcije ing good health and victory for Emperor Cara koje je obavljao. Tako se na natpisu iz Pilis- calla, contains the additional information that céva (Mađarska), koji59 je posvetio Jupiteru he was the governor of Pannonia Inferior at the (Neptunu, Serapisu), također za Karakali time. It is interesting to note that several similar no zdravlje i pobjedu, nalazi podatak da je inscriptions dedicated to Serapis were found in 55 bio55 upravitelj Donje Panonije. Zanimljivo je north-eastern Pannonia, all containing official 56 56 Mennen 2006, 258. Mennen 2006, 258. Kleiner 1992,324. Kleiner 1992, 324. 57 57 Furthwängler, Urlich 1912, 194-196; Kilerich 1993, 85-92. Furthwängler, Urlich 1912, 194-196; Kilerich 1993, 85-92. 58 58 Fitz 1960; Fitz 1993, 1026 Fitz 1960; Fitz 1993, 1026. 59 59 CIL III 3637. CIL III 3637. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

276 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) - pro salute et victoria- - da je više sličnih natpisa posvećenih Sera formulae - for the health propisu salute pronađeno et victoria na prostoru – sjeveroistočne- and victory of Emperor Caracalla,60 and all erect Panonije, a svi sadrže službene formule – ed by high government officials. Some believe za zdravlje i pobje- that these monuments are connected with the du cara Karakale te60 su ih postavili visoki emperor’s visit to Pannonia in AD 214, and that državni službenici. Postoje pretpostav they were commissioned in regard to Caracalla’s61- ke da se grupa ovih spomenika povezuje s- war against the Quadi, in the middle of AD 214. - carevom posjetom Panoniji 214. godine i The inscriptions dedicated to Serapis also indi da su postavljeni u povodu rata koji je Ka cate the presence of the official religion incorpo rakala vodio61 protiv Kvada, polovinom 214.- rating Eastern cults. It is known that Caracalla godine. Posvete Serapisu na tim natpisima- was fascinated by Egyptian62 cults in his youth, svjedoče i o službenoj religiji u koju su tije when he spent a significant amount of time in kom toga razdoblja uključeni i istočni kulto Egypt with his family. During his independent vi. Poznato je da je Karakala još od mladosti62 rule, the cults of Isis and Serapis were included- bio oduševljen egipatskim kultovima, kada into the official63 religion, and were introduced to- je s obitelji proveo dulje vrijeme u Egiptu. - Rome itself; there was probably a temple64 dedi U vrijeme su njegove samostalne vladavinea cated to Serapis erected on Quirinal. The rea kultovi Izide i Serapisa postali dijelom služ63 son why Serapis was so important to Caracalla bene religije te su uvedeni i u sam Rim, - probably lies in his concern for his own health,- na Kvirinalu je64 vjerojatno bio podignut while inscriptions dedicated65 to Serapis by high hram Serapisu. Veliku važnost, koju je Se- military and government officials show their al rapis imao za Karakalu, treba tražiti upravo legiance to the emperor. Serapis became the u njegovoj brizi za vlastito zdravlje, a natpi supreme god and was equated with Jupiter, but si koje su tome božanstvu65 posvećivali visoki was also connected with Aesculapius through vojni i državni službenici pokazuju njihovu his power of healing. Caracalla’s rule was also privrženost caru. Serapis postaje vrhovno- marked by his fascination with Alexander the božanstvo i poistovjećuje se s Jupiterom, ali Great, whom he imitated not only by accepting- povezan je i s Eskulapom kroz moć ozdrav Eastern66 cults, but also in appearance, style of ljenja. Karakalinu je vladavinu obilježila i warfare, and marching to the East with his ar njegova opčinjenost Aleksandrom Velikim,- mies. kojeg je oponašao ne samo prihvaćanjem According to the aforementioned inscription istočnih kultova već i izgledom,66 načinom ra from Piliscév, it is assumed that Avitianus was- tovanja, a i veliki pohod prema istoku bio je the first governor of the reorganized province of- potaknut njegovim uzorom. Pannonia from the middle of AD 214, i.e. that Ca- Prema spomenutom natpisu iz Piliscéva- racalla appointed67 him as the proconsul of Pan pretpostavlja se da je Avitijan od sredine nonia Inferior. His name also appears on an in 214. godine bio prvi upravitelj reorganizi scription from Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan), where he rane provincije Panonije, odnosno da ga je is mentioned68 as the governor of the province of Karakala postavio za prvog67 konzularnoga Arabia. With regard to other known governors 60 upravitelja Donje Panonije. Njegovo ime RIU 3 753; RIU 3 645; Mrav 2000, 81-83. 60 61 RIU 3 753; RIU 3 645; Mrav 2000, 81-83. Mrav 2000, 88; There is also the opinion that the 61 Mrav 2000, 88; postoji i mišljenje da su ti natpisi vezani 62inscriptions are connected with Caracalla’s victory against the Alemanni, in the fall of AD 213 (Kovacs 2012, 390-391) 62uz pobjedu Karakale protiv Alamana, u jesen 213. godine Caes Cass. Dio 75, 13, 1; SHA 17, 3-4; Mrav 2000, 83 (Kovacs 2012, 390-391). 63 Caes Cass. Dio 75, 13, 1; SHA 17, 3-4; Mrav 2000, 83. 65 Aur. Vict. . 21, 4 63 64 66 CIL VI 570; Mrav 2000, 84; Rowan 2012, 143. 65 Aur. Vict. . 21, 4. 64 Bricault, Versluys 2014, 12-15. 66 CIL VI 570; Mrav 2000, 84; Rowan 2012, 143. Boteva 1999, 181-188. Bricault, Versluys 2014, 12-15. 67 Fitz 1993, 1026 Boteva 1999, 181-188. 68 67 IGR, III, 1371 Fitz 1993, 1026. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 277 pojavljuje se i na natpisu iz Gerasa (Jerash, of that province, there is a possibility of him- Jordan), gdje se spominje68 kao upravitelj performing this duty between AD 20969 and AD provincije Arabije. S obzirom na druge, 211 or between AD 212 and AD 213. It is pos za sada poznate upravitelje te provincije,- sible that he performed the duty of consul until postoji mogućnost da je na dužnosti bio od the middle of AD 214, after which he assumed- 209.69 do 211 godine ili od 212. do 213. godi- government over Pannonia Inferior, but it is also- ne. Moguće je da do sredine 214. godine possible that he was named governor of Panno vrši i funkciju konzula, nakon čega preuzi- nia as a close associate of Caracalla, without be ma upravu nad Donjom Panonijom, ali nije ing a consul prior to becoming a proconsul. The isključeno da je, kao bliski Karakalin surad inscription from Varaždinske Toplice, which- nik, postao upravitelj Panonije, a da prije- could not have been made before beginning of toga nije bio konzul. Natpis iz Varaždinskih AD 212, when Caracalla started ruling indepen Toplica, koji sigurno nije nastao prije počet- dently after the murder of Geta in December of ka 212. godine, kada nakon ubojstva Gete AD 211, presents the possibility of Avitianus (u prosincu 211.) počinje Karakalina samo being the governor of Arabia until AD 213, but stalna vladavina, ostavlja mogućnost da je- also presents new information about his career bio upravitelj Arabije do 213., ali daje i nove prior to his governmentlegio X Gemina over Pannonia Inferior.- podatke o njegovoj karijeri neposredno pri The inscription mentions that Avitianus was the je preuzimanja funkcije upravitelja Donje- 5legateth of the , stationed in Vin Panonije. Naime, na natpisu iz Varaždinskih dobona (Vienna,antoniniana70 Austria) from AD 114 until the Toplica spominje se da je Avitijan bio i le century, and also confirms that it carried- gat X. legije gemine. Legija X. gemina bila orthe.71 title already during the rule- je stacionirana u Vindoboni (Beč,70 Austrija), of Caracalla due to its allegiance to the emper od 114. godine do 5. stoljeća, a natpis iz If Avitianus’ functions are ordered chrono Varaždinskih Toplica potvrđujeantoniniana. da71 je, zbog logically on the inscription from Varaždinske svoje lojalnosti caru Karakali, već u njegovo- Toplice and he was still the governor of Arabia- vrijeme nosila i naziv Ako su- at the time the monument was put into place, Avitijanove funkcije na natpisu iz Varaždin- that could mean that the date for the monu skih Toplica spomenute kronološki i u vri ment can be narrowed down to the time from jeme postavljanja spomenika je vršio duž the start of Caracalla’s independent rule (end of- nost upravitelja Arabije, onda bi se datacija AD 211/beginning of AD 212) to the beginning mogla precizirati od početka samostalne- of AD 213, when Furnius Iulianus assumed72 gov legio Karakaline vladavine (kraj 211., početak ernment over the province of Arabia. X Gemina 212.), do početka 213. godine, kada se pret However, if Avitianus was the legate of the postavlja da je funkciju upravitelja72 Arabije at the time the monument was put preuzeo Furnius Iulianus. into place, and was the governor of Arabia prior Međutim, ako je u vrijeme postavljanja- tocursus taking honorum over command of the legion and it is ovog natpisa vršio dužnost legata X. legije, mentioned as an important part of his career a funkciju upravitelja Arabije obavljao ne ( ), there is a possibility that the posredno cursusprije preuzimanja honorum legije te se ona- inscription should be dated from the beginning spominje na natpisu kao važan dio njegove of AD 212 to the middle of AD 214, when it is karijere ( ), postoji moguć assumed73 he became the governor of Pannonia nost da se natpis datira na početak 212. pa Inferior. If one takes into account the context 68 69 IGR, III, 1371. Fitz 1993, 1025-1027. 69 70 pia fidelis Mócsy 1974, 99. Fitz 1993, 1025-1027. 71 pia fidelis Domitiana Domitiana 70 pia fidelis pia Mócsy 1974, 99. It gained the honorary title of in AD 89, or 71fidelis Domitiana rather , but the attribute was Domitiana. Počasni naziv dobiva 89. godine, odnosno dropped after the death of Emperor Domitian. , ali nakon smrti cara Domicijana odbacuje 72 Fitz 1993,1026 73 72 Fitz 1993, 1026 Fitz 1993,1026. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

278 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) - - do sredine 214. godine, kada se pretpostav73- of imperial politics at the time, it becomes ob lja da je postao upravitelj Donje Panonije. - vious that he was a person who was close to Ako se uzme u obzir kontekst tadašnje car Emperor Caracalla, playinglegio an X Geminaimportant role in ske politike, očito se radi o osobi vrlo bli- the emperor’s famous march to the East against skoj caru Karakali, koja je vjerojatno imala- the Parts, in which the also took važnu ulogu u pripremama za poznati po- part. Avitianus was probably a member of the hod na istok, protiv Parta, a u kojem je su emperor’s circle of most trusted advisors, who djelovala i legija X. gemina. Avitijan je vje accompanied him in his travels and militaryCaius rojatno bio u najužem krugu carevih osoba- Octaviuscampaigns, Appius and Suetriuswere rewarded Sabinus forand their Caius loyalty Iulius od povjerenja koje su ga pratile na njegovim- Avitusby advancing Alexianus in rank. It is known that e.g. putovanjima i pohodima te suCaius za svoju Octavius vjer Appiusnost bile Suetrius nagrađene Sabinus promaknućima i Caius Iulius u Avitus služ were appointed governors of Alexianusbi. Tako je poznato da su npr. provinces after 74performing various military and state functions. - , nakon vojnih i drugih funkcija,74 It is assumed that Caracalla marched from- završili karijeru kao upravitelji provincija. Rome across Roman Gaul and Germania Supe Pretpostavlja se da je Karakala u proljeće- rior in the spring of AD 213 to punishexpeditio the75 Ale 213. godine krenuo iz Rima preko Galije Germanica.manni, also76 referenced by Cassius Dio, Aquae while i Gornje Germanije u kaznenu ekspedici- epigraphic monumentsPhoebiana reference it as ju protiv75 Alamana, aexpeditio što spominje Germanica. i Dion76 The emperor stopped in Apollo Kasije, dok se na epigrafskim spomenici- Granus(Baden-Baden) and (Faimingen), ma taj pohod nazivaAquae – - where a 77sanctuary of Apollo was located ( - PoznatoPhoebiana je da se tijekom putovanja zausta ). Cassius Dio writes that Caracalla grew vio u lječilištu Apollo (Baden-Baden) Granus i u lje ill after the murder of his brother Geta and des čilištu (Faimingen), gdje77 je bilo perately sought help from Apollo, Asclepius, and Apolonovo svetište ( ). Kasije Serapis. During his travels, he would send votive Dion opisuje da se Karakala nakon ubojstva offerings to the deities through his emissaries to- svoga brata Gete razbolio i očajnički tražio various sanctuaries, and went there personally78 pomoć Apolona, Asklepija i Serapisa te da- in the hope that he would be healed. This de je tijekom putovanja preko svojih izaslanika scription is in accordance with the inscription slao zavjetne darove tim božanstvima u ra found in the sanctuary of Varaždinske Toplice,- zna svetišta, gdje je i osobno odlazio78 u nadi- commissioned by Caracalla’s servant Avitianus- da će svojim prisustvom ozdraviti. Upravo for the emperor’s health and victories. Natural- se u taj opis može uklopiti akvejazejsko sve ly, there is a possibility that the ill emperor him tište i nalaz koji je za zdravlje i pobjede cara self visited the sanctuary in Aquae Iasae, dedi Karakale postavio njegov izaslanik Avitijan. cated to his favourite deities Asclepius, Apollo, Naravno, postoji mogućnost da je bolesni- and Serapis after his war79 against the Alemanni car i osobno posjetio akvejazejsko svetište- in September of AD 213 if he was on his way u kojem su štovana njegova omiljena božan to Rome before heading80 east, as well as if he was stva Asklepije, Apolon i Serapis, a to bi mo staying in Pannonia. In any case, the quality of- glo biti u vrijeme79 nakon rata s Alamanima the relief and the type of the inscription show (rujan 213.) , ako se prije odlaska na istok that it is an official dedication asking for the em 73 74 Fitz 1993, 1026. Krόlczyk 2011, 211-213. 74 75 Krόlczyk 2011, 211-213. Cass.Dio, 73.13.6 75 76 CIL, VI, 41194: CIL, X, 5178; CIL X, 5398 etc. Cass. Dio, 73.13.6 77 76 Mráv 2000, 86. CIL, VI, 41194: CIL, X, 5178; CIL X, 5398 itd. 78 77 Cass. Dio 78, 5-7. Mráv 2000, 86. 79 78 Krόlczyk 2011, 215. Cass. Dio 78, 5-7. 80 79 Kovacs 2012, 381-393. Krόlczyk 2011, 215. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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- vraćao u Rim,80 ali i ako je nastavio boravak peror’s good health, probably put in place by the pro salute et victoriis u Panoniji. U svakom slučaju, kvaliteta re- emperor’s own orders. ljefa i tip natpisa ukazuje na to da je riječ o The formula , in which službenoj molbi za carevo ozdravljene, naj “victory” ispro in salutethe plural, et victoria differs81 from thepro known salute vjerojatnije postavljeno na carevu osobnu na ko- etinscriptions Victoria Germanica from Pannonia82 dedicated to the inicijativu. pro salute et victoriis, - emperor , and Oblik formule - , interpreted as victories83 jem je “pobjeda”pro izražena salute et u victoriamnožini,81 razlipro against the Alemanni in the fall of AD 213, - kujesalute se et od Victoria poznatih Germanica natpisa82 u, Panoniji po- while others connect84 them with the war against svećenih caru , i the Quadi in AD 214. The functions of Avitian- koji su tuma us listed on the inscription from Varaždinske čeni kao pobjede u83 ratu protiv Alamana (u Toplice also make it impossible to assign the in jesen 213. godine) , odnosno neke od njih- scription to the same time frame as the similar- dio autora povezuje84 s ratom protiv Kvada- inscriptions from northern Pannonia, including 214. godine. Također, i zbog funkcija Avi the inscription from Piliscév referencing Av- tijana koje se spominju na ploči iz Varaž itianus as the governor of Pannonia. If we accept- dinskih Toplica, taj se natpis ne može niti the inscriptions as being from AD 214, the in vremenski smjestiti u grupu sličnih natpisa scription from Varaždinske Toplice could be ref- iz sjeverne Panonije, među kojima je natpis erencing the war against the Alemanni in the fall iz Piliscéva, gdje se Avitijan spominje kao- of AD 213, but it is also possible85 that it is refer upravitelj Panonije. Ako se prihvati datacija encing some other events. The answer may lie tih natpisa u 214. godinu, natpis iz Varaž- in the aforementionedlegio X functions Gemina of the donator- dinskih Toplica mogao bi biti u vezi s ratom- being the governor of the province of Arabia and- protiv Alamana (u jesen 213. god.), ali mo the legate of the . legioSince X the Gemina cam guće 85je da se odnosi i na neke druge doga paign against the Parths was of extreme impor đaje. Možda se odgovor na to krije upravo tance to Caracalla, in which the u spomenutim funkcijama donatora, kao- also took part, it is probable that Avitianus was upravitelja Arabije i legata X. legije. Budući crucial in the preparations for the war, and that- da je caru Karakali bio iznimno važan po- the victories asked for on the monument pertain hod protiv Parta, u kojem je sudjelovala i to those events. New findings indicate that Cara legija X. gemina, vrlo je vjerojatno u pripre calla86 was in Nicomedia as early as December AD mama za taj rat uloga Avitijana bila važna,- 213, which would mean that he did not return pa je molba za careve pobjede vezana uz te to Rome after his war against the Alemanni and događaje. S obzirom na neke nove spozna that the inscription from Varaždinske Toplice je, koje upućuju na to da je Karakala već 86u- may be referencing his march to the east. In any prosincu 213. godine bio u Nikomediji, case, the precise date for the inscription from- što bi značilo da se nakon rata s Alamani Varaždinske Toplice is linked to the dates for ma nije vraćao u Rim, postoji mogućnost da similar inscriptions, as well as the military cam se natpis iz Varaždinskih Toplica veže uz taj paigns of Emperor Caracalla, for which there is 81 pohod na istok. U svakom slučaju, precizna CIL III 3637; RIU 3 753; RIU 3 645; 80 82 Kovacs 2012, 381-393. RIU 1139: 81 83 Kovacs 2012, 387; Krόlczyk 2011, 218. CIL III 3637; RIU 3 753; RIU 3 645. 84 pro salute et victoriis - 82 Mrav 2000, 88; Fitz 1960. RIU 1139. 85 83 Kovacs 2012, 387; Krόlczyk 2011, 218. The phrase also appears on inscrip 84 pro salute et victoriis - tions dedicated to Caracalla from Syria (CIL III 138; 138a; Mrav 2000, 88; Fitz 1960. 85 138b; 14385b), but the location of the inscriptions and the Sintagma pojavljuje se i na natpi dates ranging from AD 211 to AD 217 makes it difficult to sima posvećenim Karakali u Siriji (CIL III 138; 138a; 138b;- determine whether they reference the same events as the inscription from Varaždinske Toplice. 14385b), ali zbog mjesta nalaza, kao i njihove datacije od 86 211. do 217. godine, teško je utvrditi odnosi li se na iste do Opreanu 2015, 16-23, Kovacs 2012, 387. gađaje kao natpis iz Varaždinskih Toplica. 86 Opreanu 2015, 16-23, Kovacs 2012, 387. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

