DOCSLIB.ORG

Organised Phonology Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Organised Phonology Data Organised Phonology Data Karkar-Yuri Language [YUJ] Green River – Sandaun Province Trans New Guinea Phylum; Karkar-Yuri Isolate Population census: 1200 (1980) Major villages: Tingirabu, Fongwinam, Panengin, Wusari, Troali, Kambriap, Yuri 1 and 2, Auia 1 and 2. Linguistic work done by: SIL Data checked by: Dorothy Price (July 1992) Phonemic and Orthographic Inventory e i o u f f k k m m m p a á ae ao e é i o ou u f fw k kw m mw m mp A Á Ae Ao E É I O Ou F Fw K Kw M Mw Mp p n n k k t p p s t w j mpw n n nk nkw nt p pw r r s t w y Mpw N Nk Nkw Nt P Pw S T W Y Consonants Bilab LabDen Dental Alveo Postalv Retro Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn Glottal Plosive p t k Nasal m n Trill Tap/Flap Fricative f s Lateral Fricative Approx j Lateral Approx Ejective Stop Implos /w/ voiced labial-velar approximant /p/ labialized bilabial plosive /f/ labialized labiodental fricative /m/ labialized bilabial nasal /k/ labialized velar plosive /p/ prenasalized bilabial plosive /t / prenasalize alveolar plosives Karkar-Yuri OPD Printed: August 25, 2004 Page 2 /k/ prenasalized velar plosive /p/ prenasalized labialized labial plosive /k/ prenasalized labialized velar plosive /m/ glottalized bilabial nasal /n/ glottalized alveolar nasal // glottalized alveolar flap p pi 'banana sp.' t ntae 'tapioca' yupwi 'yam type' antáp 'sister of a man' akap 'to draw out' kánt 'ant' appe 'grandfather' antme 'Papuan Hornbill' topfar 'end wall of house' n ni 'sago' p mpouran 'tomorrow' konae 'bird sp.' kémpi 'scrotum' arean 'necklace' yamp 'to bite' kannkan 'scabies' nompnomp fek 'in the dry season' suwaensa 'banana sp.' p pwi 'enough' n - apwar 'weeds' pan 'sago flour' - - m mae 'give me' fére 'ten /shoulder' émi 'flesh' nér 'to yap' tam 'banana' kwarmekamp 'fish sp.' kémso 'marsupial' - m mwae 'road' antar 'butterfly' yumwi 'stone' s sér 'to say' m - asani 'baby girl' wom 'string skirt' as 'dog' - asmaok 'knife' kémso 'marsupial' f fi 'origin' Tafa 'man's name' k kar 'speech, voice' topfar 'end wall of house' mukur 'to lick' yak 'to stay' f fwe 'a flat surface' kákkar 'to bicker' - apko 'wild pitpit' nkote 'that over there' w wi 'thorn' k yuwi 'fireplace' ankank 'thing' - nonk 'tadpole' panwar 'round lump of sago flour' nape nononkré 'hunt pigs' kwar 'ground, earth' t tár 'to dance' k kotám 'plant sp.' oukwe 'salt' - - Karkar-Yuri OPD Printed: August 25, 2004 Page 3 k nkwakwe make 'many kinds of' j yae 'hand'' ankwap 'another' ayao 'daddy' - - - - yuwi 'stove, fireplace' Vowels i u e o // i - e er 'bird sp.' kir 'large shell ring' serém 'sago rib bark' kani 'water crab' fére 'shoulder, ten' kkiank 'to love, like, long for' ankamea 'white yam' kr 'to surround, hem in' aenenk 'sisters' faek 'at the edge of' kr 'big bird' aeyae 'mummy' k 'to open, loosen, undo' kaeak 'wild pitpit' épi 'old (thing)' aokor 'to be lose' kér 'snake' faonkwe 'hill' - yao 'tree' (general) u - puri fek 'of the same height' kár 'swamp' pu 'leg' má 'this' o ouwi 'wind' amfae 'bamboo knife' pour 'tulip greens' wap 'fungus' kou 'pig' sarom 'torch' ma 'here! / take it!' onomp 'my' kok 'in the middle of' amo 'you (sg)' Suprasegmentals (tone, stress, length) Karkar-Yuri is a stress-timed language. The stress system is extremely complex. The higher the vowel in the vowel hierarchy, the more likely it is to take stress. Syllable weight and word balance and types of suffixes also affect the stress. Unusual contrastive intonation occurs on one word-final grammatical particle. Karkar-Yuri OPD Printed: August 25, 2004 Page 4 Syllable Patterns V ou 'plant sp.' é.pép 'dust' ke.a.kap 'hit with leaves' ke.ao 'sooty owl' VC am 'that' am.fae 'bamboo knife' kwe.am 'fish sp.' CV kou 'pig' nae.wo 'native lime tree' pá.ná.nkár 'push down' a.mo 'you (sg)' CVC kwas 'frog sp.' yak.yak 'grasshopper sp.' wo.rop.ré nénk 'divide out' ko.mont 'tree sp.' Conventions: Phonological // is pronounced back rounded [ ] occurring after the segments [w kw pw mw fw] when followed by bilabials and velars (/ p b k/ etc.). /k/ is weakened to [x] utterance finally and to [] word medially. The contrast between /p/ and /f/ is generally neutralized to [] intervocalically. The resulting [] is