Doctorado En Arte: Producción E Investigación Facultat De Belles Arts De Sant Carles

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Doctorado En Arte: Producción E Investigación Facultat De Belles Arts De Sant Carles Doctorado en Arte: Producción e Investigación Facultat de Belles Arts de Sant Carles Doctor, Universitat Politècnica de València PhD thesis FEMININITY AND FEMINISM IN ART PRACTICES IN SERBIA: 1970-2010 Author Aleksandra Dedid Director Juan Vicente Aliaga September 2017 To David Table of Contents Abstract 3 Abstract (Castellano) 4 Abstract (Valencià) 6 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY AIMS 8 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY AIMS (Castellano) 14 1. FEMINISMS 21 1.1. Suffrage 23 1.2. Liberalist and Marxist Views 24 1.3. Cultural Feminism 27 1.4. Feminism and Postmodernism 30 1.5. Feminism in Yugoslavia(s) and Serbia before the 1990s 34 1.5.1. Models of Emancipation 36 1.5.2. Rural Woman versus Modern Woman 39 1.5.3. Liberated Socialist Image of Femininity 44 1.6. Woman and War Iconography 48 1.7. Serbian Feminism in the Beginning of New Millennium 52 2. STEREOTYPES OF FEMALE IDENTITY 55 2.1. Phenomenon of Stereotyped Image of Female Identity 57 2.2. Geo-cultural Specificities of Serbian Femininity 64 2.3. Femininity in Serbian Art before the 1970s 72 2.4. Real Woman and Imagined Woman 79 2.5. “Femme fatale” and Woman-girl 91 3. FEMININITY IN SERBIA WITHIN THE FRAMES OF ARCHETYPES AND MYTHOLOGY 104 3.1. Special Characteristics due to the Local Origin 108 3.2. Magic, Rites and Religion 116 3.3. Woman between Witch and Shaman 128 1 4. LOCAL HISTORICAL CONTEXT BEFORE 1990 AND ITS IMPACT 139 4.1. Ideology Needs Slogans 144 4.1.1. Strategies of Brainwash 152 4.2. Corporeal Politics and the Uniform 159 4.3. Transition from “Titoism” to Neofolk 167 5. SERBIA AS THE BRIDGE AND THE WALL 177 5.1. Closed Spaces and Insecure Societies 181 5.2. From Local Utopia to National “Fascism” 188 5.3. Concept of the Other 197 5.4. Geography as Destiny 206 6. FROM OBJECT TO SUBJECT 215 6.1. Erotization of the Female Post-war Image 220 6.2. Devouring the Void 230 6.3. “Sponzoruša” or Phenomenon of the Serbian Gold Digger 241 6.4. Polarization – Woman/Mother and Woman/Whore 246 7. NEW MILLENNIUM TENDENCIES AND DEVIATIONS 265 7.1. Femininity as Medium 267 7.2. Feminism in Serbian Art 289 7.3. Year 2010 and Beyond 299 CONCLUSIONS 316 CONCLUSIONS (Castellano) 324 ANNEX 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY 384 BIOGRAPHY 397 2 Abstract The research subject of this PhD thesis is femininity and feminism in art practices in Serbia: 1970-2010. The study is dedicated to art production of the authors from Serbia taking into consideration both theoretical and practical knowledge and sources. This thesis will contribute to the literature from the domains of art theory and art history of international and Serbian resources primarily because of its multidisciplinary approach. It will also help spreading the knowledge about the topic because it is realized in English as the official language of academic research thus making it material available for future studies outside the borders of Serbia. The theoretical contribution of this thesis addresses issues of construction of femininity in Serbia and analyzes the visual language of artworks relevant for the topic; it also provides an overview of art practices connected to the themes; besides that, it offers an insight into local feminist tendencies. In addition, what is also important is that it supplies interviews realized with the artists as the source for future research and study. Furthermore, theoretical and analytical methods are applied for selection and interpretation of the representative artworks and for the analyses of texts from the various fields of studies. The set objectives in this thesis have been confirmed through research results and their conclusions that underline local specificities on one side and follow general characteristics in art practices in Serbia on the other. Male dominance in patriarchal societies is maintained by cherishing gender stereotypes that are obvious in the dynamics that objectify woman but also in her positioning in the art world. In the domain of anthropological research, even though there are local specificities, it can be said that femininity in art reached the more general, “omnipresent” tendencies in representations of feminine identity. Speaking from the point of view of historical particularities, ideology and politics have actively and continuously participated in the construction of “femininity” (and “masculinity”) that reflected on the art production of a more radical, original, and distinct character. As the media are mirroring social relations and gender inequalities, in conjunction with the dominant ideology, also transition and globalization influenced the topics and visual strategies of Serbian artworks. Keywords: art, femininity, feminism, artwork, art practice, Serbia, performance, visual, image, representation, identity, gender, popular culture, woman, socialism, ideology, stereotypes, mythology, interview 3 Abstract (Castellano) El tema de investigación de esta tesis doctoral es la feminidad y el feminismo en las prácticas artísticas en Serbia: 