280 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) - - 87 datacija natpisa iz Varaždinskih Toplica po no consensus within the scientific community. vezana je s datacijom ostalih sličnih natpi- In conclusion, it can be said with certainty that- sa, kao i pohodima cara Karakale, o čemu u the inscription was not made before the end of stručnoj87 literaturi nema jedinstvenog mi AD 211, i.e. the beginning of AD 212, when Cara- šljenja. Zbog toga se jedino sa sigurnošću calla became the only emperor, and that there is može reći da nije nastao prije samog kraja a possibility that it was made in AD 213 or pos 211. godine, odnosno početka 212. godine,- sibly at the beginning of AD 214. kada započinje samostalna vladavina cara Karakale, a ostaje otvorena mogućnost nje gove datacije u 213. i eventualno dio 214. godine.

Apolon Apollo - - Prije istraživanja provedenih 2011. godine, Not much was known about the cult of Apollo kada su u konstrukciji sjevernog zida izvo in the Aquae Iasae sanctuary before the excava rišnog bazena pronađeni dijelovi skulpture tions in 2011, when the pieces of a sculpture and- i dva natpisa, nije se mnogo znalo o kultu- two inscriptions were found inside the structure boga Apolona u akvejazejskom svetištu. of theth north wall of the spring reservoir. The ma Najvjerojatnije je taj materijal sekundar terial was most likely reused at the beginning of no iskorišten početkom 4. stoljeća, kada the 4 century when the wall was reconstructed je izvedena rekonstrukcija zida i kada su and many of the stone monuments were used brojni kameni spomenici iskorišteni kao as regular building material. At the same time obični građevinski materijal. Usporedno s as the wall was being built, the terrain behind it gradnjom zida, zatrpavan je teren s njegove- was filled in, and in that layer, along with some stražnje strane i u tome su sloju, uz razne- architectural parts, reliefs and other cut stones, dijelove arhitekture, reljefa i drugoga obra pieces of a statue of the god Apollo were found, đenog kamenja pronađeni i dijelovi skul- as were several pieces of a statue of the goddessnd and pture boga Apolona, ali i nekoliko dijelova Dianard (Fig. 15, 17). All of the monuments found skulpture božice Dijane (sl. 15, 17). Svi spo- inside the structure can be dated to the 2 menici pronađeni u ovoj konstrukciji mogu 3 century, as88 can the coins found within the se datirati u 2. i 3. stoljeće, kao 88i novac pro layers of soil. - nađen u slojevima zatrpavanja. - The presence of Apollo, the god of healing, is Prisustvo Apolona, kao boga liječenja, pot completely logical in this type of sanctuary, puno je logično u ovoj vrsti svetišta, dok na- while the discovery of his statue indicates that laz njegove skulpture pokazuje da je štovan- he was also worshipped as the god of the Sun i kao bog Sunca te proroštva. Skulptura pri and of prophecy. The statue depicts Apollo/ kazuje Apolona – Sola, mladog boga, sa zra Sol, a young god, with a crown of sunbeams, kastom krunom na glavi, koji se oslanja89 na leaning on a tripod around89 which a snake has tronožac obavijen zmijom (sl. 16). U utoru wrapped itself (Fig, 16). The indentation on na vrhu tronošca možda je bila uglavljena the top of the tripod might have held a lyre on lira na koju se Apolon oslanjao savijenom which Apollo leaned, his arm bent at the elbow, 87 - rukom u laktu, pa bi se radilo o varijanti tipa Krόlczyk 2011; Kovacs 2012; Mrav 2000; Fitz 1960 87 - 88 Krόlczyk 2011; Kovacs 2012; Mrav 2000; Fitz 1960. Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 31, 45; Nemeth-Ehr 88 lich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 31, 45; Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 31, 45; Nemeth-Ehr 89 lich, Kušan Špalj 2015, 31, 45. Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, Cat. no. 71; Nemeth- 89 Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2015, Cat. no. 71.; Temporary storage: Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, kat. br. 71; Nemeth- AMZ, VTks-2. Height of the statue: c. 170 cm Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2015, kat. br. 71; Privremena pohrana: AMZ, VTks-2. Visina skulpture cca 170 cm. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 15: Dio skulpture boga Apolona-Sola, tije- Slika / Figure 16: Skulptura boga Apolona-Sola, poč. 3. st., kom istraživanja 2011. god. (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). na izložbi,rd 2014. u Cankarjevom domu, Ljubljana (snimio- / A segment of a sculpture of Apollo-Sol, the 2011 excava Cankarjev dom, Ljubljana). / A sculpture of Apollo-Sol, tions (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). early 3 c., on an exhibition in the Cankarjev dom, Ljublja na, 2014 (photo by Cankarjev dom, Ljubljana). - 90 Apolona Kitaroda. Desna je ruka vjerojat which would make90 this a variant of the Apollo no bila spuštena, tek lagano odmaknuta od- Citharoedus type. The right arm was most- tijela. Apolon je prikazan u kontrapostu, s likely lowered, and moved slightly away from osloncem na lijevoj nozi i, premda nije saču- the body. Apollo is shown in contrapposto, lean van gležanj i stopalo desne noge, naslućuje- ing on his left foot and, although the right foot se, prema prstima na postamentu, da je de and ankle have not been preserved, the toes on- sna noga bila oslonjena samo vrhovima pr the pedestal indicate that the right foot leaned stiju na podlogu. Položaj tijela, s osloncem- onto the surface only with the toes. The posi na lijevu nogu, omogućio je lagani pokret tion of the body, with its weight on the left leg, desne noge i blago uvijanje osi figure, od allowed for the light movement of the right leg nosno zdjelice i ramena, čime je postignut- and the slight twist in the figure’s axis, i.e. the- dojam prirodnog položaja u stanju između pelvis and the shoulders, which creates the laganog pokreta i mirovanja. Takvim polo impression of a natural posture, in a state be žajem tijela postignut je i dojam odvažnog tween light movement and standing still. This držanja, naglašen i izrazom lica emotivno kind of posture also creates the impression of distanciranog božanstva, svjesnog svoje a bold demeanour, which is accentuated by the 90 90 Bieber 1955, 160. Bieber 1955, 160. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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- - Slika / Figure 17: Dijelovi skulptura Apolona-Sola i Dijane- Slika / Figure 17a: Dio skulpture božice Dijane Lune, Lune, tijekom istraživanja 2011. godine (snimila D. Nem- početak 3. st., nakon konzervatorsko-restauratorskihrd ra- eth-Ehrlich) / Fragments of the sculptures of Apollo-Sol dova (snimio Zottmann Gmbh, Austrija). / Fragment of a and Diana-Luna, the 2011 excavations (photo by D. Nem figure of Diana Luna, early 3 c., after conservation-res eth-Ehrlich). tauration work (photo by Zottmann Gmbh, Austria).

