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The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio In
microorganisms Review The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease Spase Stojanov 1,2, Aleš Berlec 1,2 and Borut Štrukelj 1,2,* 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: borut.strukelj@ffa.uni-lj.si Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 31 October 2020; Published: 1 November 2020 Abstract: The two most important bacterial phyla in the gastrointestinal tract, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, have gained much attention in recent years. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio is widely accepted to have an important influence in maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis. Increased or decreased F/B ratio is regarded as dysbiosis, whereby the former is usually observed with obesity, and the latter with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotics as live microorganisms can confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. There is considerable evidence of their nutritional and immunosuppressive properties including reports that elucidate the association of probiotics with the F/B ratio, obesity, and IBD. Orally administered probiotics can contribute to the restoration of dysbiotic microbiota and to the prevention of obesity or IBD. However, as the effects of different probiotics on the F/B ratio differ, selecting the appropriate species or mixture is crucial. The most commonly tested probiotics for modifying the F/B ratio and treating obesity and IBD are from the genus Lactobacillus. In this paper, we review the effects of probiotics on the F/B ratio that lead to weight loss or immunosuppression. -
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, 20, 1291-1299 REVIEW ARTICLE
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 1291 Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, 20, 1291-1299 REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: 1568-0266 eISSN: 1873-4294 Impact Factor: The Microbiome: A Reservoir to Discover New Antimicrobials Agents 3.442 The international journal for in-depth reviews on Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry BENTHAM SCIENCE Sébastien Boutin1,2,* and Alexander H. Dalpke3 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Hei- delberg, Germany; ²German Center for Lung Research (DZL), TLRC Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; 3Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Gemany Abstract: Nature offered mankind the first golden era of discovery of novel antimicrobials based on A R T I C L E H I S T O R Y the ability of eukaryotes or micro-organisms to produce such compounds. The microbial world proved to be a huge reservoir of such antimicrobial compounds which play important functional roles in every Received: November 11, 2019 environment. However, most of those organisms are still uncultivable in a classical way, and therefore, Revised: February 10, 2020 the use of extended culture or DNA based methods (metagenomics) to discover novel compounds Accepted: February 17, 2020 promises usefulness. In the past decades, the advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformat- DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200320112731 ics revealed the enormous diversity of the microbial worlds and the functional repertoire available for studies. Thus, data-mining becomes of particular interest in the context of the increased need for new antibiotics due to antimicrobial resistance and the rush in antimicrobial discovery. -
Infant Antibiotic Exposure Search EMBASE 1. Exp Antibiotic Agent/ 2
Infant Antibiotic Exposure Search EMBASE 1. exp antibiotic agent/ 2. (Acedapsone or Alamethicin or Amdinocillin or Amdinocillin Pivoxil or Amikacin or Aminosalicylic Acid or Amoxicillin or Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination or Amphotericin B or Ampicillin or Anisomycin or Antimycin A or Arsphenamine or Aurodox or Azithromycin or Azlocillin or Aztreonam or Bacitracin or Bacteriocins or Bambermycins or beta-Lactams or Bongkrekic Acid or Brefeldin A or Butirosin Sulfate or Calcimycin or Candicidin or Capreomycin or Carbenicillin or Carfecillin or Cefaclor or Cefadroxil or Cefamandole or Cefatrizine or Cefazolin or Cefixime or Cefmenoxime or Cefmetazole or Cefonicid or Cefoperazone or Cefotaxime or Cefotetan or Cefotiam or Cefoxitin or Cefsulodin or Ceftazidime or Ceftizoxime or Ceftriaxone or Cefuroxime or Cephacetrile or Cephalexin or Cephaloglycin or Cephaloridine or Cephalosporins or Cephalothin or Cephamycins or Cephapirin or Cephradine or Chloramphenicol or Chlortetracycline or Ciprofloxacin or Citrinin or Clarithromycin or Clavulanic Acid or Clavulanic Acids or clindamycin or Clofazimine or Cloxacillin or Colistin or Cyclacillin or Cycloserine or Dactinomycin or Dapsone or Daptomycin or Demeclocycline or Diarylquinolines or Dibekacin or Dicloxacillin or Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate or Diketopiperazines or Distamycins or Doxycycline or Echinomycin or Edeine or Enoxacin or Enviomycin or Erythromycin or Erythromycin Estolate or Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate or Ethambutol or Ethionamide or Filipin or Floxacillin or Fluoroquinolones -
Pdfs/ Ommended That Initial Cultures Focus on Common Pathogens, Pscmanual/9Pscssicurrent.Pdf)
