Annual Report 2004-2005
INTRODUCTION
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted as Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (CBPCWP) on 22nd September, 1974 under the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and later under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1988 (No. 53 of 1988) its name was amended as Central Pollution Control Board. The main functions of CPCB, as spelt out in The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, are:
1. to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States through prevention, control and abatement of water pollution; and, 2. to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.
The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing a key role in abatement and control of pollution in the country by generating relevant data, providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and development of manpower, through activities for promoting awareness at different levels of the Government and Public at large. The Central Board has enlisted the thrust areas requiring immediate attention and assisting government to formulate National Plans and to execute these appropriately. The thrust areas are as below.
1.1 THRUST AREAS OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
o Monitoring of National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP); o Strengthening of NAMP; o Strengthening with respect to number of Stations; and
Strengthening with respect to additional pollutants monitoring
o Continuation of National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP) o Study of Ground Water Pollution; o Assessment of non-point sources of pollution; o Epidemiological study; o Preparation of Environmental Status Report; o Development and demonstration of appropriate liquid and solid waste Management technologies for semi-urban area; o Laboratory Management and Research & Development Activities for prevention and control of pollution o Development and Review of Effluent/Emission Standards and Guidelines; o Environmental Information and Management System; o Pollution Control Implementation in major polluting industries, Implementation of The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &Handling) Rules, The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, The Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, Vehicular and Noise Pollution Control etc. o Cleaner Production, Environmental Auditing and Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs); o Implementation of The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules; o Spatial Environmental planning and Natural Resource Protection; o Preparation and updating of Zoning Atlas
1.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD
o Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air; o Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; o Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them; o Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water and air pollution, and for their prevention, control or abatement; o Plan and organise training of persons engaged in programmes for prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; o Organise through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; o Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution and the measures devised for their effective prevention, control or abatement; o Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts; o Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control; o Lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Governments concerned, the standards for stream or well, and lay down standards for the quality of air; and, o Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India.
1.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD AS STATE BOARD FOR THE UNION TERRITORIES
o Advise the Governments of Union Territories with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to pollute a stream or well or cause air pollution; o Lay down standards for treatment of sewage and trade effluents and for emissions from automobiles, industrial plants, and any other polluting source; o Evolve efficient methods for disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land; o Develop reliable and economically viable methods for treatment of sewage, trade effluents and air pollution control equipment; o Identify any area or areas within Union Territories as air pollution control area or areas to be notified under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; and, o Assess the quality of ambient air and water, and inspect wastewater treatment installations, air pollution control equipment, industrial plants or manufacturing processes to evaluate their performance and to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of air and water pollution.
1.4 DELEGATION OF POWERS BY CPCB
As per policy decision of the Government of India, the Central Pollution Control Board, delegated its powers and functions under Section 4, Sub Section 4 of The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Section 6 of The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 with respect to Union Territories to respective Pollution Control Committees under the local Administration.
5 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS, RULES AND NOTIFICATIONS ENFORCED Source Legislation Water Pollution The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended in 1988 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Second Amendment Rules, 1976 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 as amended by Amendment Act, 1992 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amended Rules, 1989 Air Pollution The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, as amended by Amendment Act, 1987 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Union Territories Rules, 1983 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Rules, 1988 Environment The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as amended in 1991 The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 The Environment (Protection) (Second Amendment) Rules, 1998, 1999 and 2002 The Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2002 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 Notification on Emission Standards and Guidelines
for Location of Industries, mining operation etc. for various areas Public Liability The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991 as amended in 1993 Hazardous Waste The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (amended in 2000 and 2003) The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro-organisms, Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1989. The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 Notifications Notifications under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 Notification for Constitution of Apellate Authorities Notification for Delegation of Powers on State Board by the Central Board to various Pollution Control Committees Notification for Central Water Laboratory Notification regarding Declaration of Air Pollution Control Areas under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Notifications (Under the Environment (Protection) Act/Rules, 1986) Environmental Laboratories and Analysts Officers Authorised for taking Cognizance of Offences Authorised Officers//Agencies to enter the Premises for Inspection Officers/Agencies Authorised to take Samples Delegation of powers to the State Governments under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Emission Standards for pollutants from various Industries General Standards for Effluents, Noise Standards, Emission Standards for Vehicles, etc. (Schedule – IV) Ambient Noise Standards Vehicular Emission Standards General Standards (Schedule – VI) National Ambient Air Quality Standards Notification on Doon Valley Prohibition on Handling of Azodyes Temperature Limit for Discharge of Condenser Cooling water from Thermal Power Plant Environmental Standards for Gas/Naphtha Based Power Plants Use of Beneficiated coal with ash content not more than 34% in thermal power plants Restricting Use of Top Soil for manufacture of bricks and other building materials within specified radius of 50 km from coal/lignite based Thermal Power Plants to promote use of fly ash utilization Guidelines for Seeking Environmental Clearance
Source Legislation The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 Rules The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development 1992 Others Scheme of Labelling of Environment Friendly Product (ECOMARK) – Ecomark Criteria for 16 Product Categories The Coimbatore Charter on Environment and Forests, January 2001
CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL BOARD
According to the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Board consists of the following members :
• a full-time Chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central Government;
• such number of officials, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government to represent Government;
• such number of persons, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government, from amongst the members of the State Boards, of whom not exceeding two shall be from amongst the members of the local authorities;
• such number of non-officials, not exceeding three to be nominated by the Central Government, to represent the interest of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the Central Government, ought to be represented;
• two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the Central Government, to be nominated by the Government; and
• a full-time Member Secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the Central Government.
List of Board Members during 2004-2005 is provided in Annexure-I. The organisational structure of the Central Pollution Control Board is provided in Annexure-II. Staff strength as on March 31, 2005 is furnished in Annexure-III & IV.
MEETINGS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD During the reporting period (i.e. April 1, 2004 to March 31, 2005), four meetings of the Central Board were held as under:
S. No. Meeting No. Date Place 1. 130 June 14, 2004 Delhi 2. 131 September 29, 2004 Delhi 3. 132 January 4, 2005 Delhi 4. 133 March 24, 2005 Delhi
MAJOR DECISIONS TAKEN BY THE BOARD
• Draft National Policy document on Management of Hazardous Waste in the Country • Strengthening of CPCB for monitoring of PM 2.5 under CIDA/Environment Canada Project • Protocol for one time controlled land application of treated post bio-methanated distillery spent wash as liquid manure • Approval of the "Guidelines for disposal of Bio-Medical Waste generated during Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)" prepared by CPCB. • Approval of National Emission Standards for Pesticide manufacturing industry. • Approval of the policy paper for framing the future policies on clean coal technologies to be adopted by Coal based Thermal Power Plant. • Approval of the proposal for Networking of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station in identified 10 cities namely Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Kochi and Vishakhapatnam • Approved the policy and monitoring of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) in Chemical Industrial Zones/Critically Polluted areas. • Approved the standards for the Refractory Industry. • Approved the Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulation for Brick Kilns. • Approved the Emission Standards for sulphuric acid plant. • Approved the effluent and emission standards for petroleum oil refineries. • NABL Accreditation of CPCB Laboratories • Creation of post of Office Secretary / Special Assistant in the Scale of Pay of Rs. 7500-250- 12000/- for special assistant to the office of the Chairman and Member Secretary • Introduction of non-functional Scale of Pay Rs. 8000 – 275 - 13500 to Section Officer of CPCB
NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHAIRMAN AND MEMBER SECRETARY OF SPCB/PCCs
51 st Conference of Chairmen & Member Secretaries of CPCB/SPCBs/PCCs was organized during February 14-15, 2005 at New Delhi. Over 100 participants from 29 State/UTs, MoEF and CPCB attended the Conference.
The major issues discussed during the conference are as follows:
• Monitoring of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) in and around industrial areas / critically polluted areas
• Networking of continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations in identified cities namely Mumbai, Kolkatta, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Kochi and Vishakhapattnam
• Continuous air quality monitoring management involving private participation under the two proposed options of 1) build, own & operate contract; and 2) operation and maintenance contract
• Air Pollution Source Apportionment Studies • Monitoring of micropollutants in water samples collected from NWMP locations
• Water quality monitoring at Interstate Borders
• Polluted river stretches : not covered by NRCD for action plan to control of water pollution
• Environmental Data Bank (EDB)
• Development / review of emission and effluent standards
• Emission standards for Hazardous Waste Incineration Systems (Common and Individual)
• Follow-Up Action on Hazardous Waste Management – Implementation of Hon'ble Supreme Court Order
• Guidance document for Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) for hazardous waste recycling industries
• Co-Incineration of High Calorific Value Hazardous Waste in Cement Kiln
• Surveillance of Sewage Treatment Plants
• Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) – status & action points for improvements in functioning of CETPs.
• Spatial Planning Unit
• Eco-city unit
COMMITTEES CONSTITUTED BY THE BOARD AND THEIR ACTIVITIES
No committee has been constituted by the Central Board, during the reporting period 2004 – 2005.
WATER QUALITY
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME
The Pollution Control Boards are responsible for restoration and maintaining the wholesomeness of aquatic resources. To ensure that the water quality is being maintained or restored at desired level it is important that the pollution control boards regularly monitor water quality. Water quality monitoring is performed with following main objectives :
• For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritisation; • To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies; • To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence; • To evaluate water quality trends over a period of time; • To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost of pollution control; • To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants. • To assess fitness of water for different uses.
Water quality monitoring is an important exercise which helps in evaluating the nature and extent of pollution control required, and effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence. It also helps in drawing the water quality trends and prioritising pollution control efforts. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has established a water quality network comprising of 870 stations in 26 States and 5 Union Territories spread over the country. Monitoring is undertaken on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of ground water. The monitoring network covers 189 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 4 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3 Creeks, 3 Canals, 9 Drains and 218 Wells. Among the 870 stations, 566 are on rivers, 55 on lakes, 10 on drains,12 on canals, 4 on tank, 3 on and creeks,2 on pond and 218 are groundwater stations (Fig.5.1). Presently, the inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a three-tier programme, Tier I : Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Tier II : Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System and Tier III : Monitoring under Yamuna Action Plan. Water samples are being analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for ambient water samples apart from the field observations. Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are analysed in selected samples. Biomonitoring is also carried out at specific locations. In view of limited resources, limited number of organic pollution related parameters are chosen for frequent monitoring i.e. monthly or quarterly and major cations, anions, other inorganic ions and micro pollutants (Toxic Metals & POP's) are analysed once a year to keep track of water quality over a period of time. The water quality data is regularly reported in Water Quality Status Year Book.
During the year 2004-05, 86 new water quality monitoring stations have been sanctioned to ten state pollution control boards. The states where new stations have been sanctioned are Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Uttaranchal. The water quality network thus extended to 870 location after addition of 86 new stations.
Monitoring Results
The monitoring results obtained during 2004 indicate that organic pollution continues to be the predominant pollution of aquatic resources. Organic pollution measured in terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) & coliform count gives an indication of extent of water quality degradation in different parts of our country. It is observed that nearly 66% of the observations are having BOD less than 3 mg/l, 19% between 3-6 mg/l & 15% above 6 mg/l. Similarly, Total & Faecal coliforms, which indicate presence of pathogens in water, are also a major concern. About 44% observations of Total coliforms and 59% observations of Faecal Coliforms have less than 500 MPN/100 ml.
Water Quality Trend
The trends of percentage observations obtained during 1994-2004 for different levels of pollution with respect to BOD & Total coliforms and Faecal Coliforms are depicted in bar diagram (Fig. 5.2) indicating different ranges of BOD and Coliform organisms. It is clear from the figure that there is a increasing trend in percentage of observations having BOD below 3 mg/l. This indicates that there is a gradual improvement in water quality with respect to organic pollution.
Fig. 5.2 : Water Qualtiy Status & Trend from 1994 To 2004
Status of Water Quality The water quality data of rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater being monitored under the NWMP network for 2002 and 2003 is evaluated against the water quality criteria and the monitoring locations in exceedence with respect to one or more parameters are identified as polluted and require action for restoration of water quality. The water quality status of various water bodies are as below.
• Water quality of river Beas at D/s of Pathankot and Mukerian and river Satluj at D/s of Budhanala in Ludhiana, at Boat Bridge Dharmkotnakodar Road and at D/S of East Bein in Jallandhar found deteriorated and degraded as compared to stipulated requirement.
• River Ganga at downstream of Narora, Kannauj, Varanasi, Kanpur, Bahrampur, Dakshineshwar and Uluberia is not meeting the desired water quality for bathing as well as organized water supply for drinking purpose. The water quality of river Yamuna is deteriorated after the intake point of Warzirabad Barrage and not suitable for beneficial uses for over 500 km that extends beyond Etawah. The potable water supply at Agra is badly affected due to high BOD and Ammonia in the river Yamuna. Other tributaries having higher concentration of pollutants are Hindon near Pura Mahadev town and Ghaziabad; Kalinadi (tributary of river Hindon) at downstream of Muzzafarrnagar; river Kali (tributary of river Ganga) at Meerut, Modinagar, Hapur, Bulandshahar and Gulaothi. River Chambal at Nagda, Kota and Rameshwarghat (Sawaimadhopur) is polluted. River Khan at Kabit Khedi near Indore, river Kshipra at Ramghat (Ujjain) and Triveni Sangam; River Tons at Madhavgarh; Mandakini at Chitrakoot; River Betwa before confluence to Yamuna at Hamirpur; and River Sone at Koelwar in Bihar. River Damodar near Mujher mana village, after confluence of Tamla Nallah, at Haldia Downstream, Barakar at Asansol and the Rupnarayan at Geonkhali before confluence to River Ganga; Ramganga at Kannuj; and Gomti at Lucknow downstream are not meeting the desired criteria.
• The mainstream of River Brahmaputra is relatively clean, however its tributaries Full Nagarjan, Teesta, Digboi, Bharalu, Bhogdoi, Deepar Bill, Dickchu, Maney Khola and Ranichu are polluted.
• River Mahi is conforming to the desired water quality at all the monitoring locations.
• River Sabarmati is grossly polluted in the reach of Ahmedabad to Vautha. water quality of mainstream of Sabarmati and tributary streams Shedi and Khari is acidic in some reaches with very high COD, BOD, Total and Faecal Coliforms, Conductivity and very low DO. The acidicity of river water is attributed to industrial wastewater discharges.
• The mainstream of River Narmada and tributary stream Chota Tawa are confirming to water quality for all the criteria parameters. • The water quality of mainstream of river Tapi is exceeding criteria limits at Uphad village, Ajnad village, Bhusawal upstream. and river Girna at Malegaon and Jalgaon.
• The water quality of mainstream of Mahanadi does not meet the criteria with respect to BOD at downstream of Paradeep, Cuttack and Sambhalpur due to discharge of untreated sewage from cities of Cuttack and Sambhalpur. The Water Quality of tributary stream Seonath, Hasdeo,Ib, Kathjodi and Birupa are complying the water quality criteria. Other streams such as Kharoon, Kuakhai downstream of Bhubaneshwar and Kathajodi downstream of Cuttack are not meeting the water quality criteria limit in respect of BOD and Total Coliform.
• The water quality of mainstream of Brahmani with respect to BOD,Total coliform and Faecal Coliform is exceeding the criteria limit at downstream of Pamposh, Rourkela and Kamalanga due to wastewater discharges from the industrial and residential complexes of Rourkela,Talcher, Bhuban and Dharamashala. The water quality of tributary streams Sankh, Koel and Karo are meeting the criteria with respect to indicators of organic and bacterial pollution. The water quality of major tributary streams Baitarni is exceeding the criteria at Chandbali and Dhamra . The Total coliform does not meet the criteria at Anandpur, Jajpur , Chandbali and Dhamra.
• BOD is exceeding the criteria in river Subarnarekha at Jamshedpur whereas the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform number are quite high at Rajghat that indicate sewage discharges in the river. • The water quality of river Godavari at downstream of Nasik and Nanded in Maharashtra and at Rajahmundry downstream in Andhra Pradesh does not meet the criteria due to proximity of large city. The Water Quality of tributaries streams Wainganga at ashti and at Balaghat; river Nira at Pulgaon Cotton Mills, Wardha, river Wardha at Rajura Bridge, river Maner at Somnapalli, river Panchavati at Ramkund and river Manjeera near Ganapathi Sugars, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh are not meeting the criteria for BOD.
• River Krishna does not meet the water quality criteria at Karad, Sangli and Hamsaladeevi, Devasagar Bridge in Karnataka, at downstream of Narayanpura Dam, at Tintini Bridge, at Thangadi, at Gadwal Bridge and at Wadapally. River Bhima at Pune downstream of Bundgarden, at Pune upstream, at Pargaon after confluence with Mula and Mutha, River Bhima after confluence with river Daund at Takli; River Panchganga at Ichalkaranji, river Nira at Sarole Bridge, river Tunga D/S of Shimoga Town, Bhadra at Maleshwaram D/S of KIOCL, Bhadra at D/S of Bhadravati and river Musi at upstream and downstream of Hyderabad are potentially polluted locations having higher BOD levels.
• River Pennar is meeting the desired water quality criteria at all locations.
• The Water Quality of River Cauvery is not meeting the desired water quality criteria at Bhavani, Pallipalyam, Erode, Velore, Mohanur, Tiruchirapalli Downstream, Trichy, Pitchavaram, and Kushal Nagar. The water quality of tributary streams Hemavati, Shimsa, Arkavati, Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Bhavani and Amravati indicates that DO is not meeting the water quality criteria at Bhavani, at Sirumugai and at Bhavani Sagar; and river Arkavati at Kanakpura downstream with respect to BOD.
• River Damanganga at Kachigaon Downstream, Par in Vapi, Ambika, Kolak, Amlakheri at Ankleshwar, Bhadar and Mindola are not meeing the criteria for one or the other parameters. The water of river Amlakhadi was found acidic as the minimum pH was observed as 1.7. River Zuari and Mandovi are relatively clean rivers and are meeting the criteria parameters. River Patalganga at Shilphata, river Ulhas upstream Badlapur, Patalganga near intake of MIDC waterwaorks, Bhatsa at D/s of Pise Dam and Kalu at Atale village are not meeting the criteria due to higher level of BOD in these rivers. The rivers in Kerala are meeting the criteria limit for BOD except in river Karmana at Moonnathmukku. The bacterial pollution is observed in almost all the rivers. BOD observed more than criteria limit in river Nagavali at Jaykaypur, Rushikulya at Ganjam downstream, Arasalar at Karaikal (Pondicherry), Tambiraparni at all the locations from Papavinasam to Arumuganeri and in Palar at Vaniyambadi are found polluted due to higher levels of BOD. The river Ghagger is grossly polluted at majority of monitoring locations such as at Ratanhedi D/s of Patiala Nadi, at D/s of confluence of with river Saraswati, at Moonak, upstream of Sardulgarh and at downstream of Sardulgarh downstream due to the discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater. River Nambul at Hump Bridge, at Heirangoithong (Manipur), River Umtrew at Byrnihat East, River Kharkhala near Sutnga Khlieriat,Jayantia Hills, River Ganol at Tura and River Myntdu at Jowai (Meghalaya) have been observed as polluted due to high level of Biochenmical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
• Lakes and Tanks having high concentration of organic matter and not meeting the standard limits for BOD are Hussain Sagar lake, Dharamsagar tank, Bibinagar lake, Kistarareddypet tank, Saroornagar lake, Pulicate lake, Gandhigudem tank, Heballa Valley lake, Kayamkula lake, Kodungalloor lake, Osteri lake, Bahour lake, Udhagamandalam lake, Kodaikanal lake, Periyar lake, Vembanad lake, Ashthamudi lake and Paravur lake. Lakes and Tanks having very low DO and high BOD that does not meet the water quality criteria limits are Kankoria Lake, Chandola lake, Pichola Lake, Udaisagar lake, Fatehsagar lake, Kayalna lake, Nakki lake, Pushkar lake, Lower lake Bhopal, Renuka lake, Harike lake, Naini lake, Ramgarh lake, Rabindra Sarobar lake, Elangabeel System, Goy Sagar Tank, Loktak lake at Sendra, Umiam lake at Barapani, Ward Lake at Shillong, Thadlaskena lake and Laxminarayan Bari Place Lake.
• The groundwater monitoring locations observed with high conductivity which exceeds water quality criteria for irrigation are observed at Ramagundam, Bollaram Panchayat Office, Pashamaylam, Vishakhapatnam (near Rama Temple) and Kakinada (near Pratap Nagar Bridge) in Andhra Pradesh; Nerol in Gujarat; Alwaye in Kerala; Circuit house, old police Barracks, Ottavathilpalli, near Helipad, MPSAF Quarters and Government Press in Lakshadweep; along Chunamber river in Pondicherry and Pali, Jodhpur and Vidhani Village (Jaipur) in Rajasthan. Groundwater locations with BOD levels higher than the criteria are at Vijayawada, NTPC ash pond- kundanpally, Bibi nagar Primary school, Rudravally, near Tungabhadra river in Kurnool and Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh; Karbianglong and Bongaigaon in Assam; Kala Amb, Barotiwala and Paonta Sahib in Himachal Pradesh; JB School, Kadatpalli, near SB School, Ottavathilpalli and Chakikilum in Lakshadweep; Collector Well in Thirupuvanam and along Chunamber river in Pondicherry; near Kansua Nallah in Kota, Pali town, Jodhpur in Rajasthan; IOC Refinery Haldia, Barasat municipality in North 24 Parganas in West Bengal. Total coliforms are exceeding the criteria limits in groundwater locations in Silcher, Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Sibsagar, Guwahati in Assam, Chekkillam, Government press and old Police Barrack in Lakshadweep. pH is observed in acidic range at Kundra in Kollam, Punkunnam in Trissur, Kalamassery in Ernakulam, Punalur and Kannur in Kerala; and Capital hospital in Bhubaneshwar Orissa.
Major factors responsible for Water quality degradation
Domestic sewage, the major source of pollution in India in surface water, contributes pathogens, the main source of water borne diseases along with depletion of dissolved oxygen in water bodies.
There are 423 class I cities and 498 class II cities harbouring population of 22.2 Crores generating about 26254 mld of wastewater of which only 7044 mld is treated (Fig. 5.3). A large part of the domestic sewage is not even collected. This results in stagnation of sewage within city, a good breeding ground for mosquitoes, thereby contaminating groundwater, the only source of drinking water in many cities. It is estimated that about 15438 mld of industrial wastewater is generated from industrial sources. Nearly 60% of this is generated from large & medium industries, which have adopted adequate treatment facilities. Remaining 40% of industrial wastewater is generated from small scale industries. Where treatment of wastewater is not largely adopted. The availability of treated effluent is regulated under the provision of Water Act, 1974 by ther concerned State Pollution Control Boards. At certain streches of rivers, the industrial effluent are also meeting the rivers.
Central Pollution Control Board has taken collective action alongwith State Pollution Control Board with regard to highly polluting categories of industries and identified industries discharging effluents directly into rivers/lakes and other water bodies without requisite treatment. Specific actions are undertaken against such industries through State Pollution Control Board. There are special pollution control enforcement drives for 17 catogories of highly polluting industries on adopting pollution control measures. A mutually agreed programme is implemented for control of pollution under Corporate Responsibility on Environemnt Protection (CREP). Some other efforts include environmental audit compliance monitoring. Common effluent treatment for small scale industries, "Ecomark", incentives for adoptiong pollution control measures.
WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER YAMUNA Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring the entire 1376 km stretch of River Yamuna under a National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD/MoEF) sponsored project and National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP). There are19 sampling locations from the origin of Yamuna River at Yamunotri to its confluence with Ganga River at Allahabad.
The entire stretch of Yamuna River can be segregated into five distinct segments/ stretches based on water quality, ecological and hydro-geo-morphological characteristics. These stretches are Himalayan stretch, Upper Stretch, Delhi Stretch, Mixed stretch & Diluted Stretch. The water quality characteristics in these stretches of River Yamuna are depicted in Table 5.1:
Table 5.1: Water Quality Characteristics of Various Segment//Stretches of River Yamuna
S. River Dissolved Biochemical Total Faecal No. Stretch Oxygen Oxygen Coliform Coliform Stretch Trophic status pH Demand details mg/l Nos./100 ml Nos./100 mg/l ml 1. Himalayan 172 km Oligotrophic Min 6.83 7.2 1 1200 70 Stretch from origin Max 8.89 10.8 3 170000 10200 to Hathnikund Av - 9.2 1 38423 2448 barrage 2. Upper 224 km Mesotrophic Min 7.03 6.3 1 4200 140 stretch from Max 8.91 10.7 8 3100000 139000 Hathnikund barrage to Av - 8.1 3 338481 16557 Wazirabad barrage 3. Delhi 22 km from Septic Min 7.09 0.0 6 530000 160000 stretch Wazirabad Max 8.82 1.4 49 340000000 46000000 barrage to Okhla Av - 0.1 22-8 36005417 7267917 barrage 4. Mixed 930 km Mesotrophic/ Min 7.24 0.0 3 29000 1800 stretch Okhla Eutrophic/ Max 9.04 19.5 40 1103000000 47000000 barrage to Septic river Av - 7.4 12 23746071 1813017 Chambal confluence 5. Diluted 628 km Mesotrophic/ Min 7.40 5.7 2 7000 1700 stretch River Eutrophic Max 8.84 11.1 10 4800000 510000 Chambal confluence Av - 8.8 5 640467 59320 to river Ganga confluence
Water quality status at river Yamuna during the year 2004 reflects that Delhi stretch is severely polluted followed by mixed stretch and the remaining three stretches viz. Himalayan stretch, upper stretch and diluted stretch are either clean or less polluted. The Total coliforms in the entire river stretch is significantly high and generally does not conform to designated criteria. Bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) in Himalayan stretch remains within to limit of 3 mg/l, while at upper and diluted stretch the BOD level often violates the limit, in Delhi stretch the BOD values remain above the limit.
Water Quality trend of river Yamuna reflects that there is no change in BOD concentration in upper stretch and mixed stretch, whereas there is slight increase in BOD levels in upper and diluted stretches. The BOD level in Delhi stretch records significant increase. Trend of coliform levels indicates decrease in Total coliforms and increase in faecal coliforms in Himalayan, Upper and Diluted stretch, whereas the Coliform trend is reverse in Delhi Stretch i.e. increase in Total Coliforms and decrease in Faecal coliforms. A declining trend of coliforms is observed in mixed stretch.
The annual average of DO in the entire River Yamuna Stretch was in the range of 0.0 to 11.1 mg/l, the BOD varies from 1 to 27.8 mg/l, while Total coliforms ranged between 21525 & 136135833 Nos./100 ml (Fig. 5.4 to 5.6).
Table 5.2: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Coliform Level (Annual Average) at various Locations of River Yamuna S. Dissolved Oxygen Total Coliform Locations BOD (mg/l) No. (mg/l) (Nos./100 ml) 1. Yamunotri 9.4 1.0 55000 2. Shyana Chetti 9.4 1.0 101000 3. Lakhwar Dam 9.6 1.0 21525 4. Dak Pathar 9.9 2.0 37000 5. Hathnikund 8.9 1.5 37933 6. Kalanaur 8.6 1.9 348267 7. Sonepat 7.8 3.2 604833 8. Palla 7.9 2.6 62342 9. Nizamuddin Bridge 0.0 27.8 63625000 10. Agra Canal 0.3 17.8 8385833 11. Mazawali 4.5 17.7 11666667 12. Mathura U/s 6.0 7.9 2151917 13. Mathura D/s 6.2 8.8 3113333 14. Agra U/s 9.3 10.8 813333 15. Agra D/s 6.9 16.7 136135833 16. Bateshwar 7.9 11.4 9426417 17. Etawah 11.1 10.0 29150000 18. Juhika 9.4 5.3 324273 19. Allahabad 7.1 3.0 1510000
POLLUTION LOAD CONTRIBUTION TO RIVER YAMUNA AND CANAL AT DELHI
The urban agglomeration at Delhi is the main source of pollution in River Yamuna. It is estimated that about 79% of Total pollution load that Yamuna River receives is contributed by Delhi. There are 21 major drains, which carry treated, partially treated or untreated wastewater from both domestic and industrial sources. Out of these 21 drains, 17 drains join River Yamuna directly through outfalls and remaining four join Canals. These wastewater drains carry significantly high organic pollution load (BOD load), which after mixing with river water further deplete already scarce Dissolved Oxygen and causes anaerobic condition.
The Central Pollution Control Board, as a follow up of the Hon'ble Supreme Court direction in the case of news item on "Maili Yamuna" (Writ petition (Civil) No. 725 of 1994) is regularly monitoring these 21 wastewater drains on monthly basis since August, 1999. During the year 2004, the total discharge and BOD load of these drains was 41.99 m 3 /sec and 240.37 tonnes/day (Table 5.3). As depicted in Fig. 5.7 there is a reduction of about 38% in BOD load transported by these drains during the period between the year 2000 to 2004. This reduction in the BOD load may be either due to increased operational capacity of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) or their enhanced treatment performance or diversion of treated / partially treated wastewater or improved sanitary conditions in the city.
Table 5.3: Pollution Load discharged by Drains to River Yamuna and Canals in NCT - Delhi
S. No. Drains Flow BOD Load
m 3 /sec Tonnes/day 1. Najafgarh Drain 20.68 76.47 2. Magazine Road 0.07 1.86 3. Sweepers Colony 0.13 1.74 4. Khyber Pass 0.13 0.08 5. Metcalf Drain 0.09 0.43 6. Mori Gate Drain 0.39 3.01 7. Tonga Stand 0.09 0.88 8. Civil Mill Drain 0.52 11.87 9. Power House 0.56 11.88 10. Sen Nursing Home 1.01 14.71 11. Drain No. 12 A 0.04 0.07 12. Drain No. 14 0.37 1.54 13. Barapulla Drain 1.35 8.38 14. Maharani Bagh 0.74 15.76 15. Kalkaji Drain (Joins Agra Canal) 0.03 0.13 16. Tuglakabad 0.31 1.57 17. Shahdara Drain 7.05 44.57 18. Sarita Vihar (Joins Agra canal) 0.75 20.18 19. Drain Near LPG Plant 0.41 3.05 20. Drain Near Bridge Sarita Vihar (Joins 6.64 20.45 Agra Canal) 21. Tehkhand (Joins Gurgaon canal) 0.13 1.75 Total 41.49 240.37
SURVEY OF YAMUNA RIVER AND ITS POLLUTING SOURCES BETWEEN DELHI-OKHLA BARRAGE AND AGRA- OLD WATER WORKS
The district administration of Agra informed CPCB about water quality deterioration in Yamuna River at the intake of two Water Works in Agra mainly due to high organic matter and ammonia resulting in increase in chlorine demand at the water works. Officers of CPCB conducted a detailed survey of the Yamuna River and major outfalls between d/s-Okhla barrage and Agra-old Water Works during last week of December 2004. All river and drain samples were analysed for pH, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrogen, TDS, Chloride, and Alkalinity.
Yamuna River, which has very little flow downstream of Okhla barrage, is subjected to very high organic and nitrogen pollution due to discharge of sewage/wastewater from Delhi, Ghaziabad, Noida and Faridabad within first 39 km of the 280 km stretch studied. It is observed that under such conditions Yamuna River fails to purify itself for a long distance. Dissolved Oxygen remains absent or negligible up to a distance of about 173 km. Nitrogen levels in Yamuna are abnormally high as compared to other rivers and, after initial reduction, appear to be somewhat stable due probably to further addition of nitrogen from natural and agricultural sources. Study of this stretch highlights the necessity for utilization of sewage for irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of receiving stream. Study also highlights the fact that if a river is overloaded with organic and nutrient pollution and at the same time, due to over abstraction of water, is deprived of minimal flow necessary for dilution and self purification, the river takes much longer time to recover because of nutrient spiraling and autochthonous production of organic matter.
Yamuna River is the only source of water supply for urban area of Agra hence special measures will have to be taken to solve the problem of pollution in this stretch of Yamuna River. CPCB has recommended several short and long term measures in the report of above study to solve the problem of polluted raw water supply at Agra Water Works. Recommendations include utilization of sewage of Delhi, Ghaziabad, Noida Vrindavan, Mathura and Faridabad and wastewater of Burhia ka nala drain (Haryana), Goochi drain (Haryana), Mathura refinery, Goverdhan drain for irrigation purposes, tapping of 8 sewage drains of Agra located upstream of old Water Works and education of farmers along the Yamuna for scientific use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Report also recommends releasing of Ganga water into Yamuna through Harnal escape as a short term measure and for providing Ganga water for Agra drinking water supply through dedicated pipeline as a long term measure.
Study of this stretch highlights the necessity for utilization of sewage for irrigation/on-land application as emphasized in section 17(i) and 17(j) of Water Act 1974 to prevent nutrient pollution of receiving streams. PREPARATION OF A DRAFT MANUAL ON PROFILE OF RIVERS INDICATING ALL MAIN FEATURES ALONG RIVERS WITH KM STONE
A draft manual on profile of rivers has been prepared in which, similar to road and railway network, all features along rivers are assigned km stone, starting from its ultimate confluence as 0 km to upstream. The features which are assigned km stones along length of rivers are (i) sampling stations under National Water quality Monitoring Program (NWMP), (ii) point of confluence of tributaries (or point of confluence of sub tributaries in case of tributaries) and (iii)cities/towns. This manual will be very useful for people involved in river-monitoring and river-pollution control in various ways such as:
• It will help in plotting DO, BOD, FC, TC or any other pollutants' profiles of rivers proportionate to actual distances between consecutive sampling stations and help true depiction and interpretation of river-monitoring data.
• It will help in better assessment of total length and polluted length of rivers.
• It will help in identifying sources of pollution (tributaries/sub tributaries and cities/towns) responsible for pollution in a particular stretch.
• It will help in precisely identifying and upgrading every year with ease the Most Polluted Stretches by way of comparing a particular pollution parameter (say BOD max) for last few years in the same database.
• It will provide a large set of information for digitization when use of GIS is started in NWMP.
WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER GANGA
Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Office ,North is regularly monitoring River Ganga twice in a month from u/s Allahabad up to Tarighat i.e. Ganga a/c of River Gomti (under NRCD project). With reference to designated best use classification (CPCB), the entire stretch of R. Ganga from Haridwar to Tarighat has been designated as conforming to category B, which implies that water quality should be fit for uses like bathing, swimming, water contact sport. In case of River Yamuna, for which water quality is monitored at Allahabad, the water quality must conform to Category B and the uses discussed above. The status of water quality as observed in different phases of monitoring is as below Season wise observation in water quality of River Ganga in year 2004 is presented in Figs. 5.11 to 5.13.
Legend :
1. River Ganga u/s Allahabad 2. River Yamuna b/c with River Ganga 3. Bathing Ghat at Sangam 4. River Tons b/c with River Ganga 5. River Ganga d/s Allahabad ¼ width 6. River Ganga d/s Allahabad ½ width 7. River Ganga at Pakka Ghat Vindhyachal 8. River Ganga u/s Varanasi 9. River Ganga at Dashashwamedh Ghat 10. River Ganga near Malviya Bridge at Varanasi 11. River Varuna b/c with River Ganga 12. River Ganga d/s Varanasi ¼ width 13. River Ganga d/s Varanasi ½ width 14. River Gomti b/c with River Ganga 15. River Ganga d/s Varanasi at Tarighat
1. The D.O. observed in the complete stretch was more than 5 mg/lt i.e. well within the limit to conform to water quality as class ‘B' whereas in River Varuna DO was found below 5 mg/l. The River works as a drain to carry the effluent of Dinapur STP and few drains of Varanasi. 2. In terms of BOD, the entire stretch does not conform to water quality under class 'B' specially in summer season as the BOD limit in this class permits up to only 3 mg/lt. 3. At all other locations water quality has been mainly affected by high concentration of coliforms. 4. As a significant observation, the poor water quality observed at Sangam in Allahabad and Dashashwamedh ghat (Varanasi), where high BOD (4.5 mg/l) has rendered the water unfit for bathing.
AIR QUALITY
5.7 NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)
Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nation-wide programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The network consist of 326 monitoring stations covering 116 cities/towns in 28 States and 4 Union Territories of the country. The objectives of the NAMP are to determine status and trends of ambient air quality; to ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated, to assess health hazards and damage to materials; to continue ongoing process of producing periodic evaluation of air pollution situation in urban and industrial areas of the country; to obtain knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures; to understand the natural cleansing process through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated.
Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO 2 and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/PM 10 ), have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity and temperature was also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. . The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a years. The monitoring is being carried out with the association of Central Pollution Control Board Zonal Offices; State Pollution Control Boards: Pollution Control Committees; National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur: and other research institutions/universities etc. CPCB co-ordinates with these agencies to ensure the uniformity, consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them for operating the monitoring station.
5.8 AIR QUALITY STATUS
Major findings of the ambient air quality monitoring carried out during the year 2003 are presented in this chapter.
Air Quality Assessment
The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant to that of a respective standard). The Exceedence Factor (EF) is calculated as follows:
Observed annual mean concentration of criteria pollutant Exceedence Factor = ------Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class
The four air quality categories are:
• Critical pollution (C) : when EF is more than 1.5; • High pollution (H) : when the EF is between 1.0 - 1.5; • Moderate pollution (M) : when the EF between 0.5 - 1.0; and • Low pollution (L): when the EF is less than 0.5.
It is obvious from the above categorization, that the locations in either of the first two categories are actually violating the standards, although, with varying magnitude. Those, falling in the third category are meeting the standards as of now but likely to violate the standards in future if pollution continues to increase and is not controlled. However, the locations in Low pollution category have a rather pristine air quality and such areas are to be maintained at low pollution level by way of adopting preventive and control measures of air pollution.
Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at 201 monitoring stations during 2003. Adequate data for annual average concentration (with 50 and more days of monitoring) for SO 2 was received for 182 stations and adequate data for NO 2 was received for 180 stations. Adequate data for RSPM was received for 166 stations and adequate data for SPM was received for 160 monitoring stations. The details of number of stations for which data was inadequate for annual average concentration are given in Table 5.4. The ambient air quality status of various cities/towns is given in Table 5.7.
Table 5.4 Details of Monitoring Stations where Ambient Air Quality Monitoring was Carried out during the year 2003
Number of monitoring stations Area type Aadequate data Inadequate data SO 2 NO 2 RSPM SPM SO 2 NO 2 RSPM SPM Residential 105 104 96 91 5 6 8 18 Industrial 76 75 69 68 7 8 7 12 Sensitive 1 1 1 1 - - - - Total 182 180 166 160 12 14 15 30 Table 5.5: Ambient Air Quality in India during the year 2003
Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m 3 ) Pollution Industrial (I) Residential (R) level SO 2 & NO 2 RSPM SPM SO 2, NO 2, & SPM RSPM Low (L) 0-40 0-60 0-180 0-30 0-70 Moderate ( 40-80 60-120 180-360 30-60 70-140 M) High (H) 80-120 120-180 360-540 60-90 140-210 Critical (C) >120 >180 >540 >90 >210 STATE, UT / CITY SO 2 NO 2 RSPM SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R I R Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad L L L M M M M H Visakhapatnam L L L L M C M H Assam Guwahati - L - L - C - H Bihar Patna - L - L - H - H Chattisgarh Bhilai L L L L H C M C Korba - L - L - C - C Raipur L L L M C C M C Chandigarh Chandigarh L L L L H C M H Delhi Delhi L L M M C C H C Gujarat Ahmedabad L L L L C C M C Ankleshwar L L L L H C L H Jamnagar - L - L - C - C Rajkot L - L - C - M - Surat L L L L H C L H Vadodara L L L L C C M C Vapi L L L M H C L H Goa Ponda - L - L - - - M Himachal Pradesh Damtal - L - L - - - C Parwanoo L L L L - H M H Paonta Sahib L L L L - - H C Shimla - L - L - L - L
STATE, UT / CITY SO 2 NO 2 RSPM SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R I R Haryana Faridabad L L L L - - H C Jharkhand Dhanbad L H - - C Jharia L - M - - - M - Sindri L - M - - - M - Jamshedpur M - M - - - M - Karnataka Bangalore L L L M L H L H Mysore L L L L L M L M Kerala Kochi L L L L M H L M Kottayam L L L L L H - - Kozhikode L L L L L M L M Thiruvananthapuram L L L L H C - - Palakad L - L - L - M - Maharashtra Mumbai L L L L M H M C Chandrapur L L L M M H M H Nagpur L L L L M H M C Nashik L L L L M C L C Pune L M L H M C M C Solapur L L M M H C H C Thane L L L L M M - - Madhya Pradesh Bhopal L L L L M H - - Indore - L - M H C - - Jabalpur - L - L - H - - Nagda L L L M H C - - Satna L L L L C C - - Meghalaya Shillong - L - L - H - M Nagaland Dimapur - - - - - H - M Orissa Angul L L L L M M L M Rourkela - L - L - H - H Talcher L - L - M - L - Rayagada L L L L M M L M Pondicherry Pondicherry L L L L M M L M
STATE, UT / CITY SO 2 NO 2 RSPM SPM AREA CLASS I R I R I R I R Punjab Gobindgarh L - L - C - C - Jalandhar - L - L C C - - Ludhiana L L L M C C - - Rajasthan Alwar L L L M H C M C Jaipur L L L M H C H C Kota L L L L M C M C Udaipur L L M M M H H C Jodhpur L L L L H C M C Tamil Nadu Chennai L L L L M H M H Coimbatore L L M M L M L M Madurai L L L L M C L C Salem - L - M - M - L Tuticorin L L L L L M L L Uttaranchal Dehradun - L - L - - - C Uttar Pradesh Agra L L L L - - H C Anpara L - L - H - M - Gajroula L - L - M - H - Kanpur L L L L C C H C Lucknow L L L L C C H C Noida - - - - C - H - Varanasi - L - L - C - C West Bengal Haldia L - L - M - L - Howrah L L H M H H M H Kolkata L L H H H C M C
Status of Air Pollutants
Sulphur Dioxide levels (Annual Average Concentration) Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration is depicted in Fig. 5.14. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was not exceeded at any monitoring station in residential and industrial areas. SO 2 levels at 78% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 93% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were less than 20 m g/m 3 . Table 5.6 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of sulphur dioxide in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential area was observed at monitoring station located at Nal Stop, Pune and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at monitoring station located at Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center, Jamshedpur during 2003, although SO 2 levels at none of the monitoring stations exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average).
Fig 5.14: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SO 2 .
Table 5.6 Ten locations having highest concentration of Sulphur Dioxide during year 2003 S. Industrial Areas Residential Areas Location State Annual Location State Annual No Average Average conc. conc. (µg/m 3 ) (µg/m 3 ) 1 Bistupur Vehicle Jharkhand 47 Nal Stop, Maharashtra 36 Testing Center, Pune Jamshedpur 2. Golmuri Vehicle Jharkhand 42 Swargate, Maharashtra 34 Training Centre, Pune Jamshedpur 3. Raunaq Auto Ltd, Uttar 39 Nashik Maharashtra 30 Gajraula Pradesh Municipal Council, Nashik 4. Chem. Div. Madhya 37 RTO Colony Maharashtra 27 Labour Club, Pradesh Tank, Nasik Nagda 5. Bhosari, Pune Maharashtra 32 Grasim Kalyan Madhya 22 Kendra, Pradesh Nagda 6 GEB III Phase, Gujarat 27 Visak Hostel, Chattisgarh 22 GIDC, Vapi Sector 4, Bhilai 7. CETP, Gujarat 27 Vapi Nagar Gujarat 20 Nandesari, Palika, Vapi Vadodara 8. Kathivakkam Tamil Nadu 26 Chitale Clinic, Maharashtra 20 Municipal Kalyan Solapur Mandapam, Chennai 9. VIP Industrial Maharashtra 26 Cadilla Bridge, Gujarat 19 Area, MIDC, Narole, Satpura, Nasik Ahmedabad 10. MP Laghu Udyog Chhattisgarh 26 City Dandia Gujarat 19 Nigam Ltd., Bhilai Bazaar, Vadodara
Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)
Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of SO 2 is depicted in Fig. 5.15. At all the monitoring stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) was less than 2%.
Summary of Air Quality with reference to SO 2
Number of monitoring stations with low and moderate levels of SO 2 is depicted in Fig. 5.16. SO 2 levels at most of the monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas were low. The NAAQS (Annual average) of SO 2 was not exceeded at any of the monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas during year 2003.
Fig. 5.15 Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24- hrly avg.) of SO 2 .
Fig. 5.16: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low and Moderate Levels of SO 2 .
Nitrogen dioxide Levels (Annual Average Concentration)
Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration is depicted in Fig. 5.17. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at four monitoring stations in residential areas and two monitoring stations in industrial areas. The Four monitoring stations in residential areas are located at Regional Office, Dhanbad, Swargate, Pune, Lal Bazaar, Kolkata and Nalstop, Pune. The monitoring station at Swargate and Nalstop, Pune are located at traffic intersections and NO 2 levels are high may be due to high vehicular emissions. The two monitoring stations in industrial areas where NAAQS (Annual average) was exceeded are located at Cossipore, Kolkata and Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah. NO 2 levels at remaining monitoring stations were less than the NAAQS (Annual Average) during 2003. NO 2 levels at 85% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 84% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were less than 40 m g/m 3 . Table 5.7 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential area was observed at monitoring station located at Nal Stop, Pune and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at monitoring station located at Cossipore, Kolkata during year 2003.
Fig 5.17: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Annual Average Concentration of NO 2 .