written as < p > regardless of its source. There are a few names with /f/ pronounced medially, e.g. Tafa. Phonemic labialization occurs word medially only in two words: apwar 'weeds, to weed' and ankwap 'another'. More commonly the round vowel causes rounding on the following front unrounded vowel in the form of inserted labialization between the bilabial and that unrounded vowel. Non-phonemic labialization is usually written if it is part of the word stem: porokwap 'to hit' ,whereas in adding a suffix it is not inserted: pokea (pok+ea) [pe] 'going up' In some words the final plosive in word final consonant clusters is not pronounced, but it appears when certain morphemes are added: onomp [nm] 'my' , onompono [nmbn] 'it's mine'. The silent consonant is written. Conventions: Orthographic Glottal plosive is not written., except in dictionary. < p > represents both /p/ and medial /f/, except in some men's names: Tafa (where it's pronounced [f]). Both phonemic and non-phonemic labalization are usually written. Stress < ' > is written only in the dictionary. Intervocalic [w] and [y] are written according to following rules: 1.in compound and derived words following the morphemes: yaowar (yao+war) 'wood stacking place', kouan (kou+an) 'to the pig', 2. all vowels that can stand alone as syllables word-initially can begin a word-medial syllable. Those that cannot, /i/ and /u/, need to be preceded by the semivowel, ouwi 'wind , keao /ke.o/ 'sooty owl'; 3. If one of two contiguous vowels is rounded, the semivowel between them will be [w] as in naewo 'native lime tree'. Hyphens are used in some cases to break reduplicated words: némp-némp ‘from village to village', ku-kumur 'every day' ; and some simultaneous-action serial verbs: samp-tank 'to hold and sit'. Transcription of a recorded passage / n wkwk k p m fek np tupwt k mek kpe | pn fkwp w nek | w bus kp || m bus kp nk mk | jin w pkop | w bus tmn kpne || mki pkp tu kupe j wk pki mek woi jkpek | wkmk kpepn / Karkar-Yuri OPD Printed: August 25, 2004 Page 5 < Ono wokwaek kar épér mo fek onomp éntupwarént kár mek akwapea, pan forokwaprá wa nenko, wao barus korop. Am barus korop nánko maok, yino wará pakoprá, "W! Barus támán koropéne!" Makria prkmpá tukupea yao wankor pékri mek wouri yakápeaka, wakmwaek akwapempon. > 'Long ago when I was a little child, I went with my mother to the swamp, and while we were collecting the sago flour, we heard a plane come. When that plane came, we kept on listening. "Help! That plane is coming!" So we scattered and went and hid in the ironwood tree trunk and stayed, and later we went.' Bibliography Price, Dorothy, 1987. 'Some Karkar-Yuri orthography and spelling decisions.' Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages 33:57-76 Price, Dorothy, and Veda Ridgen. 1978-87. Manuscripts. SIL, Ukarumpa. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 the BASIC SOUNDS of ENGLISH 1. STOPS a Stop Consonant Is Produced with a Complete Closure of Airflow
    LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology THE BASIC SOUNDS OF ENGLISH 1. STOPS A stop consonant is produced with a complete closure of airflow in the vocal tract; the air pressure has built up behind the closure; the air rushes out with an explosive sound when released. The term plosive is also used for oral stops. ORAL STOPS: e.g., [b] [t] (= plosives) NASAL STOPS: e.g., [m] [n] (= nasals) There are three phases of stop articulation: i. CLOSING PHASE (approach or shutting phase) The articulators are moving from an open state to a closed state; ii. CLOSURE PHASE (= occlusion) Blockage of the airflow in the oral tract; iii. RELEASE PHASE Sudden reopening; it may be accompanied by a burst of air. ORAL STOPS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL STOPS: The blockage is made with the two lips. spot [p] voiceless baby [b] voiced 1 b. ALVEOLAR STOPS: The blade (or the tip) of the tongue makes a closure with the alveolar ridge; the sides of the tongue are along the upper teeth. lamino-alveolar stops or Check your apico-alveolar stops pronunciation! stake [t] voiceless deep [d] voiced c. VELAR STOPS: The closure is between the back of the tongue (= dorsum) and the velum. dorso-velar stops scar [k] voiceless goose [g] voiced 2. NASALS (= nasal stops) The air is stopped in the oral tract, but the velum is lowered so that the airflow can go through the nasal tract. All nasals are voiced. NASALS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL NASAL: made [m] b. ALVEOLAR NASAL: need [n] c.