Clinical Infectious Diseases IDSA GUIDELINE A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiologya J. Michael Miller,1 Matthew J. Binnicker,2 Sheldon Campbell,3 Karen C. Carroll,4 Kimberle C. Chapin,5 Peter H. Gilligan,6 Mark D. Gonzalez,7 Robert C. Jerris,7 Sue C. Kehl,8 Robin Patel,2 Bobbi S. Pritt,2 Sandra S. Richter,9 Barbara Robinson-Dunn,10 Joseph D. Schwartzman,11 James W. Snyder,12 Sam Telford III,13 Elitza S. Theel,2 Richard B. Thomson Jr,14 Melvin P. Weinstein,15 and Joseph D. Yao2 1Microbiology Technical Services, LLC, Dunwoody, Georgia; 2Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; 3Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; 4Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; 5Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; 6Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; 7Department of Pathology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia; 8Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; 9Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio; 10Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan; 11Dartmouth- Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; 12Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky; 13Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; 14Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; and 15Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey Contents Introduction and Executive Summary I. -
WO 2018/064165 A2 (.Pdf)
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2018/064165 A2 05 April 2018 (05.04.2018) W !P O PCT (51) International Patent Classification: Published: A61K 35/74 (20 15.0 1) C12N 1/21 (2006 .01) — without international search report and to be republished (21) International Application Number: upon receipt of that report (Rule 48.2(g)) PCT/US2017/053717 — with sequence listing part of description (Rule 5.2(a)) (22) International Filing Date: 27 September 2017 (27.09.2017) (25) Filing Language: English (26) Publication Langi English (30) Priority Data: 62/400,372 27 September 2016 (27.09.2016) US 62/508,885 19 May 2017 (19.05.2017) US 62/557,566 12 September 2017 (12.09.2017) US (71) Applicant: BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSI¬ TY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US/US]; 210 West 7th St., Austin, TX 78701 (US). (72) Inventors: WARGO, Jennifer; 1814 Bissonnet St., Hous ton, TX 77005 (US). GOPALAKRISHNAN, Vanch- eswaran; 7900 Cambridge, Apt. 10-lb, Houston, TX 77054 (US). (74) Agent: BYRD, Marshall, P.; Parker Highlander PLLC, 1120 S. Capital Of Texas Highway, Bldg. One, Suite 200, Austin, TX 78746 (US). (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. -
The Human Milk Microbiome and Factors Influencing Its
1 THE HUMAN MILK MICROBIOME AND FACTORS INFLUENCING ITS 2 COMPOSITION AND ACTIVITY 3 4 5 Carlos Gomez-Gallego, Ph. D. ([email protected])1; Izaskun Garcia-Mantrana, Ph. D. 6 ([email protected])2, Seppo Salminen, Prof. Ph. D. ([email protected])1, María Carmen 7 Collado, Ph. D. ([email protected])1,2,* 8 9 1. Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, 10 20014, Turku, Finland. Phone: +358 2 333 6821. 11 2. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA- 12 CSIC), Department of Biotechnology. Valencia, Spain. Phone: +34 96 390 00 22 13 14 15 *To whom correspondence should be addressed. 16 -IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 49860, Paterna, Valencia, Spain. Tel. +34 963900022; 17 E-mail: [email protected] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 1 SUMMARY 2 Beyond its nutritional aspects, human milk contains several bioactive compounds, such as 3 microbes, oligosaccharides, and other substances, which are involved in host-microbe 4 interactions and have a key role in infant health. New techniques have increased our 5 understanding of milk microbiota composition, but little data on the activity of bioactive 6 compounds and their biological role in infants is available. While the human milk microbiome 7 may be influenced by specific factors, including genetics, maternal health and nutrition, mode of 8 delivery, breastfeeding, lactation stage, and geographic location, the impact of these factors on 9 the infant microbiome is not yet known. This article gives an overview of milk microbiota 10 composition and activity, including factors influencing microbial composition and their 11 potential biological relevance on infants' future health. -
AMEG Categorisation of Antibiotics
12 December 2019 EMA/CVMP/CHMP/682198/2017 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary use (CVMP) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) Categorisation of antibiotics in the European Union Answer to the request from the European Commission for updating the scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals Agreed by the Antimicrobial Advice ad hoc Expert Group (AMEG) 29 October 2018 Adopted by the CVMP for release for consultation 24 January 2019 Adopted by the CHMP for release for consultation 31 January 2019 Start of public consultation 5 February 2019 End of consultation (deadline for comments) 30 April 2019 Agreed by the Antimicrobial Advice ad hoc Expert Group (AMEG) 19 November 2019 Adopted by the CVMP 5 December 2019 Adopted by the CHMP 12 December 2019 Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2020. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Categorisation of antibiotics in the European Union Table of Contents 1. Summary assessment and recommendations .......................................... 3 2. Introduction ............................................................................................ 7 2.1. Background ........................................................................................................ -
Conjunctivitis Or Worse?