Table 5.7 Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide during year 2003 S. Industrial Areas Residential Areas Location State Annual Location State Annual No. Average Average conc. conc. (µg/m 3 ) (µg/m 3 ) 1. Cossipore, Kolkata West 83* Nal Stop, Pune Maharashtra 76* Bengal 2. Howrah Municipal West 83* Lal Bazaar, West Bengal 76* Coporation, Howrah Bengal Kolkata 3. Regional Office, MIA, Rajasthan 69 Swargate, Pune Maharashtra 70* Udaipur 4. Bandhaghat, Howrah West 67 Regional Office, Jharkhand 66* Bengal Dhanbad 5. M.A.D.A., Jharia Jharkhand 63 Town Hall, Delhi Delhi 59 6. B.I.T., Sindri Jharkhand 62 Kasba, Kolkata West Bengal 53 7. Bistupur Vehicle Jharkhand 58 District Tamil Nadu 50 Testing Center, Collector's Jamshedpur Office, Coimbatore 8. SIDCO Office, Tamil Nadu 56 N.Y. School, Delhi 46 Coimbatore Sarojani Nagar, Delhi 9. Golmuri Vehicle Jharkhand 54 Pariaraja-puram, Tamil Nadu 46 Testing Centre, Coimbatore Jamshedpur 10 WIT Campus, Solapur Maharashtra 45 Chitale Clinic, Maharashtra 46 Solapur
* - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO 2 exceeded the respective standards of 80 µg/m 3 for Industrial areas and 60 µg/m 3 for Residential areas.
Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)
Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO 2 is depicted in Fig. 5.18. The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was more than 2% at two monitoring stations in industrial areas located at Cossipore, Kolkata and Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah. The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was more than 2% at eight monitoring stations in residential areas located at Swargate, Pune, Sarojini Nagar, Delhi, Bator, Howrah, Kasba, Kolkata, Town Hall, Delhi, Nalstop, Pune, Regional Office, Dhanbad and Lal Bazaar, Kolkata. Monitoring stations at Swargate and Nalstop Pune are located near traffic intersections and high vehicular emissions may be the reason for violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.). Monitoring stations at Town Hall, Delhi is located in an area with high traffic density resulting in violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.).
Fig. 5.18: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation (various ranges) of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of NO 2
The number of locations where either annual average or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the standards of NO 2 is given in Table 5.8.
Table 5.8: Locations where either annual average concentration or 24-hourly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide violated the respective NAAQS. Location State Area Annual % Violation of NAAQS Class Average (24 hourly Avg.) Conc.
(µg/m 3 ) Howrah Municipal Corporation., Howrah West Bengal Industrial 83 10 Cossipore, Kolkata West Bengal Industrial 83 7 R.O., Dhanbad Jharkhand Residential 66 25 Nal Stop, Pune Maharashtra Residential 76 23 Swargate, Pune Maharashtra Residential 70 3 Lal-Bazar, Kolkata West Bengal Residential 76 41 Bator, Howrah West Bengal Residential 45 5 Town Hall, Delhi Delhi Residential 59 16 NEERI Zonal Lab, Kasba West Bengal Residential 53 6 Sarojini Nagar, Delhi Delhi Residential 46 4
Summary of Air Quality with reference to NO 2 Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate and high levels of NO 2 is depicted in Fig. 5.19. NO 2 levels at 85 % of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 72% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were low. High levels of NO 2 were observed at four monitoring stations in residential areas located at Regional Office, Dhanbad, Swargate, Pune, Lal Bazaar, Kolkata and Nalstop, Pune. High levels of NO 2 were also observed at two monitoring stations in industrial areas located at Cossipore, Kolkata and Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah.
Fig. 5.19: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate and High levels of Nitrogen Dioxide
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/PM 10 ) Levels (Annual Average Concentration)
Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration is depicted in Fig. 5.20 and Fig. 5.21 respectively. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at 33 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 72 monitoring stations in residential areas. Table 5.9 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of RSPM in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential area was observed at monitoring station located at Regional Office, Jalandhar and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at monitoring station located at Rita Sewing Machines, Ludhiana.
Table 5.9 Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of RSPM during year 2003
S. Industrial Areas Residential Areas Location State Annual Location State Annual No. Average Average conc. conc. (µg/m 3 (µg/m 3 ) ) 1. Rita Sewing Punjab 295* Regional Office, Punjab 245* Machines, Ludhiana Jalandhar 2. Focal Point, Punjab 291* New HIG-9, Chattisgarh 240* Jalandhar Hirapur, Raipur 3. Sardhara Industrial Gujarat 275* Regional Office, Punjab 218* Corporation, Rajkot Punjab SPCB/ Vishwakarma Chowk, Ludhiana 4. M/s Wool Worth Chattisgarh 246* Regional Office, Rajasthan 198* India Pvt. Ltd., Alwar Raipur 5. M/s Modi Oil and Punjab 241* Town Hall, Delhi Delhi 189* General Mills, Madi Gobindgarh 6. M/s Hargobind Steel Punjab 236* HIG 21, 22, New Chattisgarh 183* Industries/M.s Raj Ghantaghar, Steel Rolling Mills, Korba Madi Gobindgarh 7. CETP Nadeswari, Gujarat 233* Cadilla Bridge Gujarat 179* Vadodara Narol, Ahmedabad 8. Mayapuri Industrial Delhi 212* City Dandia Gujarat 178* Area, Delhi Bazaar, Vadodara 9. Milk Plant, Ludhiana Punjab 200* Kidwai Nagar, Uttar 174* Kanpur Pradesh 10 M.s GEE PEE Uttar 194* Deputy ka Padao, Uttar 173* Elctroplating and Pradesh Kanpur Pradesh Engineering Works, Noida
* - Locations where annual mean concentration of RSPM exceeded the respective standards of 120 µg/m 3 for Industrial areas and 60 µg/m 3 for Residential areas.
Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)
Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of RSPM is depicted in Fig. 5.22.
The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was less than 2% at 18 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 11 monitoring stations in residential areas. At all the remaining stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg. ) was 2% and more.
Fig. 5.22 Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24- hrly avg.) of RSPM
Summary of Air Quality with reference to RSPM Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of RSPM is depicted in Fig. 5.23. RSPM levels at 51 % of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 14% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas were Critical. Critical levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Visakhapatnam, Guwahati, Bhilai, Korba, Raipur, Chandigarh, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Ankaleshwar, Surat, Vadodara, Vapi, Thiruvananthapuram, Nashik, Pune, Solapur, Indore, Nagda, Satna, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Alwar, Jaipur, Kota, Jodhpur, Madurai, Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi and Kolkata. Critical levels of RSPM were also observed in industrial areas of Raipur, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Vadodara, Satna, Gobindgarh, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Kanpur, Lucknow and Noida.
Fig. 5.23: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of RSPM
High levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Patna, Parwanoo, Bangalore, Kochi, Kottayam, Mumbai, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Bhopal, Jabalpur, Shillong, Dimapur, Rourkela, Udaipur, Chennai and Howrah. High levels of RSPM were also observed in industrial areas of Bhilai, Chandigarh, Ankaleshwar, Surat, Vapi, Solapur, Thiruvananthapuram, Indore, Nagda, Alwar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Anpara, Howrah and Kolkata.
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Levels (Annual Average Concentration)
Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration of SPM is depicted in Fig. 5.24 and Fig. 5.25 respectively. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at 11 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 69 monitoring stations in residential areas.
Table 5.10 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of SPM in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential areas was observed at the monitoring station located at Nal Stop, Pune and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at the monitoring station located at Nunhai, Agra.
Fig 5.24: Number of Monitoring Stations (Industrial Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SPM
Fig 5.25: Number of Monitoring Stations (Residential Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SPM
Table 5.10 Ten locations having highest concentration of SPM during year 2003
S. No Industrial Areas Residential Areas Location State Annual Location State Annual Mean Mean Conc. Conc. (µg/m 3 (µg/m 3 ) ) 1. Nunhai, Agra Uttar 479* Nai Stop, Maharashtra 521* Pradesh Pune 2. M/s Associated Uttar 439* Town Hall, Delhi 478* Chem. Pvt. Ltd., Pradesh Delhi Fazalganj, Kanpur 3. Gee Pee Uttar 431* Swargate, Maharashtra 465* Electroplating & Pradesh Pune Engineering Works, Noida 4 Mayapuri Delhi 425* Regional Uttar Pradesh 440* Industrial Area, Office, Agra Delhi 5. Talkatora, Uttar 423* Forest & Uttar Pradesh 410* Lucknow Pradesh Training Centre, Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur 6. VKIA, Jaipur, Rajasthan 403* Regional Rajasthan 410* Office, Alwar 7. Shivalic Haryana 402* Regional Haryana 408* GlobalIndustries, Office, Faridabad Faridabad 8. WIT Campus, Maharashtra 396* Chitale Clinic, Maharashtra 398* Solapur Solapur 9. Raunaq Auto Ltd., Uttar 395* Deputy ka Uttar Pradesh 394* Gajraula Pradesh Parao, Kanpur 10. Regional Office, Rajasthan 384* Kunnathur Tamil Nadu 393* MIA, Udaipur Chatram Madurai
* - Locations where annual mean concentration of SPM exceeded the respective standards of 360 µg/m 3 for Industrial and 140 µg/m 3 for Residential areas.
The annual average concentration of SPM exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average) at 11 monitoring stations in industrial areas with two monitoring stations located in Rajasthan; one monitoring station each in Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and five monitoring stations in Uttar Pradesh.
The annual average concentration of SPM exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average) at 69 monitoring stations. Four of these monitoring stations in Andhra Pradesh and one monitoring station each is located in Assam, Chandigarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Uttaranchal and Bihar. Six of these monitoring stations is located in Delhi and nine monitoring stations are located in Gujarat. Four of these monitoring stations are located in Himachal Pradesh and eleven monitoring stations are located in Maharashtra. Four of these monitoring stations are located in Chattisgarh and two monitoring stations are located in Orissa. Eleven of these monitoring stations are located in Rajasthan; two monitoring stations in Tamil Nadu; six monitoring stations in Uttar Pradesh and three monitoring stations are located in West Bengal.
Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)
Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of SPM is depicted in Fig. 5.26. The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was less than 2% at 36 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 14 monitoring stations in residential areas. At all the remaining stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was 2% and more.
Table 5.11 provides the number of stations where either annual average concentration or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the respective NAAQS. During 2003, 29 industrial and 75 residential locations violated the NAAQS of SPM.
Fig. 5.26 Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24- hrly avg.) of SPM
Table 5.11 Locations where either Annual Average Concentration or 24-hourly Average Concentration of SPM violated respective NAAQS during year 2003
State Number of Monitoring Locations exceeding standards Industrial Residential Andhra Pradesh - 5 Assam - 1 Bihar - 1 Chattisgarh 1 4 Delhi 3 6 Karnataka - 1 Kerala - 1 Gujarat - 9 Haryana 1 1 Himachal Pradesh 2 4 Jharkhand 4 1 Goa - 1 Maharashtra 4 12 Orissa - 3 Rajasthan 7 11 Tamil Nadu - 3 Uttar Pradesh 7 6 Uttarnchal - 1 West Bengal 2 3 Chandigarh 1 1 Total 32 75
Air Quality with reference to SPM
Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of RSPM is depicted in Fig. 5.27. SPM levels at 46 % of the monitoring stations in residential areas were critical
Fig. 5.27: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of SPM
Critical levels of SPM were observed in residential areas of Dhanbad, Bhilai, Korba, Raipur, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Vadodara, Damtal, Paonta Sahib, Faridabad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nashi, Pune, Solapur, Alwar, Jaipur, Kota, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Madurai, Dehradun, Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi and Kolkata. Critical levels were also observed in industrial areas of Gobindgarh. High levels of SPM were observed in residential areas of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Chandigarh, Guwahati, Patna, Ankaleshwar, Surat, Vapi, Parwanoo, Bangalore, Chandrapur, Rourkela, Chennai and Howrah. High levels of SPM were also observed in industrial areas of Delhi, Paonta Sahib, Faridabad, Solapur, Jaipur, Udaipur, Agra, Gajraula, Kanpur, Lucknow and Noida.
Summary and Conclusion
The number of stations violating annual standards and 24-hourly NAAQS during the year 2003 is presented in Table 5.12. It is quite evident that NAAQS of RSPM and SPM are violated at most of the monitoring stations. NAAQS (Annual average) of SPM was violated at 76% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 16 % of the monitoring stations in industrial areas. NAAQS (Annual average) of RSPM was violated at 75% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 48% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas. There was no violation of NAAQS of SO 2 at any monitoring station. NAAQS (Annual average) of NO 2 was violated at 6 monitoring stations and NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO 2 was violated at 10 monitoring stations.
Table 5.12 Number of Monitoring stations violating NAAQS (Annual average and 24-hourly average).
Area Class SO2 NO2 RSPM SPM 24- Annual 24- Annual 24- Annual 24- Annual Hourly Hourly Hourly Hourly Residential - - 8 4 85 72 75 69 Industrial - - 2 2 48 33 31 11 Sensitive ------1 - Total Nil Nil 10 6 133 105 106 80
The list of cities where NAAQS were exceeded during year 2003 is given in Table 5.13.
Table 5.13 List of Cities in which NAAQS Annual Average Unit violated
Air Pollutants Air Pollutants Violating State/Union Major Sources of Violating S. No. City NAAQS Territory Pollution NAAQS (24 (Annual hourly average) Average) 1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Vehicles SPM RSPM, SPM Visakhapatnam Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 2 Assam Guwahati Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 3 Bihar Patna Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust 4 Chandigarh Chandigarh Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM, SPM 5 Chattisgarh Bhilai Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Korba Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Raipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM
6 Delhi Delhi Vehicles RSPM, SPM NO2, RSPM, SPM 7 Goa Panaji Industries, Vehicles - SPM 8 Gujarat Ahemadabad Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Ankleshwar Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Jamnagar Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Rajkot Vehicles, Natural RSPM RSPM Dust Surat Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Vadodara Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Vapi Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM 9 Haryana Faridabad Vehicles, Industries SPM SPM 10 Himachal Damtal Natural Dust SPM SPM Pradesh Paonta Sahib Natural Dust SPM SPM Parwanoo Industries, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust
11 Jharkhand Dhanbad Industries NO2, SPM NO2, SPM Jamshedpur Industries - SPM Jharia Industries, Natural - SPM Dust Sindri Industries, Natural - SPM Dust Air Pollutants Air Pollutants Violating State/Union Major Sources of Violating S. No. City NAAQS Territory Pollution NAAQS (24 (Annual hourly average) Average) 12 Karnataka Bangalore Vehicle RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Mysore - RSPM 13 Kerala Kottayam Vehicles RSPM RSPM Kochi Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM, SPM Thiruvanantha- Vehicles RSPM RSPM puram Kozhikode Natural dust - RSPM 14 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Vehicle RSPM RSPM Indore Vehicles RSPM RSPM Jabalpur Vehicles RSPM RSPM Nagda Industries RSPM RSPM Satna Industries RSPM RSPM 15 Maharashtra Chandrapur Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Mumbai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM
Pune Vehicles, NO2, RSPM, NO2, RSPM, SPM SPM Nagpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Nashik Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Solapur Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust 16 Meghalaya Shillong Vehicles RSPM RSPM 17 Nagaland Dimapur Natural Dust RSPM RSPM 18 Orissa Angul Vehicles, Industries, - RSPM, SPM Natural Dust Rourkela Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Talcher Industries - RSPM 19 Punjab Gobindgarh Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM Ludhiana Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM Jalandhar Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM 20 Rajasthan Alwar Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust Jaipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Jodhpur Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Kota Vehicles Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Udaipur Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust 21 Tamil Nadu Chennai Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Madurai Vehicles, RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Coimbatore Vehicles - RSPM, SPM Tuticorin Vehicles - RSPM Air Pollutants Air Pollutants Violating State/Union Major Sources of Violating S. No. City NAAQS Territory Pollution NAAQS (24 (Annual hourly average) Average) 22 Uttar Pradesh Agra Vehicle, Industries SPM SPM Anpara Industries RSPM RSPM, SPM Kanpur Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Lucknow Vehicles, RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Gajraula Industries SPM SPM Noida Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust, Industries Varanasi Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM Dust 23 Uttaranchal Dehradun Vehicles, Natural SPM RSPM, SPM Dust
24 West Bengal Kolkata Vehicles, Industries NO2, RSPM, NO2, RSPM, SPM SPM
Howrah Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM NO2, RSPM, SPM Haldia Industries, Vehicles - RSPM
Sulphur Dioxide
• The annual average concentration of SO2 varied from BDL at Paonta Sahib Town, Hiamchal Pradesh to 36 m g/m3 at Nal Stop, Pune, Maharsahtra in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from BDL at Godhpur, Industrial Area, Himachal Pradesh to 47 m g/m3 at Bistupur, Vehicles Testing Center, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
• There has been a change in domestic fuel used from coal to LPG. Also various measures have been taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel that may have contributed to low levels of SO2.
Nitrogen Dioxide
• The annual average concentration of NO2 varied from BDL at Regional Office, Satna, Madhya Pradesh to 76 m g/m3 at Nal Stop, Pune, Maharsahtra in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from BDL at Sub Divisional Office, Satna, Madhya pradesh to 83 m g/m3 at Cossipore, Kolkata, West Bengal.
• The monitoring station at Nal Stop, Pune is located near traffic intersection and as a result NO2 levels are high. Vehicles are one of the major sources of NO2 in the country.
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
• The annual average concentration of RSPM varied from 23 m g/m3 at Bus Stand, Winter Field, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh to 245 m g/m3 at Regional Office Regional Office, Jalandhar, Punjab in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from 32 m g/m3 at Regional Testing Laboratory/ Raja Agencies, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu to 295 m g/m3 at Rita Sewing Machine, Ludhiana, Punjab.
• One of the major source of high RSPM levels is vehicles. The vehicle population is increasing exponentially in many cities. This is the single major factor for high RSPM levels. Suspended Particulate Matter
• The annual average concentration of SPM varied from 35 m g/m3 at Fisheries College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu to 521 m g/m3 at Nal Stop, Pune, Maharashtra in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from 39 m g/m3 at Regional Testing Laboratory/ Raja Agencies, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu to 479 m g/m3 at Nunhai, Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
• The sources of SPM include, vehicles, natural dust, industries such as thermal power plants, sugar, cement etc., resuspension of dust, refuse burning etc. • High level of SPM and RSPM are the most prevalent form of air pollution.
• The reason for high particulate matter levels may be vehicles, engine gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, boilers and emission from power plants, resuspension of traffic dust, commercial and domestic use of fuels, etc. • High domestic use of coal or biomass fuel is a serious problem resulting in high human exposures to SPM and SO2. • Lower levels of RSPM were observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition. Higher levels of RSPM were observed during winter months possibly due to lower mixing heights and more calm conditions. • One of the reason for low levels of pollution in coastal cities like Chennai is that it has excellent ventilation effects due to sea and land breezes which reduces pollution levels.
Recommendations
Following measures would greatly enhance the quality and reliability of data and monitoring activities;
• Monitoring of additional parameters such as CO, lead, PAHs, Benzene, 1,3 butadine, Ozone, etc may be regularly undertaken in many cities. • Existing network of 295 stations may be expanded and continuous monitoring of air pollutants may be carried out, wherever appropriate. • Epidemiological studies may be carried out in various cities where levels of air pollutants are exceeding the standards. • More sensitive areas may be identified and notified. • Background stations may be included in the network to assess the anthropogenic impact • Calibration of air quality monitoring instruments may be carried out regularly. • Analytical quality control exercises may be carried out regularly to improve quality of data. • Location of stations may conform to guidelines mentioned in the CPCB report Guidelines of ambient air quality monitoring’ and measurement. The analytical methods mentioned in the guidelines report must be followed.
5.9 AIR QUALITY TRENDS
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Annual average concentration of SO2 levels are within the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) at almost all the locations. A decreasing trend has been observed in sulphur dioxide levels in many cities • A decreasing trend has been observed in sulphur dioxide levels in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Bhopal, etc., during last few years. The decreasing trend in sulphur dioxide levels may be due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel etc. and use of LPG instead of coal as domestic fuel.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• Annual average concentration of NO2 was also within NAAQS at most of the locations. • A decreasing trend has also been observed in nitrogen dioxide levels in residential areas of Madurai, Bhopal etc. during last few years. The decreasing trend in nitrogen dioxide levels may be due to various measures taken for vehicular pollution control such as stricter vehicular emission norms etc. Vehicles are one of the major sources of NO2 in the country. Particulate Matter
• Annual average concentrations of RSPM and SPM exceeded the NAAQS in most of the cities. • A decreasing trend has also been observed in RSPM levels in cities like Solapur, Lucknow etc during last few years. Decreasing trend in RSPM levels may be due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel, use of premix 2-T oil dispensor, stringent standard for particulate matter in diesel vehicles etc.
• One of the major sources of high RSPM levels is vehicles. The vehicle population is increasing exponentially in many cities. This is the single major factor for high RSPM levels.
• The reason for high particulate matter levels may be vehicles, engine gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, boilers and emission from power plants, resuspension of traffic dust, commercial and domestic use of fuels, etc. • Lower levels of RSPM and SPM were observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition. Higher levels of RSPM and SPM were observed during winter months possibly due to lower mixing heights and more calm conditions. • One of the reason for low levels of pollution in coastal cities like Chennai is that it has excellent ventilation effects due to sea and land breezes which reduces pollution levels.
Non-attainment Cities
CPCB has identified list of polluted cities in which the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are violated (Table 5.14). These cities have been identified based on ambient air quality data obtained under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The list of non-attainment cities state-wise is enclosed. Action plans are being formulated and implemented to control air pollution in non-attainment cities by respective states.
Table 5.14 List of Non Attainment Cities in India
State/Union City Major Sources of Pollutants of Concern Territory Pollution Andhra Pradesh 1 Hyderabad Vehicles RSPM, SPM
2 Visakhapatnam Vehicles, Industries NO2, RSPM, SPM Assam 3 Guwahati Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM Bihar 4 Patna Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM Dust Chandigarh 5 Chandigarh Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM Chattisgarh 6 Bhilai Industries RSPM, SPM 7 Korba Industries RSPM, SPM 8 Raipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM
Delhi 9 Delhi Vehicles NO2, RSPM, SPM Goa 10 Panaji Industries, Vehicles SPM
Gujarat 11 Ahemadabad Vehicle, Industries SO2 RSPM, SPM
12 Ankleshwar Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM 13 Jamnagar Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM 14 Rajkot Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM Dust
15 Surat Industries, Vehicles SO2, RSPM, SPM
16 Vadodara Vehicles, Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM 17 Vapi Industries RSPM, SPM Haryana 18 Faridabad Vehicles, Industries SPM 19 Yamuna Nagar Industries, Vehicles SPM Himachal Pradesh 20 Damtal Natural Dust SPM 21 Paonta Sahib Natural Dust SPM 22 Parwanoo Industries, Natural RSPM, SPM Dust 23 Shimla Natural Dust SPM
Jharkhand 24 Dhanbad Industries SO2 , NO2, SPM
25 Jamshedpur Industries NO2, SPM 26 Jharia Industries, Natural SPM Dust 27 Sindri Industries, Natural SPM Dust Karnataka 28 Bangalore Vehicle RSPM, SPM 29 Mysore Vehicles RSPM Kerala 30 Kottayam Vehicles RSPM 31 Kochi Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM 32 Thiruvanan- Vehicles RSPM thapuram 33 Kozhikode Natural Dust RSPM Madhya Pradesh 34 Bhopal Vehicle RSPM, SPM 35 Indore Vehicles RSPM, SPM
36 Jabalpur Vehicles NO2, RSPM, SPM
37 Nagda Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM 38 Satna Industries RSPM, SPM Maharashtra 39 Chandrapur Industries RSPM, SPM 40 Mumbai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
41 Pune Vehicles, NO2, RSPM, SPM 42 Nagpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM 43 Nashik Vehicles RSPM, SPM 44 Solapur Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM Dust Meghalaya 45 Shillong Vehicles RSPM Orissa 46 Angul Vehicles, Industries, RSPM, SPM Natural Dust 47 Rayagada Industries RSPM 48 Rourkela Industries RSPM, SPM 49 Talcher Industries RSPM Punjab 50 Gobindgarh Industries RSPM, SPM 51 Ludhiana Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM 52 Jalandhar Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM
Rajasthan 53 Alwar Vehicles, Natural NO2, RSPM, SPM Dust 54 Jaipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM 55 Jodhpur Natural Dust RSPM, SPM
56 Kota Vehicles, Industries NO2, RSPM, SPM
57 Udaipur Vehicles, Natural NO2, RSPM, SPM Dust Tamil Nadu 58 Chennai Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM 59 Madurai Vehicles, RSPM, SPM 60 Coimbatore Vehicles RSPM, SPM 61 Tuticorin Vehicles RSPM Uttar Pradesh 62 Agra Vehicle, Industries RSPM, SPM 63 Anpara Industries RSPM, SPM 64 Kanpur Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM 65 Lucknow Vehicles, RSPM, SPM 66 Gajraula Industries RSPM, SPM 67 Noida Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM 68 Varanasi Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM Dust Uttaranchal 69 Dehradun Vehicles, Natural RSPM, SPM Dust
West Bengal 70 Kolkata Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM, NO2
71 Howrah Vehicles, Industries SO2, NO2, RSPM, SPM 72 Haldia Industries, Vehicles RSPM
5.10 STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)
Monitoring stations were sanctioned in cities like Khajuraho, Gwalior, Tirupati, Vijayawada, Asansol, Ranchi etc. State Pollution Control Boards were asked to monitor additional pollutants like carbon monoxide etc. near traffic intersections. Non-operational stations were made operational. Monitoring through automatic continuous analysers is also being initiated in many cities.
Fact Finding Mission visits to identified countries towards Modernization of National Air Quality Monitoring Stations and Monitoring Networking
To find a workable solution for modernization of National Air quality Monitoring Network , a fact-finding mission visit was scheduled for the identified countries Germany, France, U.K., Malaysia and Thailand having various models of management – Public Private partnerships. The proposed visit will help to integrate effective private participation & modernize our Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network.
For executing the required tasks to be undertaken a list of potential working visits / meeting to be organized in each country was prepared & sent to GTZ Office, Delhi providing financial support & other logistic arrangements for the required visits. In the restricted time period & as arranged by GTZ discussions were held with Environmental Authorities, operators of the direct interview and data collection. Required short duration visit were organized to France (Study Period: September 27 – 29, 2004), U. K. (Study Period: September 30 – October 01, 2004), & Germany (Study Period: October 04 – 06, 2004). Remaining visits to Malaysia & Thailand could not be held due to administrative reasons at GTZ, Delhi. The team studied following issues:
• National Air Quality Monitoring System • About Management of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) Network • About use of passive sampling campaign & other manual monitoring complementing the on- line activities • Air Quality Monitoring Budget / Analysis of financial flow • Other critical observations on data dissemination and QA/QC activities etc.
Interim Report of the study visits performed in Europe was sent to MoEF & GTZ, Delhi. Final Report along-with Recommendation & Concluding Remarks will be submitted after completing remaining visits to identified Asian Countries.
Letter was sent to Dr. Juergen Bischoff, Director, ASEM, regarding organizing the remaining visits to Malaysia having BOO system of management & Thailand having Hybrid system of management, for meaningful conclusions & developing workable model accounting Asian experience.
Outcome of the Fact Finding Mission:
I. Proposal for Networking of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station in identified 10 cities namely Mumbai, Kolkatta, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Banglore, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Kochi and Vishakhapattnam It is proposed to develop three level / data management & transfer (Level 1:National, Level 2:State and Level 3: City). First priority towards developing such Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Network shall be given to following identified metro cities & cities where Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS) are already in operation.
Mumbai Chennai Ahmedabad Delhi
Kolkatta Banglore Vishakhapattnam Hyderabad
Vadodara Kochi
II. Proposal for involving private participation in the management of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station / Network
After analyzing description, merits & demerits of possible models of private participation in the management of CAAQMS, It was decided that the following two models may be adopted in the identified cities as pilot project:
o Model- I: Build Own & Operate (BOO) contract (investment and operation) o Model-II: Operation contract
Accordingly, a project proposal is made to execute Model I in two cities and Model II in another two cities.
5.11 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN DELHI DURING 2004
The Central Pollution Control Board has been monitoring ambient air quality at seven locations in Delhi for the past many years. The locations have been categorized based on land use, i.e., residential, industrial and traffic intersection. The comparison of ambient air quality data during 2004 with previous years is shown in Fig. 5.28 to 5.32. The observations are as follows
• Annual average SPM concentration (Fig. 5.31) during 2004 registered a decrease of approximately 4 percent in industrial areas (339 µg/m3) and 2 percent at traffic intersection (500 µg/m3). SPM concentration at residential areas (330 µg/m3) registered an increase of 5 percent.
• RSPM was 135 µg/m3 in industrial areas and 228 µg/m3 at traffic intersection during 2004 (Fig. 5.32). These are 4 and 7 percent respectively lower than the values recorded in 2003. RSPM at residential areas (131 µg/m3) registered an upward trend of only 3 percent.
• With the reduction of sulphur content in diesel, the sulphur dioxide concentrations have shown a declining trend at all the locations in Delhi except industrial areas (Fig. 5.33). Sulphur dioxide in residential areas during 2004 has not recorded any change from 2003, the change observed at BSZ Marg traffic intersection was also found to be insignificant.
• Nitrogen dioxide is showing an upward trend since 2001 (Fig. 5.34). During 2004, it increased in residential area (40 µg/m3) and industrial areas (42 µg/m3) by 5 and 17 percent respectively, while in traffic intersection (89 µg/m3) it decreased by 5 percent in comparison to 2003.
• Increased use of CNG especially by three wheelers has had a marked impact in the concentration of carbon monoxide. CO levels measured at BSZ traffic intersection during 2004 was found to be 2581 µg/m3 as against 2831 µg/m3 recorded in 2003 (Fig. 5.35), thus indicating a decline of 9 percent.
5.12 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING AT VADODARA
The Ambient Air quality monitoring is undertaken at Suphanpura, Vadodara for the parameters RSPM, SO2, NOx. The monitoring data indicate that particulate matter in ambient air in Baroda is high due to the heavy vehicular movement and the suspended background dust.
The ambient SO2 and NOx values were either very low or below detectable limits, may be because of lower residence time, high reactivity of SO2 with photo chemically formed OH radicals in presence of Sunlight (Table 5.15).
Table 5.15: Ambient Air Quality (µg/m3) at Subhanpura, Vadodara
Month RSPM SO2 NOx Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg April’04 38 233 87.7 BDL 21.3 5.5 8.8 42.0 19.8 May’04 8 102 45.6 BDL 5.4 0.3 7.7 30.9 15.0 June’04 16 80.5 31.2 BDL BDL 0.0 2.7 25.6 12.9 July’04 12 50.5 25.0 BDL BDL 0.0 3.9 20.3 10.6 Aug’04 12 62.5 33.9 BDL BDL 0.0 3.9 20.3 11.8 Sept’04 19 77.0 41.5 BDL 14 2.8 5.9 29.0 16.4 Oct’04 14 214.5 100.3 BDL 2.3 0.1 5.0 51.9 28.2 Nov’04 55 205 108.6 BDL BDL 0.0 7.6 27.0 19.3 Dec’04 42 210.5 104.1 BDL BDL 0.0 8.8 64.8 31.1 Jan’05 35 141 90.1 BDL 23 3.0 8.5 48.0 30.7 Feb’05 18 176 88.7 BDL 20.1 2.4 12.7 57.1 32.5 March’05 41 341 113.6 BDL 21.6 4.9 10.3 34.5 18.7
BDL = Below Detectable Limit
Fig. 5.36 Monthly Average RSPM Level during year 2004-2005
Fig. 5.37 Monthly Average Sulphur dioxide Level during year 2004-2005
Fig. 5.38 Monthly Average Nitrogen Oxide Level during year 2004-2005
5.13 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING AT BHOPAL
The Ambient Air Quality Monitoring is undertaken at Arera Colony, Bhopal. The monitoring data indicated that RSPM values are well within the limit in all months except during November 2004 to March 2005. The increase in values may be due to road maintenance work, garbage burning near office building and increase in vehicular traffic. SPM values were well within the limit only during June to September 2004. The values are high during the months of October to November 2004 (Fig. 5.39) may be due to road maintenance, garbage burning near office building and high wind velocity. Sulphur dioxide was within the limit all the time as coal and other fuel is not used for domestic purpose, and the sulphur contents in diesel are reduced. The Nitrogen dioxide indicated slight increase during September to February due to calm condition but values were within limit.
Fig. 5.39 : Ambient Air Quality Status at Bhopal (April 2004 to March 2005)
Table 5.16 Ambient Air Quality Status at Bhopal
Ambient Air Quality Parameters
RSPM SPM SO2 NO2
MONTHS (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Apr-04 92 349 6 28 May-04 83 316 6 25 Jun-04 41 182 7 17 Jul-04 28 116 5 13 Aug-04 30 119 6 17 Sep-04 45 190 7 22 Oct-04 91 432 6 25 Nov-04 157 442 BDL 43 Dec-04 94 280 BDL 29 Jan-05 141 357 BDL 23 Feb-05 135 372 BDL 25 Mar-05 92 278 BDL 20
BDL = Below Detectable Limit
5.14 CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station at Delhi College of Engineering, Bawana, Delhi A New Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station has been installed at "Delhi College of Engineering", Bawana, Delhi, in February 2005 to monitor the ambient air quality of that area with the help of continuous analysers. The pollutants being measured are as follows: NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, and O3.
Table 5.17 Air Quality Status (Monthly Average) at Continous Monitoring Station at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bawana during year 2005
Parameter Feb. March Nitric Oxide (NO) 1.9 7.8 (µg/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 48.1 42.2 (µg/m3)
Sulphure Dioxide (SO2) 8.4 7.6 (µg/m3) Carbon Monoxide (CO) 755 694 (µg/m3)
Ozone (O3) 36.9 46 (µg/m3)
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station at B.S.Z. Marg (ITO)
An integrated continuous ambient air quality monitoring is being operated at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg (B.S.Z. Marg) (near Foot over bridge) to monitor the ambient air quality of that area. The site is located at one of the busiest traffic intersection of Delhi. This is one of the biggest commercial area of Delhi and offices of the Government, Public and Private companies beside the offices of Press are located in the area. The majority of vehicles Comprises two wheelers, three wheelers, cars and buses. Movement of other heavy vehicles like trucks is restricted in the area during the daytime. Two thermal power plants i.e. I. P. Power House and Rajghat Power House and two gas base power plants are located in the area which also add to the air pollution besides the contribution from large number of vehicles. The evaluation of air quality, its present and anticipated pollution status is necessary to assess through continuous air quality monitoring Programme.
Table 5.18 Air Quality Status (Monthly Average Values) at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg (ITO) during year 2004
Parameter Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec NO 184 134 102 88.7 70 76.3 80.4 92.0 104 205 292 237 (µg/m3)
NO2 185 212 222 295 101 112 107 82.9 110 147 109 168 (µg/m3)
SO2 20 23 28.5 34.4 16.1 21.3 11.3 9.8 6.9 11 20 15 (µg/m3) CO 2570 2190 2060 2990 2180 1820 2980 905 1390 2420 3970 2640 (µg/m3)
O3 13 16 26.7 24.6 31.6 21.8 15.7 8.3 15.5 19 19 11 (µg/m3)
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station at Siri Fort
A continuous ambient air quality monitoring station is being operated at Sirifort (South Delhi) to monitor the ambient air quality of that area. The area falls under Residential, rural and mixed-use category. The monitoring point is located near a road having moderate volume of traffic comprises, 2 wheelers, 3 wheelers, cars and buses. Movement of other heavy vehicles like trucks is restricted in the area during the daytime. The evaluation of air quality, its present and anticipated pollution status is necessary to assess through continuous air quality monitoring Programme.
Table 5.19 Air Quality Status (Monthly Average Values) at Siri Fort during year 2004
Parameter Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. NO 45 58 41.2 46.8 0.9 - - 11.8 13.5 93.7 96.9 61.6 (µg/m3 )
NO2 70 80 51 66.1 65.5 - - 13.3 32.8 81.3 81.4 58.2 (µg/m3 )
SO2 6.8 7.6 14.9 11.0 3.5 1.8 2.9 2.6 8.7 9.2 4.6 8.3 (µg/m3 ) CO 1718 1600 1400 1480 1120 942 1070 958 1340 2190 3100 3020 (µg/m3 )
O3 51 49 42.4 47.8 57 58.5 66.7 34 30.3 30 21.7 17.8 (µg/m3 )
CH4 - 3.44 4.0 4.2 3.3 - 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.1 (ppm) NmHC - 0.93 1.8 1.1 1.8 - 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.2 (ppm) THC - 4.36 5.8 5.3 5.2 - 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.9 3.3 (ppm)
‘–’ Analyser out of order
Meteorological Observations
Sodar Observation
A Sodar system is collecting mixing height data at Parivesh Bhawan. In summer, 2004 the period of free convection was mainly from 8.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. or 7.00 p.m.. In monsoon season it was mainly from 8.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. or 7 p.m.. In post monsoon season, this period was mainly from 9.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.. In the winter followed free convection was starting mainly in the period 10.00 to 12.00 noon and remained upto 5.00 p.m.. The mixing height measured in summer was 90 metres, in monsoon 110 metres, in post monsoon 90 metres and in winter it was 80 metres.
Wind Rose
Monthly wind rose are prepared for Delhi for the year, 2004 using data collected by India Meteorological Department (IMD) Fig. 5.40.
Fig. 5.40 WIND ROSE DIAGRAMS OF DELHI FOR THE YEAR 2004
Percentage of calm period was more in November as 72.5%, in October it was 70.3% followed by September, August, December and April. Percentage of calm was lowest in July as 25%. In the months of January, February, March, May, September, November and December prominent wind direction was from the sector W-NNW. In January for considerable period wind was from the sector E- SE also. In April prominent wind directions were NW, SE, E and W. In June and July prominent wind direction was from the sector E-SE. In August prominent wind direction was from East. In October it was from sector E-SE and WNW-N. The monsoon season rain was mainly in August, 274.7 (mms) with 13 rainy days. It had rained in few days in summer months and in January.
Performance evaluation of existing Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations/Analyzers (CAAQMS) maintained by Industries / SPCBs / National Institutes
Before going for the required modernization of National Air Quality Monitoring Network, CPCB has taken-up a study to evaluate the performance of already existing CAAQMS of various makes, maintained by Industries/SPCBs/National Institutes. The monitoring stations (approximately 200 nos.) have been set-up by large industries on the basis of environmental clearance condition given by MoEF. Experience gained through this study will be utilized to modernize present Air Quality Monitoring System. The objectives of this assignment is given below:
• To evaluate the performance of AAQMS of various makes. • To assess the technical services offered by Indian Agents of reputed Suppliers. • To ensure that the data produced from Automatic Analyzers are accurate & reliable.
A range of monitoring stations operated and maintained by SPCBs / major industries were covered for the required evaluation / assessment. Some of the industries where monitoring stations were visited are as follows:
• ONGC • BMC
• IOCL (Mathura, Baroda, Panipat, Haldia) • Gujarat Fertilizer • IPCL (Nagothane, Baroda) • Sterlite • GAIL • FACT, Cochin • BSEL • Kochi Refinery • HPCL • SAIL • RCF (Chembur & Thal) • Vizag Steel Plant • RIL
Review of the associated issues are being performed through:
Inspection of Monitoring Stations; Detailed Questionnaire; Personal Interviews and Meeting with Indian Agents towards local sustainability. Local sustainability requires the continuing availability of calibration gases, permeation tubes, spare parts for calibration, repair & maintenance, together with the necessary skill for equipment operation and calibration.
The detailed report including observations of the team on the Sampling system, Housing (room where CAAQMS is installed), Analyzers & Weather monitoring instruments, Calibration system, Management of Analyzers etc. along with recommendations were sent to respective industries to take necessary steps / actions towards implementation of suggested recommendations.
An interaction meet on Performance evaluation of existing continuous Automatic Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations / Analyzers maintained by Industries / SPCBs / National Institutes in identified cities & Networking was held on January 25, 2005, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi.
Proposed Major Actions are as below:
• To Review Air Intake (Sampling) system and location of CAAQMS • Developing efficient Calibration Gas Chain -holding meeting with Calibration Gas suppliers. • Including some of the Industrial Stations in the National Network. • Pilot project for developing co-operative society for management of AAQMS in Industrial State like: Chambur or Manali • Issue direction/ guidelines for including QA/QC requirements – data quality objectives of automatic ambient air quality monitoring in the scope of ISO 14001. o Air consent order which has been issued by SPCB to industry should be amended and a clause on proper operation & maintenance of CAAQMS including proper calibration of analyzer as per guidelines issued by CPCB may be included o Develop a criteria for evaluating performance of existing AAQMS while processing their applications for environmental award. o To form a dedicated team of Scientists/Engineers who will periodically visit the monitoring stations and check calibration of the analyzers maintained by industry / other agencies. o To prepare draft guidelines / rules for Quality Assurance and Quality Control.
Table 5.20 List of Industries / Organizations Visited for Performance Evaluation of CAAQMS
S. Place Date Visited Number of CAAQMS
No. 1. BPCL, Mumbai 23/08/2004 03 2. RCF, Chembur, Mumbai 24/08/2004 04 3. HPCL, Mumbai 24/08/204 03 4. Maharastra PCB, Raigad Bhavan, Navi 24/08/204 Mumbai 5. Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation 24/08/204 01 6. RCF, Thal 25/08/2004 04 7. IPCL, Nagothane 25/08/2004 03 (All closed) 8. Bombay Municipal Corporation 25/08/2004 01 (Mobile Van) 9. Maharastra PCB, SIDCO Bhavan, Navi 26/08/2004 01 Mumbai – Station Thane Belapur I A 10. IOCL, Vadodara 27/08/2004 05 11. Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Vadodara 27/08/2004 01 12. Gujarat PCB, Ahmedabad 28/08/2004 01 13. GAIL, Patta 31/08/2004 03 + 01 (Mobile Van ) 14. FACT, Cochin 03/09/2004 03 15. Kochi Refinery 04&06 / 09/2004 03 16. Kerala SEB 06/09/2004 03 17. HPCL, Vizag 07/09/2004 03 18. Vizag Steel Plant 08/09/2004 01 (Mobile Van) 19. IOCL Mathura Refinery, Mathura 04/09/2004 04 + 01 (Mobile Van) 20. IOCL Panipat Refinery, Panipat 05/09/2004 07 + 01 (Mobile Van) 21. UP Pollution Control Board, Lucknow 06/09/2004 01 22. IFFCO Ltd. Phulpur, Allahabad 07/-9/2004 01
23. Central for Fire, Explosive & Environment 09/09/2004 (SO2 + NOx Analyser) Safety (CFEES), Timar Pur, New Delhi 24. ONGC Ltd. Surat 18/09/2004 05 25. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., 19/09.2004 01 (Mobile Van) Mangalore 26. Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, 20/09/2004 01 (Mobile Van) Bangalore 27. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Manali, 22/09/2004 06 + 01 (Mobile Van) Chennai 28. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Cnennai 22/09/2004 06 29. Sterlite Industries Ltd., Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu 23/09/2004 05 30. West Bengal Pollution Control Board, 05/10/2004 05 + 01 (Mobile Van) Kolkata 31. IOCL Haldia Refinery, Haldia 06/10/2004 01 32. Nagarjuna Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd., 09/10/2004 05 + 01 (Mobile Van) Kakinada
Feasibility study of modernization of National Air Quality Stations and Networking in India and involvement's of Private Organizations for operating the stations and acquiring the Data and transfer to Central Agency
The present Indian air quality monitoring system is limited in its scope and accuracy. Information transferred to CPCB is scarce, and sometimes unreliable. CPCB feels the need to modernize and amplify the air quality data according to international standards.
Internationally, the use of automatic monitoring stations is widely recommended because of its accuracy, reliability and the possibility to develop alert systems in the case of pollution peaks. Manual stations are mostly limited to some specific pollution parameters for which automatic monitoring is not yet feasible (e.g. heavy metals, PAH, etc.).
