'Exemplary Forewardnesse to Advance Knowledge'

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'Exemplary Forewardnesse to Advance Knowledge' ‘Exemplary forewardnesse to advance Knowledge’ Een studie naar de vertakking van Samuel Hartlibs informatienetwerk in de Lage Landen (c.1630-1662) Teun Faber Masterscriptie Geschiedenis Geschiedenis Universiteit van Amsterdam Scriptiebegeleider: Dhr. prof. dr. Geert H. Janssen Tweede lezer: Dhr. dr. Jonas van Tol 17 juni 2019 Inhoudsopgave Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Database en methode ......................................................................................................................... 15 1. Johann Moriaen: spil in het netwerk te Amsterdam…………………………………………………………18 1.1 Pansofie en alchemie als ideaal .................................................................................................... 19 1.2 Vanuit de Duitse contreien naar de Republiek .......................................................................... 20 1.3 Persoon met vele contacten ........................................................................................................ 23 2. De Schotse theoloog John Durie en de Zeeuwse hebraïst Adam Boreel .......................... 26 2.1 Durie: een bijzondere band met de Lage Landen ..................................................................... 26 2.2 Boreel: een bijzondere band met Engeland ................................................................................ 28 2.3 Boreel in de Hartlib-kring ............................................................................................................ 31 2.4 Joods-christelijke toenadering: Boreel en de Misjna ................................................................. 33 2.5 Boreels anticlericalisme, de collegianten en religieus nonconformisme ................................. 36 3. De mystieke chiliast Petrus Serrarius en zijn geestverwant Justinus van Assche………….40 3.1 Voorbestemd voor een predikantenbestaan ................................................................................ 40 3.2 Van Assche .................................................................................................................................... 41 3.3 Een kennismaking met alchemie in Groningen .......................................................................... 42 3.4 Van Assche en Serrarius naar Amsterdam ................................................................................. 45 3.5 Geestelijke nood bij Durie en Serrarius ....................................................................................... 45 3.6 Het belangrijke ideaal van onpartijdigheid ................................................................................ 46 4. Alchemie in de Hartlib-kring: Appelius en Glauber ......................................................... 49 4.1 Hendrik Appelius in Amsterdam: een zoektoch naar nieuwe medicijnen ................................. 49 4.2 De laboratoriumvirtuoos Glauber ................................................................................................ 52 4.3 Geloof en ongeloof in Glauber ....................................................................................................... 53 4.4 Het Alkahest .................................................................................................................................. 56 4.5 Scherpe kritiek op Glauber ............................................................................................................ 58 4.6 Hartlib stervende: de iatrochemie als laatste redmiddel .............................................................. 61 Conclusie ................................................................................................................................. 67 Bronnen en literatuur ............................................................................................................ 70 2 Inleiding COPYE Van twee Brieven; d'Eene Aen de Wilde, Storrige, Onver-soenlijcke nijdige LuYden in Engellandt. d'Ander Aen de blinde, laeuwe, ofte in Son-den-slapende HuYchelaren inde Neder- landen gekomen,1 zo luidt de titel van een ongedateerd, anoniem pamflet dat overgeleverd is via de Hartlib Papers, waarin aan de bewoners van de Lage Landen en de Britse eilanden op spottende en hyperbolische wijze de apocalyps wordt opgediend. Het pamflet refereert aanhoudend aan een allesvernietigende oorlog en uit beschuldigingen aan het adres van de ‘Sectische Religion-wesens’, waarmee de auteur doelt op de puriteinen in Engeland en de calvinisten in de Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden. Bovenal impliceert de titel een confessionele verbondenheid tussen de twee landen. Het onderwerp van deze studie betreft de kennisuitwisseling tussen zeventiende-eeuwers in Engeland en de Republiek binnen het bredere