Red Eye in Dogs and CatS: Conjunctivitis or Worse? Tracy Revoir, DVM Senior Manager of Veterinary Support, Dechra Veterinary Products It should come as no surprise that conjunctivitis is Common Causes of Conjunctivitis the most common ophthalmic disorder in dogs and cats. But because the clinical signs of conjunctivitis If you do confirm conjunctivitis, the next step is can mimic those of more serious ophthalmic identifying the cause. If both eyes are affected and diseases (glaucoma and uveitis), it’s important to abnormal clinical signs are apparent in other body confirm your diagnosis. systems, think underlying systemic disease. If only one eye is affected, rule out infection, tear film What are important clues to the severity of the deficiencies, an irritant, anatomical abnormality, condition? With conjunctivitis, the inflammation or deeper ocular disease. should be limited to the conjunctiva. Hyperemic conjunctival vessels are superficial, branching, In dogs, conjunctivitis can result from anatomical and bright red. They are movable over the deeper disorders, irritants, infection (usually bacterial), or episcleral vessels and can be blanched with topical atopy. Most bacterial infections are secondary dilute phenylephrine. With glaucoma and uveitis, the conditions, most often to allergies. In cats, herpes- episcleral vessels are engorged; they are dark red, virus and Chlamydophila felis are the most common deep, straight, and immobile and do not blanch with causes of conjunctivitis. Atopy can also be topical dilute phenylephrine. With conjunctivitis, an issue in cats. the Schirmer tear test and intraocular pressures are normal. And the cornea should be clear and no aqueous flare should be present. The pupil and Addressing the Problem pupillary responses are normal and intraocular structures should be visible. -
Breast Milk Microbiota: a Review of the Factors That Influence Composition
Published in "Journal of Infection 81(1): 17–47, 2020" which should be cited to refer to this work. ✩ Breast milk microbiota: A review of the factors that influence composition ∗ Petra Zimmermann a,b,c,d, , Nigel Curtis b,c,d a Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR and Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland b Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia c Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia d Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia s u m m a r y Breastfeeding is associated with considerable health benefits for infants. Aside from essential nutrients, immune cells and bioactive components, breast milk also contains a diverse range of microbes, which are important for maintaining mammary and infant health. In this review, we summarise studies that have Keywords: investigated the composition of the breast milk microbiota and factors that might influence it. Microbiome We identified 44 studies investigating 3105 breast milk samples from 2655 women. Several studies Diversity reported that the bacterial diversity is higher in breast milk than infant or maternal faeces. The maxi- Delivery mum number of each bacterial taxonomic level detected per study was 58 phyla, 133 classes, 263 orders, Caesarean 596 families, 590 genera, 1300 species and 3563 operational taxonomic units. Furthermore, fungal, ar- GBS chaeal, eukaryotic and viral DNA was also detected. The most frequently found genera were Staphylococ- Antibiotics cus, Streptococcus Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, BMI Rothia, Cutibacterium, Veillonella and Bacteroides. There was some evidence that gestational age, delivery Probiotics mode, biological sex, parity, intrapartum antibiotics, lactation stage, diet, BMI, composition of breast milk, Smoking Diet HIV infection, geographic location and collection/feeding method influence the composition of the breast milk microbiota. -
Effects of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors on the Lethal Action of Kanamycin and Streptomycin
222 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS, SER. A Nov. 1963 EFFECTS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS ON THE LETHAL ACTION OF KANAMYCIN AND STREPTOMYCIN Hrnosm YA MAKI & NoBuo TAN AKA Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo (Received for publication June 11, 1963) It was reported by ANAND and DAv1s 1l that chloramphenicol prevents killing of E.coli by streptomycin when the two antibiotics are added to the bacterial culture concomitantly. ANAND, DAvrs and ARMITAGE 2l demonstrated that chloramphenicol blocks accumulation of BC-streptomycin in bacteria. HuRwITz and RosANo 8l assumed the prerequisite of a strepto mycin-induced chloramphenicol-sensitive protein synthesis for the lethal action of strepto mycin. They•l also observed that chloramphenicol inhibits intrabacterial accumulation of BC-streptomycin and suggested that streptomycin-induced protein may be a specific transport