The Indian air quality monitoring system should, be modernized to address the following problems:
o Measure air quality in representative areas and representative time periods to inform and protect the Indian population. o Measure continuously air pollution in major Indian cities and industrial areas and compare mean and peak values with air quality standards. o Develop alert system in case of high pollution episodes. . Develop air quality forecast systems and procedures. o Standardize at the national level the monitoring and quality control procedures. Set up a valid and quality controlled local and central air quality database. o Set up a standardized data transfer and data processing system that enables a free flow of information between cities, central government and eventually the public. o Define clearly the responsibilities of the Central Government, States, Municipalities and industries, and organize transfer of information between these structures o Organize the operation and maintenance procedures in order to insure good working conditions to the systems, and promote a funding scheme.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Delhi, has taken-up a French financial study on modernization of National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations & Networking in India and integrating private participation in air quality monitoring. The objectives of the project are as below:
o To review the existing/ current status of AAQ monitoring from a gap analysis point of view o To evaluate the possible various options including private participation in managing Automatic AAQMS. o To recommend the cost – effective and sustainable model for Private Sector participation in Ambient Air Quality Monitoring o To recommend guidelines for the installation of automatic air quality monitoring systems in Indian cities
The agreement was executed between CPCB on behalf of MoEF and the French Consulting firm ETI / Burgeap, Cedex – FRANCE engaged by the french administrator. The agreed scope of the work as per TOR & approved inception report was executed in two phases. Phase – I of the project includes evaluation of the existing/present Air Quality Monitoring System from a gap-analysis point of view, and the evaluation of the various options in which Administrative and Functional responsibility can be divided in a public-private parternership for management of expensive Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Analyzers / Stations. Phase – II of the project includes detailed study in two cities Delhi & Kanpur for optimizing the monitoring requirement and generating guidelines for the extension of Automatic Air Quality Monitoring in India. The activities performed during the reporting period are as below:
o French Mission visited CPCB, Delhi for executing project on Feasibility study for private participation in Continuous Air Quality Monitoring in India. Discussion was held for identification of the cities where specific analysis will be made & finalizing TOR. o Comments (modifications/amendments) were sent to French Consultants on the Draft Inception Report of the FASEP Air Quality Monitoring Study provided by them. Modified inception report received after incorporating suggested amendments was approved by CPCB. o Required assessment / technical audits were made in four cities. Interaction meetings were held with various user groups - CII, Industrial representatives, NGOs, Universities. o Required works for Passive sampling campaign were initiated in Delhi and Kanpur. Meetings were held with various service providers. o After careful planning & grid design, about 200 sampling locations in Delhi and, about 100 sampling locations in Kanpur were identified, Sampling tubes were hanged following the set guidelines and the exposed tubes are collected . These tubes were taken by the French Consultant for required analysis in French Laboratory. o A Technical Steering Committee has been constituted for the purpose of Reviewing / Evaluating the findings of the French financed study on modernization of National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations & Networking in India and integrating private participation in air quality monitoring. o Total four meetings of the said Steering Committee were held during 2004 - 05
Major outcomes of the project
o Gap analysis of the present Indian National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP), and recommendations o Recommendations for AQM management o Proposals for AQM station classification, including number and type of stations and selection procedures o A detailed mapping of NO2 concentration in the cities of Delhi and Kanpur o Proposals for extended AQM system in Delhi and Kanpur o Guidelines for extended AQM networks in India o Proposed Data Quality objectives (DQO) for CAAQM networks in India
French Study Recommendations to Improve the Existing System
o Large efforts are already being made and large resources have been assigned by the public and the private sector to monitor air quality o The public sector is using extensively manual stations to monitor TSP/PM10, NO2 and SO2, according to CPCB guidelines, which specify that measures should be made twice a week. It has been noted that these stations give good results for particulates but the bubbling system adopted for SO2 and more specifically NO2 do not give reliable results. It has been recommended to replace them progressively by automatic stations. It has also been proposed that the High Volume Samplers for TSP/PM10 be used 7 days a week. o The public sector has experienced the use of automatic AQM stations in some cities of which Delhi, Kolkata, Chenai, Ahmedabad, Lucknow. The first experiences have been difficult. Operation is not an easy task and the providers of these imported equipments who have often been asked to maintain the systems have used these first experiences as training grounds for their own staff. The last experience is that of Kolkata. Results have been good, the provider and the local PCBs have invested a great deal in training o Measured air pollution concentration given by these stations is always below the Indian air quality standards and is not really verified nor taken into account when State PCBs publish air quality information. o In some cases, State PCBs have requested that the industries install automatic AQM stations, particularly in the petroleum industry. Some of these stations have now been in operation for 15 years. However, measured air pollution parameters are always below the Indian standards in these stations, and the results of these measures are not taken into account into published air quality data. It has been proposed to integrate these stations in a State network with strict QA/QC enforced by State PCBs. • It has finally been proposed to extend the automatic network according to some recommended guidelines, under the local control of SPCBs and under the general supervision of CPCB. It has been recommended that operation of the networks be subcontracted, either to a private operator, or to a registered cooperative society that would include public and private partners.
Preparation of Detailed Technical Specifications for Setting up of Continuous real time Air Quality Monitoring Stations in 16 Cities.
Central Pollution Control Board (Ministry of Environment & forests, Govt. of India) has taken-up a project for setting up of Continues Real Time Air Quality Monitoring Stations in 16 cities for which Action Plan is being prepared by SPCBs / State Governments to Control Air Pollution as per the orders of the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India.
In order to prepare the detailed technical specifications of the equipment / instruments Competent Authority of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) constituted Committee including outside experts from IIT, Delhi, NEERI, Nagpur. NPL New Delhi, CSIO, Chandigarh.
The Committee has drawn the detailed technical specifications of the following equipment / instruments after reviewing the work done by the earlier Committee of CPCB constitutes for the World Bank procurement and considering technological advancement in instrumentation / analyzers to have the reasonable good competition of suppliers:
1. CO Analyzer 8. Portable Calibration Unit 2. NOx Analyzer 9. Multi Calibration System for the station
3. SO2 Analyzer 10. Communication Software (Data logger, Computers, Printers, Modems, Intercom, Software, Telephones etc.)
4. O3 Analyzer 11. 2 ton capacity split Air Conditioner 5. BTX Analyzer 12. Three Phase 10 KVA UPS
6. PM Monitor (TSP, PM10, 13. Monitoring station (Sampling line, Internal fitting, PM2.5) Instruments racks, Electrical fittings, Gas line fitting, Tools (electrical and mechanical) etc. 7. Meteorological Stations 14. Day light & night visible data display system.
NOISE POLLUTION
5.15 AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS AROUND IGI AIRPORT, NEW DELHI
A study on noise monitoring at residential colonies falling along the flight path of the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, was conducted by CPCB, Delhi. The findings (Table 5.21) suggest that the noise levels are higher than the ambient noise standards for residential areas i.e 55 dBA in day time (6:00 A.M to 10:00 P.M) and 45 dBA in night time (10:00 P.M to 6:00 A.M).
Table 5.21 Ambient Noise Level in Residential Areas in Vicinity of IGI Airport, New Delhi
S. No. Date Site Time Total Leq dB (A)
1 08.04.2004 Shankar Vihar 2200-0600hrs (8hrs) 62.51 09.04.2004 0600-2200hrs (16hrs) 63.04
JNU 2 12.04.2004 2200-0600hrs (8hrs) 60.27 13.04.2004 0600-2200hrs (16hrs) 62.38
3 15.04.2004 IIT, N.Delhi 2200-0600hrs (8hrs) 58.83 16.04.2004 0600-2200hrs (16hrs) 59.3
4 18.04.2004 2200-0600hrs (8hrs) 60.88 Sec.19, Dwarka
19.04.2004 0600-2200hrs (16hrs) 63.02
5 21.04.2004 JNU 2200-0600hrs (8hrs) 59.32 22.04.2004 0600-1000hrs (4hrs*) 61.27
6 05.05.2004 2200-0600hrs (8hrs) 62.51 Shankar Vihar
06.05.2004 0600-2200hrs (16hrs) 63.04
* Monitoring discontinued for few hours due to inclement weather.
5.16 NOISE LEVEL TESTING OF FIRE-CRACKERS
• A visit was made to Sivakasi by CPCB team during September 23-25, 2004 for inspection for compliance with noise standards for fire-crackers manufactured by the firework industries. Firecracker samples were collected from 11 firework industries. Testing of these samples was carried out by Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai and the results are given in the table below
Table 5.22 Average Noise Level (dBA) Generated by Fire Crackers Tested During the Study
Average Noise Levels Firework Unit Type of Firecrackers dB(AI)
Unit –I Anil 11/2 124
Kuruvi 128
Motta Thukkada 120
Unit – II 200 Wala 112
Mini Bullet 118
Unit – III 4 Lakshmi 133
2 Lakshmi 125
Bijjli 125 Unit – IV Mastery Bomb Foils 117
Dynamic Foils 127
Mastery Green Bomb 122
Mumu Green 131
Kuruvi 126
Zippy 125
Electric 101
Motta Thukkada 110
Unit – V Deluxe Bomb 132
Bullet 123
2 Sound 118
Unit- VI Hydro Foils 134
Unit-VII Hydro Foils 118
Unit-VIII Sparrow 118
Netaji 131
Cake Bomb 129
Hydrogen Bomb Green 130
28 Red Fort Medium 117
24 Red Fort medium 111
Unit-IX Cannon Shot 130
Unit-X Atom Bomb 133
Bijli 123
Bullet 131
Kuruvi 130
Unit XI Hydro Bomb Green 134
Atom Bomb 132
Bullet 124
Note: The permissible noise limits for fire-crackers is 125 dB(AI) or 145 dB(C)pk at 4 m distance from the point of bursting. • Fire cracker samples were also procured from the market in Delhi and noise level testings were carried out at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The objective of the study was to assess whether the noise level of fire-crackers available in the market meet the prescribed noise limits. The results obtained are given in the table below.
Table 5.23 Average Noise Level of Various Types of Fire Crackers
Firework Unit Type of Firecrackers Noise Levels dB(AI) dB(C) Unit- I Penta Sky Flash 118 ± 1.5 142 ± 0.5 Sun Rise 91 113 2000 Wala Garland 130 155 Unit –II Hydro Bomb 127± 0.5 160 ± 0.5 Unit III Ganga Jamna Flower Bomb 128 ± 0.5 153 ± 1.0 Unit-IV Magic Whistle 127 ± 0.5 154 ± 2.0 Unit-V Golden Whistle 106 ± 1.0 113 ± 1.5 Standard Colour Flash 128 ± 0.5 157 ± 0.5 Gold Rush 78 ± 0.5 94 ± 2.0 Triple Gun 119 ± 1.0 140 ± 0.5 Unit VI Super Ton 128 ± 0.5 160 ± 0.5 Unit-VII 555 Timing 128 ± 0.5 159 ± 0.5 Classic Bomb 132 ± 0.5 163 ± 0.5 Unit- VIII Sri Suriya Bomb 132 ± 2.0 164 ± 0.5
Note: The permissible noise limits for fire-crackers is 125 dB(AI) or 145 dB(C)pk at 4 m distance from the point of bursting.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM
The approach of decentralized sewage treatment system is being promoted by the Central Pollution Control Board due to it's advantages over the conventional centralized sewage collection and treatment system. The advantages of the Decentralized sewage treatment system are:
• Lesser cost on sewage collection and maintenance of sewerage system. • Cost effective technology. • Utilization of treated sewage. • Easy management of the wastewater due to it's lesser volume. • Involvement of people/builders/developers in the wastewater treatment and management.
CPCB has worked on the development of Decentralised sewage treatment technologies like, Duckweed treatment system and Root zone treatment system and the guidelines of both these technologies have already published. The CPCB publication on "The Decentralised sewage treatment system (concept and approach) has circulated among the concerned agencies and organizations.
The demonstration projects on the Decentralized sewage treatment system are sponsored by CPCB. One Decentralized sewage treatment project is already functional at Aruroville near Pondicherry, Tamilnadu. In this project Decentralized sewage treatment system in the residential colony has been commissioned where the treated sewage is recycled for flushing in the toilets.
Besides the actual recycling the following studies have also been under taken in this project
(a) The performance of this demonstration project has two different options/ combination of treatment process have been opted at a time. The wastewater from the primary treatment is allowed/ divided into two parts for two different types of secondary treatment system. Combination of two treatment units are being studied for it's efficiency, operation, maintenance and economy.
(b) Study on the performance of sewage treatment system and reuse / recycle of treated sewage and harvested rain water and monitoring of the parameters pH, COD, BOD, SS and Faecal Coliform are continuously undertaken.
CPCB has already prepared draft guidelines on the Decentralized sewage treatment system which will be useful in propagating this concept in the country. Review and improvement of the draft guidelines is in the process.
ASSOCIATION OF CPCB WITH HYDROLOGY PROJECT OF MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) is to implement, with assistance from the World Bank, the Hydrology Phase II Project. This will be a six-year project, tentatively starting in mid-2005, and it will involve the state surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) agencies in: (i) the nine states (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu.) covered by the recently-concluded first-phase project (HP-I); (ii) four new states – Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Pondicherry and Punjab; and (iii) concerned central agencies including MoWR, Central Water Commission (CWC), Central Groundwater Board (CGWB), National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), India Meteorological Department (IMD), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Bhakra-Beas Management Board (BBMB). Keeping in view of the increasing importance of water quality, issues needs to be addressed through the adoption of methodical and uniform approaches by association of CPCB in the Hydrology Project. CPCB, together with MOWR, would ensure that the recommended methodologies/procedures are adopted for water quality monitoring and management by all agencies dealing with the irrigation, water supply and public health. MoWR would also promote their use by academic and research institutions which would be encouraged to include them in their syllabi and training programmes. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has accorded its sanction to CPCB for association in this project. The scope of the work is as follows.
• Prepare program for implementing this activity in collaboration with states and central agencies, including CPCB, the nodal agency for this sub-component. • Collect information available at central/state levels on WQ data collection /sampling procedures and its standardisation • Critically review the information collected with a view to identify which of the methods currently in use conform to internationally-acceptable methods and could be adopted as uniform methodologies throughout India. • Standardise methods of preparing local/regional WQ maps showing different WQ parameters and develop uniform methodologies for calculating water quality parameters • Develop any other design aids necessary as per the project requirements • Consolidate all information on WQ standards that are being applied in India and internationally and recommend standards for each WQ parameter in collaboration with Water Quality Assessment Authority. • Train staff at Central/State levels in the use of the recommended methodologies by organizing seminars/workshops • Train trainers in the new methodologies • Update the existing WQ data collection/monitoring manual and incorporate all new methodologies/procedures recommended. Procure any additional software necessary and train the Central/State staff in its use.
WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT AT RAW WATER INTAKE AT POTABLE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN NCT – DELHI
Water quality and quantity is one of the most valuable resource on earth. Delhi Jal Board under the aegis of Municipal Corporation of Delhi undertakes the production and distribution of clean drinking water in Delhi. Drinking water demand is fulfilled through surface (Yamuna Ganga and Western Yamuna Canal) as well as sub-surface (Renny well and tube well) water sources.
The water treatment plants functional in Delhi are Chandrawal (I & II), Wazirabad (I, II & III), Haiderpur (I & II), Bhagirathi, Nangloi and Okhla, which supply drinking water to various parts of Delhi. The raw water at these water treatment plants is generally subjected to common treatment process involving pre-chlorination, clariflocculation, filtration and post-chlorination supplied through distribution system. These processes clarify and improve the water quality by filtration, clarification and other processes.
Central Pollution Control Board has been conducting bi-monthly studies on water quality of raw water intake points of the above mentioned water treatment plants – chemically as well as biologically.
Physico-chemical Water Quality at Raw Water Intake
The physico-chemical water quality status and heavy metal residues in raw water are presented in Table 2. The analytical results of various physico-chemical parameters have been compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (1991) – Drinking water desirable / permissible limits and it has been deduced that pH ranged between 7.55 to 8.17, TDS between 133.83 to 373.8 mg/l, Total hardness between 124 to 255.5 mg/l, Total alkalinity between 88 to 155 mg/l, Calcium between 29.4 to 57.6 mg/l, Chloride between 9.8 to 71 mg/l, Sulphate between 25.67 to 92 mg/l, Fluoride between 0.25 to 0.468 mg/l and Nitrate between 0.99 to 3.45 mg/l. These parameters confirms to BIS desirable limits for drinking water, however Total Dissolved Solids has been observed slightly exceeding the desirable limits of 500 mg/l at Okhla Water Works receiving raw water from Renny wells. The average COD ranged between 6.5 –24.17 mg/l, while BOD ranged between 1.32 – 2.8 mg/l. The average concentration levels of heavy metals (Table 3) viz. cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc were observed within the desirable limits. The concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in raw water were Not traceable indicating the raw water quality confirms drinking water specifications.
Table 7.1: Water Treatment Plants in NCT - Delhi
S. Raw water source Water Treatment Installed Water Clear Water Supply Areas No. Plant Treatment Capacity MCM/day MGD/day 1. River Yamuna Chandrawal I & II 0.410 90 11 service Reservoirs – Flagstaff, Hindu Rao, Jeetgarh, Jhandewalan, Ridge Road, Talkatora, Palam, Hasanpur, Rajendra Nagar, Shadipur, Narayana, (One booster pump station at Patel road) 2. River Yamuna Wazirabad I, II, III 0.546 120 Sonia Vihar, Wazirabad, Civil Lines, Connaught Place, Model Town, Rajendra Nagar 3. Western Yamuna Haiderpur I & II 0.910 200 North West Delhi (Rohinia, Canal Saraswati Vihar, Ashok Vihar, Lawrence Road), Part of South Delhi and entire West Delhi 4. Upper Ganga Bhagirathi 0.455 100 East Delhi, Trans Yamuna, Parts of Canal, U.P. South Delhi (Okhla, Maharani Bagh, Lajpat Nagar, Kalkaji, Sukhdev Vihar), also to Okhla Water Works 5. Western Yamuna Nangloi 0.182 40 West Delhi- Uttam Nagar, Dwarka, Canal Papappankalan, Jhandewalan, Talkatora, Patel Nagar, Ridge Road, Malkaganj, Nangloi, Najafgarh 6. Renny Wells on Okhla - 12 Kalkaji, Okhla, New Friends Colony River Yamuna Bed 7. River Yamuna Sonia Vihar - 635 Under construction 8. Ranny Wells/Tube Sub-Surface 0.369 81 - wells Water 9. River Yamuna Bawana - - -
ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME – ENVIRONMENT TRAINING UNIT ACTIVITIES
Considering the success of HRDP SEP-net and legal obligation of CPCB under Air and Water Act an "Environmental Training Unit" (ETU) has been established by CPCB to expand the training activities to all functional areas of the CPCB and SPCBs. After the expansion of HRDP SEP-net was renamed to Environmental Training Network – ET-net and a new logo was also adopted. ETU starts facilitating coordination and follow up work for nominations in all inland and overseas training programmes of CPCB and MoEF.
During first year of it's establishment Environment Training Unit organized training programmes in following Training Fields. Total 20 training programmes were conducted by ETU during financial year 2004-05.
1. Environmental Planning & Management 2. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 3. Hazardous Substances /Solid Waste/Bio-Medical Waste Management
Training on Pollution Monitoring, Assessment and Control at National Productivity Council (NPC), New Delhi under progress
Training Programme Conducted
• Urban Environmental Assessment, Information System, Env. Improvement Strategies & Technologies • Incorporation of Spatial Planning into EIA Studies & Procedures • Spatial Environmental Planning for Emergency Planning • Municipal Solid Waste Management • Water Quality Monitoring Network Design, Sampling, Analysis and Quality Assurance • Air Quality Monitoring Network Design, Air Sampling, Analysis and Quality Assurance • Pollution Monitoring, Assessment and Control • Using Computer in Internet Presentations • Train the Trainers: Teaching Skills in SEP • Environmental Planning for Siting of Industries • Sampling, Analysis, Characterization and Management of Hazardous Wastes adopting Clean Technologies (NEERI) • Sampling, Analysis, Characterization and Management of Hazardous Wastes adopting Clean Technologies (repeated by EPTRI) • Data Interpretation, Compilation, Analysis, Presentation and Reporting • Bio-Medical Waste Management • Bio-Medical Waste Management (repeated at PGI Chandigarh) • National and International Legislations and Initiatives pertaining to the management of Haz. Waste and Haz. Waste Generation and it's management scenario • Environmental health Impacts of Hazardous Waste and their remedial measures
Three coaching course of 3 weeks duration with support of InWEnt and GTZ have been completed on following:
• ‘EcoCities – Area wide environmental improvement through comprehensive urban management system' in (Jan. 2004) including the production of an interactive learning CD for EcoCities, • ‘Environmental Monitoring and Assessment' (Nov./ Dec. 2004) • ‘Eco-Industrial Estate Planning' (Nov./ Dec. 2004).
Coaching Course at CEPT in progress
Target groups/Organisations Officials Trained
Pollution Control Boards/PCCs
1. MP Pollution Control Board 2. Gujarat Pollution Control Board 3. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board 4. Uttaranchal Env. Protection Pollution Control Board 5. Rajasthan Pollution Control Board 6. Haryana Pollution Control Board 7. Punjab Pollution Control Board 8. Himachal Pradesh State Environmental Protection & Pollution Control Board 9. Sikkim State Pollution Control Board 10. Tamil Nadu Pollutiopn Control Board 11. West Bengal Pollution Control Board 12. Mizoram State Pollution Control Board 13. Bihar State Pollution Control Board 14. Jharkand State Pollution Control Board 15. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board 16. Andhra Pollution Control Board 17. Karnataka Pollution Control Board 18. Kerala State Pollution Control Board 19. J & K State Pollution Control Board 20. Assam Board for Prevention and Control of Water and Air Pollution 21. Chattisgarh State Environment Conservation Board 22. Nagaland Pollution Control Board 23. Manipur State Pollution Control Board 24. Tripura State Pollution Control Board 25. Orissa State Pollution Control Board 26. Central Pollution Control Board 27. Delhi Pollution Control Committee 28. A&N Islands PCC
Other Organisations
1. Environment Departments 2. Health Depts. 3. Municipal Corporations 4. Industries Depts. & Industrial Dev. Corporations 5. Urban Development Authorities 6. Town & Country Planning Departments 7. Refineries 8. Govt. Laboratories 9. Thermal Power Plants 10. Hydro Power Plant 11. Atomic Power Plant 12. Atomic Research Centre 13. Govt. Consultancy Organisations 14. Public Health & Water Supply Departments 15. Electricity Boards 16. Pulp & Paper Research Institutes 17. National Aluminium Company 18. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 19. Central Water Commission 20. Indian Bureau of Mines 21. National Fertilizer Ltd.
Inaugural session of the awareness workshop on HRDP
Other Activities
• MoUs with NTIs NPC, EPTRI, DMI extended till 2007 for conducting training programmes.
• Expansion of Environment Training Network (ET-net): Two more training institutes i.e. IIT Kharagpur and IIT Bombay have been formally approved as Nodal Training Institutes.
• The Training Needs Assessment for 4 fields (Environmental Planning and Management, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Environmental Laboratory Analysis, Hazardous Substances / Solid waste Management) was completed in association with InWEnt, Germany.
• The work on preparation a Training Strategy & Concept Paper for development of new HRD Programme HRDP ET-net was completed by ETU with support of InWEnt. A planning workshop on HRDP of CPCB held during Dec' 07-08, 2005 at Delhi contributed significantly to the improvement of the contents and structure of this Concept.
• Standardisation and publication of HRDP training material available with CPCB was taken up for 12 courses with support of InWEnt, Germany, of which 3 were brought out. The material is ready for final revision and printing under CPCB Publication Series "Environmental Training Series" as "Proceedings: Training for Environment". 9 more reports are likely to be brought out by September 30, 2005.
• Quality Assessment & Control – All courses of 2004-05 were evaluated for training quality assessment and control which includes quality assessment of training course proposals, monitoring of overseas training programmes & results, evaluation by participants & trainers etc.;
• HRDP Training Database Management- The information participants, trainers, course tittles, dates, contents etc. were made digital. A training query system under development;
• Websites Management - The HRDP and CPCB websites were utilised for promoting training programmes; • Draft version 2 of Interactive CD on "Ecocities" was brought out using the training material from 3 week Coaching Course on Ecocities sponsored by InWEnt;
• Network for coordination among CPCB, SPCBs and training institutes is operational and formalized for nominations and sharing of other training related information with each other. Training coordinators in SPCBs and Training Institutes identified;
TRAINING PROGRAME ON BENMAP (THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS MAPPING AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM) BY USEPA
A training program on BenMAP (The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program) was conducted by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as per Memorandum of Understanding between USEPA and Ministry of Environment & Forests. The training program was organized by CPCB from 29 th Nov. to 2 nd Dec. 2004. BenMAP (Environmental Benefits Analysis and Mapping Program) is a software program developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to conduct benefits analyses in support of air quality planning. Benefits analysis in this context is a multi-step process involving mapping of air quality changes for populations, translation of those air quality changes into quantified reductions in the incidence of both mortality and morbidity, and application of valuation functions to translate those reductions in health impacts into monetized benefits estimates. Monetized benefits can then be compared against societal costs in designing and evaluating regulatory strategies and identifying optimal emissions control strategies. To conduct a benefit analysis, BenMAP combines air quality data, demographic data (population counts and disease incidence/ prevalence rates) and damage functions derived from epidemiological studies to estimate changes in mortality and morbidity incidence. These reductions in health effects can then be monetized using valuation functions based on cost-of-illness, contingent valuation, or other economic studies. BenMAP has been designed to provide the user with a high degree of flexibility in applying the model in different contexts ranging from local (urban-scale) applications to regional- and national-scale applications. The model can also accommodate user-specific damage and valuation functions, as well as demographic data in a variety of formats. The participants included were from various State Pollution Control Boards, representative from Hospitals, research institutions involved in carrying out Epidemiological studies.
MEETING OF EXPERTS TO STRENGTHEN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SAARC COUNTRIES
The Central Pollution Control Board in association with Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India has organized `Meeting of Experts to Strengthen Environment Management Infrastructure in SAARC Countries' at Hotel Ashok, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi on 14 th & 15 th October, 2004. The meeting has been inaugurated by Dr. Prodipto Ghosh, Secretary, Ministry of Environment & Forests on 14 th October, 2004 forenoon.
The meeting has been attended by nominated experts from SAARC Countries viz. Bhutan (one expert); Maldives (one expert); Nepal (two experts) and Pakistan (one expert) apart from experts from India. While nominated expert from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka could not attend the meeting. The invited guest speakers from UNEP-RRCAP, Bangkok; NEERI, Nagpur; CII, New Delhi; IARI, Pune apart from MoEF and CPCB have also deliberated in the meeting. The deliberations in the meeting have generated consciousness about capacity building in the region to realize environmental goals as well as aims to provide impetus to various initiative and Policy measures undertaken by various SAARC Countries governments for environmental sustenance and to deal with burgeoning environmental problems. The deliberations in the meeting have been compiled in form of Proceedings comprising various presentations and Meeting Inference.
STACK MONITORING TRAINING AND VALIDATION AT DELHI UNDER CANADA - INDIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT
Environment Canada is implementing the India Institutional Strengthening Project funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), in cooperation with the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). An expert has been deputed to provide training to Indian scientists in taking stack samples adopting internationally recognized methods.
As part of this initiative, LEHDER Environmental Services (LEHDER) was retained by Environment Canada to conduct training and auditing for the Central Pollution Control Board in New Delhi, India from March 14 to 18, 2005. Classroom lectures were carried out at the CPCB Headquarters, Delhi. On-site stack monitoring was performed at the Rajghat Thermal Power Station located at I.P. Estate, Ring Road in New Delhi.
The major objectives of training programme were as below: • Review and discuss requirement for sampling of other pollutants such as Mercury, Metals, Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC's) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC).
• Evaluation of Stack Sampling method and techniques used presently in India during field testing programme at local power station.
• Assess utility of Stack sampling equipment for test parameters of interest and whether the equipment meets the criteria for effective stack monitoring.
• Identify additional training requirement at Canada or India.
The training programme was attended by Technical Officials from CPCB and various State Pollution Control Boards.
TRAINING OF LABORATORY MANAGERS IN LABORATORY MANAGEMENT & QUALITY CONTROL UNDER CANADA – INDIA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India, in collaboration with Environment Canada have created the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) funded project, designed for strengthening the institutional capacity, to address environmental issues of national priorities & global concern and to promote sound development.
The Central Pollution Control Board in cooperation with CPCB Zonal Office – Bangalore and various State Pollution Control Board has organized two workshops at Delhi on 24 th January & 25 th January, 2005 and at Hyderabad on 27 th January – 28 th January, 2005. The workshops focused on laboratory management, quality control principles and practices. These workshops were attended by Laboratory Managers from Central Pollution Control Board, various State Pollution Control Boards and Customs Laboratories. The team of three Canadian Expert provided seminar presentations during the workshops and had consultation with laboratory managers and scientist on Laboratory Management, quality control concepts and shared Canadian Lab management practices.
TRAINING OF UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE STUDENTS AT CPCB
During the year 2004-05, about 50 numbers of students/officials from various educational institutions, Universities, IITs and other organizations were got training and carried out various project studies in the fields of Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Bio-Science and Instrumentation at the laboratories of CPCB.
FOREIGN TRAINING OF CPCB OFFICIALS
The following officials were deputed for various training s abroad during the year 2004-2005.
Trainings Official Deputed Period Training of Laboratory Dr. C. S. Sharma 29 th May to 13 Managers at Canada under th June, 2004 Canada – India Institutional Senior Scientist, HQs, Delhi Strengthening Project Sh. A. Manoharan
Scientist `C', HQs, Delhi Dr. Dipankar Saha
Scientist `C', Project Office – Agra Dr. Utpal Mukherjee
Scientist `C', CPCB Zonal Office – Vadodara Dr. V. Pattuswamy
Scientist `C', CPCB Zonal Office - Bangalore Stack Monitoring & Analysis Sh. D. C. Jakhwal 30 th May to 13 under Canada – India th June, 2004 Institutional Strengthening Assistant Technical Officer, HQs Delhi Project Sh. S. B. Lohat
Technical Supervisor, HQs Delhi Sh. K. N. Nandi
Senior Scientific Assistant, CPCB Zonal Office - Kolkata Sh. M. M. Alam
Technical Supervisor, CPCB Zonal Office – Vadodara Sh. P. Krishnamurthy
Junior Scientific Assistant, CPCB Zonal Office - Bangalore
TRAINING OF CPCB OFFICIALS IN THE COUNTRY
The officials deputed for various training programme conducted under Environment Training Unit (ETU) are as below.
List of CPCB Officials attended various training courses during 2004-05
S. Title of the Course Conducted by Duration Name & Designation of Official
No. & Place Vigilance for Growth and for Rightmen Oct. 07-09, 2004 1. Sh. Ramesh Chand, AO All Services (India) (P) Pvt. Ltd., Delhi Puri Supreme Court Judgements Parsam Institute Nov. 03-05, 2004 • Sh. K.V. Swaminathan, on Disciplinary Proceedings of Statutory AO (R) – Inputs for decision making Rules, Bangalore Bangalore • Sh. R.S. Yadava, ALO by Quasi-Judicial Authorities and Evaluation of rules of Central Government International Law Indian Society of Nov. 14-17, 2004 1. Sh. Ishwar Singh, SLO Internal Law Delhi Laboratory Quality System International Jan. 03-06, 2005 1. Sh. R.K. Rustagi, Sci. ‘B' and Internal Audit School of 2. Sh. S.S. Sharma, SSA Laboratories Delhi Water Quality Monitoring Pollution Control Feb. 07-11, 2005 1. Sh. R.K. Rustagi, Sci. ‘B' Network Design, Sampling, Research Analysis and Quality Institute, Haridwar Haridwar Assurance Data Interpretation, Indian Statistical Feb. 22-26, 2005 • Sh. A. Manoharan, Sci. ‘C' Compilation, Analysis, Institute, New • Sh. S. K. Arora, Sci. 'C' Presentation and Reporting Delhi Delhi • Dr. R.C. Srivastava, Sci. ‘B' • Dr. P.K. Behera, Sci. ‘B' • Sh. Ved Prakash, STS • Sh. A.K. Tyagi, SLA • Ms. Alpana, JRF
Air Quality Monitoring Pollution Control Mar. 07-11, 2005 1. Sh. V.N. Murthy, JT Network Design, Air Research Sampling, Analysis and Institute, Haridwar Haridwar Quality Assurance Bio-medical Wastes Postgraduate Mar. 14-18, 2005 1. Sh. G.K. Ahuja, Sci. ‘B' Management Institute of Medical Chandigarh Education and Research, Chandigarh National and International National Law Mar. 14-18, 2005 1. Sh. R.S. Yadava, ALO Legislations and initiatives School of India for management of University, Bangalore hazardous wastes and Bangalore generation
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND PUBLICATION
ACTIVITIES OF NGO CELL
An NGO Cell was set up at Central Pollution Control Board during the year 1992 to coordinate the following activities.
• Enlist environmental NGOs involved in activities related to pollution control with CPCB;
• Establish NGO network in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards/Zonal Offices;
• Provide training to the NGOs and equip them with facilities, like water testing kits, analytical instruments, books, literature etc. in order to enhance their capabilities in the field of pollution control; and
• Organise mass awareness programmes and pollution control activities through NGOs.
During 2004-2005, 5 NGOs were additionally enlisted with CPCB subject to concurrence of concerned State Pollution Control Boards apart from 655 NGOs enlisted during the previous years. A rebate @50% is extended for the purchase of CPCB publications, to NGOs enlisted with CPCB and several NGOs have availed this facility during 2004-2005. Financial assistance of Rs.5000/- each was provided to 4 NGOs for organising mass awareness programmes in different parts of the country.
During the reporting year (2004-2005) following training programmes were organised with the overall objective to educate NGOs in the field of environment and pollution and its control:
• Two days training programme organized by CPCB Zonal Office-Bangalore during 260-27 August, 2004 at Bangalore for the NGOs located in Southern region. • Three days training programme was organized in collaboration with Orissa State Pollution Control Board during 8 th to 10 th December, 2004 at Bhubaneshwar for the NGOs located in Eastern States. • Three days training programme was organized by CPCB Zonal Office- Lucknow during 22 nd to 24 th February, 2005 at Shimla for the NGOs located in Northern States.
A regional meeting with NGOs located in different States was organised for coordination of the activities and promotion of the public participation/awareness in the pollution control programmes in the country. Meeting No. Date Place
20 March 30, 2005 Guwahati
Interaction has been made with NGOs of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunanchal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura and Mizoram through coordination meeting held, so far and training was provided to the NGOs from Andhara Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, U.T. of Pondicherry and Lakshdweep, West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Sikkim and U.T. of Andman & Nicobar Island, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh (UT) with the following objectives:
• To take uniform and concerted approach towards pollution control; • To have public participation for abatement of pollution through community action; • To identify the major localised environmental problems; and • To identify the areas of mutual co-operation among NGOs themselves as well as Pollution Control Boards.
The response of the NGOs was overwhelming and over 150 participants attended the above programmes.
SUPPORT TO ORGANIZATIONS IN CREATING AWARENESS ON BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Technical/financial supports were given to Rajasthan SPCB, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee and Patna University, Patna in organizing workshop during June, 2004, December, 2004 and April, 2004 respectively.
TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR NGO(s) IN SOUTH ZONE
South Zonal Office conducted a two day training programme for NGO(s) in Southern region at EMPRI, Bangalore. The training was imparted in relevant technical areas so that the technical skills of NGO(s) could be broadened. It has been observed that usually due to lack of technical knowledge NGO(s) lose the loose the court cases filed by them. The faculty for lecturers was pooled from National Law School, Bangalore, GTZ HAWA Project, BWSSB, BORDA Bangalore, MoEF, CPCB and KSPCB.
TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR NGOS IN NORTHERN ZONE
Enactment of statutes on pollution control and the experience gained in implementation of the various provisions of these Acts in the past more than two decades had indicated that Govt. machinery alone can't effectively cope-up with the task of pollution control until supported by the masses. Looking towards this aspect and as a part of mass awareness programme, CPCB is organizing training programme/ interaction meets time to time to educate/involve the NGOs.
In continuation of this series, a 3 days training programme cum interaction meet of NGOs of northern states was organized at Shimla by CPCB in association with the H.P. State Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Board during Feb. 22-24, 2005. In the programme, the NGOs from various parts of northern India (Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Haryana and Punjab) and officers of H.P. PCB participated. During the programme the prominent environmental experts belonging to other government departments were also invited. This training programme included series of lectures on relevant topics of pollution control by the eminent Experts, discussion on the area specific problems, Field visits and distribution of literature on the selected topics. During the programme, the NGOs pointed out the problems associated with their areas. The major environmental problems brought to the notice of CPCB during the interaction meet are as follows-
1. Pollution created by bone mills and slaughter houses in Hapur region. 2. Gross pollution of river Ghaghra particularly due to disposal of dead bodies. Absence of electric crematorium in the Balia area aggravates the problem. 3. In the hilly regions of Uttarakhand problems are due to improper MSW management, animal dung disposal into rivers and open human defecation. 4. Air pollution problems, traffic jams, pollution of rivers at Allahabad. 5. Air & water pollution problems in Singrauli area due to power plants , caustic soda plants, chemical industries and stone crushers. 6. Industrial pollution and colour problems of river Tons. 7. Pollution of river Kali due to Daurala Sugar, distilleries and similar other industries in Meerut. 8. Pollution of river Sai at Raebareilly and plastic / polythene disposal problems. 9. Fluoride problems in ground water in Unnao, Singrauli and other areas of UP. 10. Air pollution in Ghatampur (Kanpur) area due to brick kilns. Around 250 brick kilns are in operation without requisite pollution control equipments. 11. Pollution of river Gomti due to industrial and domestic discharges. 12. Gross pollution of Ramgarh lake and river Rapti due to discharge of domestic sewage into them at Gorakhpur.There are some trans-boundary pollution problems with Nepal. 13. In and around Bhadohi, a large number of carpet dying industries are in operation but without adequate pollution control facilities. Possibility of discharge of highly polluted colored effluents into ground water also exists.
Other problems that are common to almost all the areas include vehicular pollution problems; plastic and solid waste management problems, absence of sewerage network, noise and air pollution due to operation of DG sets particularly in Uttar Pradesh.
FINALIZATION OF THE SYLLABUS ON ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
The CPCB Zonal Office Lucknow was a member of the Expert Committee constituted by ` The Institute of Research, Development and Training , Govt. of U.P., Kanpur` to suggest and finalize the syllabus of `Environmental Education` for different disciplines of polytechnic college courses. This was in compliance of the directives issued by Hon. Supreme Court of India for inclusion of the `Environmental Education` in various educational programmes. The syllabus has been finalized and included in the curriculum by the government of Uttar Pradesh.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
CPCB organized Environmental Awareness for public participation during following Exhibition/Meetings/Workshop.
• Meeting of Experts to strengthen Environment Management Management, Infrastructure in SAARC Countries to be held on 14 th & 15 th October, 2004 at Hotel, Ashok, New Delhi. • MTNL – Health Mela 2004 held during 29 th Oct.-7 th Nov. 2004 at Talkatora Stadium, New Delhi • 4 th International Exhibition on Public Works, Municipal Services and Urban Development to be organised on 3-5 March, 2005 at Pragati Maidan, NewDelhi • Workshop on Status, Efficacy & Alternative for Existing "Pollution Under Control Certificate" Mechanism & Dr. Nilay Chaudhary's Memorial Lecture.
DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER TESTING KIT
Environmental awareness plays a vital role in prevention and control of pollution in industrial as well as at community levels. Assessment of water quality in a particular water body to understand any impact of water pollution needs a laboratory facility, which is not possible to have it in everywhere. Keeping this fact in view, the Central Pollution Control Board has developed a Water Testing Kit (WTK) to assess the water quality of surface, ground and potable water bodies in field condition. The kit designed and developed by a team of scientists of the Board is intended
During the year 2004-05, about 50 Water Testing kits were distributed to various NGOs, schools, and others, under the mass awareness programme. It is planned to distribute around 150 water Testing kits during 2005-06
CREATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BANK
In order to retrieve the updated information on various environmental aspects quickly, Environmental Data Bank (EDB) has been established at CPCB. Modules air and water quality data are made operational. On-line data entry for air quality monitored under National Air Monitoring Programme and water quality monitored under GEMS/MINARS have been started by SPCBs/UTs. The data entered by SPCBs/PCCs in the EDB will be verified centrally at CPCB before linking it to website for public viewing. CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD WEBSITE
The web site of CPCB has been continuously upgraded and updated. During 2004-2005, information on air & water quality and weekly, monthly and daily air quality data of major cities have been continuously updated. In addition to this, regular updation of information in registration as recyclers/reprocessors in hazardous waste management is upgraded. For the purspose of security, the website has been shifted to the san server of NIC.
ON-LINE ACCESS OF EMISSION DATA FROM OIL REFINERIES & THERMAL POWER PLANTS
To make available real time emission data, generated by power plants, common hazardous waste incinerators and other major industries, to Pollution Control Authorities for timely corrective actions, a pilot project has been initiated to establish a system for transmission of real time data for emissions of SO 2 and NO x to CPCB Head Quarter from online monitors located at Pragati Power Project, New Delhi.
CPCB PUBLICATIONS DURING YEAR 2004 - 2005
1. National Ambient Air Quality Status 2001 2. Ambient Noise Level and Air Quality Status in Delhi During Deepawali Festival Days 1999- 2000 3. Environmental Study during Kumbh – 2001 at Prayag (Allahabad) 4. Cleaner Technology Brain Storming Sessions 5. Environmental Regulations on Engines for Generator Set Application and Generator Set 6. Water Quality Status & Statistics 2001 7. Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 8. National Ambient Air Quality 2002 9. Bio-medical Waste Management – A Case Study NCT – Delhi 10. Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams their Charaterisation & Waste Reduction Options in Dyes & Dyes Intermediate Sector 11. Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams their Charaterisation and Waste Reduction Options in Pesticide Sector 12. Status & Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Plants in Delhi 13. Enzymatic Removal of Phenol from Raw Drinking Water by Using Peroxides Enzymes 14. National Ambient Air Quality Status – 2003 15. Environmental Status of Silk Screen Printing at Serampore West Bengal (A Case Study) 16. Bio-monitoring of Wetlands in Kashmir Valley 17. Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams their Charaterisation and Management Options in Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceutical Sectors 18. Status of Water Quality in India 2002-2003 19. Pollution Potential From Coastal Aquaculture 20. Fish Processing Waste Disposal Practices and Options 21. Guidelines for Common Hazardous Waste Incineration
Other Publications :
Annual Action Plan 2004-2005
Annual Report 2003-2004
Selected Quotes on Environment
Hindi Publications :
Vaigyanic Ewam Takniki Lekho ka Sankalan 2003
Uplabdhiya – 2003
CPCB ‘PARIVESH’ Newsletters :
1. Solid Waste Management in Slaughter House 2. Sewage Pollution 3. Bio-monitoring of Wetlands in India Part - II Wildlife Habitats 4. Dioxin (PCDDS) and Furam (PCDFS) – Critical Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS)
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION STANDARDS
Guidelines for Prescribing Location Specific Standards
The main aspects considered while developing environmental location specific standards are generally wastewater discharge and air emissions. The first aspect relates to achievability of limits of pollutants by incorporation of appropriate pollution control measures and the second relates to adverse effects on health & environment.
The first approach aims at use of best achievable and economically feasible technology. Economically feasible technology assures that cost of pollution control measures will remain within the affordability of the industrial units. Standards developed on these principles are notified as MINAS (Minimal National Standards) and these standards are uniform throughout the country. The advantage of such an approach is that within a specific group of industries, minimum extent of pollution control measures is ensured.
As the development of standards based on the local environmental conditions is not a practicable proposition to a central agency, it is logical to evolve industry-specific standards at the national level and to safeguard the local environment by making stringent standards and/or limiting pollution load, which is to be enforced by local authorities (i.e. making national standards stringent to protect local receiving environment). Through such exercise, these standards serve both industry-specific and location-specific requirements. Keeping this as the agreed model in the backdrop, the Central Pollution Control Board has been developing industry-specific standards, which are subsequently notified under the Environment (Protection) Act by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The second step, i.e. making the standards stringent by the local regulatory Boards depending upon the need, is a task, which demands multifaceted knowledge and cost-effective solutions, balancing technological choices, affordability and assimilative capacities.
With this in view, the Central Board studied the facets concerned with the issue and a systematic approach has been established to guide the local regulatory Boards, in prescribing location specific stringent standards (LSSS). The main objective of the exercise is to bring residual pollution load after the treatment in compliance with the assimilative capacity of the receiving environment. As the strategy clearly states to control the pollution to the extent possible and then to explore the nature's assimilative capacity, emphasis is always on further control. Keeping this as the main theme, an approach has been established detailing sequence of steps, which is presented in Fig. 10.1.
Emission Standards for Pesticides Manufacturing Industries
The Central Pollution Control Board after conducting extensive field studies and technology reviews, has developed National Emission Standards for the pesticides manufacturing industries, which have been endorsed by the Expert Peer & Core Committee and the Central Board. The Recommended standards and guidelines are as below:
S. Pollutant Standards approved by the Board considering the views of the No. Peer and Core Expert Committee and submission of industries, mg/m3 1 HCl 20
2 Cl2 5
3 H 2S 5
4 P 2 O 5 (as H 3 PO 4 ) 10
5 NH 3 30 6 Particulate matter with 20
pesticides compounds
7 CH 3 Cl 20 8 HBr 5
Recommended Guidelines for Fugitive Emission Control
• Fugitive emissions over reactors, formulation areas, centrifuges, chemical loading, transfer areas, are yet to be collected through hoods & ducts by induced draft, and controlled by scrubber/dust collector. • Usually scrubbers installed for channelized emissions are used for fugitive emissions to control also and some times dedicated scrubbers are provided. This practice may be permitted as long as tail gas concentrations are within the prescribed limit. • In addition, organic gaseous emissions (odorous & toxic) be routed to activated carbon beds (adsorption) or to thermal oxidiser, and for dust emissions cyclones/bag filters are to be provided. Emphasis be given to solvent management/solvent loss prevention. • Enclosures to chemical storage area, collection of emissions from loading of raw materials, in particular, solvents through hoods & ducts by induced draft, and control by scrubber/dust collector to be ensured. • Vapour balancing, nitrogen blanketing, ISO tanks etc. to be provided; besides special care needs to be taken for control in respect of odorous chemicals.
Development/review of Effluent & Emission standards for oil refineries
Standards for discharge of effluent and emissions from oil refineries were notified under Environment (Protection) Act in the years 1986 and 1990, respectively. These standards are same for old & new refineries and consider few parameters only. There was need to include additional parameters viz. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), etc. Besides, many developments have taken place in the technologies for oil refining process and pollution control in this sector, particularly, during last one decade. New process units are also being added to meet the improved fuel quality standards, required for reducing vehicular pollution that is of concern in urban centers.
In view of the above, the existing standards have been reviewed. The revised emission standards include additional parameters viz. NOx, Ni+V, PM, etc. and higher efficiency for Sulphur Recovery Unit. In addition, a Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programme and specific requirements for minimizing vapour losses from storage tanks & product loading/unloading facilities are also included. In the revised effluent standards, additional parameters have been added and limiting values for existing parameters revised. Revised standards were discussed in the 18 th Peer & Core Committee and approved by the Board in its 132 nd meeting held on January 04, 2005.
