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Untangling Taxonomy: a DNA Barcode Reference Library for Canadian Spiders
Molecular Ecology Resources (2016) 16, 325–341 doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12444 Untangling taxonomy: a DNA barcode reference library for Canadian spiders GERGIN A. BLAGOEV, JEREMY R. DEWAARD, SUJEEVAN RATNASINGHAM, STEPHANIE L. DEWAARD, LIUQIONG LU, JAMES ROBERTSON, ANGELA C. TELFER and PAUL D. N. HEBERT Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Abstract Approximately 1460 species of spiders have been reported from Canada, 3% of the global fauna. This study provides a DNA barcode reference library for 1018 of these species based upon the analysis of more than 30 000 specimens. The sequence results show a clear barcode gap in most cases with a mean intraspecific divergence of 0.78% vs. a min- imum nearest-neighbour (NN) distance averaging 7.85%. The sequences were assigned to 1359 Barcode index num- bers (BINs) with 1344 of these BINs composed of specimens belonging to a single currently recognized species. There was a perfect correspondence between BIN membership and a known species in 795 cases, while another 197 species were assigned to two or more BINs (556 in total). A few other species (26) were involved in BIN merges or in a combination of merges and splits. There was only a weak relationship between the number of specimens analysed for a species and its BIN count. However, three species were clear outliers with their specimens being placed in 11– 22 BINs. Although all BIN splits need further study to clarify the taxonomic status of the entities involved, DNA bar- codes discriminated 98% of the 1018 species. The present survey conservatively revealed 16 species new to science, 52 species new to Canada and major range extensions for 426 species. -
Untangling Taxonomy: a DNA Barcode Reference Library for Canadian Spiders
Received Date : 14-Mar-2015 Revised Date : 30-Jun-2015 Accepted Date : 06-Jul-2015 Article type : Resource Article Untangling Taxonomy: A DNA Barcode Reference Library for Canadian Spiders Gergin A. Blagoev Jeremy R. deWaard* Sujeevan Ratnasingham Article Stephanie L. deWaard Liuqiong Lu James Robertson Angela C. Telfer Paul D. N. Hebert Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada * Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: Accepted 10.1111/1755-0998.12444 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Keywords: DNA barcoding, spiders, Araneae, species identification, Barcode Index Numbers, Operational Taxonomic Units Abstract Approximately 1460 species of spiders have been reported from Canada, 3% of the global fauna. This study provides a DNA barcode reference library for 1018 of these species based upon the analysis of more than 30,000 specimens. The sequence results show a clear barcode gap in most cases with a mean intraspecific divergence of 0.78% versus a minimum nearest-neighbour (NN) distance averaging 7.85%. The sequences were assigned to 1359 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) with 1344 of these BINs composed of specimens belonging to a single currently recognized Article species. There was a perfect correspondence between BIN membership and a known species in 795 cases while another 197 species were assigned to two or more BINs (556 in total). -
Araneae (Spider) Photos
Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison. -
Spiders (Arthropoda: Aranea) from Deciduous Forest Litter of the Ouachita Highlands Peggy Rae Dorris Henderson State University
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 49 Article 11 1995 Spiders (Arthropoda: Aranea) From Deciduous Forest Litter of the Ouachita Highlands Peggy Rae Dorris Henderson State University Henry W. Robison Southern Arkansas University Chris Carlton Louisiana State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Dorris, Peggy Rae; Robison, Henry W.; and Carlton, Chris (1995) "Spiders (Arthropoda: Aranea) From Deciduous Forest Litter of the Ouachita Highlands," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 49 , Article 11. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol49/iss1/11 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 49 [1995], Art. 11 Spiders (Arthropoda: Aranea) From Deciduous Forest Litter of the Ouachita Highlands Peggy Rae Dorris Henry W. Robison Chris Carlton Department of Biology Department of Biology Department of Biology Henderson State University Southern Arkansas University Louisiana State University Arkadelphia, AR71999 Magnolia, AR 71753 Baton Rouge, LA70803 Abstract One hundred two litter samples were collected from oak/hickory and maple/beech forests in the Ouachita Highlands of western Arkansas July 1991-June 1992. -