ljepote. Elegancija je skulpture postignuta- facial expression of an emotionally distant god skladnim odnosom veličine glave u odnosu aware of his beauty. The elegance of the statue is na tijelo, u tradiciji klasičnoga grčkog kipar achieved through the harmonious proportion of stva, gotovo u omjeru 1:7. Frizura s velikim the size of the head to the body, in the tradition pramenovima kose odražava karakteristike of classical Greek sculpture, in a ratio of almost skulpture s početka 3. stoljeća u kojem je 1:7. The hair with the large locks reflects the- često prisutna igra svjetla i sjene. Radi se o- characteristics of early-third-century sculpture,- tipu frizure koja se pojavljuje na Lizipovim- which makes prominent use of light and shad portretima Aleksandra Velikog. Uz Apolo ow. This type of hairstyle can also be seen in Ly novu lijevu nogu prikazan je tronožac – tri sippos’ portrait of Alexander the Great. A tripod pod s omotanom zmijom, a što upućuje da with a snake wrapped around it is shown next ga se željelo prikazati i kao boga proricanja to Apollo’s left leg, which indicates the wish to (Apolon Pitijski). To svakako ukazuje na also depict him as the god of prophecy (Pythian mogućnost da su se u ovome svetištu oko Apollo). This certainly points to the possibility izvora termalne vode odvijali rituali vezani that divination rituals were performed in this- uz proricanje budućnosti, a što i ne čudi s- sanctuary, around the thermal spring, which is obzirom na specifičnu geološku situaciju, not surprising considering the specific geologi razne plinove i neprestano isparavanje vru cal structure, the various gases present, and the ćeg izvora. constant vapours rising from the hot spring. - Vezano uz skulpturu Apolona – Sola treba- In relation to the statue of Apollo/Sol, it is also promatrati i dijelove skulpture božice Dija important to consider the pieces of the statue ne, od koje je sačuvana glava i oštećeni gor of the goddess Diana, of which the head and nji dio tijela (sl. 17a), a vjerojatno joj pripada damaged torso have been preserved (Fig. 17a), DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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i lijevo stopalo pronađeno također u sloju91 along with, most likely, the left foot found91 also in zatrpavanja sjeverno od izvorišnog bazena. the soil north of the spring reservoir. - - Dobro sačuvana glava božice Dijane, kao - i The well-preserved Diana’s head, as well as glava Apolona, s mekano oblikovanim lini- Apollo’s head, with the soft-shaped facial fea jama lica i s jako izraženim lukom iznad oči tures and strongly arched brow, exhibits the ju, pokazuju karakteristike idealizma u pri characteristics of idealism in the depiction of- kazivanju božanskih lica, u tradiciji grčkog the faces of the gods in the tradition of Greek kiparstva. Prema sačuvanom dijelu tobolca- sculpture. From the preserved piece of the quiv- vidljivo je da je božica prikazana u skladu s- er, it is obvious that the goddess was depicted- grčkom ikonografijom, kao Artemida, boži- in accordance with Greek iconography, as Arte ca lova, kojoj je pridodan polumjesec – atri mis, the goddess of the hunt, to whom a cres but Selene – Lune. Očito je riječ o skulptu cent moon has been added, which is an attribute- rama koje su izrađene istovremeno, s vrlo of Selene/Luna. It is obvious that these statues- sličnom izvedbom detalja u obradi lica te were made at the same time, with similar de prikazuju božanski par – blizance, Apolona tails in the shape of the face, and depict the di - – Sola i Dijanu – Lunu. vine pair of twins, Apollo/Sol and Diana/Luna. - Helije, u grčkoj mitologiji92 bog Sunca, poisto Helios, the god of the Sun 92in Greek mythology,- vjećivan je s Apolonom, a njegova sestra- was identified with Apollo, while his twin sis blizanka 93 Artemida sa Selenom, božicom- ter Artemis was identified93 with Selene, the god Mjeseca, a ti složeni sinkretistički proce dess of the moon, and these complex syncretic- si nastavljaju se u rimskom periodu, pove processes continued into the Roman period,- zujući Apolona sa solarnim božanstvom,- connecting Apollo with the sun god Sol and Di Solom i Dijanu s božicom Mjeseca Lunom, ana with the moon goddess94 Luna, in the com u smislu94 kompleksnih identifikacija božan plex identification of deities. These cults were stava. Ti su kultovi vrlo popularni u doba very popular in the Roman Empire, which can Carstva, a što se može pratiti i na95 raznim be traced through the95 various iterations of coins- emisijama novca tog vremena. Rimski during that period. The Roman poet Oppian pisac Opijan iz Apameje,96 u svojem djelu of Apamea, in 96his work dedicated to the sancti posvećenom Karakali, uspoređuje cara s fied Caracalla, compares the emperor himself bogom Sunca, a njegovu majku s božicom- with the god of the Sun, and his mother to the Mjeseca, što vjerojatno predstavlja i odraz- goddess of the Moon, which likely reflects the službene politike toga vremena. Razni as official policy of the time. The various aspects pekti solarnog kulta i sinkretizam značaj of the sun cult and syncretism are prominent ne su karakteristike službene religije toga- characteristics of the official religion of the time, vremena, pa se tako vrhovno božanstvo so that the supreme97 deity Serapis is identified98- Serapis, na temelju solarnog97 karaktera, po with Jupiter, and presumably with Mithra, istovjećuje98 s Jupiterom , pretpostavlja seOvi i while the emperor Caracalla himself99 was depict s Mitrom , a i sam car Karakala prikazuje99 - ed with a crown of sunbeams. These complex se sa solarnom (zrakastom) krunom. - syncretic processes, characteristic of the reign složeni sinkretistički procesi, karakteristič of emperor Caracalla, were also reflected in the ni za vladavinu cara Karakale, imali su odra rituals in the Aquae Iasae sanctuary; the newly 91 91 Kušan Špalj 2014, 77,101 (kat. br. 72); Kušan Špalj 2015, Kušan Špalj 2014,Cat 77,101 (Cat. no. 72); Kušan Špalj 2015, Cat 77,101 (Cat. no. 72). Temporary storage: AMZ, VTks- 3,4. 77, 101 (kat. br. 72). Privremena pohrana: AMZ, VTks- 3, 4. 92 92 Ps.-Eratosth. .24 Ps.-Eratosth. . 24. 93 93 Soph. OT 207. Soph. OT 207. 94 94 Ando 2005, 49 Ando 2005, 49 95 Kyneg. 95 Kyneg. Bilić 2011, 45-64. Bilić 2011, 45-64. 96 96 Opp. I. Opp. I. 97 97 CIL III, 3637 CIL III, 3637 98 98 Malaise 1972, 465. Malaise 1972, 465. 99 99 Mráv 2000, 85. Mráv 2000, 85. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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- za i na rituale u akvejazejskom svetištu, pa discovered statues of Apollo/Sol and Diana/ i nove nalaze skulptura Apolona – Sola i Di Luna have to, therefore, be considered within jane – Lune treba promatrati u kontekstu- the context of that period. The finds can be- toga vremena. Precizniju dataciju olakšava more precisely dated by comparing the statues usporedba skulptura Apolona – Sola i Dija- of Apollo/Sol and Diana/Luna with the relief de- ne – Lune s reljefnim prikazom Eskulapa -i piction of Aesculapius and Salus/Hygia, seeing Salus (Higije) jer se uočavaju mnoge slič as many similarities can be observed. It is visi nosti. Prije svega to je vidljivo u oblikova ble, first and foremost, in the shape of the hair of nju frizura Apolona i Eskulapa, po uzoru Apollo and Aesculapius, which is modelled after na Aleksandra Velikog. Postoji i sličnost u Alexander the Great. There are also similarities- oblikovanju lica božica, izvedbi detalja lica, in the shapes of the goddess’ faces, the details, ali i frizurama, koje nisu potpuno istog tipa, and also the hairstyles, which are not of the ex ali su modelirane na sličan način, dubljim -i act same type, but are similarly modelled, with- plićim utorima. Za razliku od lica Eskulapa, deep and shallow indentations. As opposed to koji ima karakteristike portreta, s naglaše Aesculapius’ face, which has the characteris nim jagodicama i izražajnim obrvama, lica- tics of a portrait, with prominent cheekbones- Apolona, Dijane i Salus (Higije) izvedena and expressive eyebrows, the faces of Apollo, su u skladu s idealizmom u prikazu božan Diana and Salus/Hygia were made in accord stava. U svakom slučaju, i reljef i skulpture- ance with an idealistic depiction of deities. In odaju karakteristike koje ih smještaju u isto any case, both the relief and the statues exhibit vremensko razdoblje, a vjerojatno su nasta characteristics which place them in the same le i u istoj radionici. Vjerojatno nije riječ o time period, and perhaps they were even made kopijama određenih grčkih kipova, već su- in the same workshop. They are most likely not izrađeni prema načelima grčkog kiparstva -i copies of specific Greek statues, but were made ikonografije, a u skladu sa službenom reli according to the principles of Greek sculpture gijom. Likovi božanstava Eskulapa i Apolo and iconography, and in accordance with the- na, omiljenih kultova cara Karakale, i njihov official religion. The figures of Aesculapius and- prikaz, koji u mnogim elementima podsjeća Apollo, the favourite cults of the emperor Cara na prikazivanje Aleksandra Velikog, odraz calla, and their depiction, which in many of its el- su službene politike i ikonografije. Očito ements calls to mind the depiction of Alexander je da su vješti rimski majstori proizvodili the Great, reflect the official policy and iconog kombinirajući načela i elemente klasičnoga raphy. It is obvious that skilled Roman master grčkog kiparstva i helenizma, sa zahtjevima craftsmen approached sculpting by combining svog vremena. Plasičnost modelacije mišića the principles and elements of classical Greek na skulpturi Apolona, ali i reljefu Eskulapa,- sculpture and Hellenism with the demands of pokazuje vrhunsko poznavanje anatomije the period. The life-like shape of the muscles on- tijela te činjenicu da se ovdje ne radi o obič the statue of Apollo and the relief of Aesculapius nom serijskom proizvodu, već o djelu vrlo points to a masterful knowledge of human anat vještog majstora i njegovu umjetničkom- omy, as well as the fact that this is not merely- ostvarenju. S obzirom na to da je mramor a serialized product, but the artwork of a very od kojeg su izrađene100 skulpture i reljef alp- skilled master craftsman. The fact that the mar skog porijekla , treba isključiti da se radi ble from which the statues100 and relief were made o spomenicima dovezenim iz nekih udalje- came from the Alps rules out the possibility- nijih centara ili samog Rima. Očito je riječ that the monuments were imported from some o djelima nastalim u nekoj od obližnjih ra more remote place, or even Rome itself. It is ob dionica gdje su djelovali vrsni, ali i dobro vious that these works were made in some of the plaćeni majstori koji su mogli prihvatiti nearby workshops, which were run by excellent 100 100 Analizu je proveo prof. Rohatschu (TU Wien) u suradnji The analysis was carried out by Prof. Rohatschu (TU s tvrtkom Zottmmann GmbH, koja je izvela konzervatorsko- Wien) in collaboration with the company Zottmmann restauratorske radove na spomenicima. GmbH, which carried out the conservation and restoration work on the monuments. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 285 - - narudžbu osoba vrlo bliskih caru (možda i and well-paid master craftsmen, who could ac samog cara). cept an order from persons very close to the em peror (and perhaps even the emperor himself). Da je postojalo štovanje Apolona i Dijane i izvan okvira službenoga državnog kulta, That Apollo and Diana were also worshipped- pokazuju101 natpisi posvećeni samoj božici102- outside the official state cult is evidenced101 by Dijani, ponekad i zajedno s nimfama, the inscriptions dedicated to102 Diana, some te novi nalazi s posvetama Apolonu i Dija times together with nymphs, as well as the- ni, zajedno s drugim božanstvima. Tako je- new finds with dedications to Apollo, Diana, 2011. godine u sjevernom zidu izvorišnog and other deities. Thus, in 2011, a badly dam bazena pronađen jedan vrlo oštećen nat aged inscription dedicated to Apollo, Diana, and pis posvećen Apolonu, Dijani i nimfama (sl.- the nymphs was discovered in the north wall of 18, 19), a što svjedoči o vrlo specifičnom- the spring reservoir (Fig. 18,19), which points obliku103 kulta karakterističnom za ovo sveti to a very specific form103 of the cult, characteristic šte. Natpis je izrađen od lokalnog kame of this sanctuary. The inscription was made- na, gustoga sitnozrnatoga litotamnijskog from locally mined stone, a dense, small-grained vapenca, ali je zbog utjecaja sumporne vode lithothamnium limestone, but because of the ef i težine gornjih redova zida, u koji je bio fects of sulphur water, as well as the weight of ugrađen, pronađen oštećen i u više dijelova.- the upper rows of the wall into which it was Radi se o monolitnom bloku na kojem je u built, it was found badly damaged and broken gornjem dijelu urezanim linijama oblikova into several pieces. It is a monolithic block no krunište. Nedostaje gornji desni ugao, a- whose upper part has been shaped by carving. donji dio (s dijelom natpisa) bio je otklesan104 The right corner is missing, and the bottom part zbog prilagodbe za ugradnju u zid. Naj (with the part of the inscription)104 was chipped veća su oštećenja bila upravo na samom off to make it fit into the wall. The stone was natpisu tako da je tek nakon spajanja svih- most heavily damaged on the inscription itself, dijelova i konzervatorsko-restauratorskih so that only after connecting all the pieces and radova provedenih 2015. godine bilo mo the conservation and restoration work done in- guće cjelovitije interpretirati natpis. Nakon 2015 was it possible to more fully interpret the što je provedeno detaljno čišćenje površine, inscription. After a detailed cleaning of the sur face, it was discovered that black paint had been APOLLI[ni]pokazalo se da je u slovima sačuvana crna APOLLI[ni] boja. preserved inside the letters.

DIANAE[et?] DIANAE[et?] NYMPH[is] NYMPH[is] SPECULATORL(ucius) ARRIVS SPECULATORL(ucius) ARRIVS FLORENTIN[u]S FLORENTIN[u]S ------LEG(ionis) XIIII GEMI(nae) LEG(ionis) XIIII GEMI(nae) - - , - Natpis je Apolonu, Dijani i nimfama po The inscription was dedicatedlegio to XIV Apollo, Gemina Di svetio Lucije Arije Florentin spekulator u ana, and the nymphs by Lucius Arrius Floren legiji XIIII. gemini. Funkcija je spekulatora tinus, a speculator from the . The speculator’s title encompassed various obuhvaćala razna zaduženja, od neke vrsta 101 101 Iljug 1166; Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1958, 114, fig. 62; AIJ Iljug 1166; Vikić-Belančić, Gorenc 1958, 114, Fig. 62; AIJ 459 459. 102 102 AIJ 460; Rendić Miočević 1992, 71. AIJ 460; Rendić Miočević 1992, 71. 103 103 Kušan Špalj 2014, 76,100; Kušan Špalj 2015, 76,100; Kušan Špalj 2014, 76, 100; Kušan Špalj 2015, 76, 100. 104 104 The largest preserved piece is 94 cm, the width is 52.5 Najviši sačuvani dio je 94 cm, širina je 52,5 cm, a debljina cm, and thickness is 37 cm. Height of the letters: first row 37 cm. Visina slova: 1. red – 7,5 cm, 2., 3., 6., 7. red – 5,2 cm, 7.5 cm, second, third, sixth and seventh row 5.2 cm, fourth 4. red – 4,8 – 5,2 cm, 5. red – 5,0 cm; Privremena pohrana: row 4.8-5.2 cm, fifth row 5.0 cm; Temporary storage: AMZ, AMZ, VTks-8. VTks-8. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 18: Dio natpisa posvećenog Apolonu, Dijani i Slika / Figure 19: Natpis posvećen Apolonu, Dijani i nim nimfama, istraživanja 2011. god. (snimila D. Kušan Špalj) / fama, 2. st, nakon konzervatorsko-restauratorskihnd radova A segment of an inscription dedicated to Apollo, Diana and (snimio I. Krajcar). / An inscription dedicated to Apollo, nymphs, the 2011 excavations (photo by D. Kušan Špalj). Diana and nymphs, 2 c., after conservation-restauration work (photo by I. Krajcar).

- izviđačaArrius i špijuna pa do raznih službi105 u legiji duties, from being a type of nomen scout andgentilicium spy, to i u uredu provincijskih namjesnika. Gen- various services in the105 legion and the office of- tilicij vrlo je čest i rasprostranjen,Floren- a provincial governor. The tinusponekad među italskim,106 a kasnije i orijen Arrius is very commoncognomen and widespread, some talnim stanovništvom. Kognomen - times among106 Italic, and later among Oriental također je bio poznat diljem Carstva,107 a citizens. The Florentinus was also- posebno u keltskim provincijama. S obzi familiar throughout thepraenomen107 Empire, and especially triarom nominana to da se na ovom natpisu spominje intria the nomina Celtic provinces. Seeing as the inscrip i predime, Lucije, odnosno imenska shema tion also mentions a nd , Lucius, i.e. the , vjerojatna je datacija natpisa u naming convention, the inscription legio XIV Gemina - 2. stoljeće. most likely dates back to the 2 century. - Pripadnici legije XIIII. gemine spominju- The members of the are men se na još dva, već ranije108 nađena natpisa iz tioned in two other inscriptions108 previously dis- Varaždinskih Toplica, a dio jednog natpi covered in Varaždinske Toplice, and part of an sa sa spomenom te legije pronađen je kao inscription mentioning the legion was discov građevni materijal u zidu zapadnog109 hrama ered as building material in the wall 109of the west u istraživanjima 2010. godine. temple during the 2010 excavations. 105 105 Breeze 1969, 1; Demicheli 2015, 64-65. Breeze 1969, 1.; Demicheli 2015, 64-65. 106 106 Alfoldy 1969, 61. Alfoldy 1969, 61 107 107 Alfoldy 1969, 205; Cajanto 1965, 189. Alfoldy 1969, 205; Cajanto 1965, 189 108 108 Rendić-Miočević 1975, 37; ILJug 1172. Rendić-Miočević 1975, 37; ILJug 1172; 109 109 Kušan Špalj 2014, (kat. br. 60 c); Kušan Špalj 2015, (kat. Kušan Špalj 2014, (Cat. no. 60 c); Kušan Špalj 2015, (Cat. br. 60 c). no. 60 c); DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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- - Slika / Figure 20: Natpis posvećen Junoni, Minervi, Apolonu Slika / Figure 21: Natpis posvećen Junoni, Minervi, Apo i nimfama, istraživanja 2012. god. (snimila D. Kušan Špalj) lonu i nimfama, 2. st., nakon konzervatorsko-restauratornd - / An inscription dedicated to Juno, Minerva, Apollo and skih radova (snimio I. Krajcar). / An inscription dedicated nymphs, the 2012 excavations (photo by D. Kušan Špalj). to Juno, Minerva, Apollo and nymphs, 2 c., after conser vation-restauration work (photo by I. Krajcar).

