INSECTOS De Importancia Agrícola

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INSECTOS De Importancia Agrícola Guía básica de entomología Costa Rica y Centroamérica INSECTOS de importancia agrícola M. ZUMBADO ARRIETA • D. AZOFEIFA JIMÉNEZ AZOFEIFA • D. ARRIETA ZUMBADO M. MANUEL ZUMBADO ARRIETA • DANIELA AZOFEIFA JIMÉNEZ INSECTOS DE IMPORTANCIA AGRÍCOLA INSECTOS DE IMPORTANCIA Guía básica de entomología Costa Rica y Centroamérica INSECTOS de importancia agrícola MANUEL ZUMBADO ARRIETA • DANIELA AZOFEIFA JIMÉNEZ INSECTOS DE IMPORTANCIA AGRÍCOLA © Manuel A. Zumbado Arrieta, Entomólogo asociado al Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) © Daniela Azofeifa Jiménez Bióloga especializada en Control Biológico © Programa Nacional de Agricultura Orgánica (PNAO) Primera edición, 2018 Diseño y diagramación: Corporardis, S.A. Foto de portada: Rusell IPM Financiado por el Programa Nacional de Agricultura Orgánica (PNAO). Como citarlo: Zumbado, M. A. y Azofeifa, D. 2018. Insectos de Importancia Agrícola. Guía Básica de Entomo- logía. Heredia, Costa Rica. Programa Nacional de Agricultura Orgánica (PNAO). 204 pp. 2 Contenido Agradecimientos ...................................................10 Presentación .......................................................11 Organización de la guía ......................................12 Íconos de las diferentes funciones ecológicas ................12 Parte I INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS INSECTOS Importancia de los insectos ...................................14 Phylum Arthropoda ..........................................16 Clasificación de los artrópodos .............................17 Clase Insecta ..................................................21 Estructura de los insectos ..................................22 Exoesqueleto .............................................22 Anatomía externa ..........................................23 Cabeza .................................................24 El tórax ................................................26 El abdomen .............................................29 Anatomía Interna ..........................................30 Sistema digestivo .........................................30 Sistema respiratorio .......................................31 Sistema nervioso y órganos sensoriales ..........................32 El vuelo ...................................................32 Desarrollo y metamorfosis ...................................33 Metamorfosis incompleta o gradual (Hemimetábola) ........33 Metamorfosis completa (Holometábola) ....................35 Clasificación taxonómica .....................................36 3 Parte II ÓRDENES DE INSECTOS Orden Collembola ............................................40 Orden Protura ................................................41 Orden Diplura ................................................41 Orden Archaeognatha ........................................42 Orden Thysanura .............................................42 Orden Ephemeroptera ........................................43 Orden Odonata ...............................................44 Orden Plecoptera .............................................46 Orden Embiidina (Embioptera) ..............................47 Orden Phasmatodea ..........................................48 Orden Orthoptera* ..........................................48 Familia Acrididae ..........................................50 Familia Gryllidae ..........................................50 Familia Gryllotalpidae .....................................51 Familia Tettigoniidae .......................................51 Orden Zoraptera .............................................51 Orden Blattodea ..............................................52 Orden Isoptera* ..............................................53 Orden Mantodea* ............................................55 Orden Dermaptera* ..........................................56 Orden Psocoptera ............................................57 Orden Phthiraptera ...........................................58 Orden Thysanoptera* .........................................59 Orden Hemiptera* ............................................60 Suborden Heteroptera (los chinches verdaderos) .............62 Familia Alydidae ..........................................63 Familia Coreidae ..........................................63 4 Familia Lygaeidae ..........................................64 Familia Miridae ............................................64 Familia Pentatomidae .....................................66 Familia Reduviidae ........................................67 Familia Tingidae ..........................................68 Suborden Auchenorrhyncha (chicharras, machacas, espinitas, salivazos) ..................69 Familia Cicadellidae .......................................69 Familia Delphacidae .......................................70 Familia Membracidae ......................................71 Suborden Sternorrhyncha ....................................72 Familia Aleyrodidae ........................................72 Familia Aphididae .........................................73 Familia Pseudococcidae ....................................75 Orden Megaloptera ..........................................76 Orden Neuroptera* ...........................................77 Familia Chrysopidae .......................................78 Orden Coleoptera* ...........................................80 Familia Bruchidae ..........................................82 Familia Carabidae .........................................83 Familia Cerambycidae ......................................84 Familia Chrysomelidae ....................................85 Familia Coccinellidae ......................................86 Familia Cucujidae .........................................87 Familia Curculionidae ......................................88 Familia Elateridae ..........................................89 Familia Meloidae ..........................................91 Familia Nitidulidae ........................................91 Familia Passalidae .........................................92 Familia Scarabaeidae ......................................93 Orden Strepsiptera ...........................................95 5 Orden Diptera* ...............................................98 Familia Agromyzidae ......................................100 Familia Cecidomyiidae ...................................101 Familia Ceratopogonidae ..................................102 Familia Lonchaeidae ......................................103 Familia Muscidae .........................................104 Familia Pipunculidae .....................................106 Familia Sciaridae ..........................................106 Familia Stratiomyidae .....................................107 Familia Syrphidae .........................................108 Familia Tachinidae ........................................110 Familia Tephritidae ....................................... 111 Familia Ulidiidae .........................................11 3 Orden Mecoptera ............................................11 4 Orden Siphonaptera .........................................11 5 Orden Trichoptera ...........................................11 6 Orden Lepidoptera* ........................................11 7 Familia Arctiidae ..........................................120 Familia Gelechiidae .......................................121 Familia Noctuidae ........................................123 Familia Pieridae. .124 Familia Plutellidae .......................................125 Familia Pyralidae .........................................126 Familia Sesiidae ...........................................127 Familia Sphingidae .......................................128 Familia Tortricidae ........................................129 Orden Hymenoptera* .......................................133 Familia Apidae ...........................................135 Familia Braconidae .......................................139 Familia Chalcididae .......................................140 Familia Formicidae .......................................141 Familia Ichneumonidae ..................................142 Familia Vespidae .........................................143 6 Otros artrópodos terrestres .................................149 Clase Arachnida ..........................................149 Orden Acari (ácaros, garrapatas, coloradillas, mostacilla) ..........149 Orden Amblypygi ........................................149 Orden Araneae (arañas, tarántulas y afines) ....................150 Orden Opiliones (viejitos, pendejos) ..........................150 Orden Palpigradi ........................................151 Orden Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoescorpiones) ...................151 Orden Ricinulei .........................................152 Orden Schizomida .......................................152 Orden Scorpionida (Scorpiones; alacranes, escorpiones) ...........152 Orden Solifugae (primo de alacrán, solpúgidos) .................153 Orden Thelyphonida (Uropygi; vinagrones). .153 Miriápodos ..............................................154 Clase Diplopoda (milpiés) ..................................154 Clase Chilopoda (ciempiés) .................................154 Parte III MUESTREO DE INSECTOS ASOCIADOS A CULTIVOS ¿Por qué es importante recolectar insectos? .................156 Importancia de las colecciones ..............................157 ¿Cómo recolectar una buena muestra de insectos? ..........158 PASO 1. Recolección del insecto ...........................158 PASO 2. Crianza ..........................................159
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