Novel Approaches to Exploring Silk Use Evolution in Spiders Rachael Alfaro University of New Mexico
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Biology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 4-14-2017 Novel Approaches to Exploring Silk Use Evolution in Spiders Rachael Alfaro University of New Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biol_etds Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Alfaro, Rachael. "Novel Approaches to Exploring Silk Use Evolution in Spiders." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ biol_etds/201 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rachael Elaina Alfaro Candidate Biology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Kelly B. Miller, Chairperson Charles Griswold Christopher Witt Joseph Cook Boris Kondratieff i NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPLORING SILK USE EVOLUTION IN SPIDERS by RACHAEL E. ALFARO B.Sc., Biology, Washington & Lee University, 2004 M.Sc., Integrative Bioscience, University of Oxford, 2005 M.Sc., Entomology, University of Kentucky, 2010 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosphy, Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2017 ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my grandparents, Dr. and Mrs. Nicholas and Jean Mallis and Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence and Elaine Mansfield, who always encouraged me to pursue not only my dreams and goals, but also higher education. Both of my grandfathers worked hard in school and were the first to achieve college and graduate degrees in their families. -
Formatting Your Paper for Submission in the Moorea
EFFECTS OF WEB VARIATION ON PREY CAPTURE IN TANGAROA TAHITIENSIS (ARANEAE:ULOBORIDAE) SPIDERS AND THE INFLUENCE OF SUSBTRATE, SPIDER SIZE, AND MATERNAL STATE ON WEB CHARACTERISTICS QI LIEW Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract. Intraspecific variation in web design has been increasingly recognized as an important aspect of spider ecology and behavior. Why intraspecific variation occurs and how it could affect different individuals' foraging or reproductive strategies remains a complex set of interactions which we are still far from fully understanding. In this study, I first show that web variation affects foraging success in Tangaroa tahitiensis spiders by using field measurements to demonstrate that number of attachment points and whether the web was exposed or slanted were correlated to prey capture success. In addition, I found that a combination of diameter, number of attachment points and whether the web was exposed best predicted prey capture success. I further show that variability is largely explained by the spider’s foraging and reproductive needs, and structural constraints of the substrate did not significantly limit these pursuits. Larger spiders build webs with characteristics which are ideal for prey capture, while mother spiders build webs which are more sheltered. Overall, my findings suggest that although certain web characteristics are better for prey capture, web variation in T. tahitiensis spiders persists due to different foraging and reproductive strategies by individuals of different sizes and reproductive states. Key words: arthropods; orb-web; Mo’orea, French Polynesia; intraspecific variation; predation; foraging strategy; reproduction INTRODUCTION Spider webs are easily measured and quantified as products of different resource- Early predator-prey population models use strategies (Blackledge and Gillespie 2004). -
(Arachnida: Araneae) Along an Outdoor – Indoor Habitat Gradient: Preliminary Findings from Piedmont Virginia
Virginia Journal of Science Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication and is online Volume 70, Issue 3 ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the Fall 2019 resulting proof before it is published in its final form. doi: 10.25778/ej65-br87 The Diversity and Distribution of Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) Along an Outdoor – Indoor Habitat Gradient: Preliminary Findings from Piedmont Virginia William Kish and Sujan Henkanaththegedara1 Longwood University ABSTRACT Although the United States supports a considerable diversity of spiders, some aspects of spider habitat use and niche specialization are poorly documented. Specifically, little attention has been given to explore how urban development affects the diversity and abundance of arthropods. We sampled spiders