Grade 10 TERMS 2 and 3 Transformations in Southern Africa After 1750 • No Country Or State Called South Africa Until 1910

Grade 10 TERMS 2 AND 3 Transformations in southern Africa after 1750 • No country or state called South Africa until 1910. • A Dutch colony was established in the Cape in 1652. By 1750, Dutch colonists and settlers had What was moved northwards and eastwards from Cape Town. • In the dry northern and western regions of the South Africa Cape lived Khoi herders and San hunter-gatherers. like in 1750? • The Nguni had settled between the coast in the Eastern Cape and the Drakensberg Mountains. • The Khoi had become part of the Xhosa chiefdoms between the Kei and Keiskama Rivers. Political changes from 1750 to 1820 Expansion of southern Tswana chiefdoms

• Twsana Chiefdoms lived between the Vaal River and the Kalahari Desert . • They were the Barolong, Bafokeng, Bahurutshe, Bakgatla and Bakwena. • During this time there was increasing tension between these groups. • 4 possible causes : 1 :environmental - high rainfall made huge yields of maize and more grazing so the Tswana kingdom grew. Then rainfall dropped so food shortages caused land competition. • 2: Increased trade - between the Tswana and other regions. Some chiefs became very wealthy as they opened trade routes with Khoi in the Cape. • 3: Cattle raids from the Khoi and San communities who had been pushed out by the Cape Colony, affected Tswana chiefdoms. • The Bahurutshe resided near what is today known as Tshwane (or Pretoria) and were the most powerful Tswana chiefdom. Political changes from 1750 to 1820 Rise of the Ndwandwe under Zwide

• Chiefdoms expanded between Drakensberg Mountains and Indian Ocean coast. The Ndwandwe, Mthethwa and Ngwane were the most powerful chiefdoms. • Mthethwa and Ndwandwe chiefdoms were powerful as they had control of the amabutho – groups of young soldiers and also hunted elephant in large regiments. • Conflict ensued - due to population growth, putting pressure on resources and due to drought, which led to more competition. • The Ndwandwe were most powerful under the leadership of Zwide, who ruled from 1805. Political changes from 1750 to 1820 Ndwandwe (continued)

• In 1817, Zwide and his amabutho conquered Mthethwa, under the rule of Dingiswayo. This made the Ndwandwe the most powerful chiefdom in the region and they dominated the east until 1820. • In 1818 with Dingiswayo killed and his forces scattered, the Mthethwa were soon overcome by Shaka, founder of the Zulu state. He then destroyed the Ndwandwe at the Battle of Gqokli Hill . • 2 of Zwide's generals, Shoshangane and Mzilikazi, fled north and established kingdoms in present-day Mozambique and today’s Limpopo province and southern Zimbabwe, respectively. • Shaka then ruled the Mthethwa, then the Zulu state became the dominant power among the northern Nguni. Political changes from 1750 to 1820

• In 1795, the British seized control of the Cape from the Dutch East India Company. • Dutch farmers controlled much land in the west, affecting lives of the San hunter-gatherers and Khoi herders. • The Dutch killed livestock, took grazing land and indentured them as servants. • San survivors moved to the dry regions of the Great Karoo. • There were 9 Frontier Wars involving the Dutch, British, Xhosa and Khoi occurring over 100 years, as a result of colonial expansion. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 Break up of Ndwandwe kingdom and rise of Zulu state and its consolidation under Dingane

• The Zulu kingdom was first ruled by Shaka Zulu’s father and Shaka was in exile at living with the Mthethwa led by Dingiswayo. • When his father died, Shaka Zulu overthrew his brother and took the throne. • His rival chiefdom, the Ndwande, had defeated the Mthethwa in 1817. • Zulu tradition says that the Zulu fought the Ndandwe in 1819 as a retaliation and destroyed Zwide’s and his kingdom. Modern historians dispute this citing internal conflict as the cause for the disintegration of the Ndwandwe. • The internal conflict caused splinter groups out of the region, including Zwide, who moved northwards to modern day Swaziland. • The area they vacated was left open for Shaka to take control of. He ordered amambuthoto raids to expand the Zulu Kingdom. There are claims that these raids were violent, stating that 50 000 of Shaka’s men killed almost one million people. • Claim is disputed by some historians. They claim Shaka used peaceful diplomacy too. Non-threatening chiefdoms were accepted into Zulu Kingdom where they were offered protection in return for their loyalty. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 Rise of Zulu kingdom (Cont’d)

