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The State of Electronic Democracy in Britain

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The State of Electronic Democracy in Britain Voice and e-quality: the state of electronic democracy in Britain by Wainer Lusoli Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD Department of Media and Communication The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London UMI Number: U21B447 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U213447 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 <Jwgbj*M*oaw* /JEqn Abstract This dissertation is broadly concerned with the issue of electronic democracy, i.e. whether, under what conditions and how does the Internet strengthen democracy in advanced industrial polities. Specifically, this work applies the theory of participation to recent British data on online political engagement in order to understand: • whether and how the Internet modifies the existing structure of political inequality; • whether and how the Internet alters the context of traditional political action; • whether the Internet holds a democratising potential and what is its nature. Data collected and analysed include a survey of British citizens’ online political behaviour, and three smaller, in-depth surveys of citizens’ online political activities within limited settings: a national online consultation forum, routine politics by young party activists and charity work by an elderly activist network. More generally, the dissertation contributes towards clarifying the ongoing debate on electronic democracy, by examining the discourse surrounding the evolution of the issue. It reviews a large portion of the existing literature on online political engagement, organised in three main approaches. It presents and analyses seminal data on British online political engagement to assess the state of electronic democracy in Britain. Importantly, it advances a theoretical framework for the understanding of the ‘real’ digital divide, drawing on the theory of participation. The theory is an ideal explanatory base from which to depart in order to find the factors shaping the structure of online political opportunities and the way in which preferences are voiced, and heard, through the Internet. This dissertation speaks directly to the electronic democracy debate by setting the agenda on the notion of democratic equality and by focusing on the structure of voice in the information polity. 2 Acknowledgments But I kept rhymin’ and stepwritin’ the next cypher Best believe somebody’s payin’ the pied piper All the pain inside amplified by the fact That I can’t get by with my 9 to 5 Marshall Bruce Mathers Halfway through this journey I felt I should start thanking people for their help, support, inspiration, approval. The thought hit me on the train from Manchester to London, on my way back to Italy, homebound. Reading a journal article, thinking of book proposals, SPSS files, the next APSA conference and a seaside weekend, all of which seemed to go together well, three years in the PhD. I tried at first to dismiss the thought, as the journey was still long, the dissertation half-through. Yet it was then that I first realised that the journey was safe, mainly due to the people I wished so strongly to thank. Thus it was, in the end. Thanks to Maggie, for all her help, advice, understanding and respect; she has seen this work through difficult times. So is life. Thanks to Steve and Rachel for providing the material means of my subsistence, and for the time and freedom to pursue a distinct intellectual project from my terms of engagement with two exciting projects. They have shaped my thinking in countless ways. Thanks to the EMTEL bunch, the old hands and the young, who helped relieve my academic pains with good times and inspiring discussion. Thanks to Roger, a humanist, intellectual, and hombre vertical. Thanks to all of the above, and many others, for putting up with me at good and at bad times. These ‘many others’ include the members of my upgrade committee, Sonia Livingstone and Shani Orgad, Stephen Coleman and other people at the Hansard Society, the commissioning editor of Hampton Press, Nick Jankowski, and all others who went out of their way to read and listen. Obviously, I am very grateful to the University of Bologna, to the European Commission and to the ESRC for the financial support they have provided throughout my doctoral studies. Two things I will never forget that I heard at the beginning of this work. The first is about ‘writing a thousand words before breakfast’, which haunted me all through the PhD. I would have to get up at 4am to stand a reasonable chance, let alone the quality of the results. The second is about the PhD being ‘three years when all you have to do is read and write’. As it happens, the longest period I was able to sit down and think through things was three months. Yet these phrases encapsulate the challenges and rewards of a long intellectual journey, one that rests on the right and duty to think, incessantly, and on the duty and right to share one’s thinking with others. This I have done, I hope, during the last few years; this thesis is the result of such thinking and sharing. Needless to say, I do not see why anyone else than me should be blamed for the inaccuracies, mistakes and shortcomings of this work. 3 Lastly, and most importantly. Thanks to Gisella and Sesto, Cristina and Barbara, my family, who would look at me, not quite understand, and love me all the more for that. Thanks to Anusca, my family, who would look at me, understand all too well, and expect me to finish. It is to my loving, demanding family that this work is dedicated. 4 Table of contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................3 TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................5 LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION - THE QUEST FOR DEMOCRACY IN CYBERSPACE.............................. 9 1.1 The prevalence of the Internet ...................................................................................................9 1.2 Approaches to electronic dem ocracy ................................................................................... 10 1.3 Research questions .........................................................................................................................11 1.4 Data and methodology .................................................................................................................13 1.5 Chapter synopsis .............................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 1 - THE E-DEMOCRACY DISCOURSE................................................................. 18 1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................18 1.2 Online politics and electronic democracy ...........................................................................18 1.3 E-democracy and political m om entum ..................................................................................20 1.3.1 The cold war and the discourse in the US................................................................................ 22 1.4 THE E-DEMOCRACY DISCOURSE IN BRITAIN...................................................................................24 1.4.1 Bipartisan support fo r e-democracy.........................................................................................26 1.4.2 Local and global dimensions of the discourse........................................................................27 1.5 The role of the new media industry in the construction of the discourse 28 1.6 Resilience of the e-democracy discourse ............................................................................. 30 1.7 Co nclusions ......................................................................................................................................32 CHAPTER 2 - MACRO AND MESO APPROACHES TO E-DEMOCRACY.......................... 34 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 34 2.2 Three approaches to electronic democracy .......................................................................35 2.3 The democratic In ternet .............................................................................................................36 2.4 Political characteristics of the In ternet ........................................................................... 38 2.5 Archetypes
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