Technology up-gradation in existing & new sulphuric acid plants to reduce and control oxides of sulphur & acid mist emissions in sulphuric acid plants
Sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) plants emit oxides of sulphur and acid mist in the atmosphere. Presently, emission limits are prescribed as 4.0 kg/tonne of concentrated (100%) acid produced for SO x and 50 mg/nm 3 for acid mist. In recent years, some large sulphuric acid plants have been established, which require further reduction in emissions of these pollutants. In addition, improved process & pollution control technologies are also available. Therefore, a project on study the possibilities of technology upgradation in existing sulphuric acid plants and use of state-of-the-art technology in new plants so as to reduce and control oxides of sulphur & acid mist emissions was taken up.
Based on the study, standards for SO2and acid mist emissions are revised. Revised standards were discussed in the 18 th Peer & Core Committee and approved by the Board in its 132 nd meeting held on January 04, 2005.
Emission Standards and Stack Heights Regulations for Brick Kilns
Clamp kilns Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK), and down draught kilns are primarily used for brick making in India. Clamp kilns of various designs are used for brick manufacturing in Peninsular India. BTKs are used mainly in Indo- Gangetic plains and down –draught Kiln are being used for brick manufacturing in Karnataka. Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK), a Chinese technology has been introduced in 1996 in India. Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln is an energy efficient technology and can be an alternate technology for replacement of clamp kilns.
The standards for Bull's Trench Brick Kiln are already notified vide notification GSR No. 176 (E); April, 1996 under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. Emission standards were to be evolved for VSBK. A Study entitled" Development of Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulation for Vertical Shaft Brick Kilns vis-a-vis Pollution Control Measures" has been undertaken by the Central Board in association with The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi. Finding of the study were discussed in Peer & Core committee meeting in the Central Board on 20 th and 21 st April 2004. The observations of Peer & Core Committee were incorporated in the proposed recommendations. Minutes and proposal have been circulated to expert, NGOs and Association.
The Emission standards for down draught kiln are already notified for Ceramic Industry. Same have been proposed for down draught brick kilns, as well. The recommendations were put up in the 132 nd meeting of Central Board on 4 th January 2005 for discussions and acceptance.
Table 10.1: Emission Standards for Bull's Trench Brick Kilns (BTKs)
Maximum concentration limits of PM Size Kiln capacity (mg/Nm 3 ) Small Less than 15,000 bricks per day (less 1000 than 4.5 metre trench width) Medium 15,000 to 30,000 bricks per day 750
( 4.50–6.75 metre trench width) Large More than 30,000 bricks per day 750
(More than 6.75 metre trench width)
Table 10.2: Stack Height Regulations for Bull's Trench Brick Kilns
Size Kiln capacity Stack height Small Less than 15,000 bricks per day Minimum stack height 22 metre
(less than 4.5 metre trench [OR] width) Induced draught fan operating with minimum draught 50 mm WG with 12 metre stack height Medium 15,000 to 30,000 bricks per Minimum stack height 27 metre with gravitational day(4.50 metre to 6.75 metre settling chamber trench width) [OR]
Induced draught fan operating with minimum draught 50 mm WG with 15 metre stack height Large More than 30,000 bricks per day Minimum stack height 30 metre with gravitational settling chamber (More than 6.75 metre trench width) [OR]
Induced draught fan operating with minimum draught 50 mm WG with 17 metre stack height
Table 10.3: Emission Standards for Down-draught Brick Kiln Size Kiln capacity Maximum concentration limits of Stack height Particulate matter (mg/Nm 3 ) in metre normalized at 8% Oxygen (From ground level) Small Less than 15,000 bricks per 1200 12.0 day Medium 15,000 to 30,000 bricks per 1200 15.0 day Large More than 30,000 bricks 1200 18.0 per day Table 10.4: Stack Height and Emission Standards for Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln S.No. Kiln capacity Stack height in metres Particulate matter (mg/m 3 ) (from ground level) 1. Less than 15,000 bricks per day 11.0 (Minimum 5.5 m from loading 250 platform (1-3 shafts) 2. 15,001 to 30,000 bricks per day 14.0 (Minimum 7.5 m from loading 250 plateform (4-6 shafts) 3. More than 30,001 bricks per day 16.0 (minimum 8.5 m form loading 250 plateform (7 shafts or more)
Note:
1. One chimney per shaft of VSBK shall be provided. The two chimney emanating from the shaft shall either be joined at the loading platform, in case of brick chimney or at appropriate level, in case of metal chimney respectively, to form a single chimney. 2. The standard may require revision, once the technology spreads to other regions in the country and more data on environmental performance of the technology becomes available.
Guidelines for Improving Environmental Performance of VSBK
A set of guidelines have been developed for environmental performance of VSBK which would help in bringing down emission levels in VSBK are : Use of internal fuel during brick moulding helps in reducing stack emissions, particularly particulate matter (PM). Experiences in VSBK operation in India show that fuels such as coal powder, boiler ash, Fly ash and biomass fuels (rice husk, sawdust), etc. can be effectively used as internal fuel in VSBKs. The amount of internal fuel addition in green brick during moulding depends on the quality of soil and the desired quality of the fired product. It is generally observed that addition of internal fuel in soil varies between 1% to 10% (by weight) at existing VSBKs. Fly ash is used as internal fuel in one of the VSBKs (Nimbut near Pune in Maharashtra) upto the extent of 8–9% by weight. Low volatile content bituminous coal with low sulphur content is preferred. Coal of lower calorific value can be used in VSBK as fuel. Use of fuel having volatile matter more than 25% is likely to result in higher fuel consumption as well as higher emissions (soot, unburnt carbon and CO) . The properties of coal, recommended for use in VSBKs, are
Table 10.5 : Properties of coal used in VSBK (on dry basis) Volatile matter 15 — 25%
Ash 25 — 45%
Fixed carbon 35 — 45% Gross calorific value 4000 — 5500 kcal/kg
[or]
17 — 23 MJ/kg Sulphur Less than 1%
Use of gaseous fuel shall be encouraged. Use of gaseous fuel such as LPG, LNG or CNG shall help in reducing the fuel consumption and emission per unit of production.
Firing of perforated bricks will help in reducing the fuel consumption and emissions per unit of production. It will also lead to reduced consumption of soil. Perforated bricks have been successfully fired in VSBKs.
It is recommended to use shaft lid with proper sealing arrangement at shaft top. This will help in reducing the concentration of pollutants in the loading platform. The peep holes are to be provided at regular intervals along the length of the shaft for periodic monitoring of peek temperature, to control fire zone, reduction in coal consumption and emission.
The location of firing zone should be kept close to the middle of the shaft length. If the fire moves down, it would affect the product quality. If the firing zone moves up, it would lead to increase in level of CO, hydrocarbon emission.
Proper ventilation arrangements by providing sufficient opening on all sides of the loading platform, monitor roof, limiting green brick stacking to a height of about 1.5 m at the loading platform ensures good ventilation at the loading platform and reduces the exposure of workers to pollution.
Provide proper ventilation at cooling chambers. The cooling chambers are extended arrangements at the unloading side of VSBK. At least two persons are involved in the unloading operation, which is carried out for a period of 15 minutes. Upon cooling of fired bricks in the trolley, bricks are removed for stacking. Proper ventilation at this level is important.
Paving of floors with overburnt bricks is recommended at the unloading side which will help in avoiding dust becoming air borne. Sprinkling of water shall be practiced in working area to suppress the dust.
Removal of ash falling on the ground while unloading the bricks for cooling chamber and final taking out of bricks from cooling chamber will help in avoiding the dust level at the unloading side.
Installation of Brick kiln shall be considered in sensitive area such as TTZ, Doon Valley, Dhahanu, etc. with LPG, Producer gas or Natural gas as fuel, in absence of notification from the concerned state pollution control board/pollution control committee.
Distance between mango orchard and brick kiln shall not be less than 500 m when brick kiln is in the prominent up wind direction and 200 m in the other wind direction(s).The mentioned distances are applicable only for the mango orchard irrespective of variety (indigenous/hybrid) whose area individually or collectively should not be less than 2.5 acre. There won't be any difference between a mango orchard and a joint nursery. Mixed orchards of 4.0 acre having 100 mango trees shall be treated at par with mango orchard. The distance between two brick kilns shall not be less than 500 m to avoid clustering of brick kilns in an area if a new brick kiln is being installed. Agro industrial wastes or agriculture residue shall be used as internal fuel to replace coal.
The use of non-hazardous industrial waste such as stone dust, rice husk ash, red mud shall be encouraged to be mixed with top soil. Flyash shall be used in brick moulding in compliance of the notification under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act,1986 to manufacture soil-flyash bricks. Spent organic solvent, oily residue, pet coke, filter press cake (hazardous waste), etc. and other wastes (such as plastics,rubber,etc) shall not be used as fuel in brick kiln unless otherwise they are declared as one of the ‘approved fuel' under the provisions of The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 by the designated Authority. Multi layer and multi story Green belt of 10 m width, shall be developed along the periphery of brick kiln leaving two 10 m wide gaps in the boundary for entry and exit i.e. for movement of material and vehicles or a 3 metre wall shall be constructed on the sides where land is not available for green belt development to prevent fugitive emissions.
Lightening arrestor as per the PWD norms or any other standard design shall be installed for Brick Kiln to avoid the damage to stacks/chimneys caused due to lightening attack. Paving of floors with over burnt bricks is recommended at the unloading side which will help in avoiding dust becoming air borne. Sprinkling of water shall be practiced in working area to suppress the dust. Regular cleaning of working area is recommended. Arrangements shall be made in the kiln for rainwater harvesting.
Performance Evaluation of Air Pollution Control System-Modification thereon and Review of Emission Standards for Bull's Trench Brick Kilns:
There are around 1,50,000 kilns engaged in brick production in the country. Different types of kilns i.e. clamp, down draught kilns and bull's trench brick kilns are employed in brick making in India. However, Bull's trench kilns (BTKs) are prevalent all over the country. Brick making is highly energy intensive process and results in stack and fugitive dust emissions due to inefficient combustion and ash covering and handling of clay. Some of technological developments such as fixed chimney, gravity settling chambers, introduction of vertical shaft brick kilns have resulted in some reduction in pollution and increase in energy efficiency. The existing emission standards for Bull's Trench Kilns- BTKs) were notified on 2 nd April 1996. These emission standards banned use of moving chimney type BTKs which were considered as a real issue to be addressed in BTKs. Switching over to fixed chimney with stipulated height, individual units need to install gravity settling chamber (GSC), a pollution control system to keep the SPM level below the prescribed standard. It was realized to evaluate the performance of those technologies . The Central Board has entrusted the aforesaid project to The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi to carry out a performance evaluation of these designs adopted in different regions of the country . 12 kilns were monitored consisting both new and modified BTKs in different regions of the country in Punjab (mansa), U.P. (Agra-Fatehabad) and Tamil-nadu (Chennai) covering BTKs of all the four technology providers . Apart from these, soil, coal from kiln site and water samples are collected from village hand pump and village pond to test fluoride and mercury content. Study is in progress. The draft report is being prepared.
Fly Ash Utilization by Brick Kiln
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India Gazette Notification, dated 14.09.1999 as a follow- up of the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi orders in CWP No. 2145/99; in the matter of Centre for Public Interest Litigation, Delhi Vs. Union of India and Others. An amendment,dated 27/8/2003 was notified for the said notification. Now, it is mandatory for brick kilns to use flyash, bottom ash or pond ash on weight. to weight. basis to the extent of 25 % in brick making if located within 100 km radial distance from any coal or lignite based thermal power plant w.e.f 27/08/2004.
The Central Pollution Control Board compiled amended version of principle notification and circulated to all State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees for information and implementation of the notification. Fly Ash Utilization Programme (FAUP), DST, Govt. of India in close association with the Ministry of Environment & Forest has organized training-cum -demonstration programmes for stakholders. The State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees were suggested to insert advertisement in the leading newspaper for effective implementation of the notification. As a follow up 22 State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees have inserted advertisement in newspaper till date . The use of fly ash is picking up since various construction agencies are now duty bound to use flyash bricks, blocks and tiles as the case may be in compliance of the notification.
Emission Standards for Refractory Industry
Refractories are products manufactured from raw materials like clay, silica, quartz bauxite etc. Refractories can withstand high temperature and used as structural materials in kilns etc. In refractory Industry the Air Pollution comprising particulate matter (PM), SO2, and NOx . It also generates wastewater, solid waste and hazardous waste.
The study has been completed by the Central Pollution Control Board in association with National Council for Cement & Building Materials (NCCBM), New Delhi. The present environmental scenario of the Indian Refractory Industry has been studied. In depth at six refractory plant i.e. Rathi Ceramics (Faridabad), VRW Refractories (Chennai), Eastern Refrcatory (Jhansi), ACC (Katni) , Carborandom Universal (Ranipet, Chennai) and Tata Refractories Ltd. (Belpahar, Orissa).
Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulation, Good practices and Siting Criteria for refractory industries were discussed in the 18 th Peer and Core Committee meeting in the Central Board held on 20 th and 21 st April 2004. The observations of Peer & Core Committee were incorporated in the proposal. Minutes and proposal have been circulated to expert, Industry and refractory Association. The revised recommendations for emission standards and stack height on the basis of fuel and type of furnace were put up before 132 nd meeting of Central Board on 4 th January 2005 for discussions and acceptance.
Table 10.6: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory (down draught kiln) Category A : (Fuel : Coal)
Category Production capacity Particulate Matter Stack height
3 (tpa) Conc. in mg/Nm at 12% CO2 (metre) Small upto 15,000 350 15.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 350 18.0 Large More than 50,000 350 21.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, Shed or plant in the industry.
Table 10.7: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory (other than down draught kiln)
Category Production Particulate Matter Stack height capacity Conc. in mg/Nm3 at 12% CO2 (metre) (tpa) Small upto 15,000 300 15.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 200 18.0 Large More than 50,000 150 21.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, shed or plant in the industry. Table 10.8: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory Category B (Fuel: Oil / Natural Gas/ producer gas /LPG or including all, except Coal)
Category Production capacity Particulate matter Stack height
(tpa) Conc. in mg/Nm3 at 12% (metre) CO2 Small upto 15,000 200 12.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 150 15.0 Large More than 50,000 150 18.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, Shed or plant in the industry.
Table 10.9: Emission Limit and Stack height for Rotary Kiln in Refractory Industry Category C : Rotary Kiln)
Category Production capacity Particulate Matter Stack height
(tpd) (mg/Nm3 ) (metre) Small Upto 25 250 20 Small 26 to 50 200 40 Medium 51 to100 150 55 Large More than 100 100 75
Note: Fugitive emission shall not exceed 150 mg/Nm 3 from any process or plant.
Trade Effluent Wastewater overflowing from producer gas coal tar pits along with factory water may be let out from the plant till effluent standards for producer gas plants are separately notified or as per consent order issued by the concern State Pollution Control Board or Committee. The prepared standard are presented in Table 10.10.
Table 10.10: Proposed Effluent standard for Refractory Industry
S.No. Parameter Effluent Standards Inland surface Public Land for Water sewers Irrigation 1 Suspended solids,mg/l, Max 100 600 200 2 pH 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 3 Oil and grease,mg/l, Max 10 20 10 4 BOD(3 days at 27 0 C) Max 30 250 100 5 COD, mg/l, Max 250 ______6 Hexavalent chromium (asCr +6 ) mg/l, Max 0.1 2.0 1.0 7 Total Chromium (as Cr),mg/l, Max 2.0 2.0 2.0 8 Phenolic compound (as C 6 H 5 OH) mg/l, 1.0 5.0 - Max. 9 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, Max. 0.2 2.0 0.2
Solid Waste The ranges of solid waste depend on the process and type of refractory product. It has been observed that most of the solid waste product is recycled or sold out /utilized but in the case of waste silica bricks, they are dumped and then utilized as building bricks for compound walls/ flower bed. A separate study has been undertaken for coal tar waste from producer gas plant. Even the solid wastes from electro- static -precipator (ESP), from rotary kiln and the calcinated waste are used in some agricultural lands for stabilization. However, each type of solid waste should be disposed of as per the provisions of The Hazardous Waste ( Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and The Municipal Solid wastes (Management and Handling)Rules, 2000, as applicable . Dumping yards should be designed for each solid waste in such a way that solid waste should not be spread all over the premises.
Table 10.11: Handling of Hazardous Waste S. No. Waste Source Remarks 1 Tar Producer gas plant As Per the Procedure to be Notified 2 Rejected Container Empty drums of Proper Storage and Handling Mechanism different chemicals for Disposal as per the Hazardous Wastes Used (Management and Handling Rules), 1989 3 Chrome bearing Used during process - do - Compounds
Siting Criteria (For New Refractory Industry/ New ‘Green Field' Units ) Installation of refractory plant shall not be allowed in sensitive areas as notified by the state pollution control board/ pollution control committee under the provisions of the National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines. However, installation of refractory plant shall be considered in sensitive area such as TTZ, Doon Valley, Dhahanu,etc. with LPG or Natural gas as fuel, in absence of notification from the concerned state pollution control board/ pollution control committee
. If refractory plant is not located in any approved/notified industrial area but in isolation;
Refractory plant shall be established at least 2.0 km away from the notified municipal limit of any town or city.
The plant shall to be located 5 Km away from airport, 500 m away from the mid of railway track, National/ State Highway and 100 m from mid of any other road.
Refractory plant should be established preferably at least 1.0 km away from residential areas/village (having population of 500 people at least), hospitals, schools, college, public building and/or a place from where flammable substances are collected, when plant is in prominent up wind direction and 500 m in other directions.
Distance between mango orchard (with area 2.5 acres or more )and refractory plant shall not be less than 500 m when refractory palnt is in prominent upwind direction and 200 m in other direction. The mentioned distances are applicable only for that mango orchard irrespective of variety (indigenous/hybrid) whose area individually or collectively should not be less than 2.5 acre. There won't be any difference between mango orchard and a joint nursery. Mixed orchard having 100 mango trees shall be treated at par.
Good Practices for Refractory Industry
The various units of Refractory plant shall be provided with suction hood, fitted with suitable air pollution control devices and stack emissions should be within limits.
If the plants are employing multiple cyclone/wet scrubber as a pollution control device, proper measures must be taken for the treatment and disposal of wastewater and sludge.
Thermocouples, sensors and Weigh Bridge (s) are required to be calibrated regularly whenever monitoring of stack is carried out. The reading of thermocouple(s) in the plant should match with the thermocouple used in the monitoring.
Port holes, ladder and platform for stack monitoring shall be provided with all the stacks and be maintained in good condition.
All the vibratory/moving components of Refractory plant shall be mounted on anti-vibratory platform.
Fuel tanks (irrespective of diesel, kerosene or fuel oil ) should be leak proof and should be kept at a levelled cement concrete platform, with proper dykes to contain any spillage.
Multi-layered and multi-storyed Green belt of 10 m width, shall be developed along the periphery of Refractory plant leaving four 10 m wide gaps(maximum) in the boundary for entry and exit (i.e. for movement of materials and vehicles).
Entry point from main road to refractory plant shall be provided with pukka cement concrete/bituminous road/brick pavement.
Lightening arrestor, as per the PWD norms or any other standard design shall be installed to avoid the damage to the stack(s)/chimney(ies) or plant which may be caused due to lightening attack.
Storm water drainage network shall be provided within the premises of refractory plant. Arrangement shall be made for rainwater harvesting.
If bag house (s) is /are used as air pollution control devices,
Cleaning schedule for the bag house shall be drawn as per operational manual. Sudden drop in air pressure in the bag house may be addressed to.
Bag house shall be thoroughly inspected and required maintenance be carried out prior to start up of Refractory plant after shut down periods lasting more than 5 days . Re-inspection of bag house shall be carried out within 7 days of start up of the Refractory plant and every 30 days of operation followed with replacement of worn out or damaged bags within 72 hours.
Earmuffs shall be provided to workers as protection against noise pollution.
The workers in Refractory plant are under various thermal and physiological stresses due to extreme and unhygienic conditions prevailing in the plant. Thus, it is extremely essential to make the use of respiratory mask compulsory for workers.
Special coat/apron, helmet and shoes should be provided to the workers for their protection.
Emission Standards, Siting Criteria and Good Practices for Hot Mix Plants
Construction of roads plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the country. Ever since the Government of India declared infrastructure as the thrust area, there has been predominant boom in the road sector. The construction and maintenance of major portion of the road network is done by using conventional hot bitumen-mixes. The emissions from hot mix plants contain particulate matter, sulphur dioxide besides poly-aromatic hydrocarbons.
There are more than 1000 hot mix plants of different categories operating in different parts of the country. Most of the plants are of stationary, drum-continuous type. The rated production capacity varies from 6-10 tph to 10-120 tph. Burning of fuel, feeding of aggregate, heating of bitumen from such a large number of plants is bound to create environmental hazards especially `air pollution' due to dust and volatile organic compounds like BTX, PAH and PCBs.
The Central Pollution Control Board interacted with three leading manufacturers of HMPs at international level namely:- M/s Speedcrafts Ltd., M/s Telco Construction Ltd. and M/s Linhoff Technological Pte Ltd., offering state-of –art technology with a claim of particulate matter level as low as 25 mg/Nm 3 . Emission standards, siting criteria and good practices were drawn and discussed in the Peer and Core committee of the Central Board in March 2004. The committee desired to collect data on hydrocarbons in emission for new generation HMPs. The Central Board is taking steps to upgrade its monitoring facilities for hydrocarbons monitoring in stack emission. The leading private and Govt. laboratories also do not have facilities for monitoring hydrocarbons in stack .
Development of Environmental Standards, Stack Height Regulations and Good Practices for Producer Gas Plants and Biomass Gasifiers Producer gas is a derived gaseous fuel by gasification of various primary fuels like coal, lignite, wood, agriculture residue and other biomass. Though, the bio-resource base of India is substantial, its contribution to useful energy is low. Producer gas can be employed in thermal application or for mechanical/electrical power generation. There are no specific standards for producer gas units or bio- gasifiers. The Central Board therefore, has taken up this study for formulation of environmental standards for these units with the assistance of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi.
The producer gas derived from gasification of coal continues to be the main fuel for the refractory industries particularly in the eastern part of India. Grade – E coal i.e. poor quality coal is available at a cheaper cost and refractory industries took advantage of it in eastern India. Similarly in western India, due to abundance of charcoal, Refractory industries are using charcoal-derived producer gas/bio-gas for kiln and furnace heating.
Monitoring of biogasifiers was undertaken for the units utilizing gas for Ceramic industry at Morbi, Gujrat Industrial Carbon Dioxide production at Porbandar, Gujrat demo biogasifier at Savli, Gujarat and rice mill at Burdhwan, West Bengal Monitoring for producer gas units was carried in re-rolling mills at Raipur, Chattisgarh, refractory industry at Jharasguda, Orissa. limekilns unit at Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh and Dankuni Coal complex in Kolkatta. West Bengal. Producer & biogasifier gas units were monitored for stack emissions (PM, SO2& CO); ambient air quality (SPM, RSPM, SO2, & NO X ); Work station air quality (Dust level, CO); Liquid effluents (pH, temperature, TS,SS,TDS, Oil & Grease, COD, BOD, phenols & Total Cyanide); solid waste (ash & tar) and energy performance. It is derived that most downdraught and cross-draught power gasifiers can be equipped with dry-gas clean-up systems, which drastically reduce the quantity of liquid effluent produced. Some important industrial safety issues pertaining to exposure to high temperature surfaces, exposure to CO emissions, and prevention (and control) of explosions and backfires. It calls for good design of the insulating system, good instrumentation and control. The compilation of report is under progress.
Environmental Standards and Good Practices for Automobile Service Station, Workshop & Bus Depot (including disposal of waste oil, used batteries, used tyres and tubes etc.)" Due to the urbanization, industrialization, economic developments and population rise in the country, new models of vehicles , people are getting increasingly mobile which has a direct bearing on vehicular traffic. It is expected that number of bus depots, service stations and workshops will increase through out the country rapidly.
There are 28 States and 6 Union Territories with almost 600 districts in India. All the states and U.T.s have their own state transport corporations/roadways (STC/R). Many of mega and metro cities have their own transport corporations like BEST, DTC, etc. It is estimated that at least 2250 bus depots are owned by the STC/R. Bus depots are required for parking, night shelter, repair and overhauling works, washing, painting, repainting, servicing, fueling/refueling of buses and other related purposes. Apart from the STC/R, a number of private companies and individuals also have a fleet of buses, mini buses or maxi cabs. As per rough estimates, there may be more than 50,000- service stations through out the country owned by automobile manufacturers, their agents, individuals or STC/R.
The current practices in service stations and bus depots are not oriented towards minimizing pollution by incorporation of implant pollution control measures. Of late, effluent treatment, emissions, noise control and implant pollution control measures are being given importance in this sector. Considerable changes in manufacturing processes, repair & maintenance schedule, practices of vehicles to improve upon the efficiency and to lower the cost of operation & maintenance in order to minimize the use of water, electricity, manpower, wastage of fuel reducing frequency of painting, replacement of battery, tyre and tubes and idling of vehicles; some of the technological developments have helped in prevention, abatement and control of pollution apart from increase in life of vehicles, better comforts to passengers, lesser operation & maintenance cost and fewer breakdowns.
To assess the situation and to formulate storm water, effluent, solid waste management, noise and emission standards for bus depots, workshops and service stations the project has been initiated by Central Pollution Control Board. The information on the status (i.e. number, size and location) of automobile service station, workshop, bus depot etc. in the country: State wise & City wise have been collected. Appropriate pollution abatement and control systems based on ‘best available technology not entailing excessive cost' (BATNEEC) concept needs to be adopted to evolve suitable environmental standards, guidelines which could be techno economically feasible for the automobile service station, workshop and bus depot; and to recommend good practices and better housekeeping for all operations.
Table 10.6: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory (down draught kiln) Category A : (Fuel : Coal)
Category Production capacity Particulate Matter Stack height
(tpa) Conc. in mg/Nm 3 at 12% CO (metre) 2 Small upto 15,000 350 15.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 350 18.0 Large More than 50,000 350 21.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, Shed or plant in the industry.
Table 10.7: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory (other than down draught kiln)
Category Production capacity Particulate Matter Conc. in Stack height mg/Nm 3 at 12% CO 2 (tpa) (metre) Small upto 15,000 300 15.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 200 18.0 Large More than 50,000 150 21.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, shed or plant in the industry. Table 10.8: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory Category B (Fuel: Oil / Natural Gas/ producer gas /LPG or including all, except Coal)
Category Production capacity Particulate matter Stack height
(tpa) Conc. in mg/Nm 3 (metre)
at 12% CO 2 Small upto 15,000 200 12.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 150 15.0 Large More than 50,000 150 18.0 Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, Shed or plant in the industry.
Table 10.9: Emission Limit and Stack height for Rotary Kiln in Refractory Industry Category C : Rotary Kiln) Category Production capacity Particulate Matter Stack height
(tpd) (mg/Nm 3 ) (metre) Small Upto 25 250 20 Small 26 to 50 200 40 Medium 51 to100 150 55 Large More than 100 100 75 Note: Fugitive emission shall not exceed 150 mg/Nm 3 from any process or plant.
Trade Effluent Wastewater overflowing from producer gas coal tar pits along with factory water may be let out from the plant till effluent standards for producer gas plants are separately notified or as per consent order issued by the concern State Pollution Control Board or Committee. The prepared standard are presented in Table 10.10. Table 10.10: Proposed Effluent standard for Refractory Industry S.No. Parameter Effluent Standards Inland Public Land for surface Water sewers Irrigation 1 Suspended solids,mg/l, Max 100 600 200 2 pH 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 3 Oil and grease,mg/l, Max 10 20 10 4 BOD(3 days at 27 0 C) Max 30 250 100 5 COD, mg/l, Max 250 ______6 Hexavalent chromium (asCr +6 ) mg/l, Max 0.1 2.0 1.0 7 Total Chromium (as Cr),mg/l, Max 2.0 2.0 2.0 8 Phenolic compound (as C 6 H 5 OH) mg/l, 1.0 5.0 - Max. 9 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, Max. 0.2 2.0 0.2
Solid Waste The ranges of solid waste depend on the process and type of refractory product. It has been observed that most of the solid waste product is recycled or sold out /utilized but in the case of waste silica bricks, they are dumped and then utilized as building bricks for compound walls/ flower bed. A separate study has been undertaken for coal tar waste from producer gas plant. Even the solid wastes from electro- static -precipator (ESP), from rotary kiln and the calcinated waste are used in some agricultural lands for stabilization. However, each type of solid waste should be disposed of as per the provisions of The Hazardous Waste ( Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and The Municipal Solid wastes (Management and Handling)Rules, 2000, as applicable . Dumping yards should be designed for each solid waste in such a way that solid waste should not be spread all over the premises.
Table 10.11: Handling of Hazardous Waste S. No. Waste Source Remarks 1 Tar Producer gas plant As Per the Procedure to be Notified 2 Rejected Container Empty drums of Proper Storage and Handling Mechanism for Disposal as per the Hazardous Wastes different chemicals (Management and Handling Rules), 1989
Used 3 Chrome bearing Used during process - do - Compounds
Siting Criteria (For New Refractory Industry/ New ‘Green Field' Units ) Installation of refractory plant shall not be allowed in sensitive areas as notified by the state pollution control board/ pollution control committee under the provisions of the National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines. However, installation of refractory plant shall be considered in sensitive area such as TTZ, Doon Valley, Dhahanu,etc. with LPG or Natural gas as fuel, in absence of notification from the concerned state pollution control board/ pollution control committee
. If refractory plant is not located in any approved/notified industrial area but in isolation;
Refractory plant shall be established at least 2.0 km away from the notified municipal limit of any town or city.
The plant shall to be located 5 Km away from airport, 500 m away from the mid of railway track, National/ State Highway and 100 m from mid of any other road.
Refractory plant should be established preferably at least 1.0 km away from residential areas/village (having population of 500 people at least), hospitals, schools, college, public building and/or a place from where flammable substances are collected, when plant is in prominent up wind direction and 500 m in other directions.
Distance between mango orchard (with area 2.5 acres or more )and refractory plant shall not be less than 500 m when refractory palnt is in prominent upwind direction and 200 m in other direction. The mentioned distances are applicable only for that mango orchard irrespective of variety (indigenous/hybrid) whose area individually or collectively should not be less than 2.5 acre. There won't be any difference between mango orchard and a joint nursery. Mixed orchard having 100 mango trees shall be treated at par.
Good Practices for Refractory Industry
The various units of Refractory plant shall be provided with suction hood, fitted with suitable air pollution control devices and stack emissions should be within limits.
If the plants are employing multiple cyclone/wet scrubber as a pollution control device, proper measures must be taken for the treatment and disposal of wastewater and sludge.
Thermocouples, sensors and Weigh Bridge (s) are required to be calibrated regularly whenever monitoring of stack is carried out. The reading of thermocouple(s) in the plant should match with the thermocouple used in the monitoring.
Port holes, ladder and platform for stack monitoring shall be provided with all the stacks and be maintained in good condition.
All the vibratory/moving components of Refractory plant shall be mounted on anti-vibratory platform.
Fuel tanks (irrespective of diesel, kerosene or fuel oil ) should be leak proof and should be kept at a levelled cement concrete platform, with proper dykes to contain any spillage.
Multi-layered and multi-storyed Green belt of 10 m width, shall be developed along the periphery of Refractory plant leaving four 10 m wide gaps(maximum) in the boundary for entry and exit (i.e. for movement of materials and vehicles).
Entry point from main road to refractory plant shall be provided with pukka cement concrete/bituminous road/brick pavement.
Lightening arrestor, as per the PWD norms or any other standard design shall be installed to avoid the damage to the stack(s)/chimney(ies) or plant which may be caused due to lightening attack.
Storm water drainage network shall be provided within the premises of refractory plant. Arrangement shall be made for rainwater harvesting.
If bag house (s) is /are used as air pollution control devices,
Cleaning schedule for the bag house shall be drawn as per operational manual. Sudden drop in air pressure in the bag house may be addressed to.
Bag house shall be thoroughly inspected and required maintenance be carried out prior to start up of Refractory plant after shut down periods lasting more than 5 days . Re-inspection of bag house shall be carried out within 7 days of start up of the Refractory plant and every 30 days of operation followed with replacement of worn out or damaged bags within 72 hours.
Earmuffs shall be provided to workers as protection against noise pollution.
The workers in Refractory plant are under various thermal and physiological stresses due to extreme and unhygienic conditions prevailing in the plant. Thus, it is extremely essential to make the use of respiratory mask compulsory for workers.
Special coat/apron, helmet and shoes should be provided to the workers for their protection.
Emission Standards, Siting Criteria and Good Practices for Hot Mix Plants
Construction of roads plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the country. Ever since the Government of India declared infrastructure as the thrust area, there has been predominant boom in the road sector. The construction and maintenance of major portion of the road network is done by using conventional hot bitumen-mixes. The emissions from hot mix plants contain particulate matter, sulphur dioxide besides poly-aromatic hydrocarbons.
There are more than 1000 hot mix plants of different categories operating in different parts of the country. Most of the plants are of stationary, drum-continuous type. The rated production capacity varies from 6-10 tph to 10-120 tph. Burning of fuel, feeding of aggregate, heating of bitumen from such a large number of plants is bound to create environmental hazards especially `air pollution' due to dust and volatile organic compounds like BTX, PAH and PCBs.
The Central Pollution Control Board interacted with three leading manufacturers of HMPs at international level namely:- M/s Speedcrafts Ltd., M/s Telco Construction Ltd. and M/s Linhoff Technological Pte Ltd., offering state-of –art technology with a claim of particulate matter level as low as 25 mg/Nm 3 . Emission standards, siting criteria and good practices were drawn and discussed in the Peer and Core committee of the Central Board in March 2004. The committee desired to collect data on hydrocarbons in emission for new generation HMPs. The Central Board is taking steps to upgrade its monitoring facilities for hydrocarbons monitoring in stack emission. The leading private and Govt. laboratories also do not have facilities for monitoring hydrocarbons in stack .
Development of Environmental Standards, Stack Height Regulations and Good Practices for Producer Gas Plants and Biomass Gasifiers Producer gas is a derived gaseous fuel by gasification of various primary fuels like coal, lignite, wood, agriculture residue and other biomass. Though, the bio-resource base of India is substantial, its contribution to useful energy is low. Producer gas can be employed in thermal application or for mechanical/electrical power generation. There are no specific standards for producer gas units or bio- gasifiers. The Central Board therefore, has taken up this study for formulation of environmental standards for these units with the assistance of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi.
The producer gas derived from gasification of coal continues to be the main fuel for the refractory industries particularly in the eastern part of India. Grade – E coal i.e. poor quality coal is available at a cheaper cost and refractory industries took advantage of it in eastern India. Similarly in western India, due to abundance of charcoal, Refractory industries are using charcoal-derived producer gas/bio-gas for kiln and furnace heating.
Monitoring of biogasifiers was undertaken for the units utilizing gas for Ceramic industry at Morbi, Gujrat Industrial Carbon Dioxide production at Porbandar, Gujrat demo biogasifier at Savli, Gujarat and rice mill at Burdhwan, West Bengal Monitoring for producer gas units was carried in re-rolling mills at Raipur, Chattisgarh, refractory industry at Jharasguda, Orissa. limekilns unit at Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh and Dankuni Coal complex in Kolkatta. West Bengal. Producer & biogasifier gas units were monitored for stack emissions (PM, SO2& CO); ambient air quality (SPM, RSPM, SO2, & NO X ); Work station air quality (Dust level, CO); Liquid effluents (pH, temperature, TS,SS,TDS, Oil & Grease, COD, BOD, phenols & Total Cyanide); solid waste (ash & tar) and energy performance. It is derived that most downdraught and cross-draught power gasifiers can be equipped with dry-gas clean-up systems, which drastically reduce the quantity of liquid effluent produced. Some important industrial safety issues pertaining to exposure to high temperature surfaces, exposure to CO emissions, and prevention (and control) of explosions and backfires. It calls for good design of the insulating system, good instrumentation and control. The compilation of report is under progress.
Environmental Standards and Good Practices for Automobile Service Station, Workshop & Bus Depot (including disposal of waste oil, used batteries, used tyres and tubes etc.)" Due to the urbanization, industrialization, economic developments and population rise in the country, new models of vehicles , people are getting increasingly mobile which has a direct bearing on vehicular traffic. It is expected that number of bus depots, service stations and workshops will increase through out the country rapidly.
There are 28 States and 6 Union Territories with almost 600 districts in India. All the states and U.T.s have their own state transport corporations/roadways (STC/R). Many of mega and metro cities have their own transport corporations like BEST, DTC, etc. It is estimated that at least 2250 bus depots are owned by the STC/R. Bus depots are required for parking, night shelter, repair and overhauling works, washing, painting, repainting, servicing, fueling/refueling of buses and other related purposes. Apart from the STC/R, a number of private companies and individuals also have a fleet of buses, mini buses or maxi cabs. As per rough estimates, there may be more than 50,000- service stations through out the country owned by automobile manufacturers, their agents, individuals or STC/R.
The current practices in service stations and bus depots are not oriented towards minimizing pollution by incorporation of implant pollution control measures. Of late, effluent treatment, emissions, noise control and implant pollution control measures are being given importance in this sector. Considerable changes in manufacturing processes, repair & maintenance schedule, practices of vehicles to improve upon the efficiency and to lower the cost of operation & maintenance in order to minimize the use of water, electricity, manpower, wastage of fuel reducing frequency of painting, replacement of battery, tyre and tubes and idling of vehicles; some of the technological developments have helped in prevention, abatement and control of pollution apart from increase in life of vehicles, better comforts to passengers, lesser operation & maintenance cost and fewer breakdowns.
To assess the situation and to formulate storm water, effluent, solid waste management, noise and emission standards for bus depots, workshops and service stations the project has been initiated by Central Pollution Control Board. The information on the status (i.e. number, size and location) of automobile service station, workshop, bus depot etc. in the country: State wise & City wise have been collected. Appropriate pollution abatement and control systems based on ‘best available technology not entailing excessive cost' (BATNEEC) concept needs to be adopted to evolve suitable environmental standards, guidelines which could be techno economically feasible for the automobile service station, workshop and bus depot; and to recommend good practices and better housekeeping for all operations.
Table 10.6: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory (down draught kiln) Category A : (Fuel : Coal)
Category Production capacity Particulate Matter Stack height
3 (tpa) Conc. in mg/Nm at 12% CO2 (metre) Small upto 15,000 350 15.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 350 18.0 Large More than 50,000 350 21.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, Shed or plant in the industry.
Table 10.7: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory (other than down draught kiln)
Category Production Particulate Matter Stack height capacity Conc. inmg/Nm3 at 12% CO2 (metre) (tpa) Small upto 15,000 300 15.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 200 18.0 Large More than 50,000 150 21.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, shed or plant in the industry. Table 10.8: Emission Standards and Stack Height for Refractory Category B (Fuel: Oil / Natural Gas/ producer gas /LPG or including all, except Coal)
Category Production capacity Particulate matter Stack height
(tpa) Conc. inmg/Nm3 at 12% (metre) CO2 Small upto 15,000 200 12.0 Medium 15,001 - 50,000 150 15.0 Large More than 50,000 150 18.0
Note: Each stack shall be at least 2 metre above the top most point of the building, Shed or plant in the industry.
Table 10.9: Emission Limit and Stack height for Rotary Kiln in Refractory Industry Category C : Rotary Kiln) 1Note: Fugitive emission shall not exceed 150 mg/Nm 3 from any process or plant.
Trade Effluent Wastewater overflowing from producer gas coal tar pits along with factory water may be let out from the plant till effluent standards for producer gas plants are separately notified or as per consent order issued by the concern State Pollution Control Board or Committee. The prepared standard are presented in Table 10.10
Table 10.10: Proposed Effluent standard for Refractory Industry
S.No. Parameter Effluent Standards Inland surface Public Land for Water sewers Irrigation 1 Suspended solids,mg/l, Max 100 600 200 2 pH 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 3 Oil and grease,mg/l, Max 10 20 10 4 BOD(3 days at 27 0 C) Max 30 250 100 5 COD, mg/l, Max 250 ______6 Hexavalent chromium (asCr +6 ) mg/l, Max 0.1 2.0 1.0 7 Total Chromium (as Cr),mg/l, Max 2.0 2.0 2.0 8 Phenolic compound (as C 6 H 5 OH) mg/l, 1.0 5.0 - Max. 9 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, Max. 0.2 2.0 0.2
Solid Waste The ranges of solid waste depend on the process and type of refractory product. It has been observed that most of the solid waste product is recycled or sold out /utilized but in the case of waste silica bricks, they are dumped and then utilized as building bricks for compound walls/ flower bed. A separate study has been undertaken for coal tar waste from producer gas plant. Even the solid wastes from electro- static -precipator (ESP), from rotary kiln and the calcinated waste are used in some agricultural lands for stabilization. However, each type of solid waste should be disposed of as per the provisions of The Hazardous Waste ( Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and The Municipal Solid wastes (Management and Handling)Rules, 2000, as applicable . Dumping yards should be designed for each solid waste in such a way that solid waste should not be spread all over the premises.
Table 10.11: Handling of Hazardous Waste S. No. Waste Source Remarks 1 Tar Producer gas plant As Per the Procedure to be Notified 2 Rejected Container Empty drums of Proper Storage and Handling Mechanism for Disposal as per the Hazardous Wastes different chemicals (Management and Handling Rules), 1989
Used 3 Chrome bearing Used during process - do - Compounds
Siting Criteria (For New Refractory Industry/ New ‘Green Field' Units ) Installation of refractory plant shall not be allowed in sensitive areas as notified by the state pollution control board/ pollution control committee under the provisions of the National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines. However, installation of refractory plant shall be considered in sensitive area such as TTZ, Doon Valley, Dhahanu,etc. with LPG or Natural gas as fuel, in absence of notification from the concerned state pollution control board/ pollution control committee
. If refractory plant is not located in any approved/notified industrial area but in isolation;
Refractory plant shall be established at least 2.0 km away from the notified municipal limit of any town or city.
The plant shall to be located 5 Km away from airport, 500 m away from the mid of railway track, National/ State Highway and 100 m from mid of any other road.
Refractory plant should be established preferably at least 1.0 km away from residential areas/village (having population of 500 people at least), hospitals, schools, college, public building and/or a place from where flammable substances are collected, when plant is in prominent up wind direction and 500 m in other directions.
Distance between mango orchard (with area 2.5 acres or more )and refractory plant shall not be less than 500 m when refractory palnt is in prominent upwind direction and 200 m in other direction. The mentioned distances are applicable only for that mango orchard irrespective of variety (indigenous/hybrid) whose area individually or collectively should not be less than 2.5 acre. There won't be any difference between mango orchard and a joint nursery. Mixed orchard having 100 mango trees shall be treated at par.
Good Practices for Refractory Industry
The various units of Refractory plant shall be provided with suction hood, fitted with suitable air pollution control devices and stack emissions should be within limits.
If the plants are employing multiple cyclone/wet scrubber as a pollution control device, proper measures must be taken for the treatment and disposal of wastewater and sludge.
Thermocouples, sensors and Weigh Bridge (s) are required to be calibrated regularly whenever monitoring of stack is carried out. The reading of thermocouple(s) in the plant should match with the thermocouple used in the monitoring.
Port holes, ladder and platform for stack monitoring shall be provided with all the stacks and be maintained in good condition.
All the vibratory/moving components of Refractory plant shall be mounted on anti-vibratory platform.
Fuel tanks (irrespective of diesel, kerosene or fuel oil ) should be leak proof and should be kept at a levelled cement concrete platform, with proper dykes to contain any spillage.
Multi-layered and multi-storyed Green belt of 10 m width, shall be developed along the periphery of Refractory plant leaving four 10 m wide gaps(maximum) in the boundary for entry and exit (i.e. for movement of materials and vehicles).
Entry point from main road to refractory plant shall be provided with pukka cement concrete/bituminous road/brick pavement.
Lightening arrestor, as per the PWD norms or any other standard design shall be installed to avoid the damage to the stack(s)/chimney(ies) or plant which may be caused due to lightening attack.
Storm water drainage network shall be provided within the premises of refractory plant. Arrangement shall be made for rainwater harvesting.
If bag house (s) is /are used as air pollution control devices,
Cleaning schedule for the bag house shall be drawn as per operational manual. Sudden drop in air pressure in the bag house may be addressed to.
Bag house shall be thoroughly inspected and required maintenance be carried out prior to start up of Refractory plant after shut down periods lasting more than 5 days . Re-inspection of bag house shall be carried out within 7 days of start up of the Refractory plant and every 30 days of operation followed with replacement of worn out or damaged bags within 72 hours.
Earmuffs shall be provided to workers as protection against noise pollution.
The workers in Refractory plant are under various thermal and physiological stresses due to extreme and unhygienic conditions prevailing in the plant. Thus, it is extremely essential to make the use of respiratory mask compulsory for workers.
Special coat/apron, helmet and shoes should be provided to the workers for their protection.
Emission Standards, Siting Criteria and Good Practices for Hot Mix Plants
Construction of roads plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the country. Ever since the Government of India declared infrastructure as the thrust area, there has been predominant boom in the road sector. The construction and maintenance of major portion of the road network is done by using conventional hot bitumen-mixes. The emissions from hot mix plants contain particulate matter, sulphur dioxide besides poly-aromatic hydrocarbons.