    [Show full text]
  • English Phonetic Vowel Shortening and Lengthening As Perceptually Active for the Poles
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Title: English phonetic vowel shortening and lengthening as perceptually active for the Poles Author: Arkadiusz Rojczyk Citation style: Rojczyk Arkadiusz. (2007). English phonetic vowel shortening and lengthening as perceptually active for the Poles. W: J. Arabski (red.), "On foreign language acquisition and effective learning" (S. 237-249). Katowice : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Phonological subsystem English phonetic vowel shortening and lengthening as perceptually active for the Poles Arkadiusz Rojczyk University of Silesia, Katowice 1. Introduction Auditory perception is one of the most thriving and active domains of psy­ cholinguistics. Recent years have witnessed manifold attempts to investigate and understand how humans perceive linguistic sounds and what principles govern the process. The major assumption underlying the studies on auditory perception is a simple fact that linguistic sounds are means of conveying meaning, encoded by a speaker, to a hearer. The speaker, via articulatory gestures, transmits a message encoded in acoustic waves. This is the hearer, on the other hand, who, using his perceptual apparatus, reads acoustic signals and decodes them into the meaning. Therefore, in phonetic terms, the whole communicative act can be divided into three stages. Articulatory - the speaker encodes the message by sound production. Acoustic - the message is transmitted to the hearer as acous­ tic waves. Auditory - the hearer perceives sounds and decodes them into the meaning. Each of the three stages is indispensable for effective communication. Of the three aforementioned stages of communication, the auditory percep­ tion is the least amenable to precise depiction and understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 1: Introduction to The
    PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Consonant Substitution in Child Language (Ikwere) Roseline I
    Chapter 9 Consonant substitution in child language (Ikwere) Roseline I. C. Alerechi University of Port Harcourt The Ikwere language is spoken in four out of the twenty-three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State of Nigeria, namely, Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Emohua and Ikwerre LGAs. Like Kana, Kalabari and Ekpeye, it is one of the major languages of Rivers State of Nigeria used in broadcasting in the electronic media. The Ikwere language is classified asan Igboid language of the West Benue-Congo family of the Niger-Congo phylum of languages (Williamson 1988: 67, 71, Williamson & Blench 2000: 31). This paper treats consonant substi- tution in the speech of the Ikwere child. It demonstrates that children use of a language can contribute to the divergent nature of that language as they always strive for simplification of the target language. Using simple descriptive method of data analysis, the paper identifies the various substitutions of consonant sounds, which characterize the Ikwere children’s ut- terances. It stresses that the substitutions are regular and rule governed and hence implies the operation of some phonological processes. Some of the processes are strengthening and weakening of consonants, loss of suction of labial implosives causing them to become labial plosives, devoicing of voiced consonants, etc. While some of these processes are identical with the adult language, others are peculiar to children, demonstrating the relationships between the phonological processes in both forms of speech. It is worthy of note that high- lighting the relationships and differences will make for effective communication between children and adults. 1 Introduction The Ikwere language is spoken in four out of the twenty-three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State of Nigeria, namely, Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor, Emohua and Ik- werre LGAs.