along an outdoor – indoor habitat gradient at Longwood University to understand the impact of urbanization on species diversity and abundance. We found 50 taxa of spiders belonging to 43 genera and 16 families. Overall, the most abundant spider family across three sampling sites was Araneidae (orb-weavers; 18.2%) followed by Lycosidae (wolf spiders; 14.8%), Salticidae (jumping spiders; 13.6%) and Linyphiidae (sheetweb spiders; 12.5%). We found the highest species richness, spider abundance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity from Lancer Park (i.e. outdoors habitat), followed by the habitats associated with outside of the science center building (i.e. marginal habitat) and the lowest spider diversity inside the science building (i.e. indoors habitat). We also found a strong positive correlation between overall spider diversity and air temperature for outdoors and marginal habitats, but no correlation with relative humidity. Our study adds original knowledge about habitat use of spiders along an outdoor - indoor habitat gradient and arthropod use of indoor biome. -
Illustrated Field Guide to the Argiope Spiders
Illustrated field guide to the Argiope spiders (Araneidae) of the western Pacific islands, including a bibliography of web-decorating behaviour in orb-weaving spiders Compiled by Alexander M. Kerr University of Guam Marine Laboratory Technical Report 164 November 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For much help in sorting spider systematics and ecology, I am indebted to the late Joe Beatty (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale), as well as Jim Berry (Butler University), Cay Craig (CPALI.org), Dave Hopper (U.S. Fish and Wildlife), the World Spider Catalog (University of Bern), and from the University of Guam, Curt Fiedler, Don Nafus, the late Lynn "Doc" Raulerson, and Ilse Schreiner. I also thank the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard University, for permission to use copyrighted material. Gef dankulu na Saina Ma'åse, todu hamyo! iii iv SUMMARY Argiope spp. are colourful and conspicuous spiders native worldwide, including the tropical western Pacific, where diversity is highest. They build near-vertical, planar webs, often "decorating" them with central strips or discs of bright silk whose function has long been debated. Here, I compile an illustrated and annotated guide to the Argiope spp. inhabiting the western Pacific Ocean. I also provide a comprehensive bibliography of web decorating by orb-weaving spiders. Of the 88 species of Argiope reported worldwide, there are 30 species known from the Pacific islands within the roughly triangular area framed by the Hawaiian Islands, Taiwan, and Indonesia. New Guinea is the most speciose with 15 species, while the Mariana Islands and Marshall Islands of Micronesia each possess but one, A. appensa (Walckenaer, 1841), which occurs throughout the region under study. -
Misumena Vatia (Thomisidae), Qui Chassent Immobiles Sur Les Fleurs Et Qui Sont Capables De Changer De Couleur
UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS - RABELAIS DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SANTE, SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE SUR LA BIOLOGIE DE L’INSECTE THÈSE présentée par : Jérémy DEFRIZE soutenue le : 25 Juin 2010 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université François - Rabelais Discipline/ Spécialité : Sciences de la Vie Camouflage chez les araignées crabe: Approche sensorielle, comportementale et écologique THÈSE dirigée par : M. CASAS Jérôme Professeur, Université François-Rabelais, Tours RAPPORTEURS : M. Barth Friedrich Professeur, Université de Vienne, Autriche M. Merilaita Sami Chargé de Recherche, Université d’Abo, Finland JURY : M. Barth Friedrich Professeur, Université de Vienne, Autriche M. Casas Jérôme Professeur, Université François-Rabelais, Tours M. Lazzari Claudio Professeur, Université François-Rabelais, Tours M. Merilaita Sami Chargé de Recherche, Université d’Abo, Finland M. Théry Marc Chargé de Recherche, Muséum, Paris 1 A mes parents 2 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier en premier lieu mon directeur de thèse Jérôme Casas pour m‟avoir permis de réaliser mon doctorat sur un sujet qui m‟a passionné et de m‟avoir accueilli dans l‟équipe relations multitrophiques. Je le remercie également pour son aide précieuse, ses conseils avisés et sa disponibilité sans faille durant ces quatre années. Je remercie sincèrement Claudio Lazzari pour l‟aide qu‟il m‟a apporté non seulement pendant ma thèse mais aussi pendant mon stage de Master 2 effectué dans son équipe. Je le remercie également d‟avoir accepté d‟être dans le jury de ma thèse. Je remercie Marc Théry du Muséum d‟Histoire Naturelle de Paris pour son aide et ses conseils pour le 1er chapitre de ma thèse et d‟avoir accepté d‟être membre du jury de thèse. -
