Le Mouvement Coopératif Au Coeur Du Xxie Siècle

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Le Mouvement Coopératif Au Coeur Du Xxie Siècle © 2001 – Presses de l’Université du Québec Édifice Le Delta I, 2875, boul. Laurier, bureau 450, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 2M2 • Tél. : (418) 657-4399 – www.puq.uquebec.ca Tiré de : Le mouvement coopératif au cœur du XXIe siècle, sous la dir. de A.-G. Gagnon et J.-P. Girard, ISBN 2-7605-1140-5 PRESSES DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC Le Delta I, 2875, boulevard Laurier, bureau 450 Sainte-Foy (Québec) G1V 2M2 Téléphone : (418) 657-4399 • Télécopieur : (418) 657-2096 Courriel : [email protected] • Internet : www.puq.uquebec.ca Distribution : CANADA et autres pays DISTRIBUTION DE LIVRES UNIVERS S.E.N.C. 845, rue Marie-Victorin, Saint-Nicolas (Québec) G7A 3S8 Téléphone : (418) 831-7474 / 1-800-859-7474 • Télécopieur : (418) 831-4021 FRANCE SUISSE DIFFUSION DE L’ÉDITION QUÉBÉCOISE GM DIFFUSION SA 30, rue Gay-Lussac, 75005 Paris, France Rue d’Etraz 2, CH-1027 Lonay, Suisse Téléphone : 33 1 43 54 49 02 Téléphone : 021 803 26 26 Télécopieur : 33 1 43 54 39 15 Télécopieur : 021 803 26 29 La Loi sur le droit d’auteur interdit la reproduction des œuvres sans autorisation des titulaires de droits. Or, la photocopie non autorisée – le « photocopillage » – s’est généralisée, provoquant une baisse des ventes de livres et compromettant la rédaction et la production de nouveaux ouvrages par des professionnels. L’objet du logo apparaissant ci-contre est d’alerter le lecteur sur la menace que représente pour l’avenir de l’écrit le développement massif du « photocopillage ». © 2001 – Presses de l’Université du Québec Édifice Le Delta I, 2875, boul. Laurier, bureau 450, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 2M2 • Tél. : (418) 657-4399 – www.puq.uquebec.ca Tiré de : Le mouvement coopératif au cœur du XXIe siècle, sous la dir. de A.-G. Gagnon et J.-P. Girard, ISBN 2-7605-1140-5 Sous la direction de Alain-G. Gagnon et Jean-Pierre Girard avec la collaboration de Stéphan Gervais Préface d’Alban D’Amours 2001 Presses de l’Université du Québec Le Delta I, 2875, boul. Laurier, bur. 450 Sainte-Foy (Québec) Canada G1V 2M2 © 2001 – Presses de l’Université du Québec Édifice Le Delta I, 2875, boul. Laurier, bureau 450, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 2M2 • Tél. : (418) 657-4399 – www.puq.uquebec.ca Tiré de : Le mouvement coopératif au cœur du XXIe siècle, sous la dir. de A.-G. Gagnon et J.-P. Girard, ISBN 2-7605-1140-5 Données de catalogage avant publication (Canada) Vedette principale au titre : Le mouvement coopératif au cœur du XXIe siècle Comprend des réf. bibliogr. et un index. Comprend du texte en anglais. ISBN 2-7605-1140-5 1. Coopératives. 2. Coopération. 3. Mouvement des caisses Desjardins. 4. Coopératives – Aspect social. 5. Coopératives – Québec (Province). 6. Coppératives – Amérique du Nord. I. Girard, Jean-Pierre, 1958- . II. Gagnon, Alain-G., 1960- . HD2963.M68 2001 33.4 C2001-941103-0 Nous reconnaissons l’aide financière du gouvernement du Canada par l’entremise du Programme d’aide au développement de l’industrie de l’édition (PADIÉ) pour nos activités d’édition. Révision linguistique: ROBERT PARÉ Mise en pages : CARACTÉRA PRODUCTION GRAPHIQUE INC. Couverture: RICHARD HODGSON 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PUQ 2001 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction et d’adaptation réservés © 2001 Presses de l’Université du Québec Dépôt légal – 4e trimestre 2001 Bibliothèque nationale du Québec / Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Imprimé au Canada © 2001 – Presses de l’Université du Québec Édifice Le Delta I, 2875, boul. Laurier, bureau 450, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 2M2 • Tél. : (418) 657-4399 – www.puq.uquebec.ca Tiré de : Le mouvement coopératif au cœur du XXIe siècle, sous la dir. de A.-G. Gagnon et J.-P. Girard, ISBN 2-7605-1140-5 PRÉFACE Le XXIe siècle obligera les coopératives à relever plusieurs défis impor- tants. La mondialisation des marchés, qui s’est accélérée à la fin du XXe siècle, a changé la donne sur les plans de l’intensité de la concurrence et des exigences financières qui sous-tendent le développement futur des entre- prises. D’autres facteurs, comme le développement rapide des techno- logies ou l’évolution des besoins et des habitudes des consommateurs, ajoutent à la nouvelle complexité que doivent affronter désormais toutes les entreprises, qu’elles soient privées, publiques ou collectives. Les coopératives sont, au même titre que tous les autres types d’entreprises, confrontées au défi de leur pérennité dans une économie de marché qui, comme on le sait, ne leur accorde pas de traitement de faveur. Mais la pression exercée par un environnement financier adapté en premier lieu aux entreprises à capitalisation boursière détermine pour elles un défi supplémentaire: la préservation de leur identité propre de coopératives. LE DÉFI DE L’AUTHENTICITÉ COOPÉRATIVE La formule coopérative est aujourd’hui remise en question. Nous assis- tons en effet, dans les domaines de l’assurance, de l’agroalimentaire et des services financiers, à une véritable vague de démutualisations, qui touche plusieurs pays, le nôtre y compris. abcd © 2001 – Presses de l’Université du Québec Édifice Le Delta I, 2875, boul. Laurier, bureau 450, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 2M2 • Tél. : (418) 657-4399 – www.puq.uquebec.ca Tiré de : Le mouvement coopératif au cœur du XXIe siècle, A.