• Under Shaka Zulu, the Zulu kingdom became more militarised. • The Zulu society hierarchy - 3 tiers. 1st: The aristocracy and Zulu royal family,. 2nd: Amabutho. 3rd: Ordinary People who herded etc. • Zulus grew richer and more powerful through trade links with the Portuguese at Delagoa Bay and after 1824 with the British at Port Natal. • It is believed Shaka traded for firearms with the British and then he attacked the Ndwandwe again in 1826 with the help of traders from Port Natal. • The defeat of the Ndwandwe and capture of many of their cattle collapsed the kingdom. Many Ndwandwe became loyal to the Zulu kingdom. • After Ndwandwe defeat, Shaka’s unthinking violence started to divide the Zulus. • Zulu leaders plotted to overthrow him and in 1828 his assassination was ordered by his half-brothers, Mhlanga and Dingane. • Dingane became king. • He attacked the fort at Delagoa Bay when his control of the trade routes Shaka had set up were under threat. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 The Rise of the Ndebele kingdom under Mzilikazi

• The Zulu first defeated the Ndwandwe In 1819. Groups of Ndwandwe refugees from the violent upheavals were called the Khumalo and they moved into areas near the Vaal River, cattle raiding . • In 1826 more Ndwandwe escaped Zulu control to join these refugees, under Mzilikazi. These refugees were known as marauders or Ndebele. • The Ndebele caused disruption as they raided through the interior of southern Africa , attacking other chiefdoms in the 1820s and 1830s. Northwards to Venda, west as far as the Marico River, south as far as the Caledon River. • The Ndebele violent raids added to the Mfecane – the forced dispersal of this whole region. • 1832 Zulu leader, Dingane, ordered the attack of Mzilikazi’s chiefdom and the Ndebele retreated and settled in Bahurutshe territory. • By the mid-1830s, the Ndebele dominated across present-day Gauteng, Mpumalanga, North West and Limpopo. • In 1836, trek Boers from the Cape defeated the Ndebele and Mzilikazi took his people north to settle in present-day Zimbabwe. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 Southern interior: role of Boer, Kora and Griqua raiders

• Late 1800’s British colonial troops joined Boer raids , capturing San people and forcing them into labour. • Kora raiders were groups of Tswana, Khoi and San who lost their land and livestock and also runaway slaves and deserters from the Cape Colony. During raids on settler farms, they stole guns, livestock and horses. • The Griqua were Khoi and mixed descent herders. Lived in Namaqualand and near Gariep Orange River. Some Griqua raided settler farms areas in the interior throughout the 1820s, others settled on mission stations in present-day Free State, and Northern Cape. Emergence of Sotho kingdom under Moshoeshoe and his relations with his neighbours • The Caledon Valley ( border of Lesotho and the Free State) was destabilised by Boer, Griqua and Kora raids. • Bamokotedi, a Sotho community led by Moshoeshoe joined other Sesotho people to defend against raids. • The Sotho kingdom was made up of many smaller chiefdoms. Moshoeshoe used diplomacy to gain alliances, not force. Bought guns and horses from traders who came from the Cape Colony, he had a well protected kingdom. • He welcomed people from different cultural backgrounds into his kingdom, allowed to keep own customs, cultures and language but pay tribute to Moshoeshoe. • He also welcomed missionaries and was therefore able relate well with the Cape Colony. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 Chiefdoms that developed during “Mfecane”; the Gaza, Swazi, Pedi, Mpondo and southern Tswana.