Behavioral Characters for the Higher Classification of Orb-Weaving Spiders Author(S): William G
Behavioral Characters for the Higher Classification of Orb-Weaving Spiders Author(s): William G. Eberhard Source: Evolution, Vol. 36, No. 5 (Sep., 1982), pp. 1067-1095 Published by: Society for the Study of Evolution Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2408084 . Accessed: 11/02/2011 13:36 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ssevol. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Study of Evolution is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Evolution. http://www.jstor.org Evolution, 36(5), 1982, pp. 1067-1095 BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERS FOR THE HIGHER CLASSIFICATION OF ORB-WEAVING SPIDERS WILLIAM G. -
Unraveling the Mechanical Properties of Composite Silk Threads Spun by Cribellate Orb-Weaving Spiders Todd A
3131 The Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 3131-3140 Published by The Company of Biologists 2006 doi:10.1242/jeb.02327 Unraveling the mechanical properties of composite silk threads spun by cribellate orb-weaving spiders Todd A. Blackledge1,* and Cheryl Y. Hayashi2 1Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA and 2Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 12 May 2006 Summary Orb-web weaving spiders depend upon the mechanical spin very diverse web architectures, ranging from performance of capture threads to absorb the energy of complete orbs to evolutionarily reduced triangle webs and flying prey. Most orb-weavers spin wet capture threads cast nets. We found that the pseudoflagelliform core fibers with core fibers of flagelliform silk. These threads are of these webs were stiffer and stronger, but also less extremely compliant and extensible due to the folding of extensible, than flagelliform silk. However, cribellate their constituent proteins into molecular nanosprings and capture threads achieved overall high extensibilities hydration by a surrounding coating of aqueous glue. In because the surrounding cribellar fibrils contributed contrast, other orb-weavers use cribellate capture threads, substantially to the tensile performance of threads long which are composite structures consisting of core fibers of after the core pseudoflagelliform fibers ruptured. In the pseudoflagelliform silk surrounded by a matrix of fine dry case of Deinopis capture threads, up to 90% of the total cribellar fibrils. Based on phylogenetic evidence, cribellate work performed could be attributed to these fibrils. These capture threads predate the use of viscid capture threads. -
An Introduction Into the Study of Behavior, Using the Example of the W.Eb-Building Spider
An introduction into the study of behavior, using the example of the w.eb-building spider. By Laurence Salzmann and Peter N. Witt Blue Flower Films, 3607 Baring St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104 and N. C. Department of Mental Health, Division of Research, Box 7532, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611 A 20-minute, colored, 16 mm sound film on the building of the geometric orb web and prey catching of the spider Araneus diadema tus CL (Araneae, Araneidae). Audience: High school and college biology classes, psychology and behavior courses, as well as lay groups can show this film as an introduction. It is intended to stimulate interest in behavior, raise questions, and organize thinking about some aspects of behavior: behavior being defined as movements of the whole organism. Special approach: The film lets the viewers’ eyes explore de tails as well as overall patterns of an organism’s movements, and observe how such movements fit into nature’s framework, helping a species to survive in its environment. Eight written titles explain general principles, applicable to any behaving organism. A minimum of spoken comments point toward characteristic details in the spider’s movements, as a thread is laid or a prey is caught. It is left to the viewer or the instructor to decide in what depth he wants to use this film: to explore web-building behavior specifically or discuss behavior in general. It may be found advantageous to show the film two or three times; this permits the audience to check preliminary observations and prove or disprove hypotheses formed on first showing.