    [Show full text]
  • Locutour Guide to Letters, Sounds, and Symbols
    LOCUTOUROUR® Guide to Letters, Sounds, and Symbols LOCUTOUR ABEL LASSIFICATION LACE OR RTICULATION PELLED AS XAMPLES S PELLINGP E L L I N G L C P A IPA S E Consonants p bilabial plosive voiceless lips /p/ p, pp pit, puppy b bilabial plosive voiced lips /b/ b, bb bat, ebb t lingua-alveolar plosive voiceless tongue tip + upper gum ridge /t/ t, ed, gth, th, tt, tw tan, tipped, tight, thyme, attic, two d lingua-alveolar plosive voiced tongue tip + upper gum ridge /d/ d, dd, ed dad, ladder, bagged k lingua-velar plosive voiceless back of tongue and soft palate /k/ c, cc, ch, ck cab, occur, school, duck que, k mosque, kit g lingua-velar plosive voiced back of tongue and soft palate /g/ g, gg, gh, gu, gue hug, bagged, Ghana, guy, morgue f labiodental fricative voiceless lower lip + upper teeth /f/ f, ff , gh, ph feet, fl u uff, enough, phone v labiodental fricative voiced lower lip + upper teeth /v/ v, vv, f, ph vet, savvy, of, Stephen th linguadental fricative voiceless tongue + teeth /T/ th thin th linguadental fricative voiced tongue + teeth /D/ th, the them, bathe s lingua-alveolar fricative voiceless tongue tip + upper gum ridge or /s/ s, ss, sc, ce, ci, sit, hiss, scenic, ace, city tongue tip + lower gum ridge cy, ps, z cycle, psychology, pizza z lingua-alveolar fricative voiced tongue tip + upper gum ridge or /z/ z, zz, s, ss, x, cz Zen, buzz, is, scissors, tongue tip + lower gum ridge Xerox, czar sh linguapalatal fricative voiceless tongue blade and hard palate /S/ sh, ce, ch, ci, sch, si, sheep, ocean, chef, glacier, kirsch ss, su,
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic and English Consonants: a Phonetic and Phonological Investigation
    Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 Vol. 6 No. 6; December 2015 Flourishing Creativity & Literacy Australian International Academic Centre, Australia Arabic and English Consonants: A Phonetic and Phonological Investigation Mohammed Shariq College of Science and Arts, Methnab, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected] Doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.146 Received: 18/07/2015 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.146 Accepted: 15/09/2015 Abstract This paper is an attempt to investigate the actual pronunciation of the consonants of Arabic and English with the help of phonetic and phonological tools like manner of the articulation, point of articulation, and their distribution at different positions in Arabic and English words. A phonetic and phonological analysis of the consonants of Arabic and English can be useful in overcoming the hindrances that confront the Arab EFL learners. The larger aim is to bring about pedagogical changes that can go a long way in improving pronunciation and ensuring the occurrence of desirable learning outcomes. Keywords: Phonetics, Phonology, Pronunciation, Arabic Consonants, English Consonants, Manner of articulation, Point of articulation 1. Introduction Cannorn (1967) and Ekundare (1993) define phonetics as sounds which is the basis of human speech as an acoustic phenomenon. It has a source of vibration somewhere in the vocal apparatus. According to Varshney (1995), Phonetics is the scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds. It studies the medium of spoken language. On the other hand, Phonology concerns itself with the evolution, analysis, arrangement and description of the phonemes or meaningful sounds of a language (Ramamurthi, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • THE STUDENTS' MASTERY in PRONOUNCING ENGLISH PLOSIVE CONSONANT [P, T, K, B, D, G]