• Gaza kingdom - group of Ndwandwe fled from a Zulu battle in 1819, under Shoshangane. • They settled in present-day Limpopo and into Mozambique. Very powerful chiefdom during the 1820s and 1830s. Their dominance has been ignored by South African historians. Mainly because the kingdom covered areas of Mozambique. Ivory trade through Delagoa Bay increased their power. • Shoshangane fought off Shaka and then also Dingane’s Zulu warriors plus Portuguese forces and successfully defended Delagoa Bay from an attempted takeover by Dingane’s forces. • The Swazi kingdom one of the small states, emerged after the Ndwandwe kingdom collapsed in 1826.They were controlled by Dlamini clans. • After Zwide defeated them in 1815 they fled to present-day Swaziland and established their chiefdom. • Their leader Sobhuza used marriage alliances to strengthen his power. After the death of Shaka in 1828, Sobhuza took over smaller Sotho and Nguni chiefdoms. In 1836 the Swazi defeated a raid by the Zulu. The Swazi remained a small organised kingdom. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 Chiefdoms that developed during “Mfecane” (cont’d)

• The Pedi lived in present-day Limpopo. With control over trade from the interior to Delagoa Bay in Mozambique. Beginning of 1800s the Pedi kingdom was broken up after a Ndwandwe invasion. They reformed under Sekwati. • Sekwati built a fortified hilltop settlement at Phiring. The Pedi were not centralised but still defeated the Swazi in the 1830s. • The Mpondo (or Pondo) - large kingdom, they lived in present-day KwaZulu- Natal and were largest power south of the Mzimkhulu River. A Xhosa sub- group. • KaNgqungqungqushe reigned from 1824. He welcomed missionaries in Pondoland in 1830. Defended themselves against waves of refugees His power increased because he represented groups who fought against Zulu rule. • Southern Tswana groups such as the Barolong and Bathlaping were disrupted by raids in the 1820s. • Allied to the Griqua in 1823 and defeated Sotho raiders. The Griqua broke alliance and continued to attack them. The Ndebele also fought the southern Tswana regularly. • The Bathlaping came to dominate the area in the 1830s. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835

• Serious unemployment in Britain around this time and in 1820, many British people arrived as immigrants in the Cape colony. • The British governor sent the settlers to the Eastern Cape to defend the eastern frontier against the neighbouring Xhosa people. • Slavery affected the economy and the lives of almost everyone living at the Cape. • Shortage of labour caused the Dutch, already involved in the Atlantic slave trade, to import slaves as the cheapest option, from Mozambique, Madagascar and Asia. • Economy of Cape depended on slave labour. Political revolution between 1820 and 1835

• The Abolition of Slavery Act ended slavery in the Cape officially in 1834. • It had dramatic effects on Cape colony, causing the Great Trek, an emigration North and Northeast of about 12 000 dissatisfied Boers. They wanted to live independent of colonial rule and what they saw as unacceptable racial egalitarianism. How has Shaka been remembered? • Shaka Zulu has long been seen as a tall, well-built and bloodthirsty, warlike king who was ruthless to a fault. Many exaggerated accounts in books, stories and films have added to the debate. During his brief reign more than a hundred chiefdoms were brought together in a Zulu kingdom which even survived the death of its founder. • Although he ruled for just over 10 years and only in the coastal areas of Eastern Africa, historians have credited him with a force which crushed the region and indirectly caused the “Mfecane” or The “Crushing”. • Now believed that environmental issues, drought could have caused marauding communities to flee in search of land. This broke the clan structure of the interior in this period of transformation in Southern Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries • Recent historical research has disputed this story of Shaka as the main cause of the mfecane. • He was a talented war general and ruler whose tactical advances in weaponry and army training were so far advanced that he was idealised and mythologised. • Historical myths happen when ethnic groups have no way of documenting their lives except through oral story telling. Also when missionaries and government officials record translated stories and untruths become fact. Myths can also come about as clans reform and have to dilute their original cultures. • So current historical views show us that Shaka’s Zulu kingdom is only one of a number of influential African states. That the Zulu state was the product of political unrest in the region rather than the cause of it.