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Race Patriots: Black Poets, Transnational Identity, and Diasporic Versification in the United States Before the New Negro

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Race Patriots: Black Poets, Transnational Identity, and Diasporic Versification in the United States Before the New Negro University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses November 2015 Race Patriots: Black Poets, Transnational Identity, and Diasporic Versification in the United States Before the New Negro Jason T. Hendrickson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the African American Studies Commons, American Studies Commons, Literature in English, North America Commons, Literature in English, North America, Ethnic and Cultural Minority Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Hendrickson, Jason T., "Race Patriots: Black Poets, Transnational Identity, and Diasporic Versification in the United States Before the New Negro" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 542. https://doi.org/10.7275/7540179.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/542 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE PATRIOTS: BLACK POETS, TRANSNATIONAL IDENTITY, AND DIASPORIC VERSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE THE NEW NEGRO A Dissertation Presented by JASON T. HENDRICKSON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2015 W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies © Copyright by Jason T. Hendrickson 2015 All Rights Reserved i RACE PATRIOTS: BLACK POETS, TRANSNATIONAL IDENTITY, AND DIASPORIC VERSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE THE NEW NEGRO A Dissertation Presented by JASON T. HENDRICKSON Approved as to style and content by: _______________________________________ Steven Tracy, Chair _______________________________________ James Smethurst, Member _______________________________________ Britt Rusert, Member _______________________________________ Laura Doyle, Member ____________________________________ John Bracey, Department Chair W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro- American Studies ii DEDICATION For Gale and James Hendrickson, Cory, Niccole, and especially Michael, who introduced me to my first bards. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must preface my gratitude by stating that the shortcomings of this work are my errors of translation from the indispensable advice and tutelage I have received from this collection of dear friends and colleagues. Firstly, I must thank the W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies at UMass Amherst and its superior faculty. I am immensely fortunate to have learned under the most thorough, knowledgeable and able scholars around. In particular I would like to acknowledge Ekwueme Michael Thelwell, who has – in a style all his own – influenced the scope of this project. Thank you for your interventions. Additionally, my committee has offered me nothing but support. I am thankful for Laura Doyle’s helpful critiques and commentary, which helped me ground my work conceptually, especially as I started (and ultimately reshaped) the dissertation. Britt Rusert has been amazingly supportive and generous with her time, offering a wealth of detailed insight and practical advice for the dissertation and beyond. James Smethurst has been remarkable in combining important critiques with a good-natured spirit, which ultimately led to several important changes in my work. Finally, my chair, Steve Tracy, has been incomparable in his patience, meticulousness, encouragement, and enthusiasm for the project. I am beyond fortunate to have worked with this elite collection of scholars. I am blessed to have had support and mentorship that extends to those on a similar path. Many thanks go to Lia Bascomb, who has earned the right to list my name under “dissertations directed” in her CV for her extensive feedback. For her ears, eyes, and v mind, I am ever grateful. Jon Fenderson heard this idea in its earliest phases; unbeknownst to him (until now, I suppose), he has been a mentor and a model of what good scholarship should be. Allia Matta has been a consummate colleague and friend during the process; the same is to be said for McKinley Melton, whose footsteps I have continued to follow for quite some time now. Alex Carter promises to be a force to be reckoned with, and I am fortunate to have observed and gleaned some of his discipline and remarkable commitment. Markeysha Davis, Savannah Carroll, Zarah Caldwell, Vanessa Fabien, Cruz Bueno, Crystal Donkor, Johanna Ortner, Leslie Upton, Cyrene Crooms, Kabria Baumgartner, Julia Charles, Ernest Gibson III, Emahunn Campbell, Kelli Morgan, Armanthia Duncan, Thomas Edge, Taj Smith: thank you for the inspiration you provide through the important work that you do. Unsurpassed by any of the aforementioned is Jacqueline Jones, who has truly embodied the spirit of community, collegiality, friendship, and family since first meeting in James Smethurst’s poetry seminar. Jackie, I would not be in this position without you. That is no understatement. I am also grateful to the various institutions that have provided support during the research and writing process. I cannot thank Maurice Wallace enough for his mentorship, tutelage, and example during my years as an undergraduate at Duke University and beyond. Margot Hennessy at Westfield State University offered an instructive teaching opportunity that has shaped how I view audience. Marcus Allen and Shawn Christian at Wheaton College provided an unforgettable experience with a cohort of dynamic undergraduates that helped shape this dissertation. Marcus has been especially supportive as a mentor, a valued colleague, and a friend. I am thankful to vi Michele Barale and Jyl Gentzler of Amherst College, where, while working as an associate with the Writing Center, I was able to refine my organizational approach for this project. The National Urban League has also been a boon, reminding me that service is a duty, privilege, and necessity in the work we undertake. In a similar vein, I am grateful for the support of the National Council for Black Studies, particularly from Margaret Brunson, Nadielka Bishop, Brittney Cofield-Poole, Jameta Barlow, Shawn Jones, Kanton Reynolds, and Mary Hemphill. Also, the support of the English faculty of CUNY LaGuardia Community College has been incredible; I am truly proud and grateful to be among so many wonderful colleagues and brilliant students. Finally, to my ultimate colleague, my anchor, my friend, my teammate, my partner, Nakia Lettice Alston: I am forever in your debt for your companionship over the duration of this journey, so I intend to spend the rest of my life with you to pay it off. Thank you. vii ABSTRACT RACE PATRIOTS: BLACK POETS, TRANSNATIONAL IDENTITY, AND DIASPORIC VERSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE THE NEW NEGRO SEPTEMBER 2015 JASON T. HENDRICKSON, B.A., DUKE UNIVERSITY M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Steven Tracy This dissertation explores the contributions of black poets in the United States before the New Negro / Harlem Renaissance Movement. Specifically, it focuses on their role in creating and maintaining a tradition of regional transnationalism in their verses that celebrates their African ancestry. I contend that these poets are best understood as “race patriots”; that is, they at once sought inclusion within the nation-state in the form of full citizenship, yet recognized allegiances beyond the nation-state on account of race through a recognition of shared African ancestry across borders. Their verses point to a shared kinship – be it through common condition, culture, or politics – present within black literary thought, and thus within black communities, long before the New Negro. By extension, I advocate for a reimagining of the significance of nineteenth and eighteenth century poets within African American literature. The dissertation challenges the accusation that black poetry in the United States was wholly assimilative or parroting, instead positing the strategic mimicry of viii neoclassicism and romanticism as subversive and in direct conversation (and contention) with racist Enlightenment discourses. The dissertation considers a range of poets of varying repute: George Moses Horton, Phillis Wheatley, James Madison Bell, Joshua McCarter Simpson, George Boyer Vashon, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, James Monroe Whitfield, T. Thomas Fortune, Henrietta Cordelia Ray, George Clinton Rowe, and Paul Laurence Dunbar. The poets considered challenge traditional notions of patriotism and allegiance by championing rights for those of like ancestry within and across national boundaries. In turn, the study is indicative of how a patriotic nationalism can coexist with a Pan-African sensibility through a sustained critique of (global) white hegemony. The study explores how these poets evince their race patriotism through a variety of means, including Ethiopianism, salvation-liberation ideology, and usage of tribute poems to honor figures, events, and places within the diaspora (e.g. Haiti, Jamaican Emancipation, Joseph Cinqué, Vincent Ogé). Through their content, I argue that the poets engage in a project of historical reclamation and history building that demonstrates their awareness of their distinct identities within and beyond the nation-state. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
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