legio XIV Gemina Svi do sada pronađeni natpisi, koji spominju All of the inscriptionsnd mentioningrd the members pripadnike legije XIIII. gemine, datirani su u of the discovered thus far have 2. i 2/3. stoljeće, odnosno u vrijeme kada110 je been dated to the 2 and 3 centuries, 110 when the - ta legija bila stacionirana u Karnuntu. legion was stationed in Carnuntum. - - Još jedan natpis na kojem se spominje Apo Another inscription that mentions Apollo was lon pronađen je u sjevernom zidu izvoriš discovered in the north wall of the spring res- nog bazena (u njegovu istočnom dijelu), a ervoir (in its eastern part), and was also made također je bio izrađen od lokalnog kamena- from locally mined stone (lithothamnium lime – litotamnijskog vapnenca i površina mu je stone), whose surface was badly damaged. It is- jako oštećena. Radi se također o monolit- also a monolithic stone block (of which only the nom kamenom bloku (od kojeg je sačuvan- upper half has been preserved), with no mould- samo gornji dio), bez profilacija, s djelomič ings, and a partially preserved top piece (the In no sačuvanim kruništem (desni dio je ošte right side is damaged) into which shallow deco111 ćen) koje je111 bilo prikazano plitkim urezima rative details were carved (Fig. 20, 21). (sl. 20, 21). Radi ugradnje u zid, donji je- order to be fitted into the wall, the bottom part dio natpisa otklesan i nije pronađen. Natpis of the inscription was chiselled off and has not 110 - je posvećen Junoni (kraljici), Minervi, Apo Mócsy1959, 49, 83; Radman-Livaja 2012, 163-170; 110 111 Mócsy1959, 49, 83; Radman-Livaja 2012, 163-170. The largest preserved height is 87 cm, width in the up - 111 per part 41 cm (in the lower part 42 cm), thickness 25 cm. Najveća sačuvana visina je 87 cm, širina u gornjem dijelu The inscription has been preserved with a total height of 48 41 cm (u donjem dijelu 42 cm), debljina 25 cm. Natpis je sa cm. Height of the letters: first, second, and third row 5 cm, čuvan ukupne visine 48 cm. Visina slova: 1. – 3. red: 5 cm, 4., fourth and fifth row 5.5 cm, sixth row 6 cm, in the seventh 5. red: 5,5 cm, 6. red: 6 cm, 7. red: sačuvan je dio slova, visina row only a part of the letters have been preserved, with an cca 5,5 cm. Privremena pohrana: AMZ, VTks- 82. approximate height of 5.5 cm. Temporary storage: AMZ, VTks- 82. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

288 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) lonu i nimfama, i možda se u njemu krije i been found.The inscription is dedicated to Juno odgovor kojim su božanstvima, barem u (the queen), Minerva, Apollo, and the nymphs,- jednom razdoblju, bili posvećeni hramovi. and perhaps it can answer the question to which deities, at least during a certain period, the tem APOLLINIIVNONI R(eginae) ET ples were dedicated. MINERVA[e] APOLLINIIVNONI R(eginae) ET ET NYMPHI[s] MINERVA[e] C(aius) PETR[onius?] ET NYMPHI[s] ------OPTA [tus?] BE(?) [-----] C(aius) PETR[onius?] - OPTA [tus?] ------Caius, BE(?) [-----] Ime dedikanta vrlo je oštećeno te osim sa čuvanog predimena, ne može se sa praenomen sigurnošću utvrditi kako je glasilo cijelo The name of the dedicator is badly damaged and ime, no s obzirom na trodjelni oblik imena, except for the preserved , Caius, we vjerojatna jePetronius datacija u 2. stoljeće. Prema- cannot with certainty say what the full nd name- sačuvanim slovima PETR, vjerojatno je riječ- was, but considering the tripartite form of the o gentiliciju , koji je bio poznat di U name, it can most likelynomen be gentilicium dated to the 2 cen- ljem Carstva, čest je i u Dalmaciji među 112ital- tury. Considering the preserved letters PETR, it skim stanovništvom i oslobođenicima. is possible that the was Petro 6. redu vidljiva su slova OPT, iza kojihOptatus vjero nius, a name that was familiar throughout the jatno slijedi A (vidljiv je gornji dio slova) pa- Empire, and was common in112 Dalmatia among je moguće da se radi o kognomenu , Italic citizens and freedmen. The letters OPT koji je također bio vrlo rasprostranjen,113 po- are visible in the sixth row, mostcognomen likely followed- sebno u keltskim provincijama. Naravno, by A (the top part of the letter is visible); it is, postoji mogućnost i nekih drugih oblika ko therefore, possible that the is Opta gnomena,Optatius, među Optandus, kojima Optanus, su vjerojatnija Optatianus ona tus, a name which was alsocognomen very113 widespread, kraćeg oblika zbog širine natpisnog polja especially in the Celtic provinces. Of course, ( 114 some other forms of the are also itd). U 7. redu djelomično su sačuvana115 possible, among which the shorter forms are samo dva slova (BE (ili RE), možda BF, more probable, due to the width of the writing što ostavlja razne mogućnosti za preostali area 114(Optatius, Optandus, Optanus, Optatianus, - sadržaj teksta. etc.). In the seventh row, only two letters have been115 partially preserved (BE, or RE, or perhaps Svi ovi nalazi, koji govore o prisutnosti kul BF), and so there are many open possibilities ta boga Apolona u akvejazejskom svetištu, for the rest of the text. a pogotovo skulptura koja ga prikazuje kao- boga Sunca, bacaju i novo svjetlo na jedan All of these inscriptions which speak of the već ranije pronađeni natpis kojeg je u kon presence of the cult of Apollo in the Aquae Iasae testu novih nalaza moguće 116interpretirati u sanctuary, and especially the statue depicting okviru kulta Apolona – Sola. him as the god of the Sun, shed new light onto a 112 Alföldy1969, 108. previously discovered inscription, which can, in 113 Alföldy 1969, 256; Kajanto 1965, 189. the context of the new finds, be interpreted116 from 114 B(ene)F(iciarius Lőrincz 2000, 114-115. the vantage point of the cult of Apollo/Sol. 115 112 ) (?) Alföldy 1969, 108. 116 113 Demo 1994, 72, no. 1; Migotti 1999, 56.; Lučić 2013, 234. Alföldy 1969, 256; Kajanto 1965, 189. 114 B(ene)F(iciarius Lőrincz 2000, 114-115. 115 ) (?) 116 Demo 1994, 72, no. 1; Migotti 1999, 56.; Lučić 2013, 234. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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nd rd - Serapis Aquae Serapis Iasae Novi nalazi potvrđuju da su u svetištu - The new finds confirm that in the 2 and 3 cen- u razdoblju s 2. na 3. stoljeće, među turies in the sanctuary of Aquae Iasae, among the božanstvima od kojih se tražilo ozdravlje deities which were called upon for aid and heal nje i pomoć, štovana i egipatska božanstva- ing, the Egyptian deities Isis and Serapis were- Izida i Serapis. Izida, kao izvorno egipatsko- also worshipped. Isis, as an authentic Egyptian božanstvo, potpuno je preoblikovana u he deity, was completely refashioned in the Hel lenizmu, kada joj je kao suprug dodan Sera lenistic period, when Serapis was added as her pis. Preobrazba Izide nije se očitovala samo- husband. The transformation of Isis did not u ikonografiji već i u novim božanskim manifest itself only in the iconography, but also- funkcijama koje117 joj se pripisuju, kao sveop- in the new divine117 functions attributed to her, as- ćem božanstvu, među kojima118 se posebno a supreme deity, among118 which those associat ističu one vezane uz liječenje. Helenistič- ed with healing stand out. The Hellenistic ico- ka je ikonografija Izide i Serapisa preuzeta- nography of Isis and Serapis was adopted in the i u rimskom svijetu, kao i povezanost s mi Roman world, as was the connection with mys sterijima, višim oblikom duhovnosti, ali naj- teries, a higher form of spirituality, but worship češće se vjerovanje ipak zadržavalo na vrlo mostly remained on a very practical level and praktičnoj razini i bilo je zavjetnog karakte- was votive in nature. The spreadingst of the cult- ra. Širenje Izidina kulta može se pratiti od 1.- of Isis can be traced from the 1 century, from stoljeća, iz Akvileje preko Emone u Panoni Aquileia, across Emona, to Pannonia, and gradu ju, te se postupno prihvaćalo u svim slojevi- ally came to be accepted in all strata of society, ma društva, ali prije svega u okviru privatne- but first and foremost in the context of a private religije. No potpuni procvat egipatskih kul religion.nd However, the Egyptian cults did not tova događa se u doba Severa, krajem 2. sto fully thriverd until the time of Severus, at the end ljeća, te posebno početkom 3. stoljeća, kada of the 2 century and especially the beginning i Serapis dobiva posebnu ulogu, a119 zajedno s- of the 3 century, when Serapis gains a special Izidom uklapa se u državni kult. U to se- role, and 119 is included in the state cult together- vrijeme mogu datirati i nalazi iz Varaždin with Isis. The finds from Varaždinske Toplice skih Toplica, a njihovu pojavu svakako tre- can also be dated to that period, and their pres ba povezati sa štovanjem ovih božanstava u ence should certainly be linked to the worship obližnjoj Petovioni, kao jednome od najzna of these deities in the nearby Poetovio, as one čajnijih središta120 istočnih kultova u ovome of the most important centres120 of eastern cults- dijelu Carstva. Petoviona je bila središte in this part of the Empire. Poetovio was the carinskih službi za cijeli Ilirik, a carinski su- centre for customs services for the whole of Il službenici bili glavni štovatelji121 kulta Mitre i lyricum, and customs officials were the primary egipatskih božanstava. Međutim, štovate followers121 of the cult of Mithra and the Egyptian lji Izide i Serapisa bili su i pripadnici drugih, deities. However, the worshippers of Isis andnd vrlo često i visokih društvenih krugova, a Serapis were also membersrd of other, very often pogotovo krajem 2. i početkom 3. stoljeća. high social circles, especially at the end of the 2 117 and beginning of the 3 century. Witt 1997, 23; Meza 2006, 161-166; Malaise 2007, 19- 117 39. 118 Witt 1997, 23; Meza 2006, 161-166; Malaise 2007, 19- Bricault 2014, 105. 39. 119 118 Selem 1997, 17-43. Bricault 2014, 105. 120 119 Jerala 2011, 75-86. Selem 1997, 17-43. 121 120 Jerala 2011, 75-86. Selem 1997, 127. 121 Selem 1997, 127. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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nd Slika / Figure 22: Natpis posvećen Izidi i Serapisu, druga pol. 2. st. (lijevo: snimio Zottmann Gmbh, Austrija, desno: snimio Cankarjev dom, Slovenija). / An inscription dedicated to Isis and Serapis, second half of the 2 c. (on the left: photo by Zottmann Gmbh, Austria, on the right: photo by Cankarjev dom, Slovenia).

- - To potvrđuje i nalaz žrtvenika posvećenog This is evidenced by the discovery of the sacri- Izidi i Serapisu koji je pronađen 2012. go- ficial altar dedicated to Isis and Serapis, which- dine u konstrukciji sjevernog zida izvorišta,- was found in 2012 in the structure of the north gdje je bio sekundarno upotrijebljen122 kao ka ern wall of the spring reservoir, where it was re122 meni blok u zidu (sl. 22). Riječ je o trodi- used as a stone block within the wall (Fig. 22). jelnom monolitnom žrtveniku koji se sastoji It is a tripartite monolithic altar, which consists od gornjeg dijela (kruništa), baze s profila of the upper part, the base with moulding, and- cijom te središnjeg dijela, koji na bočnim a central part, which has images of a cantharus stranama ima prikaze kantara s granama with vine branches on its sides, and has the123 ex vinove loze, a na prednjoj123 i stražnjoj strani act same inscription on its front and back: 122 potpuno isti natpis: Height 156 cm, base width 70 cm, base thickness 44 cm. 122 Temporary storage: AMZ, VTks- 78. Visina 156 cm, širina baze 70 cm, debljina baze 44 cm; 123 Privremena pohrana: AMZ, VTks- 78. Height of the letters: first row 6.5-7.9 cm, second row 123 6-6.3 cm, third row 5.5 -6 cm, fourth row 5-5.2 cm, fifth row Visina slova: 1. red: 6,5 – 7,9 cm, 2. red: 6 – 6,3 cm, 3. red: 4.7 cm, sixth row: 4.3-5.4 cm, seventh row 3.7-4 cm. 5,5 – 6 cm 4. red: 5 – 5,2 cm, 5. red: 4,7 cm, 6. red: 4,3 – 5,4 cm, 7. red: 3,7 – 4 cm. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 291 ISIDI ET ISIDI ET

SACRVM SACRVM SERAPI AVG(usti) SERAPI AVG(usti)

C(aius) VAL(erius) PRISCVS C(aius) VAL(erius) PRISCVS CATIENIAAVG(ustalis) C(oloniae) V(lpiae) T(raianae) CATIENIAAVG(ustalis) C(oloniae) V(lpiae) T(raianae) P(oetoviensis) ET P(oetoviensis) ET SIVE ORICCLIO SIVE ORICCLIO FORTVNATA CON(iux) FORTVNATA CON(iux) Dedicated to the exalted deities Isis and Serapis. Posvećeno uzvišenim bogovima Izidi i Sera- V(otum) S(olvit) L(ibens) M(erito) pisu.V(otum) Zavjet S(olvit) je rado L(ibens) i po zasluzi M(erito) ispunio Gaj The vow was gladly and by merit fulfilled by Cai- Valerije Prisk, augustal petovionske kolonije us Valerius Priscus, the augustalis of the colony Ulpije Trajane i supruga Katijenija Fortuna- Ulpia Traiana Poetoviensis, and by wife Catienia ta, (ili) Oriklion (a?) Fortunata, (or) Oricclius (Oriccliona?) Caius Valerius Priscus