-G. Gagnon et J.-P. Girard (dir.), ISBN 2-7605-1140-5 VIII LE MOUVEMENT COOPÉRATIF AU CŒUR DU XXIe SIÈCLE On convertit ainsi d’importantes entreprises à propriété collective en sociétés à capital-actions parce qu’on est convaincu que cette conver- sion est devenue nécessaire dans les conditions actuelles, où la formule mutualiste ou coopérative serait devenue un handicap. Alimentés par cette nouvelle réalité, des doutes sont exprimés de plus en plus souvent sur la capacité des coopératives de se développer dans le nouvel environnement économique qui se met en place. On s’interroge ouvertement sur leur capacité de continuer d’être solidaires et de partager encore, pour l’avenir, des objectifs collectifs. On doute de leur capacité de se faire aussi inventives dans l’avenir qu’elles ont su l’être jusqu’à maintenant pour assurer leur croissance. Heureusement, il existe un grand nombre de coopérateurs, au Québec comme ailleurs dans le monde, que l’expression de ces doutes n’ébranle pas. Elle stimule au contraire leur fierté et leur motivation à faire de leur coopérative une réussite. Aux yeux des coopérateurs convaincus, les démutualisations sont autant de dépossessions. On détruit par elles des remparts économiques que plusieurs générations avaient patiemment érigés et on prive ainsi les collectivités d’un outil qui aurait pu leur permettre de lutter contre les effets négatifs de la mondialisation. Les démutualisations sont à leurs yeux autant de dilapidations du patrimoine collectif susceptibles d’avoir des retombées à long et très long termes, au profit d’un actionnariat dont on espère qu’il sera rentable individuellement à court terme. Il n’est donc pas question pour eux de s’engager dans une telle avenue. LE CAPITAL Le défi de la capitalisation n’en est pas moins majeur pour les coopéra- tives, qui, en vertu de leur structure de propriété, ont plus difficilement accès au capital. Dans le monde coopératif, cette problématique par- ticulière a d’ailleurs fait l’objet de nombreux forums nationaux et internationaux au cours des dernières années. La question requiert, effectivement, analyse et échange d’expériences. Mais l’histoire du mouvement coopératif n’a-t-elle pas prouvé que les coopératives savent faire preuve d’inventivité dans les situations qui le requièrent? Les grands groupes coopératifs – au Québec, Desjardins et les grandes coopératives agricoles – ont amplement fait la preuve, par des solutions originales au problème du capital (parts permanentes, dében- tures subordonnées, ristournes sous forme de parts privilégiées), qu’il est possible, pour une coopérative qui le veut, de se doter des outils qui lui permettent de croître dans une économie de marché, sans pour autant se © 2001 – Presses de l’Université du Québec Édifice Le Delta I, 2875, boul. Laurier, bureau 450, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 2M2 • Tél. : (418) 657-4399 – www.puq.uquebec.ca Tiré de : Le mouvement coopératif au cœur du XXIe siècle, A.-G. Gagnon et J.-P. Girard (dir.), ISBN 2-7605-1140-5 PRÉFACE IX dénaturer et tout en poursuivant sa mission de service aux membres. L’avenir des coopératives au XXIe siècle sera donc assuré dans la mesure où elles sauront toujours faire preuve de la créativité nécessaire sur ce plan. Si le progrès futur des coopératives passe obligatoirement par des pratiques permettant l’enrichissement de leur capital, la qualité du lien entre la coopérative et ses membres jouera dès lors un rôle important. Les membres qui constateront une correspondance réelle entre les pra- tiques et les valeurs professées par la coopérative et qui auront voix au chapitre, non seulement à titre d’usagers des services, mais aussi à titre de propriétaires de la coopérative, feront plus volontiers preuve de loyauté envers cette dernière. Ils généreront plus naturellement un volume de transactions permettant de dégager un meilleur rendement. Ils seront aussi plus susceptibles de répondre positivement à de futurs appels de capital. L’intensité de la vie coopérative et la capitalisation entretiennent ainsi un rapport étroit – un rapport dont la qualité sera garante de l’avenir des coopératives. DES MESURES DE PERFORMANCE QUI ÉCHAPPENT AUX COOPÉRATIVES La « différence coopérative » souffre également aujourd’hui d’une cer- taine standardisation des pratiques entraînée par le triomphe sans par- tage de l’économie de marché. Le monde capitaliste exerce par exemple beaucoup de pression pour ramener l’évaluation de la performance à des ratios exclusivement financiers.
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