system (permease). However, if the above assumption 1s correct, the induced protein synthesis appears not to be inhibited by streptomycin itself, although the antibiotic is known to interfere with protein synthesis under a certain conditions. W e5l are interested in the mode of action of kanamycin and like to know whether a similar phenomenon occurs with the lethal action of kanamycin. For the purpose of elucidating these problems, the effects of antibiotics, which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, on the lethal action of kanamycin and streptomycin were studied and the results are presented in this publication. The antibiotics used include chloramphenicol, erythromycin, mikamycin A, puromycin, blasticidin S and tetracycline. The bactericidal action of both streptomycin and kanamycin was blocked by chloramphenicol, erythromycin, mikamycin A, blasticidin S and tetra cycline, but not by puromycin. -
New Discoveries in Bacterial N-Glycosylation to Expand The
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect New discoveries in bacterial N-glycosylation to expand the synthetic biology toolbox 1 1,2 Harald Nothaft and Christine M Szymanski Historically, protein glycosylation was believed to be restricted recent studies have shown N-glycosylation of C. jejuni to eukaryotes, but now is abundantly represented in all three proteins also affects nitrate reductase activity, chemotaxis, domains of life. The first bacterial N-linked glycosylation nutrient transport, stress and antimicrobial resistance system was discovered in the Gram-negative pathogen, [1,8,9]. These pgl operons are found in all Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni, and subsequently transferred into the species [10] and other epsilon and delta proteobacteria [5], heterologous Escherichia coli host beginning a new era of and require a membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferase synthetic bacterial glycoengineering. Since then, additional (OTase), PglB, related to the eukaryotic STT3 OTase [11]. N-glycosylation pathways have been characterized The classicalN-glycosylationpathway involvesassemblyof resembling the classical C. jejuni system and unconventional an oligosaccharide precursor on a lipid carrier that is subse- new approaches for N-glycosylation have been uncovered. quently flipped across the inner membrane and the sugars These include cytoplasmic protein modification, direct glycan are transferred en bloc by PglB to the asparagine residue of transfer to proteins, and use of alternate amino acid acceptors, the D/E-X1-N-X2-S/T consensus sequon where X1, X2 deepening our understanding of the vast mechanisms bacteria cannot be proline (Figure 1a, for review [4]). It is worth possess for protein modification and providing opportunities to mentioning that although this sequon is optimal for the expand the glycoengineering toolbox for designing novel addition of the N-glycan, it is not absolutely required since vaccine formulations and protein therapeutics. -
Description of Gabonibacter Massiliensis Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a New Member of the Family Porphyromonadaceae Isolated from the Human Gut Microbiota
Curr Microbiol DOI 10.1007/s00284-016-1137-2 Description of Gabonibacter massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Member of the Family Porphyromonadaceae Isolated from the Human Gut Microbiota 1,2 1 3,4 Gae¨l Mourembou • Jaishriram Rathored • Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki • 5 1 1 Ange´lique Ndjoyi-Mbiguino • Saber Khelaifia • Catherine Robert • 1 1,6 1 Nicholas Armstrong • Didier Raoult • Pierre-Edouard Fournier Received: 9 June 2016 / Accepted: 8 September 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 Abstract The identification of human-associated bacteria Gabonibacter gen. nov. and the new species G. mas- is very important to control infectious diseases. In recent siliensis gen. nov., sp. nov. years, we diversified culture conditions in a strategy named culturomics, and isolated more than 100 new bacterial Keywords Gabonibacter massiliensis Á Taxonogenomics Á species and/or genera. Using this strategy, strain GM7, a Culturomics Á Gabon Á Gut microbiota strictly anaerobic gram-negative bacterium was recently isolated from a stool specimen of a healthy Gabonese Abbreviations patient. It is a motile coccobacillus without catalase and CSUR Collection de Souches de l’Unite´ des oxidase activities. The genome of Gabonibacter mas- Rickettsies siliensis is 3,397,022 bp long with 2880 ORFs and a G?C DSM Deutsche Sammlung von content of 42.09 %. Of the predicted genes, 2,819 are Mikroorganismen protein-coding genes, and 61 are RNAs. Strain GM7 differs MALDI-TOF Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ from the closest genera within the family Porphyromon- MS ionization time-of-flight mass adaceae both genotypically and in shape and motility.