Žrtvenik je posvetio -, The altar was dedicated by Caius Valerius augustal u gradu Petovioni. Augustali su- Priscus, an augustalis in Poetovio. Augustales bili neka vrsta svećenika, zaduženi za car were a type of priest, in charge of the Imperial- ski kult, a najčešće je riječ o bogatim oslo cult, and were most often wealthy freedmen, bođenicima koji su se na taj način približili who, in this manner, approached the more in- utjecajnim krugovima društva i vrlo često- fluential social circles, and very often erected- na svoj, trošak podizali124 kipove i žrtvenike- statues and sacrificial altars dedicated124 to vari- raznim božanstvima. Valerius, Dedikant ovog žr ous deities at their own expense. The dedi tvenika najvjerojatnije je također bio oslo- cator of ndthis altar was most likely also a freed bođenik elitne obitelji koja je još man from the elite family Valerius,cognomen who were tijekomPriscus 2. stoljeća predstavljala125 viši druš in the 2 century still125 part of the higher social tveni sloj u gradu Petovioni. Kognomen- stratum in Poetovio. The Priscus pripada vrlo čestim imenima još od numbers among very common names since ranocarskog126agnomen razdoblja,– sive posebno Oricclio na prosto the early126 Empire,agnomen especiallysive on Oricclio the territory of ru Italije. Na kraju natpisa spominje se i Italy. The end of the inscription also contains nadimak ( ) , a što je the nickname ( agnomen) , which is dosta često prisutno127 kod navođenja imena- often presentcognomen127 when writing down the names of oslobođenika. Agnomen je bio u funkciji freedmen. The had the function of drugog kognomena, radi točnijeidem, sive,identifika qui et a second , withidem, the sive, purpose qui et of more cije osobe, a uobičajeno je bilo da se ispred accurately identifying the person, and it was imena 128 pojavljuju formule usual for the formulae 128 , etc., to- i sl., kao što je to slučaj i na natpisu iz- appear before the name, as is the agnominacase with Varaždinskih Toplica. Antički pisani izvori the inscription from Varaždinske Toplice. An- spominju da su agnomina oblikovani naOricli ka- cient written sources mention that rakteristikamaus, Oriclio, Oriculo,129 fizičkog Oriclio izgleda i osobnosti were based on physical features,129 as well as per- ili dostignuća. Slični oblici imena ( - sonality orcognomen accomplishments. Similar forms of ) pojavljuju130 se kao the name (Oriclius, Oriclio, Oriculo, Oriclio)130 ap kognomen na nekim natpisima, kao i obli pear as a on certain inscriptions, as 124 124 Selem 1976, 7. Selem 1976, 7. 125 125 Alföldy 1964-65, 137-144; Cajanto 1965, 30, 288. Alföldy 1964-65, 137-144; Cajanto 1965, 30, 288. 126 126 Mócsy 1959, 185; Cajanto 1965, 288. Mócsy 1959, 185; Cajanto 1965, 288. 127 127 Cajanto 1967, 25. Cajanto 1967, 25 128 128 Cajanto 1967, 6, 10. Cajanto 1967,6,10 129 129 Luhtala 2005, 48. Luhtala 2005, 48. agnomina and cognomina 130 130 Lőrincz 2000, 116; Solin 2007, 99-100; O etimološkoj Lőrincz 2000,116; Solin 2007, 99-100; On the povezanosti agnomena i kognomena: Kajanto 1967, 57. etymological connection between , see: Kajanto 1967, 57. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

292 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) ci Auricula /Oric(u)la - cognomina auricula,koji auriculae se ubrajaju /oricula, u gru well as the forms Auricula/Oric(u)la,auricula, auriculae/oricuwhich are- oriculaepu kognomena nastalih prema nazivima za- la,part oriculae of a group of earlobe formed out of the dijelove tijela ( 131 names of body parts ( 131 – ušna resica). Značenje nadim , meaning ). The meaning of ka spomenutog na natpisu iz Varaždinskih the nickname mentioned in the inscription from Toplica možda se može tražiti u sličnom Varaždinske Toplice could perhaps be found in korijenu latinske riječi premda se razlikuje the similar root of the Latin word, although it od navedenih imena jer sadrži dva slova C.- differs from the listed names in that it contains Nadimak se nalazi iza ženskog imena pa to two letters C. The nickname is written after the- sugeriraOricclio da se radi o obliku ženskog nadim female name, which would suggest that it is a ka (Orikliona), mada prema obliku imena- type of female nickname (Oriccliona?), but judg- ( ) ne treba isključiti ni mogućnost ing from the shape of the name (Oricclio), we da se nadimak odnosi na dedikanta (Orikli should not rule out the possibility that the nick on). name refers to the dedicator (Oricclius). Sama izrada žrtvenika, a pogotovo reljefi na The craftsmanship of the altar, and especially bočnim stranama smještaju ga u noričko-- the reliefs on its sides, place it in the Noricum- panonski radionički krug. Prikazi kantara s Pannonia circle of workshops. The depictions of vinovom lozom na bočnim stranama žrtve a cantharus with vine branches on the sides of nika pokazuju izrazitu sličnost s prikazima132 the altar display a remarkable similarity132 to the na nadgrobnim edikulama iz Šempetra te- funerary aediculae from Šempeter, so that se vjerojatno radi o standardnim motivima- these are likely standard motifs chosen from a odabranim u katalogu uzoraka neke radio catalogue of patterns of a certain workshop in nice na tom području. Izgled ovog žrtveni the area. The appearance of the altar, with an- ka, s natpisom na dvije strane, sugerira da inscription on two sides, suggests that it was- se nalazio slobodno u prostoru i očito je bilo placed in an open space and that it was impor- važno da natpis bude vidljiv s više strana.- tant for the inscription to be visible from multi Prema stilskim karakteristikama reljefa, ple sides. Considering the stylistic characteris kao i obliku imena, nastanak ovog žrtveni tics of the relief, as wellnd as the form of the name, ka mogao bi se smjestiti u drugu polovicu the creation of this altar might be dated to the 2. stoljeća. second half of the 2 century. - O kultu Serapisa u akvejazejskom svetištu- The cult of Serapis in the sanctuary of Aquae- svjedoči još jedan natpis pronađen 2011. Iasae is evidenced by another inscription, dis godine (sl. 23), koji pokazuje i da su službe- covered in 2011 (Fig. 23), which shows that offi ni kultovi bili uklopljeni u lokalni kult vezan cial cults were also integrated into the local cult, uz termalnu vodu, a simbolizirale su ga nim connected to the thermal water and symbolized fe. Natpis je uklesan na monolitnom bloku- by the nymphs. The inscription is carved into a litotamnijskog vapnenca, bez profilacija, monolithic block of lithothamnium limestone, dok je samo u gornjem dijelu, plitko ureza- with no mouldings, and only the upper part has no krunište s bočnim akroterijima. Tekst je shallow carvings with lateral acroteria. The text raspoređen u 10 redova, ali je zbog utjeca is divided into ten rows, but the surface was ja sumporne vode površina jako oštećena, badly damaged by sulphur water, and certain- tako da neka slova u potpunosti nedostaju, letters are thus missing entirely, while some a neka su sačuvana samo djelomično pa133 nije have been only partially preserved; it is, there133 moguće u cjelosti interpretirati tekst. fore, not possible to fully interpret the text. 131 131 Cajanto 1965, 224. Cajanto 1965, 224. 132 132 - Klemenc et al. 1972, 47, 53. Klemenc et al. 1972, 47,53. - 133 133 Dimenzije: visina 115 cm (dno: širina 49 cm, debljina 26 Dimensions: height 115 cm (bottom: width 49 cm, thick cm, gornji dio: širina 43 cm, debljina 20 cm). Natpisno polje: ness 26 cm, upper part: width 43 cm, thickness 20). Inscrip visina 51 cm. Veličina slova: 1. red: 4,8 cm, 2. – 8. red: 4 – 4, 5 tion plate: height 51 cm. Height of the letters: first row 4.8 cm, 9. red: 3 cm, 10. red: 1,7 cm; Privremena pohrana: AMZ, cm , second through eighth row 4- 4.5 cm, ninth row 3 cm, tenth row 1.7 cm. Temporary storage: AMZ, VTks-9. VTks-9. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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nd Slika / Figure 23: Natpis posvećen Serapisu i nimfama, druga pol. 2. st., pronađen u urušenju sjevernog zida izvorišnog bazena (snimila D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). / An inscription dedicated to Serapis and nymphs, second half of the 2 c., found in the rubble of the spring resvoir’s northern wall (photo by D. Nemeth-Ehrlich). SERAPHI SERAPHI SANCTO ET SANCTO ET

NYMPHIS NYMPHIS SATURNINUSSALUTARIBUS SATURNINUSSALUTARIBUS C(aius) CAECILIUS C(aius) CAECILIUS STINA CVM STINA CVM CL[--E---][-]EX[--L(?)---] CL[--E---][-]EX[--L(?)---]

- - SABIN(?)[---- SABIN(?)[---- - Natpis je svetom Serapisu (Serafisu) i ozdrav The inscription was dedicated to the holy Sera ljujućim nimfama postavio Gaj Cecilije Sa pis (Seraphis) and the healing nymphs by Caius - turnin. Caecilius Saturninus. Seraphis Zanimljiv je neobičan oblik imena božan- SeraphisWhat is interesting is the unusual form of the stva Serapisa na ovom natpisu – - name of the god Serapis on this inscription: (Serafis), nastao vjerojatno zbog nepozna , which most likely stems from poor- vanja latinskog jezika. Ubacivanje nepo- knowledge of the Latin language. The insertion- trebnoga glasa H (tzv. hiperkorektizam) na- of the unnecessary H sound (so-called hyper mjestu gdje nije potrebno, posljedica je na correction) where it is not necessary is a conse stojanja da se “prekrije”134 neznanje i nesigur quence of an effort to conceal134 poor knowledge nost u pisanju. and uncertainty in writing. 134 134 Zović 2015, 192, 193. Zović 2015, 192,193 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

294 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) - - Nakon što su 2015. godine provedeni kon After the conservation and restoration work zervatorsko-restauratorski radovi i spajanje135 and putting together all of the 135preserved piec svih sačuvanih dijelova ovog spomenika, es of this monument in 2015, as well as a te usporedbom136 sa 3D modelom dobivenim comparison136 nomen with a gentilicium 3D model formed through skeniranjem, postao je vidljiv tria dio nomi slova- scanning, a part of a letter (most likely C) (najvjerojatnijena C) ispred gentilicija,Caecili tako- beforetria nomina the became visible, daus, se ovdje ipak radi o obliku so that this is, after all, the naming convention . Gentilno ime donatora biloSaturninus je of . The gentile namecognomen of the donor Sat- vrlo česti oblik,137 naročito među italskim- was Caecilius, a very137 common form, especially- stanovništvom, a kognomen , among Italic citizens, while the osim u138 Africi, pojavljuje se i u zapadnoj Pa- urninus, can, besides138 in Africa, be found in west noniji. U 7. redu vidljiva su samo slova EX ern Pannonia. Only the letters EX (or possibly (moguće je da se radi i o LX), dok je preo LX) are visible in the seventh row, while the rest stali dio natpisa u tome redu jako oštećen of the inscription in that row is badly damaged, i samo se nazire jedno slovo koje bi moglo with only one barely discernible letter, possibly biti L ili E. U 8. redu vjerojatno se radi o an L or an E. The eighth row most likely contains završetku nekoga ženskog imena -STINA - i the ending of a female name, -STINA, and the vezniku CVM, što pretpostavlja da se i u 9. conjunction CVM, which suggests that the ninth redu možda nalazilo neko ime ili naziv čla row might have contained the name of a family na obitelji, dok su u zadnjem redu sačuvana- member, while only four very small and poorly 4 vrlo sitna i loše očuvana slova (SABIN?). preserved letters (SABIN?) have been retained Moguće je da se radi o nekom imenu (mož- in the last row. It is possible that this is some da konzula), ali budući da su preostala slova sort of name (perhaps of a consul), but seeing- u tom redu potpuno uništena, to nije mogu as the rest of the letters in that row have been- će utvrditi. Natpis je vjerojatno sadržavao- completely destroyed, it is not possible to ascer i uobičajenu formulu VSLM koja je možda tain that. The inscription most likely also con bila u nastavku 10. reda koji je, prema gru tained the usual formula VSLM, perhaps in the boj obradi kamena u donjem dijelu bloka, rest of the tenth row, which was, judging from- vjerojatno bio zadnji red natpisnog polja. the rough finish on the stone in the lower part of S obzirom na oblik imena, koje sadržava i the block, mostpraenomen likely the last row of the inscrip predime, ovaj bi se natpis mogao datirati u tion. Considering the form of thend name, which 2. polovicu 2. stoljeća. contains a , the inscription could be Aquae Iasae dated to the second half of the 2 century. Štovanje egipatskih božanstava u svetištu , pogotovo božice Izide, ukazuje- The worship of Egyptian deities in the Aquae na to da su se možda odvijali i neki obredi Iasae sanctuary, especially of the goddess Isis, vezani uz Izidine misterije ili neke svečano- suggests that certain rituals connected to Isis’ sti u njezinu čast. Možda je upravo scena iz mysteries might have been performed or that takvih obreda prikazana na mramornom re certain festivities in her honour might have ljefu s natpisom,139 pronađenom 2011. godine- been held. Perhaps the depiction on the marble (sl. 24). Dijelovi su ovog reljefa pronađeni relief with an inscription, discovered in 2011139 u konstrukciji južnog i sjevernog zida izvo (Fig. 24), is a scene from those same rituals. 135 135 Radove je izvela Jenny Pfeiffruck i tvrtka Zotmann Gmbh The work was done by Jenny Pfeiffruck and the company (Graz, Austrija). Zotmann Gmbh (Graz, Austria). 136 136 Skeniranje i model – Vektra, Varaždin. The scanning and model by Vektra (Varaždin, Croatia). 137 137 Alföldy, 1969, 69. Alföldy, 1969, 69. 138 - 138 Mócsy 1959, 189. Mócsy 1959, 189. 139 - 139 Privremena pohrana: AMZ, VTks-69; dimenzije mramor Temporary storage: AMZ, VTks-69; Dimensions of the ne ploče: visina 52 cm, širina 90 cm, debljina 6 – 10 cm; Ku marble tablet: height 52 cm, width 90 cm, thickness 6-10 šan Špalj 2014, 69, 94-95, kat. br. 74; Kušan Špalj 2015, 69, cm; Kušan Špalj 2014, 69, 94-95, Cat. no. 74; Kušan Špalj 94-95, kat. br. 74. 2015, 69, 94-95, Cat. no. 74; DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 295

- - Slika / Figure 24: Reljef s prikazom ženskih božanstava (Izide Fortune, Venere i tri nimfe) i natpisom s datumom, postavth ljen povodom svečanosti 1. lipnja 192. god. (snimio Zottmann Gmbh, Austrija). / A relief with a depiction of female divini ties (Isis Fortuna, Venus and three nymphs) and an inscription with a date, erected on the occasion of a festival on 6 June, 192 (photo by Zottmann Gmbh, Austria).

rišnog bazena, u kojima su korišteni kao The pieces of this relief were discovered in the „kajle“ ispod većih blokova, a što pokazuje structure of the southern and northern wall of da su, poput mnogih drugih spomenika, - i the spring reservoir, in which they were used as ovaj reljef iskoristili kao običan građevinski wedges under the larger blocks, which shows materijal tijekom obnove početkom 4. sto that, as withth many other monuments, this relief ljeća. Na desnoj je strani reljefa prikazana was used during renovation, at the beginning božica Izida Fortuna (ili njezina svećenica),- of the 4 century, as regular building material.- s rogom obilja u lijevoj ruci, u haljini s tzv. The right side of the relief shows the goddess Izidinim čvorom i s karakterističnim na- Isis/Fortuna (or her priestess) with a cornu glavkom (rogovi i sunčana ploča). U desnoj copia in her left hand, in a dress with the Knot ruci drži plitku posudu (pateru) i izlijeva žr of Isis and the characteristic headdress (horns tvu iznad manjeg plamtećega žrtvenika. Uz- and sun halo). In her right hand she is holding- nju su prikazana još četiri polugola ženska a patera and is pouring the offering over a small- lika u sjedećem položaju, u odjeći i s frizu burning altar. Four other semi-nude female fig rama karakterističnim za dosad poznate ures are depicted next to her, in a sitting posi prikaze nimfi na reljefima iz 2/3. stoljeće140- tion, withnd dressesrd and hairstyles characteristic pronađenim u Varaždinskim Toplicama. - of known depictions of nymphs on reliefs from Sva četiri lika imaju prekriveni donji dio ti the 2 140 and 3 centuries found in Varaždinske jela – s tkaninom vezanom u čvor na pred Toplice. All four figures have their bottom half njoj strani i obavijenom oko jedne ruke te covered, with cloth tied into a knot at the front s obručima na nadlakticama. Međutim, uz and draped over one arm, and with rings on the 140 140 Kušan Špalj 2014, kat. br. 77,78,80; Kušan Špalj 2015, Kušan Špalj 2014, Cat. no. 77,78,80; Kušan Špalj 2015, kat. br. 77,78, 80. Cat. no. 77,78, 80. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