There are more than 1000 hot mix plants of different categories operating in different parts of the country. Most of the plants are of stationary, drum-continuous type. The rated production capacity varies from 6-10 tph to 10-120 tph. Burning of fuel, feeding of aggregate, heating of bitumen from such a large number of plants is bound to create environmental hazards especially `air pollution' due to dust and volatile organic compounds like BTX, PAH and PCBs.
The Central Pollution Control Board interacted with three leading manufacturers of HMPs at international level namely:- M/s Speedcrafts Ltd., M/s Telco Construction Ltd. and M/s Linhoff Technological Pte Ltd., offering state-of –art technology with a claim of particulate matter level as low as 25 mg/Nm 3 . Emission standards, siting criteria and good practices were drawn and discussed in the Peer and Core committee of the Central Board in March 2004. The committee desired to collect data on hydrocarbons in emission for new generation HMPs. The Central Board is taking steps to upgrade its monitoring facilities for hydrocarbons monitoring in stack emission. The leading private and Govt. laboratories also do not have facilities for monitoring hydrocarbons in stack .
Development of Environmental Standards, Stack Height Regulations and Good Practices for Producer Gas Plants and Biomass Gasifiers
Producer gas is a derived gaseous fuel by gasification of various primary fuels like coal, lignite, wood, agriculture residue and other biomass. Though, the bio-resource base of India is substantial, its contribution to useful energy is low. Producer gas can be employed in thermal application or for mechanical/electrical power generation. There are no specific standards for producer gas units or bio- gasifiers. The Central Board therefore, has taken up this study for formulation of environmental standards for these units with the assistance of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi.
The producer gas derived from gasification of coal continues to be the main fuel for the refractory industries particularly in the eastern part of India. Grade – E coal i.e. poor quality coal is available at a cheaper cost and refractory industries took advantage of it in eastern India. Similarly in western India, due to abundance of charcoal, Refractory industries are using charcoal-derived producer gas/bio-gas for kiln and furnace heating.
Monitoring of biogasifiers was undertaken for the units utilizing gas for Ceramic industry at Morbi, Gujrat Industrial Carbon Dioxide production at Porbandar, Gujrat demo biogasifier at Savli, Gujarat and rice mill at Burdhwan, West Bengal Monitoring for producer gas units was carried in re-rolling mills at Raipur, Chattisgarh, refractory industry at Jharasguda, Orissa. limekilns unit at Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh and Dankuni Coal complex in Kolkatta. West Bengal. Producer & biogasifier gas units were monitored for stack emissions (PM, SO2& CO); ambient air quality (SPM, RSPM, SO2, & NO X ); Work station air quality (Dust level, CO); Liquid effluents (pH, temperature, TS,SS,TDS, Oil & Grease, COD, BOD, phenols & Total Cyanide); solid waste (ash & tar) and energy performance. It is derived that most downdraught and cross-draught power gasifiers can be equipped with dry-gas clean-up systems, which drastically reduce the quantity of liquid effluent produced. Some important industrial safety issues pertaining to exposure to high temperature surfaces, exposure to CO emissions, and prevention (and control) of explosions and backfires. It calls for good design of the insulating system, good instrumentation and control. The compilation of report is under progress.
Environmental Standards and Good Practices for Automobile Service Station, Workshop & Bus Depot (including disposal of waste oil, used batteries, used tyres and tubes etc.)" Due to the urbanization, industrialization, economic developments and population rise in the country, new models of vehicles , people are getting increasingly mobile which has a direct bearing on vehicular traffic. It is expected that number of bus depots, service stations and workshops will increase through out the country rapidly.
There are 28 States and 6 Union Territories with almost 600 districts in India. All the states and U.T.s have their own state transport corporations/roadways (STC/R). Many of mega and metro cities have their own transport corporations like BEST, DTC, etc. It is estimated that at least 2250 bus depots are owned by the STC/R. Bus depots are required for parking, night shelter, repair and overhauling works, washing, painting, repainting, servicing, fueling/refueling of buses and other related purposes. Apart from the STC/R, a number of private companies and individuals also have a fleet of buses, mini buses or maxi cabs. As per rough estimates, there may be more than 50,000- service stations through out the country owned by automobile manufacturers, their agents, individuals or STC/R.
The current practices in service stations and bus depots are not oriented towards minimizing pollution by incorporation of implant pollution control measures. Of late, effluent treatment, emissions, noise control and implant pollution control measures are being given importance in this sector. Considerable changes in manufacturing processes, repair & maintenance schedule, practices of vehicles to improve upon the efficiency and to lower the cost of operation & maintenance in order to minimize the use of water, electricity, manpower, wastage of fuel reducing frequency of painting, replacement of battery, tyre and tubes and idling of vehicles; some of the technological developments have helped in prevention, abatement and control of pollution apart from increase in life of vehicles, better comforts to passengers, lesser operation & maintenance cost and fewer breakdowns.
To assess the situation and to formulate storm water, effluent, solid waste management, noise and emission standards for bus depots, workshops and service stations the project has been initiated by Central Pollution Control Board. The information on the status (i.e. number, size and location) of automobile service station, workshop, bus depot etc. in the country: State wise & City wise have been collected. Appropriate pollution abatement and control systems based on ‘best available technology not entailing excessive cost' (BATNEEC) concept needs to be adopted to evolve suitable environmental standards, guidelines which could be techno economically feasible for the automobile service station, workshop and bus depot; and to recommend good practices and better housekeeping for all operations.
Development of Emission Standards and Good Practices for Arc Furnaces and Induction Furnaces in SSI sector
Electric arc furnace (EAF) and induction furnaces (IF) are two principal melting/refining types of units in mini steel mills producing carbon, alloy and special steels for flat or products having long length, applications. The main raw materials in both the units, beside slag forming agents and additives for ferro-alloys are scrap and electricity. The proportion of steel making via electric furnace route is relatively high.The existing emission standards for Suspended Particulate Matter for arc and induction furnace, irrespective of capacity are 150 mg/ Nm 3 .
With the rapid industrialization, the consumption of steel continues to grow and as a result, scarp generation will also continue to increase. The Central Board therefore, has taken up a study to develop environmental parameters systematically for EAF & IF and recommend techno-economically feasible environmental standards, and strategies for better environmental conditions with the help of The Punjab State Council for Science and Technology, Chandigarh.
There are approx. 1000 induction furnace units and 85 electric arc furnace units, out of which 50 units have submerged arc furnaces. These furnaces are used for production of mild steel, special steel, stainless steel and various ferro-alloys in secondary steel sector. However, submerged arc furnaces are exclusively used for producing ferro-alloys (i.e. ferro- manganese, ferro- chrome, ferro-silica, etc.) The secondary steel process units ( i.e. induction and arc furnaces) are located mainly in clusters in India. These clusters are at Mandi Gobindgarh & Ludhiana ( in North); Coimbatore, Palaghat & Belgaun (in South); Durgapur and Hooghly ( in East); and Ahmedabad, Bhiwadi & Goa (in West) i.e. a total of 10 clusters in the country. More than 100 induction furnaces units are being installed in the country. Raw materials for secondary steel units remain sponge iron, scrap (imported and indigenous), own waste metal (i.e. riser and runners produced in the casting) apart from flux. The total slag generation from these 150 furnaces has been estimated as 3000 tonnes/day. In total, (approx). 18,60,000 tonne slag is generated in secondary steel sector per annum (Table 10.12). The slag from induction and arc furnaces contain silica (SiO 2 ) in the range of 15-20%. Similarly, secondary steel slag contains more iron than blast furnace slag. This slag if used, as an admixture in cement could be a source of iron in cement. Ferric cement produced by using slag results in extensive saving of resource and energy. The slag from secondary steel units may be utilized in cement industry.
Table 10.12 Estimated Slag Generation by Induction and Electric Arc furnace in Secondary steel Sector
Induction Furnaces (IF) Total Number 1,000 Number of IFs manufacturing MS Ingots 300 Number of IFs manufacturing Casting 700 Production of MS Ingots from one IF 50 tpd Production of 300 units by assuming 400 IFs in 300 units 20,000 tpd Slag generation @ 10% (2,000 tpd)- assuming 300 working days 6,00,000 tpa Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) Total Number 35 Average capacity of one EAF (@ 25 t/heat) 200 tpd Production of 35 EAF units -assuming 50 EAFs in 35 units 10000 tpd Slag generation @ 12% (1,200 tpd) – 300 working days 3,60,000 tpa Submerged Electric Arc Furnaces (SEAF) Total Number of SEAF units 50 Average capacity of one SEAF 40 tpd Production of 50 SEAF units -assuming 150 SEAFs in 50 units 6000 tpd Slag generation @ 50% (3,000 tpd) – 300 working days 9,00,000 tpa TOTAL SLAG GENERATION 18,60,000 tpa. tpa- tonne per annum; tpd- tonne per day INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
Compilation of Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the 708 Hazardous, Toxic and/or Flammable Chemicals
Material safety data sheet contains information on the potential health effects of exposure and how to work safely with the chemical product. These data sheets includes the information about the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical (s). MSDS is widely used by manufacturers, dealers, universities, indenters, laboratories, etc. using various types of hazardous, inflammable and/or even corrosive chemicals. There 684 hazardous & toxic chemicals under Schedule 1 ( Part II) and other 30 and 179 chemicals under Schedule 2 and Schedule 3 (Part –I) of Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules, 1989 as amended to date. The list of 179 chemicals has been notified as part of Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1999. In total, there are 708+ chemicals for which MSDS are required as per existing Rules and Notifications. List of 708 chemicals has been drawn and 22 organizations, institutes, national and international publishers were contacted out of which 12 responded. The project is undertaken by Central Pollution Control Baord in Collaboration with National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. The objectives of this study to develop a database and a publication of Material Safety Data sheets in the appropriate format, as notified for all the 708 chemicals and formulations. (MSDS be compiled for additional chemicals and formulations, if required); to prepare master soft copy on CD and 100 copies on CD; and to prepare camera ready material for bringing out printed version of the compilation.
Improvement in working of Aawas and Standardization of Vertical Bhatti Design for Earthen Wares
The earthenwares such as pitchers, flowerpots, kulhar, etc. are used in Indian society irrespective of rural and urban areas. The earthen wares are moulded from the clay using traditional potter's wheel. The electricity is also used in moulding wares in urbanised villages, towns and cities to get more production. Earthen wares are dried in sun and fired using `Aawas' using traditional method. Dry grass, leaves, agricultural residue and cow dung are pre-dominantly used in `Aawas' as fuel for firing earthenwares. This activity is a nuisance in the vicinity and real problem during temperature inversions.
Aawas used presently are triangular with 3 m – 4.5 metre base or circular with 3.0 m to 6.0 metre dia and used for better process. Generally, it is below the ground by 0.30 to 0.60 m. The disadvantage of such aawas/ bhattis is that these are not suitable for very big size and fancy pottery. The firing cycle extends over 3 days. It cannot be operated during rain and wet condition. Aawas are more popular in rural areas for a single family, since it is convenient.
Of late, indigenous development have taken place and vertical bhattis are developed. These bhattis are circular in shape and firing cycle is over within 24 hrs. The vertical bhattis, a batch process can be used for making all kinds of potteries. These can be operated during monsoon, though sun-drying may be a problem. The kiln may cost Rs. 25,000/-(approx) each. Fuel used is generally rice husk, saw dust and/or cow dung. Such bhattis exists in town and cities. One entrepreneur is using LPG in box furnace for firing earthen wares at village Bindapur, Delhi. CNG can also be used as fuel for firing earthenwares provided kiln or furnace is developed and CNG is made available. The objective of the project is to standardize the design of traditional awas, and vertical bhatti for earthen wares; optimization of entry ports; provision of fire grates; to design the chimney and dampers; standardizing of stacking practices before firing; identification of clean fuels/less polluting fuels; better fuel feeding & firing practices or looking into possibility of looking into possibility of use of biogasifier; to develop good-practices and siting criteria.; and to provide design so developed, free of cost to users.
Pollution Control in Tanneries The Central Pollution Control Board has undertakes inventorisation of tanneries located in Kanpur. The objective of inventory, apart from physically verifying the operational and closed units was also to assess the status of pollution control measures. The salient observations as emerged are as below: The pre-treatment provision are poorly operated The chrome – recovery plants are operated properly and recovered chrome re-used The sludge disposal from the tanning process is poorly managed mainly due to irregular lifting by Kanpur Municipal Corporation Untreated wastewater from tanneries in Sanjay Nagar area of Jajmau was observed to be discharged in trunk sewer There have been about 10 cases of unauthorized tanneries operational in Jajmau area Except for stray cases in large scale units, cleaner operations are generally not practiced The conveyance system for tannery wastewater is in poor state and was observed clogged in several stretches ultimately resulting in lagooning in many areas
Fig. 10.2 Tanneries Scale of Operation at Kanpur
Chrome Recovery Plant
Pollution Control in Jajmau Treatment Plant
Pollution due to Tannery cluster in Jajmau area of Kanpur came-up as a sensitive issue. Coupled with lack of sewage interception works and poor performance of CETP / STPs established, water quality of River Ganga at Kanpur is being affected. The Central Pollution Control Board has taken measures to ensure phenomenal improvement in overall scenario. The sequence of measures and observed impact are as below : Detailed investigation of the area, performance evaluation of CETPs and STPs in April 2004, July 2004 and December 2004 Based on the investigations Directions under Section 5 0f EP(A) and the Section 18 of The Water Act were issued by Chairman Central Pollution Control Board made and communicated to CPCB HO In order to enforce the Directions issued by Chairman CPCB, ZO: Lucknow took –up detailed investigation and the issue was raised before The District Magistrate and The Divisional Commissioner Kanpur Series of interaction were made with GM, Ganga Pollution Control Unit Kanpur Municipal Corporation and Tannery Associations in Kanpur The matter was raised in CREP Subcommittee meeting and also at the National Task Force meeting for tanneries.
Stress was given to ensure waste minimization measures by tanneries in Jajmau cluster Regular surveillance of sewage interception works and conveyance network for tannery wastewater was made by scrutiny of the operational records of individual pumping stations. The scenario has been changed in phased manner as a result of implementation of action by CPCB and following notable improvements has been observed.
Key Issues Previous status Current status Discharge of untreated Appx 30 – 40 MLD untreated Complete interception of sewage sewage to R. Ganga sewage was getting by-passed to R. Ganga Operation of pumping stations 10 out of 13 pumps remained All the pumps were made for conveyance of tannery non-operational operational wastewater to CETP -do- No power back-up Contingency measures taken, 3-4 arrangements due to poor / hr power back-up exist. non operation of gensets 130 MLD STP The Plant remained The plant was made operational completely closed and utilizes appx 50% of its hydraulic Capacity 36 MLD CETP The Plant was operating on Currently it operates on 24 MLD only 10 MLD flow flow Water quality in River Ganga The BOD of the river at the BOD of the river at the similar representative location of location as per the latest data has impact was noted as high as come down to 7 mg /l 26 mg/l
Pollution Control Status of Distilleries and Paper mills
Distilleries and paper mills have been identified as major source of pollution in the state of UP and Uttranchal. Special efforts have been done for control of pollution from these units, which are causing problem for river pollution, particularly responsible for Ganga River pollution. After surveillance distilleries have been directed to achieve zero discharge for spent wash being generated by adopting various techno-economically viable techniques like
Installation of RO Plant Installation of evaporator Bio-composting. Ferti irrigation Distilleries are in process of achieving the target of zero discharge of spent wash by December 2005. Agro based Small Paper mills operating in the catchment area of River Ganga have been directed either to install chemical recovery plant or switchover to waste paper in order to overcome the problem of black liquor discharge generating from the paper making process. Target date set for installation of Chemical recovery plant is March, 2006. Almost all the paper mills have submitted their action plan to comply with the directions.
Economic Viability of Various Treatment Options for Distillery Effluents
In order to prepare perspective view of the present scenario of economics involved in the treatment plants of distillery industries, the Central Pollution Control Board has undertaken. Dry data collection, compilation, synthesis and interpretation. The treatment system with primary, secondary treatment followed by reverse osmosis and use of reject for composting was found as most cost effective, resource conservative and eco-friendly method. Primary treatment of spent wash with bio-methanation facility followed by composting seems to be economically lucrative, subject to the availability of sufficient press-mud, land (for composting) and ample agricultural land in the region for use of produced compost.
Turbo Mist Evaporators Technology for Treatment of Distillery Effluents Assessment of Enhanced Natural Evaporation System have been made at Vindyachal Distillery Pvt. Ltd., Pilukhedi for disposal of distillery effluent. The industry has got three turbo evaporators installed during Sept 2004. It has been confirmed by the industry representative that 152 m 3 of effluent could be evaporated in 24 hours by each turbo evaporation machine. The evaporator is basically a turbine fan installed at one end of the tunnel/barrel and driven by an electric motor. It is capable of throwing the effluent into the atmosphere in the form of mist and the mist gets evaporated before it reaches the ground. The organic matter and the dissolved solids in the effluent remained in the atmosphere and could be carried away with the wind to the surrounding areas. The efficiency of the process depends on the atmospheric conditions and it could not be operated in rainy season.
Pollution Control in Slaughter House
The Hon'ble Supreme Court while hearing the matter of Writ Petition ( C ) No. 309 on July 26, 2004, observed that the main question in the petition is about disposal solid waste generated at the slaughter houses. The Hon'ble Supreme Court directed CPCB to collect information from various State Pollution Control Boards/Committees as to the modes adopted in their respective areas for disposal of the solid waste. Accordingly, CPCB requested all the State Pollution Control Boards/Committees to supply requisite information in format. On receipt of information CPCB compiled and submitted the to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in November 2004.
Pollution Control from Generator Set Emission Limits
The implementation of emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for generator sets (Genset) applications notified, vide GSR 371(E), May 17, 2002 (and its amendments), has been rescheduled vide GSR 448 (E), dated July 12, 2004, as given below in the table. The emission limits for different ratings of diesel engines for genset application are presented under:
Table 10.13 Emission Limits for Diesel Engines for Genset Applications
Diesel Date of Emission limits Smoke limit Test cycle Engines implemen- Capacity tation (g/kw-hr) (light absorption coefficient, m -1 NO x HC CO PM ) (at full load) Torque Weighting
(%) Factors upto 19 kw 1.7.2005 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 100 0.05
>19kw upto 1.1.2004 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.5 0.7 75 0.25 176 kw 1.7.2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 50 0.30 >176 kw upto 800kw 1.11.2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 25 0.30
10 0.10
Noise Limits
The implementation date of the revised noise limits for diesel generator sets (upto 1000 kVA) was re- scheduled vide GSR 448(E), dated July 12, 2004 and is now effective from 1.1.2005. The notification prescribes that the new generator sets ( upto 1000 kVA ) manufactured on or after 1.1.2005 shall comply with noise limit of 75 dB(A) at 1 m metre from the enclosure surface and shall be provided with integral acoustic enclosure at the manufacturing stage itself. However, for the existing (manufactured before 1.1.2005) generator sets (upto 1000 kVA), as well as, all generator sets more than 1000 kVA, the noise level shall be controlled by providing an acoustical enclosure or by treating the room acoustically at the users' end. Further, the acoustic enclosure or acoustic treatment of the room shall be designed for minimum 25 dB(A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher side.
Meetings of Sub Committee of National Committee on Noise Pollution from Gen-Set A meeting of the Sub-Committee of the National Committee on Noise Pollution Control was also held on 14.12.2004. The meeting was held to review the " System and procedure for compliance with noise limits for petrol/kerosene gensets ".
Pollution Control in Aluminium Industry MoEF has constituted a National Task Force for implementation of recommendations of the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP) in aluminium industry. The second meeting of the National Task Force for aluminium industry was held on October 5, 2004. The major decisions taken for control of pollution from aluminium industry are:
Maximum capacity of aluminium production to be permitted at one location
The environmental damage to the surrounding area should be the criteria for deciding the max. capacity that can be permitted at one location. The expansion of the plant must be permitted considering the assimilative capacity of surrounding environment.
Sampling and Analysis of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are proven carcinogens. Therefore PAHs are to be monitored in anode baking ovens and pot room area of aluminium smelters alongwith secondary (fugitive) fluoride.
Dry disposal of Red Mud and its Utilization
It was decided that aluminium plants will follow the dry disposal method of red mud as per CREP recommendations. The utilization of red mud in cement plants is a viable option for disposal of red mud. Thus, aluminium plants should take measures for utilizing red mud by nearby cement plants.
Handling and disposal of Spent Pot Line
Spent Pot Lining (SPL) is classified as a Hazardous Waste under the HWM Rules 1989. Therefore individual aluminium unit should apply for permission to the concerned State Pollution Control Boards for handling & disposal of SPL. The experimentation to find new options for disposal should be encouraged and used in thermal power plants, cement plants, foundries, steel plants and brick industries should also be pursued.
Besides MoEF has been requested to notify following revision of standards for aluminium industries: a. R evision of fluoride emission standards
For Soderberg Technology 2.8 Kg/t
For Prebaked Technology 0.8 Kg/t b. Forage Fluoride Standards
Forage Fluoride Twelve Consecutive Months average= 40 ppm
Forage Fluoride Two Consecutive Months average= 60 ppm
Forage Fluoride One Consecutive Month average = 80 ppm
Revision of Standards for particulate matter from anode baking oven
Particulate Matter limit of 50 mg/Nm 3 by December 2005
Pollution Control from thermal power plants
There are 83 coal based thermal power plants in the country of which 4 thermal power plants are closed. 55 thermal power plants comply with emission standards & 23 plants are yet to comply with the emission standards. 63 thermal power plants comply with effluent standards & 15 plants are yet to comply with the effluent standards.
Use of beneficiated Coal at Thermal Power Plants
The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India has promulgated a Gazette Notification (GSR 560(E) & 378(E), dated September 19, 1997 and June 30, 1998 respectively) on use of beneficiated/blended coal containing ash not more than 34 percent( an.av.) w.e.f. June 2001(extended to June 2002) in the following power plants : Power plants located beyond 1000 kms. from pit head; Power plants located in critically polluted areas, urban areas and in ecologically sensitive areas. The power plants using FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) and IGCC combustion technologies are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations Beneficiated/blended coal having ash content 34% or less is used by 24 thermal power plants ( 85 units) . The details of such Thermal Power Plants are presented in Table 10.14.
Table 10.14 Thermal Power Plant using Beneficiated/Blended Coal
Sr. No. Thermal Power Plant Unit Capacity
MW 1. Rajghat 2x 67.5 135 2 Ropar 6x 210 1260 3 Faridabad 3x55 165 4 Panipat 4x110 440 5 Kota 4x110,1x210,1x195 845 6 Suratgarh 5x250 1250 7 Tata Power 1x500 500 8 Kutch Lignite 2x75 150 9 Amarkantak 2x120 240 10 Paras 1x58 58 11 Nasik 2x210 420 12 Parli 2x210 420 13 AEC, Ahemdabad 1x60,1x110,2x110 390 14 Neyveli lignite 600,2x210 1020 15 Durgapur 1x140,1x210 350 16 Barkeshwar 3x210 630 17 Bundel 4x80,1x210 530 18 Sikka 2x120 240 19 Santaldih 4x120 480 20 Titagarh 4x60 240 21 Raichur 7x210 1470 22 Dahanu 1x500 500 23 Badarpur 3x95, 2x210 705 24 Dadri 4x210 840
During the year 2004-05, CIL and SCCL supplied 268 million tones of coal to thermal power plants in the country. Of which 38.49 washed coal was supplied by the exiting 14 non coking coal washeries. There is still gap of about 49.51 million tonnes of washed coal to cover all 39 identified plants located either 1000 km from pit head or in critically polluted area, sensitive or urban area.
Table 10.15 Status of Washeries Supplying Washed Coal to Thermal Power Plant Sr. No. Non-Coking Washeries Raw coal Capacity Metric Tonne Coal India Ltd. Washeries 1. Dugda-I(BCCL) 1.00 2. Giddi (CCL) 2.50 3. Kargali(CCL) 2.72 4. Piparwar(CCL) 6.50 5. Bina (NCL) 4.50 6. Lodna 0.48 Total Capacity of CIL(Non-coking) Washeries 17.70 Other Washeries 1. Jamadoba (TISCO) 1.72 2. West Bokaro II (TISCO) 1.80 3. West Bokaro III (TISCO) 2.10 4. Bhelatand (TISCO) 0.80 5. DCOP (DPL) 1.35 6. DSP (SAIL) 1.50 7. Chasnalla (IISCO, SAIL) 2.00 8. ACBL 5.00 9. St-BSES 5.00 Total Capacity of (Outside CIL) 21.27
* Recently Lodna washery is also being used for beneficiation of non-coking coal
Utilization of flyash
During the year 2004-05, nearly 36 percent of total flyash generation (116 million tonnes) in the country is utilised mainly for manufacturing cement, bricks and construction of roads and embankments. The progress made over the years in flyash utilisation is presented in Fig. 10.4.
Fig. 10.4 Fly Ash Production and Utilisation
Bottom Ash Used for Sub-base of Road in Rihand
Ash Compaction of 2 nd Nizamuddin Bridge Embankment
Assessment of Heavy metals emissions from coal fired thermal power plants
A study on "Assessment of Heavy metals emissions from coal fired thermal power plants" has been undertaken and completed. Heavy metals such as Hg, Pb, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Cu & Zn were analysed in coal, flyash & bottom ash samples collected from 8 thermal power stations. The concentration of Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd & Ni metals in coal samples ranged from 0.18-0.61; 6-88; 11-112; Nd-12; 2-101 & 9-72 µg/g respectively. While in flyash , the concentration of Hg, As, Pb was found in the range of ND-0.12, ND- 25, 3-39 µg/g of flyash . The concentration of metals could not be detected significantly in Bottom ash samples only except in one sample , Hg was detected i.e. 0.003 µg/g . The concentration of Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu & Zn was also found significant in particulate and gaseous in the stack emissions. The concentration of Hg in particulate & gaseous emissions after ESP was recorded in the range of 4.98 – 25 & 5.5 – 87.1 µg/ NM 3 respectively.
Mercury Control Options for Coal-Fired Power Plants
Conventional Control Technology
The emission of Mercury from coal fired power plants have limitation with respect to its control because it is present in flue gas as a vapor (either in the elemental or ionic form), rather than as particulate matter like other metals. As a vapor, it easily passes through particulate control devices such as bag houses and electrostatic precipitators. Low concentrations of mercury in utility flue gas make collection even more difficult. While conventional control technology does remove some mercury, the amount of mercury emitted to the air is still significant. Therefore to achieve significant mercury reductions, additional control strategies, including both front-end changes (increased efficiency, fuel switching, lower-mercury coal), and end-of pipe controls are needed. It should be kept in mind, however, the end- of-pipe control technologies generate additional waste streams that contain heavy metals and other toxic compounds. If not managed properly these wastes also have the potential to contaminate groundwater and air.
Pre-Combustion Control
Coal Cleaning involves reducing the ash component, which contains trace minerals including mercury, as well as sulfur compounds, before the coal is crushed and introduced into the boiler for combustion. This process is used to lower shipping, storage, and handling costs per unit of heating value, and improves boiler output per unit weight input of coal. Coal cleaning has primarily focused on removing sulfur to reduce acid-rain-related emissions.
Average mercury removal efficiency : 21%
Percent of coal being cleaned ( non Coking) : 15%
Particulate Emission Control
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) are used to reduce fly ash emissions by creating an ionized field that removes charged particles. Although they have low energy requirements and operating costs, ESPs have limited ability to remove mercury because mercury exists in a vapor form in flue gas and does not generally adsorb fly ash particles at typical combustion temperatures. Average mercury removal efficiency : 24% Percent of utility boilers equipped with ESPs: 99.5% (320 out of 325) Fabric Filter (Baghouses) also used to limit fly ash emissions, pass flue gas through a tightly woven fabric capturing particulates on the fabric by sieving and other mechanisms. The dust cake that forms on the filter can increase significantly the collection efficiency. Baghouses can potentially reduce both elemental and ionic mercury. Average mercury removal efficiency : 28% Percent of utility boilers equipped with baghouses: 0.6% (2 out of 325)
Acid Gas Control
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) or Scrubbers are installed to remove sulfur dioxide from power plant flue gas. Scrubbers use sorbents to create the chemical reactions needed to remove SO2. There are wet and dry scrubbers, with wet scrubbers being more efficient (up to 95%) in removing SO2than dry scrubbers. One of the waste products generated through the wet scrubber process is gypsum (calcium sulfate), which is sold commercially or disposed of. Already in place to help coal-fired boilers meet SO2emissions regulations, there is significant interest in using these systems to simultaneously remove SO2and trace metals, including mercury. Wet scrubbers are more efficient in removing ionic mercury from waste incinerator flue gas compared to utility boiler flue gas. Average mercury removal : 34% Percent of utility boilers using technology : 0.3% (1 out of 325) Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) SCR technology is used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by using low NOx burners to create a fuel-rich primary combustion zone. This reduces the amount of thermal and fuel NOx created during combustion. NOx, a main component of smog, can be reduced up to 90% using SCR. SCRs have also been found to increase the amount of oxidized mercury downstream. Since mercury in an oxidized form is more readily captured by scrubbers, the combination of these flue gas controls may effectively capture a significant amount of mercury.
Emerging Power Plant Controls
Although methods for mercury capture have been developed mainly for waste incinerators, new mercury control technologies are being developed for coal-fired utility boilers. Currently, none of these systems are being deployed commercially. Some of these technologies include: Carbon Injection is the mercury control technology closest to commercialization for power plants. It involves the direct injection of activated carbon into the flue gas stream of a utility boiler. The carbon is collected in downstream particulate control equipment. Mercury removal depends on the total amount of carbon used, temperature, mercury speciation, flue gas composition, and type and amount of activated carbon used, averaging about 80-98% reduction. Carbon Filter Beds are capable of removing high mercury concentrations from waste incinerators. In addition, several power plants in Germany and Japan use this technology for acid gas removal and achieve more than 90 percent mercury control as a co-benefit. However, carbon filter beds have not been tested for power plant flue gas mercury removal in the U.S. One pilot project measured at least 99% mercury removal on a municipal waste incinerator. Condensing Heat Exchangers have a tube-and-shell heat exchanger which uses water to extract the residual heat from flue gas. A pilot test showed mercury removal of 84% with a boiler slipstream in addition to 11-36% removal of other toxic metals.
Mercury Capture using a Noble Metal Sorbent is based on the ability of some metals, gold in particular, to form alloys with mercury. This alloy formation is reversible and at elevated temperatures, the mercury revolatilizes. Lab tests of alumina-supported gold showed 95% removal of gaseous mercury, regardless of chemical form. Since gold can be continuously re-used and the mercury can be sold, the process generates no waste. However, if the captured mercury is not being retired, and rather is introduced into the market late, the mercury sold will likely generate waste elsewhere.
Fuel Switching is switching from coal or oil to natural gas or renewable like wind or solar. The use of cleaner fuels would largely eliminate emissions of articulates, other metals, SO2, NOx, and carbon dioxide, as well as reduce by over 99% all mercury emissions.
Assessment of feasibility to meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 of particulate matter in existing Thermal Power stations
A study to assess the feasibility for meeting the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 of particulate matter emission limit was carried through Central Electricity authority, New Delhi under Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP)., the characterization was made based on the particulate emission data collected from 325 units from 74 thermal power stations. Of which, the particulate emission was within 100 mg/Nm 3 in 25 thermal power plants (77 units), More than 100 and less than 150 mg/NM 3 was in 42 plants (135 units ) , Between 150 to less than 350 mg/NM 3 was in 25 plants (70 Units) and particulate emission was more than 350 mg/Nm 3 was in 11 plants (28 units). The study includes the constraints in achieving the limit of 100 mg/NM 3 and also assessed the impact of coal quality on reducing the particulate matter emission. Recommendations and Road map have been suggested to achieve the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 . The recommendations are :
Washed/ beneficiated coal containing ash less than 30% may be used along with upgradation of existing control systems Augmentation of existing ESPs by increasing Specific Collection Area (SCA) and replacing existing controllers with microprocessor based controllers wherever necessary. Old boilers may be renovated alongwith upgradation of ESPs which will reduce lead time of ESP augmentation After detailed indepth investigation and evaluation of performance, Flue Gas Conditioning may be adopted Internal inspection and periodic monitoring and maintenance of ESPs
Road Map for achieving the limit of 100 mg/NM 3 of Particulate Matter
Forty plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 by Increasing Specific Collection Area (SCA) and addition of more fields and replacing existing controllers with microprocessor based controllers wherever not replaced. 24 plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 by replacing existing controllers with microprocessor based controllers wherever not replaced and Fine tuning and adequate maintenance of each ESP, Flue gas duct and Boiler. 20 plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM 3 by using beneficiated /washed coal alongwith Flue Gas Conditioning
Performance of Electrostatic Precipitators in Thermal Power Plants in Rajasthan State
Kota Thermal Power Station, (RSVUN), Kota
Kota Thermal Power Plant, located at the bank of Chambal river at Kota (Rajasthan), has a power generation capacity of 1045 MW (2 x 110, 3 x 210 & 1 x 195) with 14076 MT coal consumption and 3591 MT fly-ash generation per day. The ash and sulphur contents in coal was 28-30% and less than 0.5% respectively. Coal is being supplied by SECL, Korba and NCL, Singrauli by rail. Approx 23584 m 3 of water was drawn per day from Kota barrage on Chambal River at Kota. Once through cooling system existed and the temperature difference between intake and outgoing water varied from 5 0 C to 10 0 C. Sewage treatment plant of 1.2 MGD capacity was provided in the colony for treatment of domestic effluent. The ash dyke overflow being discharged into Nantha nullah, which was being used by the farmers in the downstream. There were two ash dykes of 158 Ha and 265 Ha respectively. The pipeline carrying slurry was around 1.5 km long. Unit-III, IV, V & VI have dry fly-ash storage silos of 200 MT capacity, fly ash was lifted by the cement plants for their use. There were six units having separate ESPs with an efficiency of more than 99%. ESP in unit-I & II had 17 fields each, whereas Unit-III, IV, V & VI had ESPs with 28 fields each. During visit, unit-IV was working with 25 fields. Unit-V & VI were shut down for annual maintenance. Opacity meters have been installed in all the units but were not in operation except for unit-VI, which displayed reading as 132 mg/NM 3 . The industry had 500 KVA DG set for emergency. There are three stacks each of 180 meter height. The Thermal Power Plant has got a exemption for 180 meter height stack due to aerodrome located about 3 km away from the plant. .Semi-pulse type microprocessors are installed in all the units to control the operating parameters. Based on the performance survey the following are the recommendations: Silos should be constructed to collect dry fly-ash from all the units for fly ash users. The industry should make proper pitching to give stability and strength to ash pond embankments to avoid any breach. The ash-dyke overflow water should be reused in the plant for slurry making and gardening. Vegetation cover on the ash pond-II should be developed to prevent fugitive emission during summer. Groundwater quality around the ash dyke should be monitored and fly ash should be analyzed for heavy metals. Noise monitoring should be undertaken by Kota Thermal Power Station regularly in plant and at township during day and night. Dust suppression system should be installed at coal handling plant and at wagon trippler. Dust extraction system should be in operation at coal crushing areas and water spray should be done on roads, regularly. Number of fields in ESPs for the unit-I & II should be increased to achieve the limits prescribed by RSPCB. Opacity meters should be repaired and calibrated in unit I to V and should be kept in continuous operation. Necessary monitoring facilities may be acquired by the industry and the monitoring should be conducted regularly. It will help capacity building and better understanding for pollution control. The STP should be operated properly and regularly to attain the prescribed limits of treated wastewater. The industry should develop the SLF for hazardous waste as recommended in the authorization.
Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station (STPs) Rajasthan
The power station has installed capacity 1250MW (5X250 MW) with a 16445 MT coal consumption and 6400 MT fly ash generation per day. Sulphur content and ash content in the coal are 0.4-0.5% and 35- 40% respectively. Coal being supplied by SECL Korba and NCL Singrauli areas in Madhya Pradesh. The water has been drawn from Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojna canal which is 5 KM away from the plant. All the five units of Thermal Power Plant are connected to ESPs having 28 fields each, ESPs have been designed to discharge less than 100 mg/nm 3 of particulate matter . There are three stacks of same height ie. 220m each. Opacity meters have been installed at ducts before ESPs in all the five units but these opacity meters are not calibrated since their installation. Fixed Automatic ambient air quality monitoring stations have been installed at three locations within the plant premises. Besides, two mobile stations installed on mobile vans. Source emissions are measured fortnightly, at four stacks except in unit V. Ambient air quality monitored daily at three fixed locations, both the SMK were not in operation, one mobile van was not in use during visit. The wastewater from the colony (housing around 5000 people) and erectors hostels has been treated through septic tanks and discharged through soak pits to the stabilization tanks. STPS has a very large area for dumping of dry ash slurry, it may be sufficient for next twenty years. There was no overflow from ash pond, entire water has been percolated into ground because of sandy substratum. The STPS has submitted time bound programme for 100% ash utilization as per MoEF's notification and provided dust extraction and dust suppression systems at all the transfer points, wagon Tripler and coal stacking areas but these were not in operation. Fugitive emissions were observed at CHP area. Silo's are not provided, dry ash collected through ESP hoppers. Fly ash is being taken by cement plants (M/s Laxmi Cement, M/s Vikram Cement, Birla Cement etc.) . Cement plants lifted 22.8% fly ash during 2003. M/s. Shree Cement Ltd. constructing its own silo for dry fly-ash storage at unit V inside the plant. The following are the recommendations based on performance survey. The industry should get the environmental clearance and consents under Air and Water Acts for unit V and comply the conditions mentioned therein a. Dust suppression and dust extraction systems should be operated effectively at CHP area to control fugitive emissions. Opacity meters, stationary ambient air quality monitoring stations and mobile station instruments should be calibrated, and the values should be validated with the actual monitoring data. The industry should construct the STP for treating the domestic effluent coming from the colony and erectors hostels. Plantation/green cover should be developed on the ash pond to control fugitive emissions during heavy wind. Piezoelectric point should be provided around the ash pond to check the changes in ground water quality due to percolation of ash pond effluent. Heavy metals should be analyzed in fly ash being discharged into the ash pond. The industry should make a fuel supply agreement between coal companies and RSVUNL for the use of beneficiated/washed coal. The industry should construct the silo's for dry ash collection and its tranfer to cement plants.
Pollution Control from Copper Industry
The National Task Force has constituted for implementation of CREP recommendations for Copper Industries to monitor the progress on the following agreed action points for controlling various environmental degradation. To meet SO2emission limit (2 kg/tonne of H 2 SO 4 produced), 50 mg/Nm 3 of acid mist by December 2005. SO2emissions monitoring: Installation/Proper operation, maintenance and calibration of continuous SO2monitoring system by 30 th June 2003. Proper operation and maintenance of tailing dams. Wastewater treatment and disposal: To achieve Zero discharge through 100% recycle/reuse of treated wastewater by 31 st December 2003. House Keeping: To reduce the generation of fugitive dust from vehicle movement and improve overall house keeping by 31 st December 2003. Green Belt: To develop canopy-based green belt around the periphery of plant and township as per CPCB guidelines. The status of Implementation of CREP recommendations for Copper Industries are presented in Table
10.16. Table 10.16 Status of Implementation of CREP Recommendations for Copper Industries
Hindalco Sterlite Industries Hindustan Copper Hindustan Copper Ltd. Ghatsila (India) Ltd., Khetri Birla Copper
To Meet with the SO2emission limit (2Kg/T of H 2 SO 4 produced), 50 mg/Nm 3 of acid mist. by Dec., 2005 Complied with the Advanced Process Not Complying Plant is closed since July 2003. SO2 emission limit (2 control completed in Kg/T of H2SO4 July 2003 thereby SO2 emission limit of produced), 50 achieving SO2 2 kgs. per tonne of mg/Nm3 of acid mist. Emission Limit of 2 Sulphuric acid Kg/tonne of H2SO4 produced will require produced and 50 replacement of the Mg/NM3 of acid mist. Smelter Complex with modem technology However, in its present financial status the Company, is not in a position to incur such a heavy expenditure. To reduce the generation of fugitive dust from vehicle movement and improve overall house keeping by 31.12.2003 RCC / asphaltic road Water Sprinkling All roads in and Plant Closed inside the plant area arrangement along around the Smelter for avoiding fugitive Roads. Complex are emission from the metaled. Regular vehicular movement. Vacuum Truck for actions are taken to About 50 local spillage removal. improve overall persons are house keeping of the employed, which Complex. helps to improve and periodical overall house Physical condition keeping. Further tour are in practice improvement will be for overall house continued. keeping. To develop canopy based green belt around the periphery of plant and township as per CPCB guidelines. Green belt in about Number of trees Tree plantation has Tree plantation has been carried 64 ha of land having planted so far 37,000 been carried out on a out on a regular basis within the more than 2.4 lacs of Green Belt plantation regular basis within premises of the Company since trees. Further efforts for the year 2003- the premises of the inception and later / early 80s. As are continued to 2004 is 10,000 Company since a result, green vegetation growth increase the number. inception and later / is observed all around the peripheral green belt early 80s. As a result, Company's installation and around the plant. green vegetation township. The tree plantation is a growth is observed continuous exercise and will all around the continue to be so. Company's installation and township. The tree plantation is a continuous exercise and will continue to be so.
Pollution Control from Zinc Industry
The National task force has been constituted for implementation of CREP recommendations for Zinc Industries to monitor the progress on following agreed action points for controlling various environmental degredation.
To meet SO2emission limit (2 kg/tonne of H 2 SO 4 produced), 50 mg/Nm 3 of acid mist by December 2006. SO2emissions monitoring: Installation/Proper operation, maintenance and calibration of continuous SO2monitoring system by 30 th September 2003. Solid and Hazardous Waste disposal : Construction of secured landfill for disposal of hazardous waste such as Jerosite cake, ETP cake and spent catalyst as per CPCB guidelines by 30 th June, 2003. Wastewater treatment and disposal: To achieve Zero discharge through 100% recycle/reuse of treated wastewater by 31 st December 2004. House Keeping: To reduce the generation of fugitive dust from vehicle movement and improve overall house keeping by 31 st December 2003. Green Belt: To develop canopy-based green belt around the periphery of plant and township as per CPCB guidelines. The status on Implementation of CREP recommendations for Zinc Industries are presented in Table 10.17.
Table 10.17 Status of Implementation of CREP Recommendations for Zinc Industries
Visakhapatnam Zinc Debari Zinc Smelter Chanderiya Lead Binani Zinc, Binanipuram, Smelter (VZS), (DZS), Udaipur, Zinc Smelter (CLZS), Kerala Rajasthan Chhitorgarh, Visakhapatnam Rajasthan
To Meet with the SO2emission limit (2 Kg/T of H 2 SO 4 produced), 50 mg/Nm 3 of acid mist. by Dec., 2005 Have committed to Have committed for Have committed for Have replaced the vanadium comply with the putting up Tail Gas putting up Tail Gas pentoxide catalyst with recommended treatment plant to treatment plant to Ceasium Activated catalyst inn emission limit for SO2 comply with the comply with the the fourth bed of the converter by March 2005. recommended recommended for better conversion efficiency emission limit for SO2 emission limit for SO2 in the sulphuric acid plant. Acid mist emissions by April 2006, instead by April 2006, instead Presently SO2 emission is 2.1 are already well within of CREP target date of of CREP target date of to 2.4 kg / tonne. the stipulated norms. December 2006. December 2006. Tenders for these Tenders for these Further committed to achieve TGT plants were TGT plants were the SO2 emission limit by invited, offers have invited, offers have March 2005. been received and are been received and are under evaluation under evaluation. .
Installation/proper operation, maintenance and calibration of continuous SO2monitoring system by 30.6.2003 Complied. Continuous Complied Complied. Complied. monitoring equipment is installed and Continuous monitoring Continuous monitoring Have installed the SO2 online regularly functional. equipment is installed equipment is installed analyser in October 2003 in and regularly and regularly sulphuric acid plant. The analyzer is functional. functional. regularly operated, maintained and calibrated. Solid and Hazardous Waste disposal: Construction of secured landfill for disposal of hazardous waste such as Jerosite cake, ETP cake and spent catalyst as per CPCB guidelines by June 30, 2003. • Spent • Jarosite and • Jarosite and ETP • Hazardous waste such as catalyst ETP cake are cake are being Jarosite cake and ETP cake in disposed off being disposed off in secured land fills. in common disposed off secured landfill, which TSDF of M/s in secured was commissioned in Hyderabad landfill, which May 2003. Waste was • For Spend catalyst Management commissione common disposal site Project, d in May in Gujarat has been Hyderabad. 2003. identified and RSPCB • Jarosite and • For Spend has been requested ETP cake are catalyst for NOC. Presently being common Spend catalyst is disposed off disposal site being stored in in secured in Gujarat secured storage landfill, which has been was identified and commissione RSPCB has d in March been 2002. requested for NOC. Presently Spend catalyst is being stored in secured storage
To achieve Zero discharge through 100% recycle/reuse of the treated wastewater by 31.12.2003 • The company • Zero discharge is • Zero • The company is had hired M/s being already discharge is looking for suitable Nalco ACS maintained . being already agency to execute the Agency for maintained. water auditing work to Water achieve zero auditing work discharge. to achieve • The industry has the zero asked to extend discharge but target date from they could December 31, 2004 not complete to June 2005. the work therefore HZL is looking for new agency to complete the water auditing work. • HZL has requested to extend the target date by one year in view of this inadvertent delay. •
Visakhapatnam Zinc Debari Zinc Smelter Chanderiya Lead Binani Zinc, Binanipuram, Smelter (VZS), (DZS), Udaipur, Zinc Smelter Kerala Rajasthan (CLZS), Visakhapatnam Chhitorgarh, Rajasthan House keeping to reduce the generation of fugitive dust from vehicle movement and improve overall house keeping by 31.12.2003 • Water spray • Water spray • Water • Complied in concentrate in concentrate spray in • Binani Zinc is an OHSAS yard for dust yard for dust coke yard 18001 : 1999 certified company suppression. suppression. and with adequate system in place • Regular water • Truck/tyre concentrate for effective house keeping. spray on washing yard for roads and system in raw dust drain clearing material suppressio in entire plant handling area. n. area. • Regular water • Truck • Proper spray on washing handling and roads and system in disposal of drain clearing raw rubbish/scrap in entire plant material in routine area. handling cleaning • Proper area. activities. handling and • Regular disposal of water spray rubbish / on roads scrap in and drain routine clearing in cleaning entire plant activities. area. • Recycling of most of the intermediat e materials. • Proper storage, handling and manageme nt of waste materials. • Recently a mechanize d road sweeper has been introduced to ensure that fugitive dust does not get resuspende d during convention al sweeping.