informatienetwerk van de in Londen gevestigde intelligencer Samuel Hartlib (1600- 1662). De periode van Hartlibs leven, de vroege zeventiende eeuw, was ontegenzeggelijk een periode vol strijd en verdeeldheid. Europa verkeerde in de greep van wat omschreven is als de ‘general crisis of the seventeenth century’ en ‘a century of crisis’.2 Over deze crisis, die volgens de Britse historicus Hugh Trevor Roper (1914-2003) verwijst naar een wijdverspreide politieke, economische en maatschappelijke crisis, veroorzaakt door een complexe reeks demografische, religieuze, economische en politieke problemen, bestaat onder historici geen consensus.3 In zijn boek England’s Troubles (2000) beargumenteert de historicus Jonathan Scott (geb. 1967) dat de zeventiende eeuw zich liet kenmerken door drie opmerkelijke processen die zich niet tot de Britse eilanden beperkten. Het eerste proces was destructief en veroorzaakte crisis door politieke instabiliteit en oorlog. Het tweede proces was daarentegen constructief dankzij de 1 HP, gedrukt pamflet van twee brieven, 59/6/1A-4B. 2 Hugh Trevor Roper, The Crisis of the Seventeenth CenturY. Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change (New York 1968) en Roland Mousnier, Les XVIe et XVIIe Siècles. Les Progrès de la Civilisation Européenne et le Déclin de l’Orient, 1492–1715 (Parijs 1954) 143. 3 Zie over dit thema de verzameling essays: Geoffrey Parker en Lesley Smith eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (Londen 1978). De Nederlandse historicus Ivo Schöffer (1922-2012) beargumenteert bijvoorbeeld dat Portugal, Zweden en bovenal de Republiek, met een relatief vredig leefklimaat binnen de eigen landsgrenzen, uitzonderingen vormden op de algehele crises van de zeventiende eeuw. Zie voor het essay: Ivo Schöffer, ‘Did Holland’s Golden Age coincide with a century of crisis?’ in: Geoffrey Parker en Lesley Smith eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth CenturY (Londen 1978) 99-108. Zie voorts: Geoffrey Parker, Global Crisis. War, Climate Change & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth CenturY (New Haven en Londen 2013); Jan de Vries, ‘The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century after Fifty Years’ Journal of InterdisciplinarY HistorY 40 (2009) 151-194; John Elliott, ‘The General Crisis in Retrospect. A Debate without End’, in Benedict and Gutman, eds., EarlY Modern Europe. From Crisis to StabilitY (Newark 2005) 31-51. 3 ingrijpende consequenties van de intellectuele denkwereld van de zeventiende-eeuwers. Het derde proces was reconstructief en streefde naar restauratie en stabiliteit als reactie op de parallel-lopende destructieve en constructieve processen gedurende de stormachtige eerste helft van de zeventiende eeuw.4 Gedurende deze periode markeerde 1648 voor de Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden een belangrijk jaar. Met de Vrede van Westfalen, een serie vredesverdragen getekend tussen mei en oktober 1648 in Osnabrück en Münster, erkende Spanje ook formeel de onafhankelijkheid van de Republiek. De Vrede van Westfalen voorzag in de beëindiging van de verwoestende Dertigjarige Oorlog (1618-1648) in het Heilige Roomse Rijk, maar betekende eveneens het einde van de Tachtigjarige Oorlog (1568-1648) tussen Spanje en de Republiek.5 De strijd en verdeeldheid in Europa was echter geenszins ten einde. In Engeland woedde in de jaren veertig een burgeroorlog die resulteerde in de onthoofding van koning Karel I (1600-1649), de vestiging van het daaropvolgende republikeinse Engelse Gemenebest en Protectoraat van Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) en de uiteindelijke Restauratie van de Engelse koning karel II (1630-1658) in 1660.6 Voorts zag de zeventiende eeuw voortdurende (zee)oorlogvoering van Engeland met de Republiek, voortzetting van de Noordse Oorlogen om de heerschappij in het Oostzeegebied, en het conflict van Zweden en Rusland met het Pools-Litouwse Gemenebest, om maar een paar van de vele zeventiende-eeuwse conflicten te noemen.7 De oorlogen werden ingegeven door politieke belangen en machtswellust van de strijdende partijen, maar weerspiegelden eveneens de religieuze verdeeldheid van de tijd. Tussen 1550 en 1650 raakte het confessionele landschap sterk versplinterd. In het Heilige Roomse Rijk vochten katholieken onderling, katholieken en protestanten, evenals lutheranen en calvinisten hun strijd uit. Reeds in de zestiende eeuw ontstond in Frankrijk de strijd tussen katholieken en hugenoten die in de zeventiende eeuw voortduurde, terwijl in Polen de volgelingen van de kerkgeleerden Fausto en Lelio Sozzini, veelal aangeduid als socinianen of 4 Jonathan Scott, England’s Troubles. Seventeenth English Political InstabilitY in European Context (Cambridge 2000) 5-6. 5 Zie: Derek Croxton en Anuschka Tischer. The Peace of Westphalia. A Historical DictionarY
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