296 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017)

- jednu od prikazanih figura nalazi se Amor forearms. However, one of the figures has Amor s palminom granom pa je vjerojatno riječ with a palm branch next to her, which most like o Veneri, dok preostala tri lika prikazuju ly makes her Venus, while the remaining three nimfe. Venera u desnoj ruci drži trsku, kao i figures represent nymphs. Venus is holding a jedna od nimfa, dok u lijevoj ruci vjerojatno cane in her right hand, as is one of the nymphs, ima jabuku, koja je vjerojatno i u lijevoj ruci while in her left hand she is most likely holding središnje nimfe. an apple, as is the nymph in the middle. - Način na koji su prikazane nimfe na ovom The depiction of nymphs on this relief fits into reljefu može se uklopiti u ikonografske ti- the iconographic types of the depictions of these pove prikaza tih božica poznatih i s drugih goddesses known from other141 reliefs discovered reljefa141 pronađenih u Varaždinskim Toplica- in Varaždinske Toplice. That is to say, the ma. Naime, nimfe su uvijek prikazane kao nymphs are always depicted as naiads, nymphs- najade – nimfe izvora, s atributima koji sim- of the spring, with attributes symbolizing water, boliziraju vodu, a razlikuju se dva osnovna- and we can determine two basic types of com- tipa kompozicije – stojeće nimfe, kompo position: the standing nymphs, compositionally zicijski prikazane kao Gracije, ikonograf depicted as Gratiae, and, in terms of iconogra- ski po uzoru na Afroditu (ikonografski142 tip phy, following the example of Aphrodite (the sa školjkom i tip krunjenja) i sjedeće (tj. iconographic142 type with a shell and the crown polusjedeće ili poluležeće) nimfe, u koje se ing type), and the sitting (that is, half-sitting može uklopiti i ovdje spomenuti reljef. or half-prone) nymphs, which this relief can be said to belong to. - Prikazivanje nimfi po uzoru na Afroditu može se pratiti u rimskoj umjetnosti od 1.- The depiction of nymphs in the manner of Aphst stoljeća pr. Kr, a istovremeno se pojavljuju- rodite can be traced in Roman art from the 1 oba tipa – sjedeće i stojeće nimfe. To potvr- century BC, and both types (the sitting and the đuje i freska u kući Romula i Rema u Pom standing nymphs) appear at the same time. This pejima, gdje se pojavljuju dvije stojeće nim- is confirmed by the fresco in House of Romulus fe razgolićena gornjeg tijela s plaštom koji and Remus in Pompeii, where we can find two klizi niz bokove,143 dok je središnja u poluleže standing nymphs, with their torsos bared and- ćem položaju. Stojeće nimfe sa školjkama with a cloak down their hips, while143 the middle pojavljuju se u raznim dijelovima Carstva,- nymph is in a half-prone position. The stand uz izvore ili fontane, ali česte su i nimfe u ing nymphs with shells appear in various parts sjedećem ili poluležećem položaju, oslonje of the Empire, next to springs or fountains, but- ne na posude s vodom, bilo144 na reljefima ili sitting or half-prone nymphs are also common, - pojedinačno kao skulpture. leaning on vessels containing water,144 both on re liefs and individually as statues. - Ovdje spomenuti reljef svakako potvrđu je usku povezanost ikonografskog prikaza This relief definitely confirms the close link be nimfi i Venere, dok kompozicija prikaza i tween the iconographic depictions of nymphs- način izrade otkriva da se radi o proizvodu and Venus, while the composition and the neke domaće radionice u kojoj su majstori craftsmanship reveal that it is a product of a lo- nastojali pratiti uobičajena ikonografska cal workshop, in which master craftsmen tried pravila, interpretirajući ih na svoj način i to follow the usual iconographic rules, inter u okviru svojih mogućnosti. Zanimljivi su i preting them in their own way and to the best 141 of their ability. Also of interest are the traces of Kušan Špalj 2014, 58-66, 84-92, kat. br.2, 77, 78,80, 82; 141 Kušan Špalj 2015, 69, 94-95, kat. br. 2, 77, 78, 80, 82. 142 Kušan Špalj 2014, 58-66, 84-92, Cat. no.2, 77 ,78 ,80 , 82; Maršić 1998, 112-121. Kušan Špalj 2015, 69, 94-95, Cat. no. 2, 77 ,78 ,80 , 82; 143 142 Bieber 1955, sl. 636. Maršić 1998, 112-121. 144 143 Bieber 1955, Fig. 636. Giunio 2008, 151-160; Seitz 2005, sl. 481. 144 Giunio 2008, 151-160; Seitz 2005, Fig. 481. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 297 tragovi klinova i utora koji pokazuju da je wedges and grooves, which show that the plate- ploča bila pričvršćena na neku vertikalnu had been fastened to a vertical plane, most likely plohu, vjerojatno u nekom od hramova ili in one of the temples or on one of the sanctu - - trjemova svetiša. ary’s porticos. Iznad reljefnog prikaza je natpis, koji u stva Above the relief is an inscription, which actu ri predstavlja datum i omogućuje preciznu- ally represents a date and allowsst for an accurate dataciju ove ploče – 1. lipnja 192. godine, dating of the plate to June 1 , 192, that is, to the- odnosno u vrijeme vladavine caradamnatio Komo reign of the emperor Commodus (whosedamnatio name memoriaeda (čije ime je naknadno uklonjeno – očit memoriaewas subsequently removed, and obvious exam primjer zatiranja145 uspomene – ple of a condemnation145 of memory, or ). ). PERTENACI PERTENACI IMP (eratore) [[Commodo ]] VII ET HELVIO IMP (eratore) [[Commodo ]] VII ET HELVIO In the year of the seventh consulate of the emper- U godini sedmog konzulata cara Komoda II CO(n)S(ulibus) KAL(endis) IVNIS iII drugogCO(n)S(ulibus) konzulata KAL(endis) Helvija Pertinaksa,IVNIS 1. or Commodus and the second consulate of Helvius dana mjeseca lipnja (junijske kalende) Pertinax, on the first day of the month of June (the Kalends of June). - Na temelju sačuvanog natpisa i prikaza na- reljefu može se pretpostaviti da je ploča po On the basis of the preserved inscription and- stavljena u svetištu povodom neke svečano the depiction on the relief, we can assume that sti (ili možda misterija) u čast božice Izide the plate was placed in the sanctuary on the oc Fortune (i drugih ženskih božanstava) te- casion of a festivity (or perhaps a mystery) in ukazuje na kompleksnost kultova koji su u honour of the goddess Isis/Fortuna (and other ovome svetištu oblikovani na specifičan na- female deities), and points to the complexity of čin, usko povezani s prirodnim fenomenom- the cults which were, in this sanctuary, formed ljekovitosti termalne vode. Glavno božan in a very specific manner, closely linked to the- stvo Izida – Fortuna tako se povezuje s per natural phenomenon of the healing powers of sonifikacijama termalne vode – nimfama,- thermal water. The supreme deity, Isis/Fortu a Venera, koja se često pojavljuje s Izidom- na, is thus connected to the personifications of- u helenističko-rimskim hramovima, vjero thermal water, the nymphs, while Venus, which- jatno146 je u funkciji božice plodnosti i živo often appears in Hellenistic-Roman temples to ta. Među dosadašnjim nalazima nije bilo- gether with Isis, is most likely here in the146 func- spomena ni prikaza božice Venere, tako da tion of the goddess of fertility and life. There reljef u svakom pogledu nadopunjuje dosa was no mention or depiction of Venus in previ dašnje spoznaje o prisutnosti žena i ženskih ous finds; this relief, therefore, fills in the gaps kultova u religijskom životu akvejazejskog in previous findings on the presence of women svetišta, a što je sigurno bilo usko povezano- and female cults in the religious life of the Aquae s ljekovitim svojstvima termalne vode kod Iasae sanctuary, which was surely closely linked ženskih bolesti i plodnosti. Datum svečano to the healing properties of thermal water for- sti – junijske kalende, otkriva i povezanost- women’s illnesses and fertility. The date of the- s božicom Junonom, kojoj su kalende bile -i festivity, the Kalends of June, also reveal a connd posvećene, a čiji je kult tijekom 2. i 3. stolje nectionrd to the goddess Juno, to whom the Kal- ća potvrđen i dosadašnjim nalazima u Va ends were dedicated, and whose cult in the 2 raždinskim Toplicama. and 3 centuries has been confirmed in previ 145 Visina slova: 1,3 – 2,3 cm. ous findings from Varaždinske Toplice. 146 145 Selem 1977, 174. Height of the letters: 1.3-2.3 cm. 146 Selem 1977, 174. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

298 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) AKVEJAZEJSKO SVETIŠTE U VRIJEME DINASTIJE SEVERA THE AQUAE IASAE SANCTUARY - IN THE TIME OF THE SEVERAN DYNASTY

Novi nalazi kamenih spomenika, koji otkri The new finds of stone monuments which reveal vaju pristustvo kultova Apolona, Serapisa -i the presence of the cults of Apollo, Serapis and Eskulapa u akvejazejskom svetištu, ukazuju- Aesculapius in the Aquae Iasae sanctuary point na značaj koje je naselje imalo i među naj to the significancend rd of this settlement among the višim državim službenicima Rimskog Car highest officials of the Roman Empire, especially- stva, a pogotovo s 2. na 3. stoljeće, odnosno in the 2 andrd 3 centuries, i.e. in the time of the u razdoblju vladavine dinastije Severa, i to Severan dynasty, and especially at the begin početkom 3. stoljeća, za vrijeme vladavine- ning of the 3 century, during the reign of the cara Karakale. S obzirom na povezanost emperor Caracalla. Considering the connection dinastije Severa s Panonijom, vrlo je vjero between the Severan dynasty and Pannonia, it

- nd rd Slika / Figure 25: Građevinski natpis s prikazom Viktorije, 2/3.st. (snimio Zottmann Gmbh, Austrija). / Construction in scription with a depiction of Victoria, 2 /3 c. (photo by Zottmann Gmbh, Austria). jatno i car Karakala, koji je inače obilazio- is highly likely that emperor Caracalla himself,- razna svetišta svojih omiljenih bogova – who was in the habit of visiting various temples Apolona, Eskulapa i Serapisa u raznim dije dedicated to his favourite deities, Apollo, Ascle lovima Rimskog147 Carstva (npr. hram Apolona148 - pius and Serapis, in various parts of the Roman147 u Pergamu, hram Serapisa u Aleksandriji ), Empire (e.g. the temple of Apollo in Pergamon,148 dobro znao i za akvejazejsko svetište i lječi and the temple of Serapis in Alexandria ), was lište te ga možda i obilazio. well-acquainted with the Aquae Iasae sanctuary 147 and baths, and might have frequented it. Cass. Dio 78, 15,6 148 147 Cass. Dio 78, 15,6 Cass. Dio 18,23,2 148 Cass. Dio 18,23,2 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

– nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) 299 - - S obzirom i na poznate građevinske zahva Considering, also, the known building projects te u Panoniji, koje su provodili carevi iz di in Pannonia, undertaken by the emperors of the nastije Severa, moguće je da su na njihovu- Severan dynasty, it is possible that certain work- inicijativu izvršeni neki radovi i u ovome was done in this sanctuary on their order, as svetištu. O tome možda svjedoči dio građe well. A piece of a construction inscription, dis vinskog natpisa, pronađenog 2011. godine,149- covered north of the spring reservoir149 in 2011, sjeverno od izvorišnog bazena (sl. 25). - might speak to this fact (Fig. 25). The plate Ploča je izrađena od mekanoga litotamnij- was made from a soft lithothamnium limestone, skog vapnenca, lokalnog kamena koji je ko a locally mined stone, which was also used for rišten i za gradnju izvorišnog bazena, a pri the construction of the spring reservoir, and it kazana je Viktorija s palminom granom koja depicts Victoria with a palm branch, holding up - pridržava natpis. the inscription. - Od natpisa je sačuvano samo nekoliko slo Only a few letters of the inscription have been va tako da nije150 moguće rekonstruirati nje preserved, and it is, therefore,150 not possible to gov sadržaj. Prikazi božice Viktorije, kao reconstruct its contents. Depictions of the ukrasni elementi uz natpise, tipični su za goddess Victoria, as ornamental elements on razdoblje dinastije Severa, a iz Panonije je inscriptions, are typical of the Severan dynasty,- poznato više sličnih građevinskih natpisa O ka- and several similar construction inscriptions na kojima se spominju donacije građevina151 - from Pannonia are extant, mentioning the do Septimija Severa i njegovih sinova. nation of the151 buildings by Septimius Severus kvoj je građevini riječ u Varaždinskim To- and his sons. It is not possible to determine plicama, nije moguće utvrditi, no vjerojatno what kind of construction work was done in- se radilo o manjim intervencijama i opre- Varaždinske Toplice, but it was most likely some- manju nekih hramova jer veći građevinski smaller interventions and the furnishing of cer zahvati iz tog vremena nisu potvrđeni arhe tain temples, because major construction pro ološkim istraživanjima. jects from the time have not been confirmed by archaeological excavations. CONCLUSION

ZAKLJUČAKAquae Iasae - - Svetište do sada je jedino po The Aquae Iasae sanctuary is, thus far, the only- znato svetište u Panoniji u kojem su štovana sanctuary in Pannonia where all three of em sva tri omiljena božanstva cara Karakale –- peror Caracalla’s favourite deities (Apollo, As Apolon, Eskulap i Serapis, pa je možda i car clepius, and Serapis) were worshipped, so it is- ondje tražio ozdravljenje ili savjete proroči possible that the emperor himself came here šta. Moguće da je to bilo upravo u razdoblju seeking healing or the oracle’s advice. It is pos od 212. do 214. godine, kada je vjerojatno- sible that this occurred in the period from 212 bio postavljen reljef s prikazom božanstava to 214, when the relief with the depiction of the zdravlja, a možda su tom prigodom done healing deities was most likely installed, and seni i neki drugi zavjetni darovi u svetište perhaps some other votive offerings were also (npr. skulpture Apolona – Sola i Dijane – brought to the sanctuary on this occasion (e.g.- Lune). U svakom slučaju, nalazi vezani uz the sculptures of Apollo/Sol and Diana/Luna). Apolona, Eskulapa i Serapisa pokazuju da su In any case, the finds connected to Apollo, Aes 62149 149 Kušan Špalj 2014, kat. br. 62; Kušan Špalj 2015, kat. br. Kušan Špalj 2014, Cat. no. 62; Kušan Špalj 2015, Cat. no. 62. 150 150 - Privremena pohrana: AMZ, VTks-19; Dimenzije ploče: Temporary storage: AMZ, VTks-19; Plate dimensions: visina 55 cm, širina 100 cm, debljina 15 cm; tekst je bio ras height 55 cm, width 100 cm, thickness 15 cm; The text was divided into three rows, and the final letter in the second poređen u tri reda, a sačuvano je završno slovo u 2. redu – I, row, -I, as well as the end of the third row, –BIVS, have been te završetak 3. reda – BIVS. 151 preserved. Mráv 2012, 251-278. 151 Mráv 2012, 251-278. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