    THE STUDENTS’ MASTERY IN PRONOUNCING ENGLISH PLOSIVE CONSONANT [p, t, k, b, d, g] (An Error Analysis of the Fifth Semester Students of English Department of UNNES in the Academic Year 2008/2009) a final project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in English by Andi Retna Jaya 2201404524 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I wish to express my gratitude to ALLAH S.W.T the Almighty, for the blessing, inspiration and spirit given to me during the accomplishment of my final project. Then, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Drs. Amir Sisbiyanto, M. Hum., my first advisor, for giving me guidance and suggestion during the completion of this final project. I would also like to express my greatest appreciation to Drs. Alim Sukrisno, M. A., my second advisor, for his patience and willingness to guide and correct my final project carefully and thoroughly. Moreover, I would like to express my deep indebtedness to the chairperson of the board of examination, the secretary of the examination, and the team of examiners, especially examiner one for his most valuable suggestion, criticism, and corrections. My special honor goes to the head of the English Department and to all the lecturers in the English Department of Semarang State University for sharing lots of valuable knowledge. My special gratitude also goes to my friend Mike Wira Pratiwi, Aprilian Iryani, and also my beloved friend Iska Adiesti. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved family and friends for their love and support given to me.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Characteristics of Oral and Nasal Air Flow During Plosive
    Some Characteristics of Oral and Nasal Air Flow During Plosive Consonant Production FLOYD W. EMANUEL, PH.D. DONALD T. COUNIHAN, PH.D. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma There are little available data concerning the oral and nasal air flow rates that occur in plosive consonants. Isshiki and Ringel (11) reported mean measures of combined oral and nasal air volume expended in the production of normal plosives while Van Hattum and Worth (18) de- scribed the total oral air volume used by normal speakers in selected plosive consonants. Subtelny and associates (17) reported peak oral flow rates for a single plosive, /p/. Yanagihara and Hyde (24) describe the maximum nasal flow rate during production of bilabial plosives. These studies did not, however, report for a substantial number of normal- speaking subjects the peak oral and simultaneous nasal flow rates during plosives. Such data appear to be useful in understanding the aerody- namics of plosive production. The present investigation was concerned with the measurement of oral and nasal air flows that are associated with the utterance of plosive consonants by normal speakers. This study was undertaken not only because such information is basic to an understanding of normal speech, but also because it is relevant to an understanding of articulation dis- turbances that result from deficiencies in oral breath stream regulation. It was anticipated that data derived from normal speakers would pro- vide baseline information against which the performance of subjects with velar pathology might be compared. Method SuBrEcTs. Young normal adults, twenty-five male and twenty-five female, were selected as subjects from among volunteers locally availa- ble.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (Revised to 2015)
    THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2015 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close Bilabial Bilabial Examples: Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial Close-mid (Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar Palatoalveolar Velar Velar Open-mid Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative OTHER SYMBOLS Open Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive Long Half-long DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. Extra-short Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental Minor (foot) group Voiced Creaky voiced Apical Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal Syllable break More rounded Labialized Nasalized Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release TONES AND WORD ACCENTS Advanced Velarized Lateral release LEVEL CONTOUR Extra Retracted Pharyngealized No audible release or high or Rising High Falling Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized High Mid rising Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) Low Low rising Syllabic Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- low falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root Downstep Global rise Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Upstep Global fall Typeface: Doulos SIL .