To develop canopy based green belt around the periphery of plant and township as per CPCB guidelines. • Approximately • Approximately • About 33% • Efforts are already on 30 hectares 22 hectares of total area to develop a canopy- area in the area in the is covered based green belt factory and factory with dense around the periphery township premises has plantation of plant and township premises has been and about as per CPCB been developed as 81550 guidelines. 600 developed as green belt, plants are saplings have been green belt. In which has covering planted during last addition about come up very area of year. It has been 1500 saplings well. In 106.5 proposed to plant 700 have been addition about hectare. saplings in this year planted in this 1500 saplings season. have been planted in this season in the • At present, jarosite pond very small area. vacant area is available (2 • At present, no hectares) for vacant sites plantation in are available the factory for plantation premises. in the factory However, it is premises. planned to However, it is create planned to additional create area of about additional 16 hectares area of about available for 18 hectares plantation in available for the next 7-8 plantation in years. the next 7-8 years
Pollution Control from Iron and Steel Sector
Iron and Steel is one of the largest sector of industries. Production of Steel is the key factor for the development. But unfortunately the production of steel is a major source of water, air and solid waste pollution. Manufacture of Iron and Steel involved a large number of processing steps and consumes 4-5 tonne of input materials and 10-25 m 3 of water to make one tonne of steel. Besides the generation of air pollution, 5-20 m 3 of wastewater and 2 to 3 tonne of solid waste is generated, in making one tonne of steel. Coke oven plant in an Integrated Iron & steel plant is one of the highly polluting unit, generates poly-aromatic hydrocarbons emissions, which are proven carcinogens. CPCB has developed environmental standards for coke oven plants and initiated the compliance of the standards for coke oven plants along with other environmental standards applicable to Integrated Iron & steel plants. The following major achievements have been made in the field of environmental management and pollution control in the Integrated Iron & Steel Industries: About 98% stacks are complying with emission standards. Ambient Air Quality is within the statutory norms. Discharge effluent quality for the plants / units are generally within norm, except BOD and cyanide. 62.5% of the solid waste generated in steel plants are being utilized either through recycling / reuse or commercial disposal. Tree plantation has been carried out in and around the Steel Plants with a target of a tree with production of one tonne of Steel. A steel plant of four million tonne capacity have target to plant four million trees. Massive forestation in and around the steel plant can be seen now. To go beyond the compliance through adoption of clean technologies and management practices, commitment and voluntary initiatives of industry for responsible attitude, CPCB has initiated the building of partnership for pollution control with the industry. The same has been reflected and a mutually agreed Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) - Environmental Issues pertaining to Integrated Iron and Steel Industries has been signed in March 2003, the action points and time targets have been finalized. CPCB is monitoring the compliance and working as a catalyst to ensure the compliance of the agreed action points and National Environmental Standards. A National Task Force has been constituted for implementation of the CREP recommendations.
National Task Force for the implementation of the recommendations of Charter of Corporate Responsibility (CREP) in Integrated Steel Plants
National Task Force has been formed to implement the recommendations of CREP in Integrated Steel Plants. The terms of Reference (TOR) of task force are as below: To monitor the progress made by Iron & Steel Plant in implementing the recommendations of CREP. To monitor the progress made in controlling fugitive emission from coke oven in steel plants. To inspect some of the units to verify the compliance of CREP recommendations. Meetings of the National Task Force on Steel Industry have been held periodically to discuss the implementation of Environmental Standards in Steel industry specifically the implementation of standards in coke oven plants.
Clean Technology for Sponge Iron Plants A project entitled "Description of Clean Technology for Sponge Iron Plants and Development of Environmental Standards" has been initiated by CPCB. The project was assigned to MECON Limited. The Consultant has submitted interim report of the project and review meeting was held in February 2005. The draft standards has been finalized.
Status of Pollution Control in Steel Foundries at Silvassa (UT Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman, UT of Diu, Daman) The status of pollution control in steel foundries, located at Silvassa & Daman in the U. T of Diu, Daman and DNH, was undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with National Productivity Council (NPC), Delhi on the request of Daman Pollution Control Committee (DPCC). Out of the 37 ferrous foundry units inspected, none was found having adequate emission control system, for the compliance to the norms. Apart from the air pollution control systems, the necessary arrangements for proper collection of furnace fumes have been recommended. Heavy fugitive emissions source emissions during the process have been observed. The storage of iron scrap, slag and ingots have been found very haphazard. The housekeeping was poor in almost all units.
Pollution Control in Cement Industry
Assessment of fugitive emissions and development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions in cement manufacturing
Fugitive emissions are generated at various stages of manufacturing process. The degree of fugitive emissions and the type of controls adopted varies from industry to industry. It is generally observed that in most cement industries the measures taken or the control adopted for controlling these fugitive emissions are not always satisfactory and as a result substantial quantity of fugitive emissions are generated which spread within and out side the industry premises and causes adverse impacts on human health and environment. The overall scenario in cement manufacturing industries in terms of controlling fugitive emissions needs to be improved. Keeping in view the problem of fugitive emissions, a study on "Assessment of fugitive emissions and development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions in cement manufacturing" has been undertaken in association with National Productivity Council, New Delhi and IIT, Kanpur. The study includes identification of all fugitive emission sources, monitoring of fugitive emission, quantification of fugitive emission, characterisation of dust and analysis of the samples for metals. The study will suggest the standards for fugitive emission and develop environmental guidelines to control fugitive emission.
Co-incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln
The Environmental Policy for co-incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln was prepared by CPCB and discussed in Chairmen and Member Secretaries conference held on March 8-9, 2004. So far this has been a thrust area in India, while internationally high calorific Value hazardous waste is being co-incinerated in Cement Kiln. The advantage being that at a high temperature of 1400°C the organic compounds are likely to be destroyed. Further, interaction of the flue gases and the raw material present in the kiln ensures that the non-combustible part of the residue is held back in the process and is incorporated into the clinker in a practically irreversible manner. It also helps in energy saving, CO 2 emission reduction and carbon trading.
The cement industries have expressed their interest in the matter and have come forward for co- incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln. M/s Rajashree Cement located in Distt. Gulbarga of Karnataka State has been granted permission by Karnataka Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board to conduct trial run for co-incineration of ETP Sludge generated from BASF India Ltd., Mangalore. The trial run has been initiated from 16 th January, 2005 during which ETP Sludge is being used in different proportions. Intensive monitoring of expected air pollutants (pollutants identified for hazardous waste incinerator) during the trial period is being conducted. Monitoring was also being conducted to cover one week before trial run and one week after trial run to generate the background / reference data. The VOC, hydrocarbon, TOC, PAH, heavy metals are being monitored besides the routine parameter i.e. particulate matter, SO2, NOx, HCl, HF, CO. The dioxins and furans which is considered as the most important and critical parameter have also being monitored. The ambient air quality also being monitored during the trial period. Even soil samples are being collected before and after the trial run to assess the impact of dust emission during co-incineration on soil quality. More over, the product i.e. clinker is being tested for its quality as per BIS norms including leachability and heavy metals content by the National Council for Cement and Building Materials.
Two more cement industries have also been given permission for trial run by concerned SPCBs and CPCB. M/s Grasim Cement Industries (Cement Div.), Reddipalayam, Tamilnadu will co-incinerate refinery sludge, paint sludge and used tyre chips. M/s Laxmi Cement, Sirohi, Rajasthan will co- incinerate the CETP Sludge generated at Pali, Rajasthan. These trials will be undertaken after the first trial at M/s Rajashree Cement is over.
The issue of co-incineration of hazardous waste in cement kiln on trial basis needs to be given momentum. As cement industries are located all over the country, therefore, there is an urgent need to identify high calorific value hazardous wastes available in the proximity of the cement plants which may be co-incinerated in cement kiln (subject to clearance after trial run).
Table 10.18 Emission monitoring schedule during trial run of co-incineration of hazardous waste in cement kiln
S.No. Parameter Frequency Monitoring agency 1. Particulates 4 samples / day External Lab / CPCB
2. SO2 4 samples / day External Lab / CPCB 3. HCl 4 samples / day External Lab / CPCB 4. CO 4 samples / day External Lab 5. NOx 4 samples / day External Lab / CPCB 6. Total Organic Carbon 1 sample / day External Lab 7. HF 4 samples / External Lab 8. Hydrocarbons 2 samples (of 4 hours each) / External Lab day 9. Opacity Continuous Cement Plant 10. VOC 2 samples / day External Lab 11. PAH 2 samples /day External Lab 12. Metals (both particulate and 1 sample / day External Lab vapour phase) Cd, Th, Hg, Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, V, Zn, Sn, Se 13. Dioxin & furans 1 sample / day GTZ, Delhi
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOx
Clinker Quality Testing
Composition as per BIS requirement Leachability test Heavy Metal contents
Compliance of Standards in Cement Plants : Andhra Pradesh
The Cement plants located in Andhra Pradesh were monitored with respect to particulate matters from source emission and verification of other conditions stipulated in consent order issued by the SPCB and environmental clearance granted by MEF. The salient observations are as below . The Continuous Monitoring System (CMS) is yet to be provided in respect of monitoring of dust concentration in the stacks attached to different sources. , Therefore condition of interlocking, laid down in the Environmental Clearance not met. Further no action plan for installation of the CMS is yet prepared by the industry. Although the ambient air quality monitoring in respect of SO2, Nox, Suspended Particulate Matter and Noise is carried out by the SPCB, industry and by a third party, but no interpretation of these data is yet carried out. Although source emission monitoring was conducted by CPCB team, it has been noticed in most of the cases the provisions are not provided as per the norms stipulated in Emission Regulation. Thus, the source emission monitoring results provided by the SPCB and the third party may be far from the reality. The industry has provided Water Spraying and Dust Collecting Systems in the crusher and other transfer points yet deposition of dust in and around the plant indicates inefficient operation of these Air Pollution Control Devices.
Table 10.19 Status of Inspection/Monitoring of Cement Plants : Andhra Pradesh
Sl. Industry Plant Product Remarks
No. Brand 1. The Zuari Industries Ltd., Yenaguntla Cement Zuari Cement Inspected and Works monitored 2. The India Cements Ltd., Chilambur Cement Shankara Cement Plant shut down Works 3. The India Cements Ltd., Yenaguntla Cement Shankara Cement Plant shut down Works 4. The K.C.P. Industries Ltd., Macherla Cement KCP Cements Inspected and Works monitored 5. The India Cements Ltd., Vishnupuram Raasi Cement Inspected and Cement Works monitored (Formerly Raasi Cement Industry Ltd.,) 6. The India Cements Ltd., Malkapur Cement Coromandel Inspected only Works Cement (Formerly Visaka Cement Industry Ltd.,)
Based on the inspections and monitoring the recommendation we have been made, which are as follows.
The industries shall be asked to prepare an action plan with allocation of fund for installation of Continuous Monitoring System and interlocking the same with the production and process equipment. The industries should also look into the data of air quality monitoring and draw the interpretation of them in regard to assess the performance of Air Pollution Control System. The ambient air quality monitoring in respect of noise appears to be unrealistic as such during the visit to the plan high level of noise found generated due to having not provided acoustic system specially near coal mills and its pumping station. The stacks attached to the source emission shall be modified by the industry in order to meet the norms as stipulated in the Emission Regulations. The industry should create a wind barrier around the plant in order to contain the dust within the plant area in addition to development of extensive green belt as per CPCB guidelines inclusive of plantation and bio-indicators. The fugitive emission from the transfer point should be contained specially from clinker hopper and clinker transport point. It requires to introduce the system of rubber curtain and wind barrier so as to prevent the dust suspension.
Performance Study of ETP's in Pharmaceutical Industries in Central Zone
Central Pollution Control Board has conducted performance study of effluent treatment plant's at five major and medium pharmaceutical industries in Central Zone. The details of industry, production capacity, effluent treatment facilities and industry wise observation.
Lupin Pharmaceutical, Mandideep It is large-scale bulk durg manufacturing unit with production facilities as below :
Ciprofloxacin & salts - 48 MT/year
Emmofloxacin & salts - 06MT/year
Intermediates - 36MT/year
Acictovir & salts - 70MT/year
Etadolac - 36MT/year
Citalopram - 24MT/year
Statins simvastatin - 12MT/year
Macrolides - 50MT/year
The industry has to optimize the operation of effluent treatment plant and achieve desired treatment. In fact, at 60 % loading, better efficiency of treatment could be achieved. Proper air pollution control devices are required to be installed for incinerators for chemical waste as well as garbage incineration. The incinerator for chemical waste should not be operated without air pollution control devices. Record for generation of hazardous waste from each production unit and ETP unit may be prepared along with the details of its storage and disposal. The inventory of hazardous waste should tally with the quantity of hazardous waste available on ground. The industry has to provide garland channels around the area handling hazardous waste to ensure that no run-off find its way into general storm water drains. The size of garland drain should be kept accordingly. The industry should establish its own facilities for monitoring of ETPs and air pollution quality in stack as well as in ambient environment. Thick green belt has to be provided on all the sides at premises treriphery and ensure its survival. Entire wastewater generated in effluent treatment facilities may be utilized and the use of solar evaporation pond may be eliminated.
Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. It is a large scale bulk durg manufacturing unit located in Dewas industrial area producing following bulk drugs. The unit has provided comprehensive effluent treatment facilities comprising of equalization tank, anaerobic lagoon, 2 stage aerobic treatment facilities and clarifiers. The treated effluent is used for gardening. Ciprofloxacin & salts – 48MT/year
Emmofloxacin & salts – 06MT/year
Intermediates – 36MT/year
Acictovir & salts – 70MT/year
Etadolac – 36MT/year
Citalopram – 24MT/year
Statins simvastatin – 12MT/year
Macrolides – 50MT/year
The unit should improve the performance of anaerobic lagoon by desilting and submit the action plan for safe disposal of sludge and explore for provision of equalization tank of detention period 24-hour capacity to have homogenized flow. The effluent from scrubbers provided with the incinerator facilities collected in solar evaporation tank shall also be treated by controlled pumping into ETP, as this is a highly concentrated waste with BOD of 11408 mg/l and COD of 34877 mg/l. The unit shall restart the incinerator after replacing the corroded chimney and maintain the records of the type of hazardous waste and quantities incinerated on Form 3 and will submit the return annually on Form 4 to SPCB. Detailed inventory of hazardous waste material stored, sold and reused has to be maintained with action plan for making proper storage arrangement item-wise. Secured land fill for the disposal of incinerated ash, chemical sludge and other hazardous waste has to be provided. Also unit shall identify exactly the hazardous waste, which are to be incinerated, sold, reused or disposed into secured landfill. Segregation of waste streams from bulk drug and formulation unit need to be examined. The unit shall provide piezometers in the areas wherever the treated effluent is applied for gardening. The unit shall make arrangement for the closure of nullah in the backyard by diverting the flow permanently.
IPCA Laboratories Ltd, Ratlam The unit is manufacturing bulk drugs with production capacity of 1202.5 MT/year of various products and also involved in formulation of tablets, syrups and injectables. The unit has provided comprehensive effluent treatment facilities comprising equalization tank, 2-stage aeration tanks, clarifiers and tertiary treatment plant comprising of activated charcoal treatment and dual media filters. The entire water is used for irrigation facilities.
Raptokas Brett & Company Ltd., Alwar It is a medium scale unit engaged in manufacturing of pharma-peptone and proteolysed liver extract, amounting to 196.67 tonne per year with meat extract as raw material. The wastewater generated is around 20 cubic meter per day and is treated by anaerobic, chemical and biological process. The operation and maintenance of effluent treatment plant at the unit are not proper. The anaerobic digester has been found working as a holding tank. There was no MLSS in aeration tank and secondary clarifier was not working as per design. The disposal of sludge from ETP was not adequate.
Dallas Bio-tech Ltd., Bhiwadi
The unit is engaged in manufacturing bulk drugs like amoxycillin, cephalexin etc., amounting 304 tonne/year. The wastewater quantity generated is around 40 cubic meter per day and treated in comprehensive effluent treatment plant comprising holding tank, chemical dozing, tubes settler, aeration tank, dual media filtration and treated effluent is discharged into RIICO drain. There was no flow measurement device, settling facilities after post-aeration. The sludge drying beds are of lesser capacity
10.3 COMPREHENSIVE INDUSTRY DOCUMENT (COINDS) AND EVOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND GOOD PRACTICES FOR CASHEW SEED PROCESSING INDUSTRY
Cashew seeds processing industries are existing in a few coastal states in India. Even though there is cashew seed cultivation in the country, most of the product demand is met by importing raw cashew seeds from South Africa. The processed cashew kernel are exported to Gulf and European countries. There are about 1500 units,categorised under SSI category, scattered in Nagercoil (Tamilnadu), Cheerla & Palasa (Andhra Pradesh), Kollam, Pathanamthitta & Trivandrum (Kerala) and in Goa. It is a labour intensive industry. Female workers constitute 90% of the work force. These units generally operates in the morning i.e. from 6.00 to 12.00 O' Clock. Cashew seeds are processed by two methods viz roasting and cooking process. The cashew seeds roasting process releases thick black smoke from roasting drum through the stack . The smoke has irritating odour and causes nuisance in the neighbourhood. The process also generates wastewater from the quenching operation of the roasted seeds. However, roasting process is preferred by the manufacturers. In cooking process, steam is generated in baby boiler and steam is supplied in kettle (Cooker) for cooking of seeds. In cooking process, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) vegetable oil is extracted from the shells of the seeds which has a market value in paint and resin industry. When the cashew seeds is roasted or cooked, it is sent to the cutting section and red skin, called testa is removed from the cashew seed through Borma Operation. Borma is done at 80-90 0 C which again releases a thick smoke. Quenching is not required in Cooking process. Not much has been done to update the technology used by cashew seed processing industry. Though pollution load from individual unit is relatively low but the magnitude of pollution problem from the cluster of units is very high. Keeping in view that industry is mostly in small scale and cottage sector, it was felt to study the industry in detail and to develop techno-economically viable environmental standards for cashew seed processing industry in India before evolving environmental standards with the help of various concerned state pollution control boards, pollution control committees, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Productivity and National Productivity Council, Chennai. Monitoring of cashew seed processing industries for air, water and noise has been completed in Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu), Kollam (Kerala) and Kassibagga- Palassa (A.P.). Monitoring was carried out for Roasting, Cooking and Borma operations. Ambient Air Quality was also studied at Palassa (A.P.) . Water samples were collected and analysed for pH, COD, BOD, oil & greese and phenolic compounds. The information have been collected from various State Pollution Control Boards/Committees and compiled. There is a possibility of employing cleaner technology in Cashew Seed processing Industry. Instead of Roasting or use of cashew shell fired baby boiler in cooking process, bio- gasifire can be employed, using cashew shell as fuel, to done away with direct firing of cashew shell. Cashew nut shells, a waste product of the industry, are converted into combustible gas in the biomass gasifiers. The clean technology of employed by cashew seed processing industry will reduce smoke and dust nuisance resulting in improvement in ambient air quality in the vicinity.
10.4 UTILIZATION OF TREATED EFFLUENT FROM PAPER MILLS FOR CROP IRRIGATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL HEALTH
Pulp and Paper industry falls under 17 identified categories of highly polluting industries defined by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Pulp mills require enormous amounts of water for debarking the trees, washing the wood chips, bleaching the pulp which creates a significant interdependence with available water supply invariably has a serious impact on the local ecosystem. BOD and COD levels are very high in pulp mill effluents failed to achieve prescribed discharge standards causing pollution of surface water bodies. Though large pulp and paper mills installed chemical recovery plant (CRP) colour problem still persists. Smaller mills do not have CRP causing severe environmental pollution of soil and ground water. Considering the risk of water pollution problems, it is desirable that the wastewater may be disposed on land, which would help in harnessing their irrigation potential in agriculture. This has been demonstrated that productive crop irrigation programme introduced with wastewater disposal facility yielding revenue and wastewater disposal cost. To eliminate the problems of colour due to lignin and in this regard, clay loam soils are most effective for colour removal followed by silt and sandy loam. However, sodium build up was noticed in the continuously irrigated soils with the wastewater, which could be overcome by using gypsum for reclamation. Under one of the CPCB sponsored project "utilization of treated effluent form paper mills for crop irrigation and its impact on crop productivity and soil health", IARI has extensively studied the process for crop irrigation and the studies have revealed promising results in reducing the overall pollution loads with respect to lignin, color, COD, BOD including toxicity. Agricultural field of representative pulp and paper mills will be selected in association with CPCB for carrying out spot and field experiments with three categories of paper mills viz. Large Paper Mills, Small Paper Mills with chemical recovery unit and Small paper mill without chemical recovery unit.
10.5 RECOMMENDATIONS ON FAECAL COLIFORM DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR SEWAGE IN DELHI
A high-powered committee has been constituted in pursuance of orders of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in CWP No. 725/1992 for preparation of an Integrated Action Plan for cleaning the Yamuna River at Delhi. This High Powered Committee in its meeting dated 24.08.04 constituted a sub committee chaired by Chairman, CPCB to determine norms for permissible coliform level in treated sewage and the process required for achieving the same keeping in view techno-economic feasibility. This Committee, after detailed deliberations on various aspects and after consulting experts on the subject, prepared a report on Fecal Coliform discharge standards and possible technological options. Maximum permissible Fecal Coliform standards notified under EPA for bathing water quality is 2500 MPN/100 ml. Considering the facts that there is negligible dilution available in Delhi stretch of river Yamuna, the discharge standards for Fecal Coliform levels in treated sewage is recommended 2500 MPN/100 ml, the same as quality of bathing waters because the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna is desired to be maintained as bathing water. However CPCB has emphasized that to achieve the maximum removal of pollution load with the funds available, it would be proper to make arrangements for treatment of the entire sewage up to secondary level to achieve BOD<20 mg/l and SS<30 mg/l on priority basis rather than treating part of sewage to tertiary level to achieve FC<2500 MPN/100 ml and BOD<10 mg/l while leaving significant part of sewage untreated. Afterwards, when secondary treatment facility for at least 90 % of sewage is installed, all STPs need to be augmented with tertiary treatment facilities for removal of FC to a standard 2500 MPN/100 ml as well as for further removal of organic matter to BOD<10 mg/l so that the main objective of maintaining quality of Yamuna river may be fulfilled. In Delhi, existing STPs based on ASP and Trickling Filter (TF) technologies require augmentation with tertiary treatment units to achieve the recommended Faecal Coliform standards of 2500 MPN/100 ml discharge into Yamuna. Following are the possible tertiary treatment schemes which can be adopted after conventional treatment units (ASP or TF) to achieve the recommended FC standards. Chemicals aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation) Chemicals aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation) + Granular media (Sand) filtration Chemicals aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation) + Chlorination Chemicals aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation) + Granular media (Sand) filtration + Chlorination Installation of treatment facilities for secondary treatment of sewage generated in Delhi will take time meanwhile, CPCB proposes to take up experimental studies on treated sewage in Delhi to investigate effectiveness of above suggested tertiary treatment technologies in terms of faecal coliform removal.
10.6 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ROOT ZONE TREATMENT FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Root Zone Treatment processes effectively purify domestic and industrial wastewater according to the law of nature. The term "root zone" encompasses the interactions of various species of bacteria, the roots of the reed plants, soil, air, sun and water. Central Pollution Control Board has taken-up the project on "Assessment of Root Zone Treatment technology for treatment of domestic wastewater". The project is being undertaken at Sewage Treatment Plant, Jagjitpur, Haridwar. The objective of the project was to assess the efficiency of Root Zone Treatment plant for treatment of domestic wastewater and polishing of treated wastewater under Indian condition and to optimize the system parameters. Two Root Zone Treatment Horizontal beds, one each for receive raw wastewater (Raw bed) [4.90m(L) x 3.1m(B) x 0.08m(H)] and other for receive treated wastewater (Polishing bed) [4.35m (L) x 2.25m(B) x 0.04 m(H)] were constructed. The sand of the bed of river Ganga (0.8 mm and Porosity 29%) is used as filter media. The plant Phragmites Karaka is planted at the contructed wetland site. The performance of the bed has been tested for various hydraulic and organic loading with different hydraulic retention time (HRT). The performance of the Root Zone Treatment with raw sewage & treated effluent (polishing treatment) are presented in Table 10.20 & 10.21.
Table 10.20 Average Percent Removal of Various Parameters in Raw Bed at Various Hydraulic Loadings
HRT Discharge Hydraulic Organic Average Percent Removal (days) (m 3 /d) Loading Loading (cm/day) (Kg/ha/d) TS TDS TSS BOD COD TKN Total Faecal Phosphate Coliform 4 0.88 6 62.5 39.45 16.50 91.4 98.5 91.1 59.53 28.78 99.965 3 1.17 8 83.5 37.29 9.61 90.65 92.60 87.56 45.33 24.26 99.920 2 1.75 12 125 31.29 7.27 87.85 87.70 82.57 37.65 20.17 99.390 1 3.5 24 250 28.79 6.02 81.84 66.73 67.24 24.20 8.91 97.390
Table 10.21 Average Percent Removal of Various Parameters in Polishing Bed at Various Hydraulic Loadings HRT Discharge Hydraulic Organic Average Percent Removal (days) (m 3 /d) Loading Loading (cm/day) (Kg/ha/d) TS TDS TSS BOD COD TKN Total Faecal Phosphate Coliform 2.0 0.57 6 4 26.53 24.29 80.31 89.55 85.42 82.45 25.68 90.27 1.5 0.76 8 6 19.78 17.76 87.65 76.85 43.93 76.48 27.44 96.27 1.0 1.14 12 8 15.88 13.94 70.36 68.31 65.45 51.85 20.48 86.71 0.5 2.28 24 16 10.80 7.85 83.53 48.57 63.33 38.35 11.52 81.31
POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUSTRIAL ESTATES OF ANKLESHWAR, NANDESARI IN GUJARAT STATE AND TALOJA, TARAPUR IN MAHARASHTRA STATE
The inspections have been undertaken in 18 out of 297 Red Category industries of Tarapur (Maharashtra) & 42 out of 71 Red category industries in Nandesari (Gujarat) to review the status of environmental management system. The findings are as below:
The industrialists in this estate are least aware or pretend ignorance of concepts like Energy Conservation, Waste Minimisation/ Pollution Prevention. Since the common facility takes care of the wastes generated, no efforts are carried out to reduce or minimise the wastes. The gross violation of this principle of Pollution Prevention can be gauged from the fact that high COD load is first created (may be due to production process inefficiencies or otherwise) and then diluted with fresh water to meet the inlet norms of CETP. A base quantity of wastewater generation can be worked out theoretically and then compared with the quantity actually sent regularly to CETP for treatment. This measure may deter the industry from diluting and look for water conservation measures. All the industries are sending their effluent to CETP through tankers. The arrangement for filling the tankers outside the industry premises is also inadequate in most of the industries. Consequently, spillage and spread of effluent on earthen surface and natural drain takes place at many areas in the industrial estate. This kind of tanker filling arrangements is adversely affecting the environment & aesthetics of the industrial estate. Inventory work is in progress for MIDC-Tarapur, MIDC-Taloja, GIDC- Nandesari and GIDC- Ankeleshwar. Methodology adopted includes dry data collection, inspection of EMS and monitoring in selected industries.
Table 10.22 : Red category of Industries Inspected at Industrial Estates of Gujarat & Maharashtra
Scale Industrial Estates Remarks Nandesari Tarapur Taloja Ankleshwar Total no. of Large 2 17 31 Break-up not industries as per available the list provided by the State Medium 8 57 15 Pollution Control Small 61 223 116 Boards Total 71 297 162 601 Personal visits 49 24 21 10 Ongoing made to industries Monitoring 5 5 7 4 Ongoing carried out in industries No. of industries 6 30 -- -- Dynamic found closed status
MERCURY RELEASE INTO ENVIRONMENT BY CAUSTIC SODA INDUSTRIES
The evaluation has been undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board at M/s.Grasim Industries (Chemical Division), Nagda , M/s.Hukumchand Jute Mills, Amlai and M/s Shri Ram Vinyle & chemicals, Kota to assess the progress made by the industries in controlling mercury release into the environment. Isotope studies indicated that mercury consumption per tonne of caustic soda produced has been reduced gradually during past three years. However, it has been observed that there is substantial mercury still unaccounted. Industries have targeted year 2020 for converting existing mercury cell process into membrane cell technology.
Year Mercury consumed in gm/ tonne of caustic soda produced M/s.Grasim Industries M/s.Hukum Chand Jute M/s Shri Ram chemicals, Ltd., Nagda Mills, Amlai Kota 2002 60.00 94.00 160.00 2003 52.58 82.31 58.30 2004 47.27 52.45 46.10
ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE YEAR 2005 – 2006
ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR 2005-06
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is body under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, set up in September, 1974, under the provisions of the Water (Prevention & control of Pollution) Act, 1974. CPCB serves as a technical wing of MoEF, and coordinates with the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/ Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) for Implementation of plans and programmes relating to pollution control. MoEF provides grant to CPCB for Plan and Non-Plan expenditures. CPCB undertakes the project and programs through in-house efforts and also with the assistance of different Research Institutions.
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) has sanctioned an outlay for Rs. 3900 Crores for Plan Expenditure during financial year 2005-2006. The Annual Action plan includes several initiatives covering mandates given to CPCB under the Water, Air, Cess and various Rules under Environmental (Protection) Act. During 2004-05, CPCB could strengthen monitoring and environmental surveillance programme. Programmes taken up at national level were executed in co-ordination with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs).
The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing key role in controlling pollution by generating relevant data, providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and development of manpower, through activities for promoting awareness at different levels of the Government and Public at large. CPCB, in addition to the implementation of Water and Air Act, has planned various programmes relating to implementation of rules framed under the Environment Protection Act such as Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, Bio-medical waste, Municipal Solid Wastes and Plastics Waste.
The plans and programmes for 2005-06 are prepared based on the thrust areas identified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, and as per decisions taken in the Chairmen and Member Secretaries Conferences of State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees. FEATURES OF THE ANNUAL PLAN
In the Annual Plan of 2005-06, the programmes/schemes are taken up to address the issues relating to Acts/Rules, which in-force relating to prevention and control of pollution. The schemes include:
• Monitoring of National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP);
• Strengthening of NAMP;
• Strengthening with respect to number of Stations;
• Strengthening with respect to additional pollutants monitoring;
• Continuation of National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP);
• Study of Ground Water Pollution;
• Assessment of non-point sources of pollution;
• Epidemiological study;
• Preparation of Environmental Status Report;
• Development and demonstration of appropriate liquid and solid waste Management technologies for semi-urban area;
• Laboratory Management and Research & Development Activities for prevention and control of pollution;
• Development and Review of Effluent/Emission Standards and Guidelines;
• Environmental Information and Management System;
• Pollution Control Implementation in major polluting industries, Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste (Management &Handling) Rules, Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, Biomedical Waste (Management &Handling) Rules, Vehicular and Noise Pollution Control etc.
• Cleaner Production and Environmental Auditing and Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs);
• Implementation of Hazardous (Management &Handling) Rules;
• Spatial Environmental planning and Natural Resource Protection; and
• Preparation and updating of Zoning Atlas
13.2 BUDGET ALLOCATION FOR 2005-06
The allocation made against each major plan head is summarised as under:
S. No . Project Heads Allocation (Rs. in lakh) CPCB Head CPCB Zonal offices Total
quarters I Pollution Assessment – Survey & 477.0 89.75 566.75 Monitoring II (a) Laboratory Management (Oper-ation 1728.0 206.66 1934.66 and Maintenance and R&D)
(b) Setting-up of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations in Major Cities III Development of Standards and Guidelines 198.329 4.5 202.829 IV Training 77.00 5.1 82.1 VA Information (Database) Management 43.05 11.5 54.55 VB Library 21.2 3.5 24.7 VI Pollution Control Enforcement 580.831 208.95 789.781 VII Pollution Control Technology 83.83 - 83.83 VIII Mass Awareness, Publications & NGO 79.00 2.8 81.8 Activities IX Hazardous Waste Management 75.00 4.0 79.0 TOTAL 3363.24 536.76 3900.00
Current Year
ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR 2005-06 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is body under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, set up in September, 1974, under the provisions of the Water (Prevention & control of Pollution) Act, 1974. CPCB serves as a technical wing of MoEF, and coordinates with the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/ Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) for Implementation of plans and programmes relating to pollution control. MoEF provides grant to CPCB for Plan and Non-Plan expenditures. CPCB undertakes the project and programs through in-house efforts and also with the assistance of different Research Institutions.
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) has sanctioned an outlay for Rs. 3900 Crores for Plan Expenditure during financial year 2005-2006. The Annual Action plan includes several initiatives covering mandates given to CPCB under the Water, Air, Cess and various Rules under Environmental (Protection) Act. During 2004-05, CPCB could strengthen monitoring and environmental surveillance programme. Programmes taken up at national level were executed in co-ordination with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs).
The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing key role in controlling pollution by generating relevant data, providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and development of manpower, through activities for promoting awareness at different levels of the Government and Public at large. CPCB, in addition to the implementation of Water and Air Act, has planned various programmes relating to implementation of rules framed under the Environment Protection Act such as Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, Bio-medical waste, Municipal Solid Wastes and Plastics Waste.
The plans and programmes for 2005-06 are prepared based on the thrust areas identified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, and as per decisions taken in the Chairmen and Member Secretaries Conferences of State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees.
FEATURES OF THE ANNUAL PLAN
In the Annual Plan of 2005-06, the programmes/schemes are taken up to address the issues relating to Acts/Rules, which in-force relating to prevention and control of pollution. The schemes include:
• Monitoring of National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP);
• Strengthening of NAMP;
• Strengthening with respect to number of Stations;
• Strengthening with respect to additional pollutants monitoring;
• Continuation of National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP);
• Study of Ground Water Pollution;
• Assessment of non-point sources of pollution;
• Epidemiological study;
• Preparation of Environmental Status Report;
• Development and demonstration of appropriate liquid and solid waste Management technologies for semi-urban area;
• Laboratory Management and Research & Development Activities for prevention and control of pollution;
• Development and Review of Effluent/Emission Standards and Guidelines;
• Environmental Information and Management System; • Pollution Control Implementation in major polluting industries, Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste (Management &Handling) Rules, Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, Biomedical Waste (Management &Handling) Rules, Vehicular and Noise Pollution Control etc.
• Cleaner Production and Environmental Auditing and Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs);
• Implementation of Hazardous (Management &Handling) Rules;
• Spatial Environmental planning and Natural Resource Protection; and
• Preparation and updating of Zoning Atlas
13.2 BUDGET ALLOCATION FOR 2005-06
The allocation made against each major plan head is summarised as under:
S. No Project Heads Allocation (Rs. in lakh) . CPCB Head CPCB Zonal Total quarters offices I Pollution Assessment – Survey & Monitoring 477.0 89.75 566.75 II (a) Laboratory Management (Oper-ation and 1728.0 206.66 1934.66 Maintenance and R&D)
(b) Setting-up of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations in Major Cities III Development of Standards and Guidelines 198.329 4.5 202.829 IV Training 77.00 5.1 82.1 VA Information (Database) Management 43.05 11.5 54.55 VB Library 21.2 3.5 24.7 VI Pollution Control Enforcement 580.831 208.95 789.781 VII Pollution Control Technology 83.83 - 83.83 VIII Mass Awareness, Publications & NGO 79.00 2.8 81.8 Activities IX Hazardous Waste Management 75.00 4.0 79.0 TOTAL 3363.24 536.76 3900.00
OTHER IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES DEALT BY CPCB
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Technology for Recycling of Hazardous Wastes
According to Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended, it is mandatory that the recyclers of hazardous wastes like used oil, waste oil and non-ferrous metal wastes to get registered with the Central Pollution Control Board as referred under Schedule 4 of the said Rules as per the procedure laid down under Rule 19 of the said Rules. Accordingly, 184 recyclers involving recycling of the said hazardous wastes with environmentally sound management facilities have been registered with the Central Board. Also, in order to assess the facilities for recycling of hazardous wastes in the light of the HW (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003 by the regulatory authority, Central Pollution Control Board prepared and finalized the "Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Technology for Recycling of Hazardous Wastes". These guidelines have been finalized in consultation with the expert members & CSIR laboratories and the industry associations.
Follow-up action taken to avail the benefit of MoEF notifications by the Used Oil re-refining units having acid clay process or modified acid clay process
The Hazardous Waste (M & H) Rules, 2003 notified on May 20, 2003 required that all registered re- refiners of used oil to adopt one of the Environmentally Sound Technology (ESTs) within six months from the date of commencement of the said Rules. The technologies specified under Rule 21 (1) of these rules for the environmentally sound re-refining of used oil are:
• Vacuum Distillation with Clay Treatment • Vacuum distillation with Hydro Treatment • Thin Film Evaporation Process • Any other Technology Approved by the MoEF
The registered re-refining units with acid clay process could not get renewal of registration as the units could not switch over to the specified ESTs, which resulted into reduction of the registered re-refining units from about 100 to very few units. In view of the accumulation of used oil in the country and the representation made by the re-refining industry, Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India has issued notifications dated July 19, 2004 and August 06, 2004 permitting the use of acid clay process or modified acid clay process for re-refining of used oil till December 31, 2004 to such units which placed orders and submitted their copies along with Bank Guarantee of Rs. 5 lakh each to CPCB by August 15, 2004. So as to avail the benefit of the said MoEF notifications, about 30 units submitted a Bank Guarantee along with the copy of the orders placed for plant & machinery for installation of EST, to Central Board, as per the provisions of the HW (M & H) Rules. After examining, 27 units were given permission for continuing their re-refining activities and for complete installation of the EST for re- refining of used oil by December 31, 2004. Out of 27 units, 09 units could not complete installation of EST by December 31, 2004 and hence the Bank Guarantee submitted by these units has been forfeited.
Units invited for hearing and follow-up action taken, as per HW (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003
50 units pertaining have called for hearing under Rule 19 (7) of the Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003 for refusal/processing for grant of registration and follow-up action has been taken as per the decision taken in the hearing.
Cancellation of Registration granted to the Registered Recyclers or Re-processors
The registration granted to 04 units involved in re-refining of used oil using acid clay process or modified acid clay process, after re-confirming non-installation of EST /violation of HW Rules have been cancelled.
Clarification with regard to the HW (M & H) Rules, 1989 and as amended
About 50 clarifications concerning the Hazardous Waste (M & H) Rules, 1989 and as amended has been given to the State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution control Committees/ Industries and other agencies.
Status of registration applications and placing in Web Site
Also, in order to know the status on the registration applications submitted for obtaining registration from the Central Board by the units involved in recycling of hazardous wastes, the information has been prepared and placed at CPCB's web site for the purpose of the public reference or for the reference of the concerned units.
Registration committee meetings and finalization of the minutes and follow-up action
Organized Registration Committee meetings for consideration of the applications of the recycling units and follow-up action taken as per the decisions taken in the said meetings . Inventory of Hazardous Waste generation as per Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003, as reported by the SPCBs/PCCs to CPCB
As per the directions of Hon'ble Supreme Court dated October 14, 2003 in the matter of Writ Petition (Civil) No. 657 of 1995, all the State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees are required to carryout inventory on Hazardous Waste generation and HW generating industries in the light of Hazardous Waste (M & H) Rules, 1989 as amended. To have uniformity in submission of the inventory reports, Central Pollution Control Board prepared a format and circulated to all the SPCBs/PCCs, Central Pollution Control Board has received inventory reports from 22 SPCBs and 04 PCCs ie., States of Kerala, Assam, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Haryana, Karnataka, Punjab, Mizoram, Tripura (without complete details), Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal,Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa and Ut's of Chandigarh, Daman, Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry.
As per the directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, CPCB has to carryout random checks of inventory submitted by SPCBs/PCCs to CPCB. So far, random checks with respect to States of Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Gujarat, Haryana, and UTs of Chandigarh, Daman, Diu and Dadar &, Nagar Haveli, Pondicherry have been completed by the concerned Zonal Offices of the Central Pollution Control Board. The random checks with respect to other States/UTs under progress.
Status on Inventory of Hazardous Waste (HW) dump sites as reported by the SPCBs/PCCs
As per the directives of Hon'ble Supreme Court, SPCBs/PCCs are required to carryout inventory on HW dumpsites and make assessment with regard to the extent of soil or ground water contamination in & around such dump sites and to prepare and submit the rehabilitation plans The State Boards of Haryana, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,Jharkhand, Goa, Kerala, Uttaranchal and Pollution Control Committees of Pondicherry, Delhi, Daman & Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Chandigarh have reported that there are no illegal HW dump sites in their respective States/UTs. Based on the information receivedfrom various SPCBs/PCCs, the state-wise HW dump sites are as follows:
State Dump sites
Karnataka 18
Punjab 14
Uttar Pradesh 10
Rajasthan 01
Tamil Nadu 02
Andhra Pradesh 42
Maharashtra in MIDC Area) 10
Orissa 07
Gujarat 06
Assam 05
Most of the SPCBs/PCCs are yet to submit reports on detailed scientific studies and the re-habilitation programmes to the Central Board. The reports on dumpsites have been received from the states of Assam and Orissa. Random check in the state of Orissa has been completed.
Random checks of the inventory of Hazardous Waste generating units – North Region Large numbers of Hazardous waste generating units are operating in India comprising of different categories generating different types of hazardous waste. Indiscriminate disposal of this type of waste is posing great threat to the environment. Government of India had notified the Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules long back in 1989 and its amendments in year 2003, but due to lack of awareness and will power compliance of these rules was observed to be very poor.
Hon'ble Supreme court of India issued the directives in the matter of writ petition no 657 of 1995 regarding management of Hazardous waste in the country for estimation of hazardous waste being generated in different state to respective SPCB and CPCB is required to carry out random check in respect of inventories of Hazardous waste units. The Central Pollution Control Board has conducted extensive survey and study in North region to check the inventory of hazardous waste generating units submitted by the SPCB for UP, Uttranchal and Chandigarh, . The details are as below:
Uttar Pradesh
Status of hazardous waste generating units as submitted by UPPCB is presented in Table 14.1.
Table 14.1 Status of Hazardous Waste Generating Units in Uttar Pradesh a. Total no. of hazardous waste generating units 1633 (281) Closed
(192) have no authorization b. Total Hazardous Waste Generation in the State 83076.62 (Tonnes per Annum) c. Hazardous Waste authorizations -
i) Applications received ii) Authorization granted by SPCB. 1160 d. No. of Industries taken up for random 54 verifications
Industries (54 no) selected for random check were selected as to represent entire state geographically. Also emphasis was given to select different type of industries to include all type of hazardous waste industries to assess the hazardous waste management practices. Description of industries covered under each category is summarized below
Table 14.2 : Process wise description of industries covered under various category
S. No. Process Category as No of units per Schedule I inspected 1 Petrochemical Process and pyrolytic operations 1 1 2 Petroleum refining/re-refining of used oil/recycling of waste 4 4 oil 3 Secondary production and/or use of zinc 6 1 4 Primary production of zinc/lead/copper and other non- 7 1 ferrous metals except aluminium 5 Secondary production of lead 9 1 6 Production of primary and secondary aluminium 11 1 7 Metal surface treatment, such as etching, staining, 12 7 polishing, galvanizing, cleaning, degreasing, plating etc. 8 Production of iron steel including other ferrous alloys 13 2 (electric furnaces:steel rolling and finishing mills; Coke oven and by product plant) 9 Production of asbestos or asbestos containing materials. 15 1 10 Production of caustic soda and chlorine 16 1 11 Production of acids 17 2 12 Production of nitrogenous and complex fertilizers 18 2 13 Production and/or industrial use of solvents 20 1 14 Production and/or industrial use of paints, pigments, 21 3 lacquers, varnishes, plastics and inks 15 Production of canvas and textiles 24 1 16 Production of industrial use of synthetic dyes, dye- 26 4 intermediates and pigments 17 Production/formulation of durgs/pharmaceuticals 28 2 18 Production, use and formulation of pesticides including 29 5 stock-piles 19 Leather tanneries 30 5 20 Electronic Industry 31 2 21 Pulp & Paper Industry 32 1 22 Purification processes for air and water 34 1 23 Purification process for organic compounds/solvents 35 1 24 Others 4 Total 54
While estimating the waste, an exhaustive scrutiny of process flow was made along with study of process units, conveyance of waste stream, mechanism of waste handling, scrutiny of records made available by the industry and interaction with the concerned industry representatives. For interpretation Schedule-I and II of the Notification (Dated 20 th May 2003) of Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003 was considered as the Nodal Reference.