300 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) - - njihovi dedikanti uglavnom državni službe culapius, and Serapis show that their dedicators nici, koji su štovanjem carevima omiljenih were mostly Imperial officials, who demon kultova pokazivali svoju odanost i odraz su- strated their loyalty through the worship of the službene religije u vrijeme dinastije Severa. emperor’s favourite cults and are a reflection of Istovremeno, reljef na kojem je car Karaka the official religion during the Severan dynasty. la prikazannumen kao Eskulap, s posvetom u kojoj At the same time, the relief on which emperor- mu se pridodaju božanske karakteristike Caracalla is depicted asnumen Aesculapius, with a (carski152 „ “), odraz je štovanja carskog dedication which attributes him divine charac in kulta, u ovom slučaju među državnim teristics (the emperor’s ), is a reflection152 službenicima vrlo bliskih caru. Ipak, većina of the worship of the cult of the emperor, drugih nalaza iz svetišta pokazuje iznimni- this case among the Imperial officials very close značaj lokalnog kulta – „svetog izvora“ i to the emperor himself. On the other hand, most- nimfi, koji je vrlo vjerojatno bio usko pove of the other finds from the sanctuary exhibit a zan i s individualnom, odnosno privatnom- strong connection to the local cult of the “sa religijom pojedinaca, prepoznatljivom prije cred spring” and the nymphs, which were most svega kroz votivne darove iz izvorišta. Spo- likely closely linked to the individual or private znaje o kultovima u akvejazejskom svetištu religion of certain individuals, recognizable first doprinose razumijevanju religijskog živo and foremost through the votive offerings at the- ta u rimskim provincijama, povezanosti i spring reservoir. The findings about the cults at odnosu službene (državne) religije, koja je the Aquae Iasae sanctuary contribute to a bet stizala preko aristokratske elite, te lokalne- ter understanding of religious life in the Roman- i individualne religijske prakse. To svakako- provinces, of the connection and relationship ne znači da je država nametala kultove i ri- between the official (state) religion, which fol tuale, već su se oni “uklapali” u okvire spe lowed the aristocratic elite, and the local and cifičnih lokalnih kultova, u skladu s karak individual religious practice. This definitely terom mjesta, u ovome slučaju vezano uz does not mean that the Empire imposed cults liječenje i ozdravljenje te su tako postajali153 and rituals, but that they were “integrated” into sastavni dio religijskog života svetišta. the contexts of specific local cults, in accordance - with the specific character of the place (in this Spoznaja o prisustvu kultova Apolona, - case, with healing), and so became a constituent153 Eskulapa i Serapisa otvara i pitanje o hra part of the religious life of the sanctuary. movima u svetištu. Premda svojim izgle dom hramovi u obliku 154 kapitolija sugeriraju The discovery of the presence of the cults of- vrhovnu trijadu, a na što su upućivali155 i Apollo, Aesculapius, and Serapis also brings up nalazi Minervine statue s postamentom u- the question of the temples in the sanctuary. Al zapadnom156 hramu te natpis posvećen Junoni- though the temples by their appearance, in the (i Fortuni) pronađen ispred istočnog hra- shape154 of the Capitolium, suggest the supreme- ma, nedostatak posveta Jupiteru te novi na- triad, which is also suggested155 by Minerva’s lazi i rezultati arheoloških istraživanja uka statue with the pedestal in the western tem zuju na to da se radilo o specifičnom sveti ple and the156 inscription dedicated to Juno (and štu u kojem su štovana isključivo božanstva- Fortuna) discovered in front of the eastern- vezana uz liječenje i ozdravljenje. Svakako, temple, the lack of dedications to Jupiter, as to ne znači da treba potpuno odbaciti mo- well as the new finds and results of archaeologi gućnost štovanja Jupitera, pogotovo ako se cal excavations, suggest that this was a specific uzmu u obzir i promjene koje su se događa sanctuary, in which only deities connected to le u okviru službene religije, kao npr. kada healing were worshipped. This definitely does 152 152 Fishwick 1991, 375-387. Fishwick 1991, 375-387. 153 153 Ando 2007, 444-445. Ando 2007, 444-445. 154 154 Sinobad 2010, 251-252. Sinobad 2010, 251-252. 155 155 ILJug 1169; Gorenc 1984, 95-108. ILJug 1169; Gorenc 1984, 95-108. 156 156 Iljug-02 1168. Iljug-02 1168. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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not mean that we should completely exclude the possibility of the worship of Jupiter, especially if we take into consideration the changes that occurred within the official religion, e.g. when Serapis, during the reign of emperor Caracalla, is given the statues of a supreme deity, and is

equated with Jupiter and Asclepius.157 Perhaps the discovered marble hand (Fig. 26), which was a part of a large sculpture, contains the truth of the statue situated in the central temple. -

We should, however, point out that recentnd ex cavations have shown that the sanctuary was Slika / Figure 26: Mramorna šaka, dio skulpture (snimio formed through construction in the 2 century, I. Krajcar). / Marble fist, fragment of a sculpture (photo and that, besides the three temples,158 it had two by I. Krajcar). side rooms on the northern side. This shows that it was a space formed for the worship of - multiple deities, and considering the extreme Serapis u doba cara Karakale dobiva status complexity of religious life in this sanctuary, it vrhovnog božanstva i poistovjećuje se s Ju is possible that several deities were worshipped piterom i Asklepijem. Možda157 upravo nalaz in a single temple. It has long been known that mramorne šake (sl. 26), koja je bila dio one of the main deities in the sanctuary was the- jedne velike skulpture, krije odgovor o kipu goddess Minerva, and this159 has been confirmed koji se nalazio u središnjem hramu. by the new discoveries, among which an in scription mentioning her together with Juno, No treba istaknuti da su novija arheološka Apollo, and the nymphs is especially interesting istraživanja pokazala kako je izgradnjom u (Fig. 20), which certainly suggests that perhaps 2. stoljeću oblikovano svetište koje je, osim - some of the temples were dedicated to them. tri hrama, na sjevernoj158 strani imalo i dvije - - However, the previously discovered inscription, bočne prostorije. To pokazuje da se radi in front of the eastern temple, which also160 men lo o prostoru u kojem je predviđeno štova - tions Juno, but together with Fortuna, might nje više božanstava, a s obzirom na izrazitu be a confirmation of the possibility that multi kompleksnost religijskog života u ovome ple deities were worshipped in a single temple. svetištu, vjerojatno je štovano i nekoliko The known inscriptions confirm that the cult 161of božanstava u zajedničkim hramovima. Već Fortuna was quite developed in the sanctuary, dugo je poznato kako je jedno od glavnih - and the syncretic process,nd i.e. the connection to božanstava u svetištu bila božica159 Minerva, a Isis,rd show all of the complexity of the Roman re to su potvrdili i novi nalazi, među kojima ligion at the end of the 2 and beginning of the je posebno zanimljiv natpis na kojem se ona 3 century. The new finds have ndalso contributed spominje zajedno s Junonom, Apolonom interesting data about the presence of Egyptian i nimfama (sl. 20), što svakako ukazuje da - cults in the second half of the 2 century, which su možda upravo njima bili posvećeni neki were obviously quite significant in this sanctu od hramova. No već ranije nađeni natpis ary even outside the official religion, which is ispred istočnog hrama, na kojem se također160 evidenced by their connection to the local cult spominje Junona, ali zajedno s Fortunom, 157 157 Kušan Špalj 2014, kat. br 70; Kušan Špalj 2015, kat. br Kušan Špalj 2014, Cat. no. 70; Kušan Špalj 2015, Cat. no.- - 70. 70. 158 158 Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 33-34, 47-48; Ne Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 33-34, 47-48; Nem eth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 33-34, 47-48. meth-Ehrlich, Kušan Špalj 2014, 33-34, 47-48. 159 159 Kušan Špalj 2014, 57, 66-68,83, 92- 93, Cat. no. 65,66,67; Kušan Špalj 2014, 57, 66-68, 83, 92- 93, kat. br. 65, 66, Kušan Špalj 2015, 57, 66-68,83, 92- 93, Cat. no. 65,66,67. 67; Kušan Špalj 2015, 57, 66-68, 83, 92- 93, kat. br. 65, 66, 160 67. ILJug 1168 160 161 ILJug 1168. AE 1976,0540; Kušan Špalj 2014, 70, 95. Cat. no. 76; Kušan Špalj 2015, 70, 95. Cat. no. 76; DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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nd možda upravo potvrđuje mogućnost da je u- of the nymphs, as well as the festivities which pojedinom hramu štovano više božanstava. a were already held at the end of the 2 century- Dosad poznati natpisi potvrđuju da je u 161sve (in AD 192). The possibility that this sanctuary tištu bio razvijen kult božice Fortune, - was also an oracle is not surprising, consider sinkretistički proces, odnosno povezivanje ing the gases and fumes that rose from the hot s Izidom, pokazuje svu složenost rimske re spring, and we can only assume that rituals ligije krajem 2. i početka 3. stoljeća. Novi su connected to Aesculapius were performed here nalazi dali i zanimljive podatke o pristustvu- (sleeping in temples and prophetic dreams), or egipatskih kultova u 2. polovici 2. stoljeća,- some higher forms of spirituality connected to koji su očito u ovom svetištu imali velik zna Egyptian deities (Isis’ mysteries). čaj i izvan službene religije, a o čemu govo Judging from the finds thus far, we can conclude ri i njihovo povezivanje s lokalnim kultom that Romans were well-acquainted with the- nimfa, kao i svečanosti koje su prisutne već- characteristics and healing power of sulphur krajem 2. stoljeća (192. godine). Mogućnost water, which is visible from the contents of vo da je ovo svetište bilo i proročki centar za- tive inscriptions, which reveals that soldiers pravo i ne čudi s obzirom na plinove i pare- came here, most likely to heal their wounds, što su se izdizale iz vrućeg izvora, a može while the presence of women and female cults mo samo pretpostaviti da su se ovdje odvi suggests that the water was also used in relation jali i rituali vezani uz Eskulapa (spavanje u- to women’s illnesses and fertility. hramovima i proricanje snova) ili neki viši oblici duhovnosti vezani uz egipatska bo In many of its elements, this sanctuary is similar- - žanstva (Izidine misterije). to the “sacred springs” from across the Roman- - Empire, first and foremost in the numerous vo- Prema dosadašnjim nalazima, može se za tive offerings, especially coins, but certain simi ključiti da su Rimljani dobro poznavali ka- lar construction techniques related to the catch rakteristike i ljekovitost sumporne vode, a- ment of thermal water and the worship of the- što je vidljivo prema sadržaju zavjetnih nat goddess Minerva in the far-away Roman city pisa koji otkrivaju da su ovdje dolazili vojni Aquae Sulis (Bath, England) are also interest ci, vjerojatno kako bi liječili svoje ozljede, a ing. But the main unique feature of Aquae Iasae- prisustvo žena i ženskih kultova ukazuje na sanctuary is the very strong cult of the nymphsst to da se voda koristila i za probleme vezane connected to the thermal water, from the 1 cen uz ženske bolesti i plodnost. - tury, as wellnd as the manyrd different deities relatedth - U mnogim elementima ovo svetište ima- to health that were worshipped in the sanctuary sličnosti sa „svetim izvorima“ diljem Rim- from the 2 to the 3 century. In the 4 cen skog Carstva, prije svega po brojnim votiv tury, during the reign of emperor Constantine, nim darovima, osobito u novcu, ali zanimlji large-scale renovations took place, which162 were va su i neka vrlo slična građevinskaAquae rješenja Sulis necessary, as the inscription itself says, due to kaptaže izvora i štovanja božice Minerve u the buildings being damaged in a fire. The new udaljenome rimskom lječilištu construction work did not significantly alter the- (Bath, Engleska). No glavna je specifičnost- appearance of the sanctuary, so we can assume- ovoga svetišta jako izražen kult nimfi vezan that there were no significant changes in the re uz ljekovitu termalnu vodu već od 1. stolje- ligious life. Due to the lack of epigraphic monu ća te brojnost različitih božanstava vezanih ments from this period, it is difficult to know uz zdravlje koji su štovani od 2. do 3. sto- all of the deities that were worshipped in the ljeća. U 4. stoljeću, u doba cara Konstantina, sanctuary. It is possible that propheticth rituals dolazi do velike obnove, koja je bila potreb162- connected to Apollo, or perhaps Asclepius, were na, kako se i na samom natpisu spominje, still present at the beginning of the 4 century, zbog stradanja objekata u požaru. Ponov- because it is known that emperor Constantine 162 161 AE 1976,0540; Kušan Špalj 2014, 70, 95. kat. br 76; Ku CIL III 4121 šan Špalj 2015, 70, 95. kat. br 76. 162 CIL III 4121 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Slika / Figure 27: Termalna voda u izvorišnom bazenu (snimila D. Kušan Špalj). / Thermal water in the spring reservoir (photo by D. Kušan Špalj). - th nom izgradnjom ne mijenja se izgled sveti himself visited the sites of oracles. However,- šta pa se može pretpostaviti da nije došlo most likely in the second half of the 4 century,- ni do većih promjena u religijskom životu. when the basilica163 was reconstructed for Chris No zbog nedostatka epigrafskih spomenika tian worship, most of the cults in the sanctu iz ove faze, teško je pretpostaviti koja su sve- ary vanished. Nevertheless, some finds show božanstva štovana u svetištu. Moguće da su that it was the specific situation surrounding početkom 4. stoljeća još bili prisutni pro- the thermal water and its healing properties- ročki obredi vezani uz Apolona, ili možda- that was the reason for the coexistence of the Eskulapa, jer je poznato kako je i car Kon two religions. The discovery statue of the god stantin obilazio proročka mjesta. Vjerojat- dess Minerva in her temple thus shows that she- no se većina kultova u svetištu gasi u drugoj stood in the sanctuary until the very end, and polovici 4. stoljeća, kada163 je bazilika preure that the cult of Minerva connected to the heal đena za kršćanski obred . Ipak, neki nalazi ing spring was most likely also present after pokazuju da je upravo specifična situacija the arrival of Christianity. The best proof of the oko termalne vode i njezine ljekovitosti bila coexistence of Christianity and the Roman cult razlogom suživota dviju religija. Tako nalaz of the spring are the rings with the motif of the skulpture božice Minerve u njezinu hramu Christogram that were, along with other votive164 pokazuje da je stajala u svetištu do samog- offerings, discovered in the spring reservoir. 163 kraja pa je vjerojatno njezin kult vezan uz Gorenc, Vikić 1980, 9; Migotti 1994, 51; 164 ljekoviti izvor bio prisutan i tijekom kršćan Perok 2014, Cat. no. 107, 108; Perok 2015, Cat. no. 107, stva. Najbolji je dokaz suživota kršćanstva 108. i rimskog kulta izvora prstenje s motivom kristograma, pronađeno zajedno s drugim164 votivnim darovima u izvorišnom bazenu. 163 Gorenc, Vikić 1980, 9; Migotti 1994, 51. 164 Perok 2014, kat. br. 107, 108; Perok 2015, kat. br. 107, 108 DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

