Proquest Dissertations
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nm u Ottawa L'Universite canadicnne Canada's university nm FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1=1 FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'Umversito caiiddieime Canada's university Darcy Knoll AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (Communication) GRADE/DEGREE Department of Communication FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Narrating the Self and Painting an Image: Stephane Dion (2006-2008) - Not a Leader? TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Mahmoud Eid Lise Boily Philippe Ross Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Narrating the Self and Painting an Image: Stephane Dion (2006-2008) - Not a Leader? Darcy Knoll Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. in Communication Department of Communication Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Darcy Knoll, Ottawa, Canada, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-73743-9 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-73743-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada Abstract This thesis examines how the personal narrative of former Liberal leader Stephane Dion was shaped in the mediated environment of a minority Parliament. It is based on William James' (1890) consciousness of self and George H. Mead's (1934) notions of the self and the communicative gesture, coupled with work on narratives and self-presentation. These were combined with political image and the role of opponents and journalists in creating a leader's personal narrative. The thesis employs a qualitative research design with a microscopic conceptual approach and inductive reasoning for a textual analysis utilizing a narrative criticism method of rhetorical criticism, followed by in-depth interviews with journalists and political strategists. The analysis digs into the depiction of Dion in the English print media from the period of December 3, 2006 to September 6, 2008. Although the individual had the personal narrative as a politician with honesty and integrity, the analysis identifies that the dominant narrative of Dion was that he was a weak leader. The research finds the Liberal leader's opponents help reshape his narrative, which is granted legitimacy by journalists covering the political scene, and reinforced through the actions of Dion himself. In addition, the thesis outlines the challenges an opposition leader faces under the scrutiny of a minority Parliament and raises questions of what this means for Canadian political culture. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of the participants who took the time to meet with me for interviews. Your insights provided an incredible contribution to my overall thesis. Thanks are also due to all the staff and faculty at the University of Ottawa who provided me with assistance along the way, especially Valerie Jasik from the Department of Communication for answering all of my queries, and Dr. Lise Boily, whose kind words and appreciation of my research were very encouraging. I also want to deliver a sincere thank you to my supervisor, Dr. Mahmoud Eid, for his help from the very beginning. Dr. Eid's background in methodology was essential to creating a coherent structure for this thesis and his continuous support gave me the push I needed to finish this project. I would also like to thank my parents for their unyielding support and encouragement throughout my academic career. Finally, I want to thank my wonderful wife, Sara, for enduring thousands of conversations about my thesis, reviewing drafts, and providing me with whatever help I needed with my MA. I could not have done this without you. D.K., July 2010 111 Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Preface 1 Research Purpose 5 Thesis Overview 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 The Individual Self 12 The Political Self 20 The Coauthored Self 24 Theoretical Framework 39 Chapter 3: Methodology 42 Research Design 42 Personal and Dominant Narrative 43 Medium of Study 45 Research Questions 48 Data Collection Methods 49 Textual Analysis - Sample Selection 49 Textual Analysis - Narrative Criticism Method 51 In-depth Interviews 54 Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis: Narrative Criticism 57 A "Stunning Come-From-Behind Victory" 57 "Not a Leader" 68 "Fledgling Leadership" 72 iv A "Nightmare Scenario" 77 "His Own Unique Hell" 86 "Aggravating the Situation" 93 "Bravo to the Brave" 104 "Down to One Geeky Guy" 113 Chapter 5: Findings and Analysis: In-depth Interviews 115 Journalists 115 Conservative Strategist 122 Liberal Strategists 128 Significant Findings 134 Chapter 6: Conclusion 145 Discussion 145 Thesis Summary 149 Limitations and Implications 153 References 156 v Chapter 1 Introduction Preface It was a Saturday morning on November 25, 1995 when Stephane Dion received his formal invitation to Canadian politics. In the midst of a snowstorm, the academic trudged to the front gates of 24 Sussex to meet the prime minister at his Ottawa home. As Jean Chretien later said in his memoirs, "When he showed up wearing heavy boots and a toque, covered in snow and carrying a knapsack on his back, I thought to myself, 'Oh my God, what have I got myself involved with?'" (2007: 155). However, after a fruitful conversation between the two men, Chretien offered Dion a cabinet position as minister of intergovernmental affairs. The initial invitation came upon the advice of the prime minister's wife, Aline, who first spotted Dion on a Quebec news program and was impressed with his arguments against the separatists. Watching a later interview, Chretien also saw potential in Dion: "The more I watched, the more I became as impressed as Aline had been by his firm, intelligent defence of Canadian federalism" (2007: 154). Indeed, the country was still recovering from a hurricane of a political storm after federalist forces narrowly won the 1995 referendum and the prime minister was looking for some new talent from Quebec for his cabinet. After more than a month of deliberation, Dion accepted Chretien's offer and was sworn into office on January 25, 1996. He was later elected as a Member of Parliament in a by-election that March. (Chretien, 2007). 1 According to a 2007 biography of Dion, the reason for this hesitation in accepting the cabinet position was that he felt he might be sacrificing his career as an academic, which he had spent his life building. The son of prominent Quebec professor Leon Dion, Stephane grew up in a suburb outside of Quebec City with four other siblings. Like his father, he took a shine towards education, graduating with a bachelors and masters in political science at Laval University. Following this, he traveled to the Institut d'etudes politiques in Paris where he received his Ph.D. in sociology. Returning from Europe, Dion taught political science at the University of Montreal from 1984 to 1996. (Diebel, 2007).1 Like other students in the 1970s, he was originally a member of the Parti Quebecois; however, his appetite for the separatist movement shortly vanquished. Despite the excitement of Quebec politics during the 1980s and pro-sovereignty leanings on his own campus, Diebel (2007) noted that Dion attempted to stay away from the question of independence focusing his energy on the study of public administration. It was not until 1991 that he decided to take on the issue during a sabbatical at the Brookings Institute in Washington, D.C., where he was asked to write an essay on Quebec nationalism. A subsequent book on the issue earned Dion a considerable amount of coverage and Diebel wrote that he returned to Canada with a growing "public profile as an analyst on the Quebec-Canada question" (Ibid: 76). As the province surged towards the 1995 referendum, Dion's status as a prominent federalist in the Quebec media accelerated as he appeared on talk shows and penned opinion pieces across the French 1 He also briefly taught at the University of Moncton.