While undertaking random inventory a reference was made to the data provided by / available with UPPCB. The salient observations as emerged during the survey are
• While identifying the waste category with reference to the Schedule-I, there have been quite a few waste category, which were not included / considered in the Authorization. Such waste categories are however mentioned in the summary sheet as well as the individual industry format. • Lot of variation in waste quantity was observed. In most of the cases waste quantity was assessed on much higher side. In some cases it is under estimated. • Uttar Pradesh is not having any scientific waste disposal site due to this every industry is keeping its waste within the factory premises. Every industry has pilled up lot of hazardous waste and facing the problem of storage in future. • Couple of industries observed having installed incinerator for hazardous waste generated. Efficiency of incinerator is required to be checked. • Many of the industries have installed the display board giving information of hazardous waste being generated. • Considering efforts on waste recycling / minimization made by the individual industries, there has been a general observation that waste generation has been significantly reduced barring a few industries wherein significant increase was observed. There has been a general casual approach towards Hazardous Waste Management barring certain units. • SPCB inventory doesn't reflect all the hazardous waste categories as mentioned in rules. • In Rania area of Kanpur Dehat, many industries (Basic Chrome Sulfate units) are running without consent and hazardous waste authorization from concerned State Pollution Control Board. These units have disposed off their chrome bearing furnace sludge outside the factory premises. • In some of the industries Effluent treatment Plant and Air Pollution Control Systems are not adequate to arrest the pollutants, thus generating less quantity of waste. • Almost all the industries that have ETP generate ETP sludge and also waste oil from their plant and machinery.
Chandigarh
In order to have random verification eleven industries were taken up for inspection of HW dumpsites and rehabilitation plans submitted by Chandigarh Pollution Control Board. In addition to the inspection, detailed discussions were made with the concerned departments. The salient observations are as follows-
• The list / inventory of the hazardous wastes generating industries is not complete and needs revision. • The industry-wise quantities of hazardous waste generated as estimated does not appear to be in order because the list prepared / inventory is not complete and also in a few cases , some of the wastes are not included in the estimation. However in case of Zinc Ash processing industries and waste lead acid battery processing industries, the estimation appear to be in order. • The HWM practices adopted by the industries are not up-to mark and in many cases, these are highly objectionable. • Almost all the industries especially small and medium scale are selling their exhausted / spent acids to those dealers / industries which do not have proper infrastructure for reprocessing the HW and also the Registration as actual user of HW / Authorization from CPCB / CPCC as the case may be. • Most of the small-scale industries and many of large, are not taking proper care for the treatment /storage and disposal of the HW. • In almost all the cases, there is no mention about the treatment & disposal of barrels, containers used for handling of hazardous wastes /chemicals (category No. 33, schedule 1)
Inspection Under Hazardous Waste Verification – North Eastern States
Correspondence made with the North East State Pollution Control Boards for inventory of Hazardous Waste generating industries. The following industries have been visited under Hazardous Waste Management.
• M/s Taparia Industries, Guwahati, • M/s Assam Roofing Pvt. Ltd., Guwahati, • M/s Hindustan Coca-cola beverages, Jorhat, • M/s OIL-pumping stations -3 Nos. at Jorhat, • M/s HPC-Jagiroad, • M/s Modern Lube Industries at Kalapahar, • M/s Subhash Industries, • Oil drill sites at ONGCL at Rudrasagar, GGS-I & II at Lakwa and ETP at Lakwa, • M/s IOC-Guwahati, • M/s IOC-Digboi, • M/s HPC-Numaligarh, • M/s BVFCL-Namrup, • M/s BRPL-Bongaigaon, • M/s HPC-Panchgram,
The random check of the data submitted by State Boards was also undertaken with respect to Hazardous generation by 17 categories of industries. Few recyclers have been visited to comply for registration with CPCB under Hazardous Waste Management system. The recyclers industries are M/s Matiz Metal Pvt. Ltd., M/s Modern Lube Industries, M/s Taparia Industries, M/s East India Petrochemical (P) Ltd., Naoholia & M/s Subhash Industries.
Central Region As per the directions of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India dated 14.10.2003 Writ petition (c) No.657 of 1995, industries were visited for random checking of Hazardous wastes generation. The general observations during random cross check in the inventory are as below:
Rajasthan
• Facilities for analysis of hazardous waste are not available at most of the places, which made the categorization difficult. Before the amendment of the Rules, many of the industries were allowed to provide secured landfill (SLF) within their factory compound. Most of these, SLFs are neither made nor operated as per the provisions of the Rules. Continuation of such SLFs may be reconsidered. • Although the discarded containers and a few categories of hazardous waste need to be decontaminated and detoxified before disposal as per one of the conditions of the authorization issued by the State Board, but the process of decontamination and detoxification is neither prescribed in Rules nor practiced by any industry. • Display boards were seen installed at most of the industries. However, some of the small-scale industries have been dismounting these boards and keeping them inside the factory at the close of the day in the evening to avoid theft / damage. • There was a standard format circulated by SPCB to all the industries for providing the information on display boards. Many display boards were having information, written in very small letters, readable only from a close distance. • At some of the display boards, the quantity of the hazardous waste and hazardous chemicals have been written with paint and not changed. In other cases, the quantity although changed, but written with "chalk" and not legible. • The State Pollution Control Board had issued large number of authorizations before the amendment of Rules. These authorizations are still valid for five years or so. Such authorizations did neither indicate the category of waste nor its quantity. SPCB has not asked such industries to get a new authorization under the amended Rules nor the industries are aware of the provisions in amended Rules. • As stated in the amended Rules, 2003 in sub-rule 9 of Rule 5, the State Boards should maintain a register specifying the conditions imposed on industries through authorization for any disposal of hazardous waste on any land or premises. • Presently, there is no TSDF in the State of Rajasthan. However, one site has been notified in Udaipur, which is at initial stage and public hearing is yet to be conducted for this TSDF. • In the meantime, various industrial associations like in Bhilwara, Udaipur have obtained NOC from Gujarat Pollution Control Board for disposal of hazardous waste generated in their industries in Rajasthan, to the SLF developed at Naroda, Ahmedabad. Hazardous waste generated by such industries is transported through the industrial associations. Presently, the operator of SLF at Naroda has expressed inability to accept hazardous waste from the industries of Rajasthan for next two months i.e. till September 30, due to rainy season and most of such industries have been storing hazardous waste in the storage provided within the industry premises. • Some of the industries generate by-products, which qualify as hazardous waste as per the criteria given in the Rules. The industries have not included such substances as hazardous waste stating these substances as by-products. These by-products are sold to different industries, where these are used as raw material. It is not clear whether the industry has to obtain an authorization for sale / disposal of such substances which they sell as by-product.
Madhya Pradesh
MPPCB submitted inventory report of hazardous waste generating units in Madhya Pradesh and these units were visited to cross check the inventory. The following are the observations:
• The document of inventorization has provided three sets of industries. Those issued authorization as per the Hazardous Waste Handling Rules, 1989, as per Rules amended in 2000 and as per Rules amended in 2003. It would have been easier for compilation and understanding, had all the authorization issued to the industries been converted as per Rules amended in 2003. • All the authorizations were issued by the Head Office, MPPCB, Bhopal. From December, 2004 onwards, the power to issue authorization in respect of SSI units were delegated to Regional Officers. A number of authorizations have been issued by Regional Officers, which are not included in the present inventory. Few large and medium scale industries were not included. The inventory needed updating for effectively exercising the cross random check. • A few industries, although issued authorization and stated as producing / handling more than 10,000 tonnes of waste per annum, the industry was yet to take shape on ground. M/s. Rose Chemicals (at sl.no.65 of inventory) is one of the examples. M/s. S.W. Processor Pvt. Ltd., is another example although not included in the inventory but issued authorization by Regional Office, Indore-II. It is not understood as to why the industries were issued authorization and their wastes included in the inventory w3hen their existed no such industry. To quote another instance, one SSI unit involved in formulating pesticides was show generating 201.8 TPA of hazardous waste, while the only waste generated by the unit was around thirty empty containers. • Baring few exceptions, no industry has provided captive secured landfill site. The hazardous waste presently stored in the industries accounted for only last two-three years. It is evident that the industry was dumping their hazardous waste somewhere illegally. During the inspection, such illegal dumpsites were noticed specially in Pithampur. Some channels in the industrial area were containing spent acid illegally disposed by the industries. The operation of all the industries purchasing spent acid is as raw material may be scrutinized for their actual utilization in the process. It is doubted that the arrangements of selling raw acid and purchasing of spent acid is an arrangement made by the industries to show the disposal of spent acid. • Hundreds of tonnes of hazardous waste lying within and around the Union Carbide Ltd., has not been reflected anywhere in the inventory. Thousands of tonnes of hazardous waste dumped at Ratlam by H-acid producing and other such units has not been reflected in the inventory, either. • The inventory has been prepared without ground verification of hazardous waste generated by the industries. But quote a few M/s.Bridgestone India Ltd., stopped their operation of incinerator since 1999. The application submitted in November, 2003 sought authorization for handling incinerated ash. • The concept of industrial operations generating hazardous waste was not well understood. In many cases, hazardous waste has not been classified for the category it belonged to. • In one of the cases, MPPCB issued authorization to M/s.IPCA Laboratories Ltd., for incinerating the hazardous waste produced in its sister concern, located in Maharashtra. Quantity of such hazardous waste coming from other State for disposal into individual industry has not been taken into account in the present inventory. • Generally, empty containers have not been taken into account in most of the industries. At the same time, M/s. Matsushita Lakhanpal Battery India Ltd., at Pithampur has been shown producing more than 29 lakh containers every year. These are not the container but the rejected pencil batteries and weighed around 52 MT only. • As per the inventory, M/s. Hindustan Copper Ltd., Jabalpur produce 1,25,200 tonne of hazardous waste per day as per Hazardous Waste Management Handling Rules, 1989 (Pre- amended). The category of hazardous waste as per Schedule-I has been described as production of asbestos or asbestos containing materials or products. The entire waste disposed in tailing dam has been taken as hazardous waste, which is nowhere, described as hazardous waste in Schedule-I in the processes shown at serial 7 & 8. Actual solid waste dumped into tailing dam worked out to around 6260 MT per day as against 1,25,200 tonne per day taken in the inventory.
Registration of Recyclers
The following units were visited for verification of application for registration as actual users:
S. No. Unit Type of unit 1 M/s Golchha Chemicals, Bhillai Used oil/waste oil 2 M/s Alcobex Metals Ltd, Udaipur Zinc reprocessor 3 M/s Anna Petrochem Pvt Ltd, Abu Road Waste Oil 4 M/s Barium International Kota Metal reprocessor 5 M/s Ashish Pigments & Alloys, Bhiwadi Lead reprocessing 6 M/s Vipul Metals, Bhiwadi Lead reprocessing 7 M/s Shriyansh Industries, Bhillai Lead reprocessing 8 M/s Rohan Metals Pvt ltd, Bhiwadi Lead reprocessing 9 M/s Sumetco Alloys Pvt Ltd, Bhiwadi Lead reprocessing 10 M/s M.S.Metals , Indore Lead reprocessing 11 M/s Ganpati metals, Indore Lead reprocessing 12 M/s Manoj Industries, Indore Lead reprocessing 13 M/s Ajmer Lead Refinery, Ajmer Lead reprocessing 14 M/s Balaji Metal works, Ajmer Lead reprocessing 15 M/s Asawa Industries, Ajmer Lead reprocessing 16 M/s Universal petrochemicals, Vidisha Used oil 17 M/s Rahul Metals, Alwar Lead reprocessing 18 M/s BMA Zinc Private Ltd, Bhiwadi Lead /Zinc reprocessing 19 M/s Siyarco Industries, Jodhpur Lead /Zinc reprocessing 20 M/s Vipul Oil, Raipur Used Oil 21 M/s Continental Petrochemicals, Behrod Used Oil 22 M/s Indomax Chemicals, Jaipur Used Oil
North Eastern Region
The following industries have been visited to ensure implementation of Hazardous Waste Management Rules:
• M/s Taparia Industries, Guwahati • M/s Assam Roofings Pvt. Ltd., Guwahati • M/s Hindustan Coca-cola Beverages, Jorhat • M/s OIL-Pumping Station-3 at Jorhat • M/s HPC Jagiroad • M/s Modern Lube Industries, Kalapahar • M/s Subhash Industries, Oil drill sites at ONGCL at Rudrasagar, GGS-I & II at Lakwa and ETP at Lakwa • M/s IOC, Guwahati • M/s IOC, Digboi • M/s NRL, Panchgram
Random check of the data submitted by State Boards with respect to Hazardous generation by 17 categories of industries has also undertaken. The following recyclers have been visited to bring under Hazardous Waste Management System and initiate registration.
• M/s Matiz Metal Pvt. Ltd • M/s Modern Lube Industries • M/s Taparia, Industries • M/s East India Petrochemical (P) Ltd., Naoholia • M/s Subhash Industries.
Western Region
Gujarat State
In Gujarat State, total 54 units were inspected on random basis covering prominent categories like Pharmaceuticals, Dyestuff, Pesticides, and some other categories, in major potential industrial areas such as Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Ankleshwar, and Vapi, etc. The data on Hazardous waste generation submitted by State Pollution Control Board, by and large, matches with the data verified physically. However, at times, the verified data have differed on account of various reasons, like some additional sources of waste generation, change of product range, process change (including incorporation of material recovery etc), basis of calculation of waste on average production or installed capacity). Also, a wide variation was observed in the practices adopted for the hazardous waste treatment and/or disposal in some units. The practices for on-site storage, also, were found varying with some units having proper facilities with proper segregation, whereas some other were not following proper on-site segregation of the waste.
Daman & Silvassa
The production facility, waste management facilities were visited in the region and interacted with the industry personnel for necessary information about the hazardous waste generation. The assessment of hazardous waste generation was made on the basis of discussions and Industry-wise information has been compiled in form of report.
The present scenario of hazardous wastes generation, handling, storage and disposal in Union Territory of Daman, Dadra & Nagar Haveli is not scientific and satisfactory. The industries are required to be made aware about the issues related to Hazardous Wastes Management. There is an urgent need of secured common landfill site and common incineration facility in Union Territory of Daman, Dadra & Nagar Haveli for disposal of hazardous wastes. The Union Territory also require analytical facility to know the characteristics of the hazardous wastes generated so that scientific mode of handling and disposal can be worked out.
Registration under Actual Users
52 actual users/ recyclers/ re-processors in Gujarat, Maharashtra and UTs of Daman and Dadra & NH have been visited and report with recommendations prepared and submitted.
Registration Certificate cum Pass Book for Re-refining/Recycling of Hazardous Wastes
As per the responsibility of the waste generator laid down under Rule 20 of the Hazardous Waste (M & H) Amendment Rules, 2003, the generators of hazardous wastes are required to sell or auction the recyclable wastes like used oil /waste oil and non-ferrous metal wastes referred under Schedule 4 of the said Rules, only to the recyclers registered with Central Pollution Control Board. It has been observed that number of registered recyclers procure hazardous wastes in excess of the quantities actually permitted for procurement as well as the reprocessing of the raw material and even sell such wastes without any processing. Even there are reports/complaints concerning use of photocopies of the registration certificate by non- registered units for procurement of the recyclable wastes.
In order to avoid such illegal practices of Registration and for effective implementation of the amended HW (M & H) Rules, 1989, the Central Pollution Control Board has introduced ‘Registration Certificate cum Pass Book for Re-refining/Recycling of Hazardous Wastes' in place of the Registration Letter. The ‘Registration Certificate cum Pass Book' has been prepared and finalized after considering the views received from the members of the Registration Committee constituted for the purpose of consideration and grant of registration for recycling of hazardous wastes.
Cost Benefit Analysis for Changeover from Mercury Cell Technology to Membrane Cell Technology in Chlor-Alkali Plants.
This project was initiated in order to assess the economic aspects for change-over to membrane cell technology. Under this project, several industries were inspected in different geographical reasons and based on the salt price, energy cost, selling price of product, electricity consumptions and investment from internal and external sources, Internal Rate of Returns (IRR) has been estimated for different scenarios.
In an ideal case, IRR found to be reasonably attractive suggested that the industry can go for conversion. However, the actual scenario is different in many cases i.e. in terms of reduce capacity utilisation, inability of the units to reduce man-power cost, fluctuation of products selling price, low electricity tariff, etc. These factors can make the returns from investment less attractive. Therefore, to speed-up the conversion of mercury cell to membrane cell following incentives have been recommended.:
• 100% depreciation benefits for the capital goods for plants converting to membrane cell may be provided. This 100% depreciation benefit may also be extended to units which are fully converted to membrane cell technology after implementation date (i.e. after March 2003) of CREP recommendations. • An assistance of minimum 5% interest reimbursement may be provided in order to facilitate the units to speed-up conversion (This scheme is on similar lines to the scheme of Govt. of India for Textile & Jute industries under Technology Upgradation Fund). • The above benefits may be made available to plants for a period of five years.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Development of Guidelines for Disposal of Bio-Medical Waste Generated During Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)
UIP in India is one of the largest health programmes in the world for giving vaccinations (such as DPT, BCG, TT, OPV etc.) to children and women. All vaccines except OPV are given by injection. The programme includes administration of about 200 million injections each year covering about 5.5 lakhs sites in the various urban as well as rural parts including remote/outreach locations of India. The vaccination practice of the UIP so far involved use of either glass or disposable syringes. It has been decided by the Govt. of India that Auto Disable (AD) syringes would be introduced instead of glass or disposable syringe to minimize the risk of reuse of syringes that might transmit infections. Although the introduction of AD syringes would check the possibility of reuse, it would also generate relatively large quantity of bio-medical waste during the immunization programme. Such waste generated in urban areas may conveniently be imparted necessary treatment using existing infrastructure for treatment of bio-medical waste but imparting necessary treatment/disposal to these waste generated at outreach points is a matter of concern.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has, therefore, prepared guidelines for disposal of bio- medical wastes expected to be generated under UIP. The development of guidelines involved two case studies conducted in the district of Bulandshahar (Uttar Pradesh) and Alwar (Rajasthan) for a broad understanding of the immmunisation system under the UIP and a review of treatment requirements for the bio-medical waste involved in the UIP vis-à-vis the permitted treatment/ disposal options at the various location and the outreach points. These guidelines have also been forwarded to Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India.
Bio-medical Waste Management at North Region
In order to treat biomedical waste generated from various health care establishments, common waste treatment facilities have been set-up in various cities.The status of common Biomedical Waste Management facilities in zorth zone are Uttar Pradesh 12 facilities, Punjab 3 facilities, Himachal Pradesh two facilities, Haryana seven facilities.
Information about various common facilities have been collected. Apart from this inspection of common facility at Allahabad and two incinerators of Kanpur was also undertaken. The status is as below:
• Incinerators in present condition are not suitable for treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste as required under bio-medical rules. The incinerators do meet the requirements of design (two chambers with system of proper temperature maintenance etc. The capacity of the incinerators as reported seems to be on higher side. • Proper Stack, Emission monitoring facility and Air pollution control system are not provided in the incinerators. • Arrangements for power supply may be made in case of power cuts during operation of incinerators. • Proper segregation, storage, treatment and disposal practices are not followed in the hospital. • Hospital should apply to respective State Pollution Control Board for authorization under biomedical rules. • Trained manpower may be provided for Operation and Maintenance of Incinerator.
PERFORMANCE STUDIES OF COMMON BIOMEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY (CBMWTF)
Central Region
Fourteen Common Biomedical Waste (BMW) Treatment Facilities have been established in Central Region, of which eleven are operating in Madhya Pradesh, one in Rajasthan and two in Chhattisgarh. Facilities are having incinerator with other supporting equipments like autoclave, shredder, chemical treatment, deep burial etc. The details of the facilities along with the status of authorization granted by the prescribed authority is presented in Table 14.3.
Eight CBWTFs were visited by Central Pollution Control Board for verification of compliance as per the BMW Rules, 1998. The details of the facilities provided by CBWTFs, year of starting, area required for CBWTF and capacity of incinerator etc. are presented in Table 14.3. The equipments available with these facilities with their adequacy to dispose-off BMW are given in the Table. Some of the CBWTF operating without the consent / authorization from the prescribed authority. The status is as below:
M/s. Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal
It facilitate disposal of BMW of 350 beds and their associated dispensaries in the city. All required instruments / equipments except air pollution control devices and secured landfill site for dumping of incinerated ash. The CBWTF is under utilized due to less quantity of BMW available for disposal. Emission of prescribed air pollutant from the stack and wastewater discharges from ETP were found well within the prescribed norms.
M/s. Bhopal Incinerator Ltd., Bhopal
The facility covers 193 hospitals / nursing homes 2259 beds located in the Bhopal city. It has got all the required infrastructure for the CBWTF except autoclave. Some of the equipment such as shredder required to be modified as per the guidelines. Housekeeping and maintenance of the records for the movement of BMW have been found in order. Concentration of HCl gas in flue gas was found exceeding the prescribed norms and wastewater generated by the facility is being treated in the CETP located near the facility.
M/s. Elite Engineer, Jabalpur
CBWTF is catering services to 50 hospitals / nursing homes having total 1280 beds. The facility at present have not provided all the equipments / instruments for the treatment of BMW except the incinerator and ETP. It is running 10-15 hours per day to incinerate the BMW collected from various places. The sufficient area i.e. 1.8 acre of land allotted to them by the municipal corporation in outer skirt of the city. The existing facility required to be upgraded considering the load of BMW. It is informed that the facility is being upgraded with advanced equipments/capacity and made operational by January, 2006.
M/s. Hoswin Incinerator Pvt. Ltd., Indore
It is the second biggest CBWTF with respect to handling of the BMW in central zone. It covers 289 hospitals / nursing homes having total 4594 beds. It has got required infrastructure for operation of CBWTF. Some of the equipments such as shredder, autoclave are required to be modified as per the CPCB guidelines. BOD values in the treated wastewater which is being reused in the scrubber was slightly higher than the prescribed limit.
M/s. Sales Promoters C/o. G.R. Medical College, Gwalior
The facility cater services to 169 hospitals having 1962 beds in the city. The facility does not meet the criteria for operating CBWTF. It has only incinerator for burning of BMW. The equipment / facility requires such as shredder, autoclave, air pollution control devices, ETP, secured landfill etc. are not available. It was informed by the operator i.e. M/s.Sales Promoters that the authority of G.R. Medical College, Gwalior do not provide funds and necessary infrastructure to run the facility as CBWTF. The contract was being renewed on yearly basis only. During the stack emission monitoring, the concentration of HCl has been found exceeding the permissible limit. The wastewater generated from the facility was directly discharged without treatment.
M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur
The facility is covering 82 hospitals having 641 beds. It is operating at the medical college premises without efficient air pollution control devices and ETP. It does not have required infrastructure for CBWTF. One more CBWTF i.e. M/s Elight Engineers is being operated in the city. Two CBWTF in one city having bed number less than 10,000 is non-compliance of guideline prescribed. It may be either shifted away from sensitive area or the waste of the medical college may be disposed off by other CBWTF.
M/s Instromedix (I) Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur
It is having highest capacity of incinerator i.e. 250 kg per hour catering 445 hospitals located in Jaipur, Alwar and Bharatpur in Rajasthan. All required infrastructure for CBWTF is available and adequate. Repair on incinerator and its temperature control panel are required.
M/s. E-Tech Project Pvt. Ltd., Bhilai
Facility catering services to 156 hospitals having total 2480 beds at Durg, Bhilai and Raipur in Chhattisgarh. It has required infrastructure except autoclave. Some of the equipments such as shredder, temperature control panel of incinerator, ETP etc. requires modification / repairing for better efficiency.
Based on the performance studies following are the recommendations:
• Short-term contract to operate CBWTF should be avoided. Minimum three years time period should be given to contractor for running the facility by the State Govt./ Nursing Home Association. • Operation of individual incinerators should be discouraged. Closer of existing incinerator in the area of CBWTF to be initiated by prescribed authority. • The incinerators are being operated in Medical Colleges at Jabalpur & Gwalior in the heart of city or in residential areas. It is desirable that incinerators must be shifted away from residential area and provide required infrastructure as per CPCB guidelines to dispose BMW. The possibility for spread of epidemic cannot be ruled out if the present practice continued. • On the basis of bed strength, a uniform fee structure may be adopted by the CBWTF facilitators in consultation with prescribed authorities. • It was informed by the CBWTF that they do not get payment from the health care facilities regularly which force them to bypass the treatment system. To avoid this situation, all hospitals should remit their charges on yearly basis to the prescribed authority at the time of obtaining consent or during its renewal and CBWTF can get payment from them, timely. • It is recommended to have only one CBWTF in the city instead of more than one. (Name of the health care facility have more than 10,000 beds). The state authority should ensure not to allow more than one CBWTF in each city in central region. • None of the CBWTFs maintains site records which is needed for preparing action plan. • The majority of CBWTFs facilitator are not sending the BMW as per the BMW Rules. CBWTFs should inform prescribed authority, so that appropriate action taken against the defaulting hospitals/nursing homes
Table 14.3 : Status of Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility in Central Zone
S. CBWTF Validity of City covered Method of No Authorisation disposal 1. M/s Association of Nursing Applied Khandawa,M.P. Deep burial Homes, Khandawa 2. M/s BMHRC, Bhopal Applied Bhopal,M.P. Incineration & others 3. M/s Bhopal Incinerator Ltd., 21/06/2006 Bhopal,M.P. Incineration & Bhopal others 4. M/s Chandra Projects, 30/06/05 Chhindwara,M.P. Deep burial Chhindwara, M.P. 5. M/s Elite Engineers, Jabalpur, 30/06/05 Jabalpur,M.P. Incineration & M.P. others 6. M/s.Green Environment 29/02/04 Hosangabad,M.P. Deep burial Technology, Hoshangabad M.P. 7. M/s Hoswin Incinerator Pvt. 31/12/05 Indore, Dewas, Ujjain, Incineration & Ltd., Indore M.P. Sanwer, Mhow, Dhar, others Rao, Badwah, Sanwar, Burhanpur, Khargon 8. M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. 14/03/04 Jabalpur city area Incineration NSCB, Medical College, Jabalpur (M.P) 9. M/s.Sales Promoters C/o. G.R. 11/07/04 Gwalior city area Incineration Medical College, Gwalior (M.P) 10. M/s. District Hospital, Satna 30/06/05 Satna Incineration M.P. 11. M/s Tiptop Upkeep, Indore Applied Indore Incineration (M.P.) (operating at medical College, Indore) 12. M/s Instromedix (I) Pvt. Ltd., 31/07/04 Jaipur, Bharatpur& Alwar Incineration Jaipur 13. M/s.Chhattisgarh Environmental 10/12/05 Korba Deep burial Consultancy, Bilaspur 14. M/s.E-Tech Project Pvt. Ltd., 05/01/06 Raipur, Durg & Bhilai Incineration & Bhilai (CG) others
Western Region
With the growth of population in Gujarat and Maharashtra, the Health Care Facilities are also developed in large scale and generates huge quantity of biomedical waste. 25% of the total medical waste is classified as Regulated Medical Waste (Infectious Waste) and Hazardous waste, which need proper scientific treatment before disposal. There are 11 and 17 bio medical waste incinerators working for the disposal of medical waste in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Most of the CBMWTF are established before coming up of revised guidelines for Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 as amended. Vadodara and Jamnagar from Gujarat and Pune from Maharashtra disposed their incinerator waste through Municipal Solid Waste. The others are disposing their incinerator ash through nearest approved TSDF sites. The treatment facility includes autoclaving for disinfectant of general solid waste. After conforming the color test, the waste is subjected to mechanical means to avoid reuse and the waste is directly sent to the TSDF sites.
Eastern Region
The common biomedical waste treatment facility at Belgachia, Howrah, is installed to facilitate the treatment of bio-medical wastes generated by the twin cities - Kolkata and Howrah. This facility (CBWTF) is operated by M/s Medicare Incin. Pvt. Ltd., Belgachia, Howrah (HMC Hotmix Plant Complex) a sister concern of Hyderabad based M/s Ramky Enviro Engineering Ltd., offering the facilities of collecting, transporting, treatment and disposal of BMW originated from 30,000 beds from the health care units (HCU) of the greater Howrah Municipal Corporation (HMC) and Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) jurisdiction. Presently 757 HCUs (approx. 29,975 beds) are being covered.
The day to day operations and regular maintenance of the CBWTF depend on the joint financial contribution from the participating HCUs. The private HCUs are regularly paying on monthly basis for the services they get, however, the same is not happening from the Govt. Hospitals and HCUs and this may hamper the spirit of setting up the CBWTF.
The wastes are collected in double colored Polythene Bags from the Health Care Units The blue bags are used for the autoclavable items (plastics, glass etc.) and the yellow bag for incinerable material (mainly placenta, bandages etc.). The wastes are collected in puncture proof plastic buckets (with lids) from common collection points that have been identified in each HCU.
Proper segregation at source (HCU) is not being done. It has been seen that the operator undertakes segregation manually before putting the waste to the incinerator/ Autoclave. The CBWTF has a dedicated fleet for transporting BMW from the respective HCUs to treatment facility. The collection of BMW from the various HCUs occur between 6 am to 2 pm and the incinerator is operated from 4 pm onwards. The CBWTF have following operational units.
Incinerator (200 Kg/hr Capacity)
The ash generation from the incinerator is about 2% of the load. The ash is collected in polythene bags and stored within the premise, and are proposed to dump at a common waste facility coming up at Haldia. The gaseous emissions from the incinerator passes through two scrubbers; first Ventury and second using water and then finally let out through the stack by an ID fan. The stack is 30 m high from the ground and having diameter of 0.49 m . Necessary platform and portholes are provided for the stack monitoring.
Autoclaves
There are three autoclaves, of which two remains as stand by. The operational autoclave is Horizontal High Pressure, High Vacuum autoclave. This autoclave is followed by a shredder and a conveyor belt.
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
The discharges from the scrubbers and vehicle-washing platform constitute the effluent. An ETP is provided to treat the effluent, which has oil trap, sedimentation tanks and filtration columns (Sand and activated Carbon). A standby sand filtration tank for the temporary storage of effluent during regeneration or when the column gets repaired has been installed. The treated effluent is completely recycled in the scrubbing units, thus having zero discharge.
Common Bio-medical waste treatment facility, Allahabad
This facility has been set-up by M/s Ferro Build Hards (I) Pvt.Ltd.in Allahabad. At the cost of about 25 lakhs. Operator has installed oil fired incinerator of 60 Kg/hr capacity attached with water scrubber. Shredder of 20 Kg/hr and chemical treatment tanks . An ETP has also been installed by the operator to treat the liquid effluents.
Partially segregated waste is received by the facility from about 90 health care establishments with approx.3000 beds. The wet scrubber and ash disposal practices of the unit needs improvement. The plot area of the facility is less than one acre. The record maintenance practices need improvement.
Inspection of Vivekanand Hospital, Lucknow
A project of Model segregation practices for bio-medical waste was implemented in the hospital with the help of WHO/CPCB. Various equipment like microwave, shredder, and autoclave have been installed in the hospital for treatment of waste. Effective Segregation practices have also been adopted by the hospital by virtue of which all biomedical waste is treated in hospital's waste management complex except incinerable part which is provided to Nagar Nigam for treatment in common Incinerator.
Development of Guidelines and Standards for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators
In order to Development of Guidelines for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator, following plants were visited with emphasis on aspects of operation and maintenance of incinerators. The status is depicted in Table 14.4.
• Ramky Pharmacity (India) Ltd., Mumbai Waste Management Ltd.
• Gujarat Enviro Protection and Infrastructure Ltd., Surat (Gujarat)
• Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Ltd., Ankaleshwar, (Gujarat)
Table 14.4 Status and Observation of Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator Facilities Ramky Pharmacity (India) Gujarat Enviro Protection Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Ltd., Ltd. and Infrastructure Ltd., Surat (Gujarat) Ankaleshwar [Mumbai Waste Management Ltd.] (Gujarat) Type of facilities available All the 3 plants are having `Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Management Facility` Capacity of the Incinerator /Status of operation during visit • 1.25 to 1.75 T/hr. • 700 kg/hr (solids) or 1200 • Capacity :- 6.5 Million K Cal / Hour • In operation kg/hr liquids • Feeding Capacity approximately 2.5 • Not in operation since long MT / Hour • • In operation Status of transportation, un-loading, storage and feeding systems to combustion chambers • 18 vehicles for • Only 3 vehicles for • Personal vehicles and hired collection collection. also • Unloading –OK • Unloading –OK • through approved transporters; • Storage – Scope is • Storage – Scope is there manifest system is followed; there for for improvement. training given to Drivers improvement. • Feeding System in PCC • . • Feeding System – OK as well as in SCC improperly • Unloading, Storage and designed. Feeding System Adequate
Quality criteria followed for accepting waste from the member industries (heat content / calorific value, inorganic content , salts , metals etc. • Wastes for incineration are accepted • In the Authorisation issued by GPCB to the based on calorific values and member industries, mode of disposal for each chlorine content. May be mixed with kind of wastes, is prescribed. other wastes. • In general waste with 1500-2000 Kcal / kg of CV are accepted for incineration.
Compatibility of different types of wastes & homogenization of wastes to have similar / same heat content During inspection, it appeared that presently various experiments are being performed by the Facilitators for homogenization of wastes to have similar / same heat content but it will take sometime to develop some system. Flow Sheet of Incineration / Design Consultant • Rotary Kiln, SCC, • Rotary Kiln, SCC, Cyclone • Rotary Kiln, SCC, water quencher Quenching separator, cooling by air (evaporator type), Lime / Carbon (evaporative type), mixing before heat Injection Bag filter, Wet exchanger, alkali scrubber, • for removal of acid gases, SO2 and Scrubber , Chimney Chimney (30 m) VOCs, Bag Filter, Wet Scrubber, De- • ALSTOM make • Local Surat make mister, Re-heater, Chimney (45 m) and incinerator incinerator continuous monitoring system. • • Thermax Ltd, Pune, designed and supplied the Common Incineration System • •Weston Solutions, USA, has provided technology support • • Type of Primary Combustion Chamber / Feeding Pattern Rotary Kiln without inclin- ation Rotary Kiln with inclination / Rotary Kiln with inclination /co-current / co-current feeding counter-current feeding feeding No. of chambers required in case of solids , liquids and gaseous wastes Solid wastes – primary and secondary both, liquid wastes – depending upon the calorific value either both or directly into secondary chamber. Gaseous wastes – So far not practiced in India. Dual feeding is also sometimes practiced. Prevailing Temperatures in the PCC Nearly 550 °C as discussed. 800-900 °C. 800-1300°C HSD fired. LDO Fired Natural gas fired.
Solid retention time – 90 minutes Prevailing Temperatures in the SCC • Around 1100 °C • Around 1100 °C • 1100 °C – 1300 °C depending upon • Gas Retention time 2 • Gas Retention time chlorine concentration, seconds (claimed) 2 seconds • Gas Retention time 2.5 seconds (claimed) (claimed)
Adequacy of turbulence / mixing in PCC Claim – Through design of kiln, Claim – Through design of Claim – Through design of kiln, feeding feeding system and air nozzles system and air injection system injection system Status of installation of Heat Recovery System Not installed Not installed Not installed Status of Online Monitoring for all requisite parameters Industry claims for the same It appeared that there is a It appeared that online monitoring is but during inspection could not good scope for improvement being conducted. Detailed study is be verified. Detailed study is in online monitoring. recommended. needed. General Remarks • Horizontal Design of • The incinerator was • The overall design of the incinerator, Rotary without appeared as not make, Consultant, storage, feeding and inclination may create designed properly. incineration system, emission control problems of slag • Lacks in respect of system, monitoring system and other removal. No proper quenching practices appeared as adequate. satisfactory reply by system and • In Rotary Kiln, at joint to SCC sealing the industry is particulate removal is required. Leakages of fugitive provided. system. Installation emissions were observed. • The computerized of bag filter is • Installation of Heat Recovery System control / display units needed. Possibility is recommended. showing various of large emissions operational of dioxins, furans parameters are yet to can not be ruled be made functional. out. • Installation of Heat • No lining system in Recovery System is the stack. recommended. Possibility of corrosion. • Height of stack only 30 meters. • Stack monitoring location in the stack needs to be changed to make it as per norms. • Online monitoring for O2, CO, NOx, SOx only. HC planned. • There is a good scope for overall improvement in the entire incinerator system. • Installation of Heat Recovery System is recommended
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Questionnaire Survey of Class I Cities and Class II Towns for Water Supply Sewage and Solid Waste Information
Domestic sewage is responsible for about eighty percent of water pollution in India. Municipal solid waste is further aggravating the problem. Most of the cities are not having adequate sewage treatment and municipal solid waste processing facilities. Preparation of reports on status of sewage collection / treatment / disposal and municipal solid waste collection / processing / disposal is very important for highlighting need of urgent planning and action in these areas. Realizing this fact CPCB regularly conducted inventories of these aspects. CPCB conducted questionnaire survey of Class I cities and Class II towns during 1978, 1988 and 1995. Number of Metro cities, Class I cities and Class II towns have increased from 23, 299, 345 to 35, 425, 498 respectively after last survey. CPCB has started a fresh questionnaire survey of Metro cities, Class I cities and Class II cites in November 2004.
Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules
Pursuant to the Hon'ble Supreme Court's directives, CPCB interacted with State Pollution Control Boards, (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) to get the action plans prepared for management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) for 35 metro cities and 24 State capitals. CPCB received inputs from SPCBs and PCCs and collated information on action plans for forwarding to the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. It has been observed that many cities have taken initiatives to organize proper Collection, Segregation, Storage and Transportation of waste. Steps have also been taken for setting up of Waste Processing and Disposal facilities. States like Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka have formulated State level policies for implementation of MSW Rules which include formulation of plans for setting up of compost plants and establishing sanitary landfills.
Status of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in 59 Cities
The studies have been undertaken Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with NEERI, Nagpur regarding "Assessment of Status of Municipal Solid Wastes Management in Metro Cities and State Capitals" with a view to establishing database at National level for selected 59 cities. The selected cities include 35 metro cities and 24 State capitals. The objectives of the study is to collect field data on composition and characteristics of municipal solid waste alongwith determination of waste generation rates. Field studies for all the 59 cities have been completed. Studies have revealed that waste generation rate varies from 0.12 to 0.60 kg per capita per day. Analysis of physical composition indicates total compostable matter in the waste is in the range of 40-60 percent while recyclable fraction was observed between 10 and 25 per cent. The moisture content in the MSW was observed varying from 30 to 60 per cent while the C:N ratio was observed to be in the range of 20-40.
Based on the study, suggestive guidelines for management of MSW are indicated and each local body will have to prepare detailed project report estimating requirement of tools and equipment and fund estimates.
Methane Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Disposal Sites
Most of the waste disposal sites in the country are at the uncontrolled dumps. These sites are constant threat to ground water contamination and emits several gases including methane. Due to various variable factors, it becomes difficult to estimate correct quantities of such gaseous emissions. With this background, CPCB instituted studies on estimation of landfill gases in collaboration with Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi and National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur. Organic matter content in the deposited MSW at the landfill site tends to decompose anaerobically leading to emissions of volatile organic compounds and gaseous byproducts. Emission of gaseous products from landfills commonly called landfill gas (LFG) contains methane and carbon dioxide as major constituents. LFG has potential for non-conventional energy, which also contributes to greenhouse gas effect, if not managed properly. The study involved development of methodology for monitoring LFG emissions from the landfill at Nagpur and validation of methodology at other landfill sites.
For the studies, flux box method was used for LFG flux emission measurement. The unit consist of a rectangular box (60cm x 33 cm x 70 cm) of plexiglass provided with support of MS angles. The box is provided with ports for collection of LFG samples and recording the inside temperature initially, the monitoring was carried out at Bhandewadi disposal site at Nagpur and validity of the methodology was tested at Sukhali landfill site in Amravati (6.0 lakhs population). The LFG emission flux for landfill site at Nagpur was observed in the range of 0.57 to 16.5 mg/m 2 /sec while for Amravati landfill sites the LFG emission flux was in the range of 0.67 and 0.88 mg/m 2 /sec. The results of study indicated that the established methodology for Nagpur landfill site could be very well applied for other landfill sites in the country.
Characterization of Compost Quality and its Application in Agriculture.
The Central Pollution Control Board has undertaken detailed studies on characterization of compost quality and its application on agricultural crops in collaboration with IARI, New Delhi. Seven compost plants were studied for characterization of compost quality. Studies indicated that average concentration of heavy metals in the raw waste that was fed to the various compost plants was in the range of 47 to 185 mg per kg in respect of lead, 36-63 mg/kg for nickel and 1.5 to 6.5 mg/kg for cadmium. The levels of mercury in raw waste was between 0.01 and 0.23 mg/kg. Heavy metals in the finished compost were ranging as follows; Lead; 108-203 mg/kg; Nickel- 8-80 mg/kg; Cadmium-3.8-12.4 mg/kg and Magnesium – 0.01-0.31 mg/kg.
The production and use of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) based compost and sewage sludge generated in various metros and municipalities have good protection. The research has been largely restricted to its production, composition etc. Relatively few studies have been conducted on its safe and economic disposal and its application on agricultural land in different cropping system. With this in view, the project has been taken up by Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with IARI, New Delhi to cover the safe and beneficial use of MSW compost and sewage sludge in agriculture vis a vis its environmental impacts based on extensive experimentations and a review of the scientific literature.
It has been observed that the growth attributes of wheat/ maize and vegetable crops viz., plant height, number of cobs/tillers/sq. metre, dry matter production and leaf area index were increased due to supply of nitrogen through combination of different doses of urea with compost/ sewage sludge.
Assessment of Health Status of Conservancy Staff and other Community landfill MSW
The study was instituted by CPCB on assessment of health status of conservancy staff and other community associated with handling of solid waste management. The study was taken-up at Kolkata through Chittaranjan Cancer Research Institute and at Chennai with the assistance of Sri. Ramchandra Medical College. The objective of the study is to assess health status of each target group involved in handling of municipal solid waste (MSW).
Health assessment studies at Kolkata included clinical examination of 732 individuals of which, 376 were conservancy workers, 151 raegpickers and 205 controls. The findings of the study at Kolkata are summarized in Table 14.5.
Table 14.5 Assessment of Health Status of Conservancy Staff and Community Landfill at Kolkata
Parameter Conservancy Rag Municipal Implications Workers Picker Solid Waste Workers Upper respiratory symptoms 43 82 93 Infection in nose, throat Lower respiratory symptoms 32 80 89 Infection in lung Impaired lung function 43 84 71 Breathing problem Sputum neutrophilia 13 53 64 Infection, Inflammation Elevated AM number 12 65 85 High PM 10 exposure Larger and multinucleated AM 8 23 32 Sustained high pollution load Multinucleated giant cell 2 5 10 Bacterial infection Curschman's spiral 2 4 5 Obstruction in airways Goblet cell hyperplasia 2 16 25 Elevated mucus production Elevated siderophage count 6 34 44 Covert lung hemorrhage Elevated micronucleus count 8 68 82 Chromosome break Low haemoglobin, RBC in 17 32 45 Anemia blood Leukocytosis 7 26 34 Infection Elevated platelet count 12 62 75 Cardiovascular rish High platelet P-selectin 9 55 87 Do Low CD 4+high CD8+cells 11 42 78 Altered immunity Low CD20+high CD56+cells 12 54 89 Do Sputum eosinophilia 11 28 36 Allergy, asthma
Municipal Solid Waste Demonstration Projects
To demonstrate implementation of the provisions of MSW rules, the Central Pollution Control Board undertook pilot projects at North Dum-Dum and New Barrackpore municipalities in West Bengal, Chandigarh and at Udumalpet in Tamil Nadu. The purpose of these projects is to undertake collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of waste in accordance with MSW rules. The demo-project are on cost sharing basis where the respective local bodies have agreed to share 50% of the total cost of the project. The progress is summarized as ahead.
North Dum-Dum and New Barrackpore (West Bengal)
• The North Dum-Dum Municipality submitted formal NOC application to the Airport Authority Kolkata. The NOC Committee of the Kolkata Airport Authority reviewed the application and had already sent it to the Delhi Airport Authority with their recommendation for the clearance. • The New Barrackpore Municipality has received all the equipments for collection storage and transportation of solid wastes and North Dum-Dum Municipality has received 75% of the same. • West Bengal Pollution Control Board has received the modified project report of NPC for landfill site from KMDA. The project report for setting up of compost Plant is also finalized with the assistance of KCDC. • Both the municipalities have done the awareness campaign several time in their areas involving the school students, NGOs, Ward Committees, Bazar Committees. They have also prepared the documentary film, showing the awareness programme, door-to-door collection, transportation and storage of the municipal solid wastes using the new equipments procured under the project.
Chandigarh (UT)
• One hunred number of Garbage container of 6.5 M 3 Capacity have been procurred. • Out of 200 large/small cycle carts each, a total number of 155 cycle carts have been received. • One number of mechanical Road sweeper has been procured and performance is being assessed.
14.5 PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
Summary of Plastics Waste Management in the States/Union Territories Government of India has notified "Recycled Plastics Manufacture and usage Rules, 1999 as amended during year 2003, which are applicable throughout in the all the States/Union Territories. Out of 34 States and Union territories, 15 States and Union territories have brought out separate Non- biodegradable Garbage Act. These States and Union Territories are also conducting mass-awareness programmes to make the public aware about the ill-effect of littering of plastics. As per the provisions of the "Recycled Plastics Manufacturer and usage Rules, 1999 as amended 2003", all the plastics manufacturing/recycling units are to be registered with concerned State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control committees. In this context, 21 States Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control committees have completed process of inventorisation process and started granting registration.