304 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) / Recent Discoveries of Roman Remains in the Re- gion of Varaždinske Toplice LITERATURA / BIBLIOGRAPHY Roman building, Mate- , exibition catalogue, rials and Techniques Ljubljana, Cankarjev dom, 2014, 120-125. Adam 1999 – J. P. Adam, - , London, Routledge, 1999. Bilić/ 2015 – T. Bilić, „Numizmatički nalazi iz Classical Philology, htt- izvorišnog bazena u Varaždinskim Toplica Ando 2005 – C. Ando, “Interpretatio Romana”, Nova - ma Numismatic Finds in the Spring Pool at vol. 100, no. 1, 41 -51. otkrića iz rimskog razdoblja na području Varaž- Varaždinske”, in Pirnat Spahić, N. (ed.), ps://www.academia.edu/649276/Interpreta dinskih Toplica / Recent Discoveries of Roman - Remains in the Region of Varaždinske Toplice tio_Romana (21.11.2016.)A Companion to Roman Religion,Ando 2007 ch. – 29 C. Ando, “Exporting Roman Reli , gion”, in Rüpke, J., (ed.), exibition catalogue, Zagreb, Arheološki muzej u- , Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Zagrebu, 2015, 120-125. Ltd, 2007, 429-445. https://www.academia. Proceed- Boteva 1999 – D. Boteva, “Following in Alexan edu/1787076/_Exporting_Roman_religion ings of the Sixth International Symposium on der Footsteps; The Case of Caracalla”, (20.11.2016.) Ancient Macedonia held in Thessaloniki, October , Arheološki vestnik, 1996, Alföldy 1964-1965 – G. Alföldy, “Die Valerii in Poetovio” DieLjubljana, Personennamen XV-XVI, Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies, 1964-65, 137-144. The immunes and in der römischen Provinz Dalmatia principles1, 1999, 181-188. of the Roman army - Alföldy 1969 – G. Alföldy, Breeze 1969 – D. J. Breeze, , Beiträge , Durham the zur Namenforchung, Beiheft 4, Heidelberg, Carl- ses, Durham University, http://etheses.dur. Winter Universitätverlag,1969. - ac.uk/10478/(30.4.2016) - Aljinović 2014 – / D. Aljinović, “Geološke raz Bricault 2014 – L. Bricault, “Isis, Sarapis, Cyrus mere okrog termalnega vrelca in izvor grad and John: Between HealingThe Gods Alexandrian and Thauma Tra- benega materiala Geological features of the dition,turgical InteractionsSaints”, in Guichard, between L. Science,A., García Religion, Alonso, area around the thermal spring and the origin Najnovejše rimske najdbe na območju Va- andJ. L., Literature,Paz de Hoz, M. (eds.), raždinskihof the building Toplic materials”, / Recent Discoveries in Pirnat Spahić,of Roman N. - Remains(ed.), in the Region of Varaždinske Toplice Bern, Peter Lang, 2014, 97-114. Bricault, Versluys 2014 – L. Bricault, M. J. Ver , Power, politics and the cults of Isis, sluys, “Isis and Empires”,th in Bricault, L., Versluys, exibition catalogue, Ljubljana, Cankarjev dom, Proceedings of the V International Conference - M.of IsisJ. (eds.), Studies, Boulogne-sur-Mer 2011 2014, 126-130. - Aljinović 2015 – D. Aljinović, „Geološka situ , Leiden,- acija oko termalnog izvora i porijeklo građe Brill, 2014, 3-36. vinskog materijala / Geological features of the The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath, - Cunliffe, Davenport 1985 – B. Cunliffe, P. Daven area around the thermal spring and the origin Nova otkrića iz rimskog razdoblja na po- port, Vol of the building materials”, in Pirnat Spahić, N. dručju Varaždinskih Toplica / Recent Discoveries ume (1) the site, Monograph 7, Oxford, Oxford (ed.), Ath- of Roman Remains in the Region of Varaždinske University Committee for Archaeology, 1985. Toplice enaeum, Degrassi 1921 – A. Degrassi, “Aurellius”, Pavia, 9, 1921, 293-296. , exibition catalogue,The Zagreb, Sculpture Arheološki of the Hellenisticmuzej u Zagrebu, Age 2015, 126-130. Demicheli 2015Tusculum – D. Demicheli, “Salonitani extra Bieber 1995 – M. Bieber, fines Dalmatiae (IV) – SalonitanciOd nepobjedivog u vojnoj sunca službi do (dio prvi)”, , Solin, 8, 2015, 59-77. , New York, Columbia University- sunca pravde: rano kršćanstvo u kontinentalnoj Press, 1955. Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Za- HrvatskojDemo 1994 – Ž. Demo, - grebuBilić 2011 – T. Bilić, „Dokazi Apolonovog solar nog karaktera”, , exibition catalogue,The Zagreb, Imperial Arheo Cult loški muzej u Zagrebu, 1994. , Zagreb, 3. s, XLIV, 2011, 45–64. - in the Latin West cahBilić / 2014 – T. Bilić, „Numizmatične najdbe Fishwick 1991 – D. Fishwick, iz izvirskega bazena v Varaždinskih Najnovej Topli- , Studies in the Ruler Cult of the še rimskeNumismatic najdbe na Findsobmočju in Varaždinskih the Spring Pool Toplic at Western Provinces of the Roman Empire vol. II, Varaždinske”, in Pirnat Spahić, N. (ed.), 1, Leiden-New York-København-Köln, E. J. Brill, 1991. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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, Varaždinske gion of Varaždinske Toplice Toplice, Zavičajni muzej Varaždinske Toplice, , exibition catalogue, 1982. - - Ljubljana, Cankarjev dom, 2014, 56-106. Horvat et al. 2003 – J. Horvat, M. Lovenjak, A. - Kušan Špalj 2014 a – D. Kušan Špalj, „Rekon Dolenc Vičič, M. Lubšina-Tušek, M. Tomanič-Je strukcija prostora okoli naravnega izvira termal vremov, Z. Šubic, “Poetovio, Development and The autonomous towns of Noricum and Panno- ne vode – rituali in uporaba / Reconstruction of nia,Topography”, Pannonia in I Šašel Kos, M., Scherrer, P. (eds.), the AreaNajnovejše Around rimske the Natural najdbe Thermalna območju Spring Va- – Rituals and Utilization”, in Pirnat Spahić, N. , Situla 41, Ljubljana, Narodni raždinskih Toplic / Recent Discoveries of Roman - (ed.), muzej Slovenije, 2003, 153-189. Remains in the Region of Varaždinske Toplice ReligionJerala 2011 in public – M. Jerala,and private “The spheretopographyActa ofof ritthe , 4ualth International monuments in Colloquium, Poetovio”, Thein Lazar, Autonomous I. (ed.), exibition catalogue, Ljubljana, Cankarjev dom, , 2014, 107-119. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

306 – nova otkrića u rimskom svetištu – s posebnim osvrtom ..., VAMZ, 3. s., L (2017) AQUAE IA- - / AQUAE - Kušan Špalj 2015 – D. Kušan Špalj, „ Mennen 2006 – I. Mennen, “The Image of an Em- SAE – lječilišni, kultni i Najnovejšeproročki centar rimske najdbe peror in Trouble (LegitimationThe impact andof imperial Representa Rome naIASAE območju – a Centre Varaždinskih of Health, Toplic/Recent Cult and Oracle Discove”, in- ontion religions, of Power ritual of Caracalla)”, and religious in Delife Blois, in the L., Roman Fun riesPirnat of RomanSpahić, Remains N. (ed.), in the Region of Varaždin- empire,kle, P., Hahn, Proceedings J. (eds), of the fifth workshop of the ske Toplice - international network impact of Empire, Mün- ster 2004 , exibition catalogue, Zagreb, Arheo- loški muzej u Zagrebu, 2016, 56-106 - , Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2006, 253-267.,- Kušan Špalj 2015a – D. Kušan Špalj, „Rekon https://www.scribd.com/doc/239196650/ strukcija prostora oko prirodnog izvora termal The-Impact-of-Imperial-Rome-on-Religious-Ri ne vode – rituali i namjena / Reconstruction of tual-and-Religious-Life (21.11.2016) the AreaNajnovejše Around rimske the Natural najdbe Thermalna območju Spring Va- Meza 2006 – A. Meza, “Egyptian Religion and –raždinskih Rituals and Toplic/Recent Utilization ”, Discoveriesin Pirnat Spahić,of Roman N. AegyptusMagic in et the Pannonia Mediterranean III., Acta World: Symposii Isis, anno the Remains(ed.), in the Region of Varaždinske Toplice 2004Goddess of Many Faces”, in’ Győry, H. (ed.), , , , Budapest, Comite de l Egypte ancienne exibition catalogue, Zagreb, Arheološki muzej u de l’Association amicale hongroise-egyptienne- Zagrebu, 2016, 107-119. - 2006, 161-168. - Kušan Špalj, Nemeth-Ehrlich 2012 – D. Kušan- Migotti, Radovi, 1999 –Filozofski B. Migotti, fakultet „Od kulta u Zadru Sola do kr Špalj, D. Nemeth-Ehrlich, „Aquae Iasae – Varaž šćanstva u Varaždinskim Toplicama (Aquae Ia dinske Toplice – arheološkaArheologija istraživanja varaždin rim- sae)” , Zadar, skog kraja izvorišnog i srednjeg bazena Podravlja i okolnog prostora”, in 24, 1998 [1999], 51-88. - Balen, J., Šimek, M. (eds.), Mrav 2000Communicationes – Z. Mrav, “DerArchaeologicae Besuch Caracallas Hunga- , Zagreb, Izdanja riaeund der Deus Invictus Serapis-Kult in Panno Hrvatskog arheološkog društvaOnomasticon 28, 2012, Provin 107-- nien”, 130. ciarum Europae Latinarum , Budapest, 2000, 67-97. - Lőrincz 2000 – B. Lőrincz, - Mrav 2012 – Z. Mrav, “Building Munificence of , Vol. III: LABAREVS- SeptimiusThe Severus archaeology in the Cities of Roman of the southern Panno PYTHEA, Wien, Ortolf Harl - Forchungsgese- Pannonia:thenia Provinces: state Epigraphic of research evidence and selected”, in Migotti, pro- lschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie,Vjesnik Arheološkog 2000. muzeja u blemsB. (ed.), in the Croatian part of the Roman provin- ZagrebuLučić 2013 – L. Lučić, „Rimski natpisi iz Varaž ce of Pannonia, dinskih Toplica”, Grammar and Philo- sophy in ,Late Zagreb, Antiquity 3. s., XLVI , 2013, 185-255. BAR InternationalDie Bevölkerung Series 2393, von Luhtala 2005 – A. Luhtala, , - PannonienOxford, Archaeopress, bis zu den Markomannenkriegen 2012, 251-278. - , Studies in the History of Mócsy 1959 – A. Mócsy, the Language Sciences 107Les Amsterdam/Phila Conditions de pé- , Bu nétrationdelphia, John et de Benjamins diffusion Pubs.,des cultes 2005. égyptiens en dapest, Verlag der Ungarischen Akademie der- ItalieMalaise 1972 - M. Malaise, - Wissenschaften, 1959. Aquae Iasae –Nemeth-Ehrlich, Varaždinske toplice: Kušan, vizualizacija Pintarić 1997 rimske – D. arhi Ne- , Études préliminaires aux religions orien tekture,meth-Ehrlich, D. Kušan, T. Pintarić, tales dans l’Empire Romain 22, Leiden, Brill,- 1972. - exibition catalogue, Zagreb, Arheološki Malaise 2007 – M. Malaise, “La diffusion de cul muzej u Zagrebu, 1997. tes Isiaques: problemeNile into Tiber,de terminologie Egypt in the et Roman de cri Nemeth-Ehrlich 1997a – Obavijesti D. Nemeth-Ehrlich, Hrvatskog World,tique”, Proceedingsin Bricault, L.,of theVersluys, IIIrd International M. J., Meyboom, Con- arheološkog„Varaždinske društva Toplice: radovi na zaštiti antičkog P.,ference G., P. (eds.),of Isis Studies, Leiden, May 11-14 2005 lokaliteta (1993.-1996.)”, - , Zagreb, 2,1997, 73-79. - , Nemeth-Ehrlich, Kušan 1999 – D. Nemeth-Ehr Leiden-Boston,Vjesnik Brill, 2007, Arheološkog 19-39. muzeja u Za- lich, D. Kušan, „Konzervatorsko-restaurator Maršićgrebu 1998 – D. Maršić, „Ikonografski tip nimfa ski radovi i zaštitnaObavijesti istraživanja Hrvatskog na arheološkog antičkom sa školjkama”, društvakompleksu u Varaždinskim Toplicama u godini , Zagreb, XXX-XXXI, 1997 [1998], 103-124. 1997. i 1998.”, , Zagreb, 31/1, 1999, 68-74. DORA KUŠAN ŠPALJ: Aquae Iasae

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Nova otkrića iz rimskog razdo- Nemeth-Ehrlich, KušanHrvatski Špalj arheološki 2006 – D. godišnjak Nemeth- bljaPerok na 2015 području – N. Perok, Varaždinskih kat. br. 90-114. Toplica in / RecentPirnat Ehrilich, D. Kušan Špalj, „Varaždinske Toplice DiscoveriesSpahić, N. (ed.), of Roman Remains in the Region of – Gradski park”, , Varaždinske Toplice Zagreb, 3, 2006, 150-153. Nemeth-Ehrlich,Kušan Špalj 2011 – D. Nemeth- , exibition catalogue, Zagreb, Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, 2015, 170-174. Ehrlich, D. Kušan Špalj, “The results of theReligion latest The archae- inexcavations public and at private the Roman sphere forumActa inof theAquae 4th InterIasae- ologyRadman-Livaja of Roman 2012 southern – I. Pannonia:the Radman-Livaja, state “The of national– Varaždinske Colloquium, Toplice“, The in AutonomousLazar, I. (ed.), Towns of researchRoman Army”, and selected in Migotti, problems B. (ed.), in the Croatian Noricum and Pannonia , part of the Roman province of Pannonia, -

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