    [Show full text]
  • Consonants ROACH
    THE PHONEME 1. The phoneme When we speak, we produce a continuous stream of sounds. In studying speech we divide this stream into small pieces that we call segments . The word ‘man’ is pronounced with a first segment mmm, a second segment æææ and a third segment nnn. Just as there is an abstract alphabet as the basis of our writing, so there is an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech. These units are called phonemes , and the complete set of these units is called the phonemic system of the language. Free variation & complementary distribution The phonemes themselves are abstract, but there are many slightly different ways in which we make the sounds that represent these phonemes, just as there are many ways in which we may make a mark on a piece of paper to represent a particular (abstract) letter of the alphabet. Whenever we hear, for example, two different ways of making a bbb, we speak of two different realisations of the phoneme. Since one can be substituted for the other without changing the meaning; the two realisations are said to be in free variation . On another hand, when we talk about different realisations of phonemes, we sometimes call these realisations allophones . For example, we find that the realisation of ttt in the word ‘tea’ is aspirated (as are all voiceless plosives when they occur before stressed vowels at the beginning of syllables). In the word ‘eat’, the realisation of ttt is unaspirated (as are all voiceless plosives when they occur at the end of a syllable and are not followed by a vowel).
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Sounds of Language: Consonants
    Week 2. Instructor: Neal Snape ([email protected]) 2 The sounds of language: Consonants PHONETICS: The science of human speech sounds; describing sounds by grouping sounds into classes - similarities distinguishing sounds - differences SOUNDS: CONSONANTS & VOWELS (GLIDES) - defined by the constriction of the air channel CONSONANTS: Sounds made by constricting the airflow from the lungs. - defined by: the PLACE of articulation (where is the sound made?) and the MANNER of articulation (How is the sound made?) PLACE: Bilabial: [p, b, m] both lips Labio-dental: [f, v] lip & teeth Dental: [†, ∂] tongue tip & teeth Alveolar: [t, d, s, z, l, r, n] tongue tip & AR* Palato-alveolar: [ß, Ω, ß, Ω] tongue blade & AR/ hard palate Palatal: [j] tongue (front) & hard palate Velar: [k, g, Ñ] tongue (back) & velum Labio-velar: [w] lips & tongue (back) & velum Glottal: [h, ÷] vocal cords (glottis) * AR = alveolar ridge MANNER: Plosives: [p, b, t, d, k, g, ÷] closure Fricatives: [f, v, †, ∂, s, z, ß, Ω, h] friction Affricates: [ß,Ω] combination Nasals: [m, n, Ñ] nasal cavity Liquid: [l, r] partly blocked Glides: [w, j] vowel-like 1 Manner of articulation is about how the sound is produced. It is divided into two types: obstruents (obstruction the air-stream causing the heightened air- pressure) and sonorants (no increase of the air-pressure). Then, each of them is further divided into as follows: Manners of articulation Obstruents Sonorants Stops Fricatives Affricates Nasals Approximants (closure → release) (friction) (closure → friction) (through nose) (partial block + free air-stream) Liquids Glides Rhotics Laterals (through center (through sides of tongue) of tongue) Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetic Analysis of Clicks, Plosives and Implosives of Isixhosa: a Preliminary Report
    Phonetic Analysis of Clicks, Plosives and Implosives of IsiXhosa: A Preliminary Report MIHOKO WHEELER University of Florida and University of Central Florida [email protected] Abstract: This pilot study examined the effectiveness of locus equations in differentiating places of articulation among stop consonants (clicks, plosives and implosives) in IsiXhosa in the context of the vowel /a/. The results obtained showed that the slope values for the dental and the postalveolar clicks are similar and shallower than that of the lateral click. Velar stops (plosives, implosives and ejectives) exhibited a steeper slope than either the bilabial or the dental stops. These results suggest that locus equations may be effective at distinguishing places of articulation for a variety of stop consonants. 1. Introduction IsiXhosa is a language spoken in South Africa that uses 18 clicks (three places and six manners of articulation). This paper is a pilot study of the acoustic properties differentiating place or articulation of clicks and plosives in isiXhosa in the context of the following low vowel: /a/. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Background of isiXhosa IsiXhosa is a member of the Nguni languages, which belong to a large family of languages called Bantu, named by the German linguist, Wilhelm Bleek, from the word for ‘people’ (Niesler et al. 2005: 460, Pinnock 1998: 5). The language is one of the few Bantu languages that use clicks, and clicks are viewed as the features of earlier languages (Herbert 1990). According to the 2011 census (Statistics South Africa, 2012), it is a statutory national language of South Africa, and there are over 8.15 million native speakers.
    [Show full text]