Recycling of Plastics through Environmentally Sound Process
The Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with Jadavpur University, Kolkata has re- engineered a process for plastics recycling. The existing extrusion process are not considered as environmentally sound as they cause noise and fugitive emissions. The machine developed and tested by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata is equipped with pollution monitoring and control device and has been tested for fugitive emissions, which were found far less. The main components of the machine are detailed below :
Segregation, Cutting, Cleaning & pulping
Raw materials collected from the supplier are stored at the proper place. The segregated High and low density polyethylene (HDPE & LDPE) are cut and cleaned (wherever required) with the help of detergent. The cleaned plastic wastes are taken to a machine called agglomerator with low temperature heating arrangement to convert plastic wastes in the form of pulp like shape which act as raw material for extrusion process. In some cases the cleaned and cut plastic wastes directly fed to the extrusion machine.
Extrusion & Pelletization
It is undertaken in a barrel and screw type extrusion machine with band electric heater. Power is supplied from a motor and the screw barrel is fed through a gearbox. Electric band heater is heated through electrical power source. Crushed raw material is fed through the hopper. Output from the extrusion machine is the wire shape plastics, which is palletized to get plastic granules.
Re- Engineering the Extrusion Process
The Extrusion and Pelletisation process have been redesigned to minimise the pollution from the process and to enhance the efficiency of the process (Fig. 14.1).
Fig. 14.1 Flow-Chart of the "Green Recycling Process" – The Pilot Plant
It is anticipated that the reengineered machine can replace the existing maclines to minimize pollution problems. Interactions are made with the manufacturers to commercialise the developed machine. The emissions in form of sulphur dioxide ( SO 2 ), gaseous Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide & Dioxide (CO & CO 2 ), NO X and Particulate matters in mg/m 3 were measured. It has been found that in most of the cases the measured value of Carbon Monoxide Dioxide ( CO & CO 2 ) and Nitrous Oxides (NO X ) in mg/m 3 were found below the detectable limit. But the presence of sulphur dioxide, gaseous hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde were predominant.
It has been observed that the concentration of all these three gases have been reduced by 80% to below detectable limit (BDL) in the green recycling process. HDPE contribute maximum amount of all the three gases in case of waste plastics which came down to 82 % to 95 %. It has been concluded from the that the green recycling process has reduced the pollution level of the emitted gases during the extrusion by 82 % to 95 % which is beneficial for the environment as well as the human being and the society.
Utilisation of Plastics Waste in Road Construction
Since Plastics show binding property on softening (heating around 140 degree C), this property can be used to modify Bitumen, a binder for road construction. Studies are being carried out at Department of Chemistry on this line and it has been observed that polymer coated aggregate with Bitumen is a better materials for road construction in terms of strength and resistance to wands rain water. In addition, by this process, the plastic waste find a very useful disposal technique and a new technology can come into existence. Polymer blended Bitumen shows higher Softening point, lower penetration point, and better ductility. Polymer coated aggregate blended with Bitumen shows higher Marshall value and better stripping value showing that the mix is more suited for road laying.
Process of road laying using polymer- aggregate – Bitumen mix
The dry cleaned or dried plastics waste is shredded into small pieces (passing through 4.35mm sieve) The aggregate (granite) is heated to 170 o C in the Mini Hot Mix Plant and then shredded plastics waste is added, It gets softened and coated over the aggregate. Immediately the hot Bitumen (160 o C) is added and mixed well. As the polymer and the bitumen are in the molten state (liquid state) they get mixed and the blend is formed at surface of the aggregate. The mixture is transferred for laying roads. This technique is extended to Central Mixing Plant too .
Salient features of the polymer-waste-bitumen mix Road
• Road strength is twice stronger than normal roads; • Resistance towards water stagnation i.e. no potholes are formed; • Less bleeding during summer; • Burning of plastics waste could be avoided • It doesn't involve any extra machinery; • It doesn't increase cost of road construction; and • It helps to reduce the consumption of bituminous mix vis-à-vis reduce cost
It has been observed that addition of plastics waste upto 10-15% by weight of bitumen resulted into higher values of softening point and lower values of penetration, which are appreciable improvements in the properties of the binder. This has resulted and withstood higher traffic load and high temperature variation. Several experimental stretches have been laid in the State of Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Pondicherry using both Mini hot-mix and Central mixing plants.
14.6 ENVIRONMENT SURVEILLANCE SQUAD - ACTIVITIES
North Eastern Region
The following industries have been inspected under Environment Surveillance Squad activities:
• M/s Oil India Limited, Duliajan at OCS-5 & Central Tank farm • M/s Gas based Power Plant of NEEPCO at Kathalguri • M/s East India Petro-Chemical (P) Ltd., Naoholia, Assam • M/s Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation, Namrup • M/s BRPL – Bongaigaon • M/s North-East Gases • M/s Assam Chemicals Company • M/s Ahimsa Chemicals, Nalbari
Western Region
34 industries have been visited under ESS programme in Gujarat and Maharashtra for the compliance verification of various categories of industries.
Central Region
The following industries have been inspected under Environmental Surveillance Squad Activities.
S. No. Industry Category 1 M/s Century Cement, Hirni Cement 2 M/s Lafarge India Ltd, Sonadih Cement 3 M/s L&T Ltd, Hirni Cement 4 M/s Century Cement, Baikunth Cement 5 M/s Ambuja Cement Eastern Ltd,Bhatapara Cement 6 M/s Grasim Cement, Rawan Cement 7 M/s J.K.Cement Works, Nimbahera Cement 8 M/s Balco Korba Cement 9 M/s Kota thermal Power Plant, Kota Thermal 10 M/s Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals, Dewas, Basic Drugs 11 M/s Medilux Laboratories, Pithampur Basic Drugs 12 M/s Biotech-Synergy, Pithampur Basic Drugs 13 M/s Vindyachal distilleries, Pilukhedi Distillery 14 M/s Grasim Chemicals, Nagda Caustic Soda 15 M/s Hukumchand Jute Mills, Amlai Caustic Soda 16 M/s Shriram Vinyle & Chemicals, Kota Caustic Soda 17 M/s Lafarge India Ltd, Arasmetta Cement 18 M/s Rama Phosphates Ltd, Indore Fertilizer 19 M/s Tata International Ltd, Dewas Tannery 20 M/s Suratgarh Thermal Power Station, Suratgarh Thermal 21 M/s Pratibha Syntex Ltd, Indore Textile 22 M/s Lupin Laboratories, Mandideep Basic Drugs 23 M/s Chambal Fertilizers, Gadepan Fertilizer 24 M/s NTPC (Gas Based ), Anta Thermal 25 M/s BEC Fertilizer, Bilaspur Fertilizer 26 M/s Wellcome Distillery, Bilaspur Distillery
The Central Pollution Control Board has issued directions to various industries, based on the inspection reports under ESS and Hazardous inventorization cross-checking.
S. No. Industry Directions 1 M/s Welcome Distillery, Cherkabandha Direction under section 5 of EP (Act) issued for closure Chhatisgarh state 2 M/s Rose Zinc Ltd., Direction under Section 5 of EP (Act) for implementation of the recommendations Udaipur 3 M/s Shriram Rayons, Based on the recommendation Head office letter to RSPCB to initiate action as per the Kota HWM rules 4 M/s Bharat oil Jaipur Based on the recommendation Head office letter to RSPCB to initiate action as per the HWM rules
ACTIVITIES UNDER THE ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION (PREVENTION AND CONTROL) AUTHORITY
Construction of Bye-pass In view of the Hon'ble court's interest in the matter and the importance of this measure in controlling vehicular pollution in the national capital region of Delhi EPCA reviewed the status of implementation of the relevant court orders in order to report progress to the Court. In this regard EPCA has organized a series of meetings with the relevant state government agencies from all the concerned states and the central government i.e. PWD, Haryana, PWD, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi Police, and National Highways Authority of India. Four alternate routes for bye-passing of the goods vehicles that were suggested by the Delhi police to the Hon'ble Court in response to the Court order, dated December 6, 2001. After discussion with the concerned State Governments, Delhi Police and the National Highway Authority of India, EPCA submitted a report to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in November 2004 for speedy action construction of by-passes.
RSPM Levels in Various Cities
The Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its order dated August 14,2003 has directed Union of India and various states to draw a plan for lowering the rate of RSPM level in various cities. In this regard information from various departments at Kanpur and Lucknow cities like Traffic, Transport, Nagar Nigam, Development authotities, Oil Companies, GAIL, Pollution Control Boards was collected and sent to (Environment Pollution (Prevention & control) authority. A meeting was also organized in both these cities in which various stake holders participated. The data gaps were identified and time bound action plan was requested from various departments. The follow-up meetings also organized for action plan points, communicated by EPCA.
Implementation of New/in-use Vehicles Emission Norms
All in-use vehicles in the country are required to have a valid Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate. But even as emission norms for the new vehicles were made stringent, the government did not revise the norms for checking the emissions from in-use fleet. Therefore, the old vehicles (which clearly would emit higher), were regulated at par with new vehicles, which should be emitting lesser emissions In February 10, 2004, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) revised the in-use vehicle emissions norms, which are to be implemented across the country from October 1, 2004.
EPCA had reviewed the implementation of the new in-use emission norms throughout the country. EPCA has discussed the issue with various key officials of various state transport departments and state pollution control board. In its special report "The implementation of the in-use emission norms as amended by the Union government in February 2004" submitted in November 2004, wherein directions from the Hon'ble Supreme Court have been sought.
Increase in the number of three-wheelers in Delhi
The three-wheeled scooter rickshaw (TSR) plays a very important role as intermediate public transport in the country. Delhi has around 53,262 registered three-wheelers as of August 31, 2004 running on compressed natural gas (CNG). The Hon'ble court has time and again discussed issues pertaining to three-wheelers in Delhi, from the point of congestion and also of pollution. The order of December 1997 imposed a cap on issuing fresh permits to the three-wheelers in Delhi. Registration was allowed only on replacement basis. In December 2002 however the Hon'ble court allowed a further increase (5,000) in the number of three wheelers.
EPCA held a meeting on October 23, 2004 with various Unions of three-wheelers in Delhi, the Malawa Ram Market Association and the Transport Department of Delhi. On October 30, 2004 EPCA also held a meeting with the Bajaj Auto to discuss the technical issues in their three-wheelers. Based on the discussions, in response to the Hon'ble Supreme Court Order Dated October 8, 2004, (I.A. 217 of 2003), EPCA has submitted its report "Report on the increase in the number of three-wheelers in Delhi, November 2004":
Implementation of Action Plan in Critically Polluted Cities
In response to the orders of the Hon'ble Court, the EPCA had submitted the report – "Final Report on Particulate Pollution Reduction Strategy in Seven Critically Polluted Cities" on January 2004. This included the final action plans of the seven cities that have outlined the common minimum programme, which have been agreed upon between the respective state governments and EPCA along with the recommendations wherever necessary. The key concern of the Authority in this regard has been to ensure firm and well-defined actions with a tight schedule for implementation and clarity of responsibility and accountability of the implementing agencies. Since the submissions of the action plans for control of RSPM in critically polluted cities, EPCA has been monitoring the progress and status of the action plans. For effective monitoring EPCA has begun to organise discussions with the concerned state governments and visit the concerned cities. EPCA members also visited Lucknow on June 11, 2004. and submitted special report to to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in July 2004.
Expansion of the CNG programme in the NCR towns
Delhi's Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) programme, which was implemented under the directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, has become a role model for Asian cities, which are looking for options to reduce air pollution. Since its inception the programme has expanded and evolved. Today, with 122 CNG stations and roughly 90,000 CNG vehicles, it is one of the largest programmes in the region. The average CNG sales are to the tune of 8.02-lakh kg/day. However, the CNG infrastructure is restricted only to the National Capital Territory of Delhi and does not extend to the neighbouring towns, in spite of increasing pollution imperatives.
Currently, the neighbouring towns like Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Greater Noida are unable to capitalise on this existing infrastructure. As CNG is not available in these towns, it also becomes very difficult for smoother flow of vehicles across the region. It is also important that benefits of the cleaner fuels should also be made available to the towns in the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi.
EPCA began its discussions with IGL on the expansion of the CNG programme in December 2002. In this context EPCA have held various meetings with both IGL and Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) to assess their plans for expanding the CNG network in the country in general and NCR towns in specific. While IGL is working to implement the city gas distribution projects in the NCR towns of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Greater Noida, GAIL is actively pursuing its projects in Kanpur and Pune, among other cities. On requests of the EPCA, IGL has also plans for including Ghaziabad in the CNG expansion programme. However, for timely and successful implementation of the programme, the EPCA has sought directions from the Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its report submitted in December 2004.
POLLUTION FROM GENERATOR SETS
Inspection of Genset Manufacturing Facilities for Petrol/Kerosene Genset
The Central Pollution Control Board officials visited ITBP, Joshimath and ITBP, Gaucher to inspect the petrol/kerosene gensets supplied by M/s Birla Power Solutions Ltd. (M/s BPSL) and also the manufacturing plant of M/s BPSL at Dehradun, during 6 th -9 th July, 2004. Based on the findings, the action has been initiated
Inspection of Manufacturing Facilities for Diesel Genset
The Central Pollution Control Board officials inspected diesel genset manufacturing facilities, in and around Delhi and also at Silvassa and Daman during January-February, 2005 (Table 14.6). The team observed that the manufacturers were supplying non-compliant gensets to the customers. The actions have been initiated against Diesel Genset Manufacturers..
Table 14.6 Diesel Genset Manufacturing Facilities – Inspection and Activities
S.No Genset Manufacturers Date of Action Initiated inspection 1. M/s Sudhir Gensets Ltd. 24.1.2005 -
Gurgaon 2. M/s Bhaskar Power Projects Ltd. 25.1.2005 - Noida 3. M/s TIL Ltd. 27.1.2005 -
Ghaziabad 4. M/s Newage Generators 27.1.2005 Issued notice under Section 5 of E(P)Act Delhi 5. M/s Jakson & Company 28.1.2005 Issued notice under Section 5 of E(P)Act Delhi 6. M/s Jakson Ltd. 14.2.2005 Issued notice under Section 5 of E(P)Act Daman 7. M/s Ankitech Ltd. 15.2.2005 Issued notice under Section 5 of E(P) Act with immediate effect Daman (A group Co. of
Jakson & Co) 8. M/s Bhaskar Power Projects Ltd., 15.2.2005 Issued notice under Section 5 of Unit No,1 E(P)Act
Daman 9. M/s Supernova Engineers Ltd. 16.2.2005 Issued notice under Section 5 of Silvassa E(P)Act 10. M/s Deev Genset Sales & 16.2.2005 Issued notice under Section 5 of Services, Silvassa E(P)Act
Meetings of Standing Committee for Emission from RIC Engines
The 6 th Meeting of the "Standing Committee for Emission from RIC engines for Off-Road Application" was held on 16.4.2004. The Committee monitored the compliance status of emission limits for petrol/kerosene generator sets and also diesel engines for genset application. A Sub-Committee was also constituted to initiate work on development of emission limits for gas based generator sets and also to review the ‘System & Procedure for Compliance with emission limits for pertrol/kerosene generator sets".
DECENTRALISED TREATMENT SYSTEMS
A joint project was initiated to install Decentralised Treatment System (DTS) at Beedi Workers Colony, Kengeri, Bangalore for 200 flats (36 m 3 /day flow). The system is jointly financed by Central Pollution Control Board, Rajeev Gandhi Housing Corporation Govt. of Karnataka, BORDA (a German NGO rendering DEWATS services) and the Beedi Workers' Association. Provision of two Biodigesters, Baffle reactor system and planted gravel filter have been envisaged based on the finalised design. The project is likely to be completed by June, 2005.
EXPERT COMMITTEE FOR PREPARING ACTION PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF SILT AND ADVISE ON OTHER OTHER RELEVANT ISSUES WITH RESPECT TO BSL HYDEL PROJECT PERTAINING TO BHAKRA BEAS MANAGEMENT BOARD (BBMB) IN THE MATTER OF BBMB VS HIMACHAL PRADESH STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD(HPSPCB), WRIT PETITION NO 777/ 03
Hon'ble High Court of Himachal Pradesh, in the matter of BBMB vs Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (HPSPCB), writ petition no 777/ 03, dated 24/03/2004, directed to the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to examine the gamut of the entire issue in its total and true perspective and in close rapport and coordination with everyone concerned and involved, including the petitioner (BBMB) and respondents (HP State Government & HPSPCB) and thereafter to submit a comprehensive proposed plan of action on the next date i.e. May 24, 2004.
In order to comply with the directions of the Hon'ble High Court, the Central Pollution Control Board in consultation with the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) constituted an Expert Committee under the Chairmanship of Sh. Paritosh C. Tyagi, Ex.Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board for preparing action plan for management of silt and advise on other other relevant issues with respect to BSL hydel project pertaining to Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). The Committee in its final report had suggested action plan as below for management of silt in BBMB's project located at Sundernagar, H.P.
Minimization of Silt
• To minimize generation of silt in the catchment of river Beas upstream of Pandoh Dam, Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan should be got prepared by the State Govt. The concerned stakeholders like BBMB, HPSEB, NHPC, etc. should share the cost as per the area of the catchment under their projects. • To minimize entry of silt-load in the Balancing Reservoir through PBT, BBMB should resort to frequent flushing operations at Pandoh Dam in the monsoon season every year, when there is adequate flushing discharge available in the river Beas. • BBMB should optimize the operation of Silt Ejector at Baggi i.e. 7 cumecs (250 cusecs) during day and 14 cumecs (500 cusecs) during night in the monsoon months to minimize further silt load entry into the Balancing Reservoir.
Dredging & Disposal of Silt
• BBMB should restrict the dredging operation in Balancing Reservoir and disposal of silt through Suketi Khad only during monsoon season. In the month of September, dredging should only be resorted to if the flow/discharge in Suketi Khad is more than 7 cumecs (250 cusecs) at Dadaur Bridge. However, BBMB can supplement the shortfall of the flow of 7 cumecs (250 cusecs) during September month from Balancing Reservoir by pumping / siphoning. • The existing output dredging capacity available with BBMB is 810 m 3 /h. BBMB should procure an additional dredger to ensure a flexible and reliable dredging capability during the monsoon period for dredging maximum silt from the Balancing Reservoir. • During non-monsoon period, BBMB may dredge & dispose the finer silt through Sundernagar Satluj Tunnel / Dehar Power House i.e. their own water conductor system to river Satluj
Monitoring Schedule
BBMB shall strictly monitor flow discharge and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) between June 15 to October 15 every year so as to comfortably cover the entire monsoon period. The monitoring will be conducted at the following locations for 3 to 5 years to have realistic/actual observed data of Suketi Khad & River Beas for analyzing and recommending this option to be a long-term option for silt disposal.
Flow Measurement i. At Dadaur Site on Suketi Khad - Hourly gauge and twice-daily flow measurement. ii. All other sites of Suketi & Kansa Khad - Flow measurement once a day iii. River Beas (upstream & downstream) - Flow measurement once a day
TSS Measurement at all locations - Once a day
Chemical Analysis of Water at all locations - Twice a month
L-Section of Suketi Khad & - Two Times
X-Sections at each identified location • First in May (Pre-monsoon) • Second in October (Post-Monsoon)
Pandoh Dam During Flushing Operation Dredger in BR in Operation
Balancing Reservoir Dehar Power House
TASK FORCE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF CHARTER ON CREP FOR CEMENT AND ASBESTOS BASED INDUSTRIES
The Task Force for implementation of the CREP recommendations for cement industry has been continued and Task force for asbestos based industries has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Shri Paritosh C. Tyagi with following Terms of Reference.
Cement Industries • To monitor the progress made by industry in implementing the recommendations of CREP. • To visit some of the units to verify the compliance of CREP recommendations • The Task Force will meet at least once in two months and submit its report to the Steering Committee once in six months. • To finalize the load based standard for Cement Industry • To finalize SO 2 /NO x standard for Cement Industry • To suggest clean technology and waste management scheme for cement industry.
Asbestos Industries
• To assess the progress made in the implementation of emission standards in the asbestos based industries. • To take up implementation of environmental standards with the industries and concerned agencies • To discuss and share information on environmental management amongst the industries. • To review the health effect due to exposure of asbestos fibre from asbestos industries. • To standardize the methodology for asbestos sampling and analysis.
The two meetings of the Task Force were convened and the present status of implementation of recommendations of Charter on CREP for cement industries is presented in Table 14.7.
Table 14.7 Status of Implementation of Recommendation of Charter on CREP for Cement Industry
S. Action Point Status No. 1. Implementation of standards in non- 25 cement plants were identified originally as non- complying Cement Plants as per the compiling. Task Force decided that non-complying following to meet the standards: units should be visited by a joint team comprising representatives from CMA, SPCB and CPCB. The status is as below. • Augmentation of existing air pollution control devices: by July 2003 • No. of plants visited by the team –19 • Replacement of existing air pollution control devices: by July (1 plant found not complying) 2004 • Non complying units shall give • No. of plants to be visited by the team- 5 bank guarantee to respective SPCBs • No.of plant closed - 1
2. Cement Plants located in critically polluted • MoEF has been requested to make amendment or urban areas (including 5 km distance to the industry specific standards notified under EP outside urban boundary) will meet 100- Act, 1986. mg/Nm3 limit of particulate matter by December 2004 and continue working to • M/s Durgapur Cement Plant is falling under this reduce the emission of particulate matter to category. Plant has upgraded the ESP and bag 50 mg/Nm3. filter and meeting the desired standards. 3. The new cement kilns to be accorded The emission standards for new cement kilns is NOC/Environmental Clearance w.e.f. required to be notified under EP Act, 1986. 01.04.2003 will meet the limit of 50 mg/Nm3 for particulate matter emissions. 4. CPCB will evolve load-based standards by In order to evolve load based standards, the December 2003. specific data files have been designed and data feeding of about 60 questionnaire has been completed. 5. CPCB and NCBM will evolve SO2 and NOx Findings of study were presented by NCBM in 4 th emission standards by June 2004. NTF meeting held on 21.9.2004. The findings are to be reviewed in light of comments raised by the members. 6. Control fugitive emissions from all the raw Following options for fugitive emission control are material and products storage and transfer recommended: points by December 2003. the feasibility for the control of fugitive emissions from • Water spraying on raw material and coal storage limestone and coal storage areas will be areas, which are too large to be covered; decided by the National Task Force (NTF). The NTF shall submit its recommendations within three months. • Setting up covered storage facilities for fly ash and closed belt conveyors for flyash transportation;
• Paving of all roads within and nearby the plant premises belonging to the plant;
• Use of water sprinkling at a definite frequency for preventing re-suspension of dust on all the roads. However Vacuum cleaning (by motorised vacuum cleaner) or Dust Free Road Sweepers for all major roads at the plant premises should be preferred. 7. CPCB, NCBM, BIS and Oil refineries will • CPCB has prepared an Environmental policy for jointly prepare the policy on use of use of high calorific value hazardous waste petroleum coke as fuel in cement kiln by including petroleum coke as fuel in cement kiln. July 2003. • Two meetings held involving SPCBs, CMA, NCBM, Env. Labs, Waste Generators and Cement Industries. Monitoring protocol developed for trial run. 8. NTF will decide feasible unit CMA informed that cement industries need operations/sections for installation of sufficient time (2 years) to gain confidence in CMS. continuous monitoring equipment. The industry will install the continuous monitoring systems (CMS) by December 2003. 9. Trippings in kiln ESP to be minimized by The Task Force recommended the following to July 2003 as per the recommendation of minimise the ESP tripping. NTF • Pre-blending system for coal should be adopted to get uniform coal quality
• Installation of state-of-the-art distributed control logic system, which reduces the calciner firing, step by step, as CO concentration increases.
• Proper record should be kept of the number of ESP tripping with duration of its non-functioning. (Such record should preferably be automatic.)
• The availability of ESP should be enhanced as much as possible and up to 98% at least in critical / sensitive areas where population is residing in the vicinity of the plant. 10. Industries will submit the target date to CMA has submitted the plan for utilization of solid enhance the utilization of waste material by wastes in cement manufacturing. However, plan April 2003 did not indicate any appreciable enhancement. CMA has to submit the revised plan. 11. NCBM will carry out a study on hazardous MoEF has sponsored a project to NCBM to study waste utilization in cement kiln by hazardous waste utilisation in Cement Kiln. December 2003 12. Cement industries will carry out feasibility The installation of such power plants based on study and submit target dates to CPCB for waste heat recovery is very expensive and could co-generation of power by July 2003 not compete with conventional power generation. The conversion of heat to electricity is not economical viable. Hence it was decided that co- generation may be dropped from the agreed Action Points.
REPORT ON VISIT TO ASBESTOS MINES AND MILLING UNITS IN RAJASTHAN
The Central Pollution Control Baord officials visited asbestos mines and milling units in Rajasthan during January 12-16, 2004. A Report was prepared and submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The various observations and recommendations are given below.
Asbestos Mining
• As Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India had decided not to renew or give fresh leases for asbestos mines; most of the mines after expiry of lease are operating with the permission of Hon'ble Court.
• Tremolite variety of asbestos is mined in Rajasthan , which is covered under amphibole group. Risk of mesothelioma is higher for amphibole than for serpentine (chrysotile).
• Mining is carried out manually and most of the mines are located in the interior areas. The mining activity is irregular.
• Vide notification no. GSR 685(E), dated 7.6.1988 the Ministry of Labour prescribed the permissible limit of 2 fibres/cc for airborne asbestos fibre in mining area under Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1961. The permissible value is quite relaxed.
• Truck carrying asbestos bearing stone is not covered from top during transportation and fibres may get air borne. No proper approach road is in existence. Even, during visit truck was used to reach at few mines.
• Asbestos fibre monitoring in mine area is not being carried out.
• No plantation work has been done around mine area.
• Over burden/waste is not being managed in an environmentally sound manner.
• There is no display board in mining area showing the name of the mine and owner. There is no display board showing the hazards associated with asbestos and recommended precautionary measures.
• Most of the workers are on contract basis and employer is not getting the medical examination of the workers done. Health record not maintained.
• Workers are not being educated about the risk associated with asbestos dust exposure, potential health effects, etc. Workers are not wearing protective clothing and respiratory equipment (except at few places where respiratory equipment were given for name shake).
• During the inspection most of the lessees have not operated the mines at full production capacity.
• Most of the asbestos mines are operating without consent of the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board.
Recommendations • Tremolite variety of asbestos is mined in Rajasthan, which is covered under amphibole group. Because, high risk of mesothelioma is associated with amphibole, its mining should be discontinued. By the time above mentioned recommendation is accepted and implemented, following measures are required to be taken.
• As asbestos is carcinogenic, therefore, possibilities of mechanized mining may be explored to reduce the risk of exposure.
• Dust generated by drilling operations should be controlled by extraction equipment to be mounted on the drills.
• Dust emissions from blasting should be minimized by optimum use of explosive material and multiple small blasts rather than one large blast.
• The permissible level of asbestos fibre in air for mines prescribed under Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1961 requires revision at par with International norms.
• Over burden/waste is to be managed in an environmentally sound manner.
• Mine owners should carry out asbestos fibre monitoring in mine area as prescribed in Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1961.
• During transportation of asbestos bearing stone, truck should be covered from top to reduce the possibilities of asbestos fibres getting air borne.
• Proper land reclamation plan should be prepared and green belt should be developed around mine area.
• Proper approach road should be constructed to reach mine area. Water should be sprayed on the roads to suppress the dust during vehicle movement.
• According to Indian Standard IS:11451-1986 (Recommendations for safety and health requirements relating to occupational exposure to asbestos), All the workers should be provided with medical surveillance by the employer. Medical surveillance programme should consist of the following:
• Pre- employment medical surveillance • Periodic medical examination • Medical examination at cessation of employment • Maintenance of medical records; and • Health education
• Medical examination record should be maintained and stored for a period of 10 years following the termination of employment, or for 40 years after first day of employment, whichever is later.
• In order to comply the recommendations contained in IS:11451-1986, employer should stop existing practice of employment of temporary, contract workers or daily wage workers.
• Workers should be given education about the risk associated with asbestos dust exposure, potential health effects, etc. Workers likely to get exposed to asbestos should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment.
• Display board should be provided in mine area showing the name of mine owner and the hazards associated with asbestos and recommended precautionary measures.
• Asbestos mines should obtain consent under the relevant Act from the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board. Asbestos Milling
• Tremolite variety of asbestos is grinded in Rajasthan, which is covered under amphibole group. Risk of mesothelioma is higher for amphibole than for serpentine (chrysotile).
• Crushing and grinding are inherently dusty operations. Workers are likely to get exposed to asbestos fibres generated from various operations as described in previous paragraph. The dust control measures adopted by the milling units are not adequate. There is a lack of commitment on the part of management. In fact management do not have technical competence to handle asbestos with due care.
• Asbestos is carcinogenic but innocent workers in the milling units handle asbestos bearing stone as a simple stone.
• The belt conveyors are not covered and asbestos fibre may get air borne.
• Bag filter do not have proper metallic case and stack, therefore, the flue gases (arising from pneumatic conveying of asbestos powder) are likely to get disperse at work environment.
• Sometimes bags are punctured which causes spillage of asbestos fibre.
• The asbestos powder (fine) collected from bag filter hopper is a by product/waste. Most of the entrepreneurs informed that it is also sold but at a lower price.
• The house keeping of the milling units is very poor. Asbestos powder was lying on the floor.
• The milling units are not carrying out asbestos fibre monitoring.
• Generally plantation work has not been done in the milling units.
• During the inspection entrepreneurs have not operated milling units at full production capacity.
• Most of the workers are on contract basis and employer is not getting the medical examination of the workers done. Health record not maintained. Workers are not being educated about the risk associated with asbestos dust exposure, potential health effects, etc.
• Workers are not wearing protective clothing and respiratory equipment (except at few places where respiratory equipment were given for name sake).
• There is no display board showing the hazards associated with asbestos and recommended precautionary measures.
• Some milling units are operating without consent of the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board.
Recommendations
• Because high risk of mesothelioma is associated with amphibole, its milling should be discontinued. By the time above mentioned recommendation is implemented, following measures are required to be taken.
• Preferably complete plant machinery requires to be redesigned with proper engineering controls to reduce asbestos fibre emission.
• Manual handling of asbestos should be reduced to minimum. • Fugitive emissions generated from hopper of Jaw Crusher and Pulveriser may be channellised through hood with proper suction arrangement, bag filter and stack.
• Provision of a valve should be made to regulate the filling of asbestos powder from the hopper of cyclone and bag filter. This will reduce the spillage and emission of asbestos fibre.
• Asbestos bearing stone should be stored in a storage yard having three sides and top covered to reduce the possibility of asbestos fibre getting airborne.
• All belt conveyors (if any) should be totally enclosed. The enclosure should be hinge type for easy inspection and maintenance. Where practicable, the return belt should also be enclosed.
• Chutes (if any) which feed material to belt conveyor should be enclosed. All material transfer point should be connected to dust extraction system.
• Enclosed belt conveyors should be used instead of manual transportation of asbestos within the premises.
• Leakages of dust from machines and ducts should be plugged.
• Proper metallic case may be provided for bag filter with stack for dispersion of pollutant.
• Wherever material is to be unloaded, the drop height may be minimized to reduce the fugitive emission.
• Floor should be cleaned by vaccum cleaner only.
• House keeping has lot of scope for improvement.
• Asbestos fibre monitoring should be carried out by entrepreneurs and data should be submitted to SPCB/CPCB.
• As process of milling is dusty, therefore, material should be handled carefully to prevent release of asbestos fibre into the work environment.
• According to Indian Standard IS:11451-1986 (Recommendations for safety and health requirements relating to occupational exposure to asbestos), All the workers should be provided with medical surveillance by the employer. Medical surveillance programme should consist of the following:
• Pre- employment medical surveillance • Periodic medical examination • Medical examination at cessation of employment • Maintenance of medical records; and • Health education
• Medical examination record should be maintained and stored for a period of 10 years following the termination of employment, or for 40 years after first day of employment, whichever is later.
• In order to comply the recommendations contained in IS:11451-1986, employer should stop existing practice of employment of temporary, contract workers or daily wage workers.
• Workers should be given education about the risk associated with asbestos dust exposure, potential health effects, etc.
• Workers likely to get exposed to asbestos should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment. • Display board should be provided showing the hazards associated with asbestos and recommended precautionary measures.
• Asbestos milling units should obtain consent under the relevant Act from the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board.
• Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board should carry out inventory of all asbestos milling units.
ECOCITY PROGRAMME
The EcoCity Programme has been conceptualized for improving environment and achieving sustainable development through a comprehensive urban improvement system employing practical, innovative and non-conventional solutions. The EcoCity Programme was initiated under the 10 th plan to bring in visible environmental improvement in the small and medium towns. The following towns have been taken under first phase of EcoCity programme to bring in visible environmental improvement:
1. Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh) 2. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh) 3. Puri (Orissa) 4. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) 5. Kottayam (Kerala) 6. Thanjavour (Tamil Nadu)
Funds will be provided to the Municipalities by CPCB for the identified project, on 50:50 cost-sharing basis up to a maximum of Rs. 2.5 Crore per town, wherein 50% of the total budget should come from Municipalities either from their own funds or through financial institutions or any other means.
An Expert Committee has been constituted by CPCB for the identification of the projects and approval of Environmental Development Plan (EDP) and Detailed Project Reports (DPRs). GTZ-ASEM is providing support in terms of engaging consultants for the preparation of the DPRs for the identified activities/design of decentralized treatment systems/conducting feasibility studies etc. The town wise status of work is given below:
Vrindavan
The project in Vrindavan aims at environmental improvement of the Ecozone in Vrindavan. The ‘Environmental Development Plan' (EDP) for Vrindavan has been prepared by IIT Kharagpur, engaged by GTZ-ASEM which is finalized and approved by the Expert Committee of CPCB . The report documents the existing situation of the Ecozone of Vrindavan and identifies the projects that can be taken under the EcoCity Project.
Based on the EDP report, projects/activities like comprehensive improvement along the roads connecting all major pilgrim/tourist spots viz Ranganathji Temple, Banke Bihari Temple, a 2 km stretch of Parikrama Path from Kesighat to Kaliyadaha Ghat have been identified for which DPRs will be prepared/under preparation.
Tirupati
The EcoCity project in Tirupati is to bring the Environmental Improvement around the Govind Raja Swamy temple, which is also the core area of the town. The report on ‘Environmental Development Plan' for the core area around Govindrajaswamy Temple has been prepared by SPA, JNTU, Hyderabad, engaged by GTZ-ASEM which is finalized and approved by the Expert Committee of CPCB.
Based on the EDP report, following projects/activities like providing public drinking water facilities, providing public toilets at appropriate locations in the core area, connecting Konneru to Narsimha Thirtha by pipeline to replenish water, flower beds, ornamental landscaping etc have been identified for implementation. DPRs for these activities has been prepared/under preparation/will be prepared. The following work is under implementation by the Tirupati Municipality.
1. "Covering/Improvement of storm water drains on the Northern, Southern and Western side of the Govind Raja Swamy Temple". 2. Connecting Konneru to Narsimha Thirtha by pipeline to replenish water 3. Cleaning/desilting of drains in the project area.
Puri
The project area of Eco City Puri is around the Jagannath temple. The ‘Environmental Development Plan' for Puri has been prepared by SPA, New Delhi engaged by GTZ-ASEM which is finalized and approved by the Expert Committee of CPCB The report documents the existing situation of the Puri and identifies the projects that can be taken under the EcoCity Project.
Some of the identified projects include comprehensive improvement along the roads in an are surrounding the Jaganath Temple up to 100 m, provision of public utilities at appropriate locations, rejuvenation of traditional water bodies at Markendayasahi neighborhood, shifting of Auto Garages from existing location along Grand Road and vicinity of Jagannath temple. The award of work for preparation of DPRs is will be taken once the comments of ASI will be obtained.
Ujjain
The project in Ujjain aims at area vide improvement around Mahakal Temple and cleaning of Rudra Sagar Lake. The task on ‘Excavation/Embankment of Rudra Sagar' in part has been taken up by Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC). UMC had submitted the DPRs for ‘Traffic & Transportation', ‘Sewerage & Drainage', ‘Laying of water supply for Rudra Sagar', ‘Underground Electric cabling' and ‘Plantation & Landscaping' as apart of the ‘Mahakal Core area Development'. UMC has been asked to revise as per the suggestion provided by CPCB.
Kottayam
The project in Kottayam includes activities on ‘Rejuvenation of Mundar River' and ‘Renovation of Kacherikadavu Boat Jetty Canal' that have been severely degraded because of siltation, weed growth and disposal of domestic waste. The projects have been approved by Expert Committee of CPCB and are under implementation by the Municipality.
Thanjavur
In Thanjavur town, the activity on ‘Renovation of old tanks' has been proposed to be taken up to protect presently used and potentially useable aquifers from further degradation and to facilitates the rainwater harvesting system. The commitment for bearing the 50 % costs and the DPRs from the Municipality is awaited.
Eco Industrial Estate
CPCB has contemplated to develop the upcoming Special Economic Zone, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh as eco industrial estate. The implementation work is to be taken up by Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd. (APIIC). Two existing industrial estates (Industrial Development area, Nacharam and Industrial Development area, Mallapur) have also taken up under this programme to improve the industrial ecology. A national level workshop was organized on September 29, 2004 to discuss the strategy to be adopted for development of eco industrial estate. A 5-days hands-on training for officials of APIIC was organized by CPCB on ‘Zoning Atlas for siting of industries/ industrial estates' and ‘use of GIS systems in spatial planning' in December 2004.
Urban Environmental Information System
Under Urban ENVIS programme, CPCB had identified nine towns that are Agartala, Agra, Bhubneshwar, Chennai, Guntur, Indore, Kanpur, Kottayam and Patna for the preparations of local environmental report through respective municipalities. The work is progressing well in case of Bhubneshwar, Chennai and Indore and are under preparation for Kottayam. Apart the EcoCity towns are also being covered under Urban ENVIS Programme. The data is being collected and complied. ‘Environmental Profile' for Bhubneshwar is under preparation in collaboration with GTZ.
SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The Spatial Environmental Planning Programme was conceptualised for ensuring protection of environment and its resources through planned and sustainable development. The Programme commenced in 1995 in 14 volunteering states with district-wise environmental assessments for siting of industries. The Programme was extended under the Environmental Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance Project funded by the World Bank, during April 1997 to June 2003. Having streamlined methodologies/concepts, completed a number of studies, built the basic technical competencies and the needed infrastructure to undertake spatial environmental planning tasks within the State Pollution Control Boards and other executing agencies, the programme has been extended beyond June 30, 2003 until the end of the X Plan period with the grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India.
The criteria for preparation of Zoning Atlas Programme were revised to ensure the usage of results. The revised criteria were discussed and generally agreed in the 50 th Conference of Chairmen and Member Secretaries of Pollution Control Boards/Committees held on March 8-9, 2004 at Delhi. In the same Conference decision were taken to take up the following activities under Spatial Environmental Programme.
• State Environmental Atlas • District Environmental Atlas • State Level Industrial Siting Guidelines • District Wise Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries • District Specific Industrial Siting guidelines
All State Pollution Control Boards/Executing Agencies participating in the programme agreed to undertake the above activities. Details of activities are given below.
State Environmental Atlas
The State Environmental Atlas is a compilation of environment related information in the form of maps, texts and statistical data. It includes maps on general features (i.e. administrative boundaries, major settlements, transportation networks etc), on physical characteristics (i.e. land use, physiography, land capability etc), on surface/ground water features (i.e. drainage pattern, use, quality, flow and table etc), on environmentally sensitive zones (i.e. biological diversity, incompatible land uses etc), on major sources of pollution and also on environmental quality. The maps of the atlas will be in the scale of 1:1 million or 1:2 million or as appropriate as per the size of the State. Reports for the following States have been received at CPCB and under finalisation.
1. Andhra Pradesh 1. Madhya Pradesh
1. Bihar 1. Orissa
1. Gujarat 1. Tamil Nadu
1. Himachal Pradesh
The Atlas for the following States are under preparation and likely to be completed by March 2006.
Assam Tripura
Chhattisgarh West Bengal
Kerala Goa
Maharashtra Nagaland
Meghalaya Uttranchal Punjab Rajasthan
State Level Industrial Siting Guidelines
The State level industrial siting guideline will clearly bring out the areas to be avoided and the rules/norms/procedures to be followed to obtain consent to establish. After completion of State Environmental Atlas, State level industrial siting guidelines will be formulated. For the State of Madhya Pradesh draft report has been received and under finalisation at CPCB.
District Environmental Atlas
The District Environmental Atlas is a compilation of environment related information in the form of maps, texts and statistical data. It includes maps on general/physical features, surface/ground water features, environmentally sensitive zones and major source of pollution and on environmental quality. The scale of the atlas will be 1:2,50,000. The District Environmental Atlases are being used to develop the Zoning Atlas. District Environmental Atlases for the following Districts have been received and under finalisation at CPCB.
1. Kamrup Metro 1. Puri 1. Chittoor,
1. Kamrup 1. Mayurbhanj 1. Srikakulam
1. Goalpara 1. Kendujhar 1. Kota
1. Patna 1. Bardhhaman 1. Baran
1. Saran 1. Hoogly 1. Alwar
1. Vaishali 1. Pune 1. Sirmaour
1. Ara 1. Coimbatore 1. Una
1. Indore 1. Thoodikodi 1. Bilaspur
1. Dhar 1. Vellore 1. Kullu
1. Raisen 1. Thiruvallur 1. Kangra
1. Sundargarh 1. Kanchipurum 1. Solan
1. Sambalpur 1. Rangareddy 1. Valsad
1. Jharsuguda 1. Nellore 1. Navsari
1. Baragarh 1. Vizianagaram 1. Barauch
1. Kendrapara 1. Ananthpur 1. Narmada 1. Deogarh 1. Guntur 1. Vadodara
1. Cuttack 1. Kurnool 1. Ahmedabad
1. Jajpur 1. Prakasam
1. Jagatsingpur 1. West Godavari
District Wise Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries
The district-level Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries interrelates the sensitivity of environment with the pollution potential of industries so as to identify sites with minimal environmental impacts/risks. The existing criteria for the preparation of district wise Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries has been revised. The Zoning Atlas report will be used only for official purposes to develop district-specific industrial siting guidelines. Report for the following Districts have been received at CPCB and are under finalisation.
Indore Rangareddy
Dhar Vizianagaram
Raisen Guntur
Coimbatore Thiruvallur
Thoodikodi Kanchipurum
Vellore
District Specific Industrial Siting Guidelines
The district level siting guidelines, clearly bring out information on environmentally sensitive zones/areas to be avoided for location of industries or carrying of process or operations, industries or carrying of processes or operations to be restricted in the district, potential zones for siting of air and water polluting industries and industries or carrying of process or operations that may be considered for siting anywhere in the district, other than ‘Environmentally sensitive zones/areas to be avoided' for priority districts. This will be an instrument for implementing the district level Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries. These guidelines once completed are to be published after undertaking stakeholder consultations. The district level Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries will be used to develop these guidelines. Report for the following Districts have been received at CPCB and are under finalisation.
Indore, Thoodikodi, Dhar, Vellore Raisen, Kanchipurum Coimbatore
MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES
Shifting of North Zonal Office of Central Pollution Control Board
The Central Pollution Control Board North Zonal Office, while at Kanpur was facing difficulties in respect of coordination with various concerned organizations in the northern zone. The matter was under discussion at various levels at CPCB and in the MoEF and ultimately it was decided to shift the Zonal Office and its laboratory from Kanpur to Lucknow keeping in view the following – • Zonal Office will have advantage in availing the latest technologies / laboratory facilities of other institutes such as Industrial Toxicology Research Institute, Lucknow, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Central Ground Water Board, Lucknow and Geological Survey of India etc.
• Most of Central and State government's head offices of the region are located in Lucknow. Better coordination may be maintained with the Dept. of Environment, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh and expeditious decisions in matters related with the Secretariat – Govt. of Uttar Pradesh.
• The power situation at Lucknow is much better as compared to Kanpur facilitating smooth and regular operation of the laboratory equipments and computers.
• All states of the existing jurisdiction are well connected from Lucknow as compared to Kanpur by trains. Apart from this, air connection is only from Lucknow and not from Kanpur.
As per the directions of the government, entire office including the laboratory was shifted from Kanpur to Lucknow during September 2004
Development of Central Pollution Control Board North Zonal Office at PICUP Bhawan Lucknow.
The Central Pollution Control Board has purchased 2 floors (Ground and first floor) at PICUP Bhawan , Gomti Nagar, Lucknow . The dimensions of the are as follows
Floor Super Plinth Area Plinth Area
Sq. metres Sq. metres Ground Floor 1170.334 994.80 First Floor 1213.362 1031.36 Total 2383.696 2026.16
CPWD has been consulted for developmental work pertaining to the office infrastructure on ground floor and North Zoanl Laboratory at First Floor. To maintain minimum required infrastructure facilities the following activities were undertaken.
• The new premises was lying closed since last more than 10 years. To bring the new premises into proper working shape and establish the facilities following tasks were undertaken and completed within a record short period of time.
• Cleaning including white washing & Sign Boards • Electricity and telephone / FAX connections • Restoration of Water Supply • Installation of Computers, LAN and Internet, • Set-up of Laboratory facilities for requisite parameters • Termites treatment at both floors.
• The lay-out plans for ground floor (Incharge, Officers, Admn., Training hall, Library, Computer Room & future expansion) and F/F (Complete laby. set-up) have been prepared, keeping in view the Vastu Shastra, ventilation, sunlight and security aspects.
• In the laboratory design, separate rooms are provided for Air laboratory, Conditioning Room, HVS/ RDS room, Fresh water lab., Waste water Lab., Microbiological lab., Toxicological lab., Hot room , Digestion chambers, Calibration room, Instrumentation lab., AOX Room, GC Room, BTX Room, AAS Room, Maintenance room, glass ware washing room, distilled water room, record room, sample receiving room, laboratory Incharge room, staff sitting room etc.