1970-2010. El estudio se dedica a la producción artística de los/as autores/as de Serbia teniendo en cuenta los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos. Esta tesis contribuirá a la literatura del área de conocimiento de la teoría del arte y la historia del arte de los recursos internacionales y serbios principalmente debido a su enfoque multidisciplinario. También ayudará a difundir el conocimiento sobre el tema ya que se realiza en inglés, idioma oficial de la investigación académica, por lo que el resultado estará disponible para futuros estudios más allá de las fronteras de Serbia. La contribución teórica de esta tesis aborda cuestiones de construcción de la feminidad en Serbia y analiza el lenguaje visual de las obras de arte relevantes relacionadas con el tema. Además, ofrece una visión general de las prácticas artísticas que se pueden englobar en el ámbito de estudio, ofreciendo una visión de las tendencias feministas locales. Cabe destacar la parte dedicada a las entrevistas realizadas a las artistas que son un posible punto de partida para futuras investigaciones y estudios. Se han aplicado métodos teóricos y analíticos para la selección e interpretación de las obras representativas y para el análisis de textos de los diferentes campos de estudio. Los objetivos establecidos en esta tesis se han confirmado a través de los resultados de la investigación y sus conclusiones que subrayan las especificidades locales por un lado y siguen las características generales en las prácticas artísticas en Serbia por el otro. La dominación masculina en las sociedades patriarcales se mantiene en los estereotipos de género que son evidentes en la dinámica que objetualiza a la mujer, pero también en su posicionamiento en el mundo del arte. En el campo de la investigación antropológica, aunque existen especificidades locales, se puede decir que la feminidad en el arte encaja con las tendencias más generales, "omnipresentes", en las representaciones de la identidad femenina. Hablando desde el punto de vista de las particularidades históricas, la ideología y la política han participado activa y continuamente en la construcción de la "feminidad" (y "masculinidad") la cual en la producción artística refleja un carácter más radical, original y distinto. Mientras que los medios de comunicación reflejaban y producían también las relaciones sociales y las desigualdades de género, junto con la ideología dominante, lo mismo sucedía con el periodo de transición del comunismo al capitalismo y la globalización que influyeron en los temas y estrategias visuales de las obras de arte serbias. 4 Palabras claves: arte, feminidad, feminismo, prácticas artísticas, Serbia, performance, visual, imagen, representación, identidad, género, cultura popular, mujer, socialismo, ideología, estereotipos, mitología, entrevista 5 Abstract (Valencià) El tema d´investigació d´aquesta tesi doctoral és la feminitad i el feminisme en les pràctiques artístiques a Sèrbia: 1970-2010. L´estudi es dedica a la producció artística dels autors i autores de Serbia tenint en compte els coneixements teòrics i pràctics. Aquesta tesis contribuirà a la literatura de l´àrea de coneixement de la teoria de l´art i la història de l´art dels recursos internacionals i serbis principalment degut al seu enfocament multidisciplinari. També ajudarà a difondre el coneixement sobre el tema tenint en compte que es fa en anglès, idioma oficial de la investigació acadèmica, de manera que el resultat estarà disponible per a futurs estudis més enllà de les fronteres de Sèrbia. La contribució teòrica d´aquesta tesi aborda questions de construcció de la feminitat a Sèrbia i analitza el llenguatge visual de les obres d´art rellevants relacionades amb el tema. A més, ofereix una visió general de les pràctiques artístiques que es poden englobar en l´àmbit d´estudi, oferint una visió de les tendències feministes locals. Cal destacar la part dedicada a les entrevistes realitzades a les artistes que són un possible punt de partida per a futures investigacions i estudis. S´han aplicat mètodes teòrics i analítics per a la selecció i interpretació de les obres representatives i per a l´ anàlisi de textos dels diferents camps d´estudi. Els objetius establerts en aquesta tesis s´han confirmat mitjançant els resultats de la investigació i les seues conclusions que subratllen les especificitats locals per una banda i segueixen les característiques generals en les pràctiques artístiques en Sèrbia per una altra. La dominació masculina en les societats patriarcals es manté en els estereotips de gènere que són palesos en la dinàmica que objectualitza a la dona, però també en el seu posicionamient al món de l´art. En el camp de la investigació antropològica, tot i que existeixen especificitats locals, es pot dir que la feminitat en l´art encaixa amb les tendències més generals, "omnipresents", en les representacions de la identitat femenina. Parlant des de el puntde vista de las particularitats històriques, la ideologia i la política han participat activa i continuament en la construcció de la "feminitat" (y "masculinitat") la qual cosa reflecteix en la producció artística un tarannà més radical, original i diferent.
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