HIGHLY EFFICIENT TERAHERTZ DEVICES FOR NANO-ELECTRONICS QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-09-16-2021

IMEP-LAHC, CNRS, Chambéry, France Post-doctoral position in Highly efficient Terahertz devices for Nano-Electronics Quantum Technology We are seeking for a post- doctoral fellow in the frame of the project STEPforQubits (Short TeraHertz Electrical Pulses for Qubits) funded by the french ANR agency.

Context: The most recent developments of quantum electronic circuits made from 2D electron gas (2DEG) will make possible the demonstration of novel and fundamental experiments such as electron “quantum optics” experiments where single electron would behave as a single photon emitted in a quantum optical system [1]. However, in order to perform such fascinating experiments, it is required to excite, control and detect single electrons within a time-scale well below the nanosecond range. For that, we intend to use ultrafast optoelectronics as a generation technique of picosecond electrical pulses and to associate it with quantum electronics in 2DEG circuits. Today, the use of femtosecond lasers allows for the generation of electrical pulses with duration lower than a picosecond and frequency components in the THz range. This technique is commonly based on GaAs photoconductive switches and it is routinely used for THz experiment [2]. However, to our knowledge, it has never been successfully applied to the study of quantum electronic circuits. Hence, in this project we would like to build a new technological approach for quantum-technology by integrating quantum 2DEG circuits with highly efficient optoelectronic devices capable of generating picosecond electrical pulses with on-demand duration and amplitude. Objectives of the postdoctoral fellowship: The research work is focused on the development and experimental characterization of a new class of highly efficient photoconductive devices based on GaAs technology. The design of the component takes advantage of nano-photonic and plasmonic techniques in order to increase its efficiency [3]. After assessment of their performances, the devices will be co-integrated with a 2DEG circuit in order to demonstrate a first quantum experiment. Then,further developments toward new functionalities of the photoconductive devices will be addressed. Collaboration and networking : The research will be done by the group PHOTO at IMEP-LAHC, University Savoie Mont-Blanc in Chambéry in collaboration with the group QuantECA in the Neel Institute, CNRS in Grenoble . Both groups enjoy international renown in their discipline. They are fully equipped with high speed electronics, lasers, THz benches, cryogenic instrumentation, clean room and nanofabrication facilities. Required profile: We are looking for a post graduate researcher with a PhD in Physics, Optics or Electronics. A previous experience in experimental THz optics, ultrafast laser science, integrated optics or optoelectronics will be of advantage. The successful post-doctoral fellow should have a background in at least one of the following fields: THz optics, ultrafast optics, optoelectronics, semiconductors components. The candidate should have demonstrated his-her ability for interdisciplinary collaboration with researchers and a corresponding track record of publications. To apply for this position, please send your application as one single PDF file to Dr. J. F. Roux (see coordinates below). The application should contain a motivation letter including a short exposé with an outline of your research interests, CV, Master and PhD certificates and 2 reference contacts. Foreseen start for the position: autumn 2021 Net Salary (after taxes): Approximatively 2000 € per month Duration:18 months Contact :Dr. Jean-Francois ROUX, [email protected] [1] Bauerle et al. 2018 Rep. Prog. Phys. 81 056503 [2] Eusebe et al. 2005 JAP 98, 033711 [3] Georgiou et al. ArXiV: 2001.01341

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-09-16-2021 Contact : [email protected] LOW TEMPERATURE SEMICONDUCTOR LAYER TRANSFER FOR 3D SEQUENTIAL INTEGRATION: MATERIALS PHYSICS AND ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCES (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-CMNE-06-16-2021

Low temperature semiconductor layer transfer for 3D sequential integration: materials physics and electrical performances

The fabrication of integrated circuits with multiple stacked transistor layers, or sequential 3D integration, allows for ultra-dense vertical connectivity, tackling wire delay problems and increase the number of transistors per unit area without requiring costly feature size reduction. A major challenge for 3D sequential integration is that it requires limiting the thermal budget of top layer devices processing to ensure the stability of the bottom layer devices. At LETI, we are developing different alternatives to obtain the top Si layer “substrate” at low temperature (LT). To understand the physics and qualify the performances of LT substrates, a pertinent electrical characterization method is needed. With this in mind, we have recently developed a new test vehicle configured as a double-gate pseudo-MOSFET structure (DG-ΨMOSFET [SSE 2021 and INFOS 2021]), and demonstrate the pertinence of this device for parameter extraction of SOI. In another recently accepted communication [VLSI 2021] we report excellent electrical results with advanced devices integrated on a first generation of LTSOI. These preliminary studies set the basis for the thesis. The work will rely on two major aspects: (i) deliver a complete understanding of the new DG-ΨMOSFET device behavior and adapted electrical parameters extraction, and; (ii) use the electrical vehicle, and complementary physical characterization methods, to understand the materials physics for 3D substrate level integration and its compatibility with devices integration. The work is organized such as the fabrication and physical characterization of the substrates and devices will be done in CEA- LETI. The electrical characterization of the devices will be done in IMEP-LaHC. CEA-LETI, in Grenoble, capital of the french alps, is an institute dedicated to applied research in micro- and nano- technologies, information technologies and technologies for healthcare. LETI is the privileged interface between industry and academia. Through research programs using worl-leading technology patforms, it ensures the development and industrial transfer of innovative technologies in a wide range of sectors. IMEP-LaHC, is a « unité mixte de recherche » (CNRS / Grenoble INP / UGA / Université Savoie Mont Blanc) of 110 people strongly committed in research activities related to micro- and nano-electronics, microphotonics, micro- and nano-systems, microwaves and microwave-photonics. Requested skills: the candidate must have good knowledge on semiconductor materials and device physics, an experience on technological process, on electrical parameter extraction is a plus. She/he must be curious, self-motivated and autonomous, in order to fully benefit from this collaborative thesis in a highly technological environment. Contacts: Shay Reboh ([email protected]) Irina Ionica ([email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-CMNE-06-16-2021 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATED PHOTONIC SENSOR ON GLASS FOR DETECTING BACTERIAL VIABILITY IN POLLUTED WATER (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-04-07-2021

Sujet de thèse pour contrat doctoral fléché EEATS Integrated photonic sensor on glass for detecting bacterial viability in polluted water The adverse effects of technological and industrial accidents on health and environment lead public authorities and the private sector to develop solutions able to measure the generated pollution. The fire of the Lubrizol factory in Rouen has for instance highlighted that the currently available techniques are slow. Indeed, it took several days to analyze the first samples of contaminated water and soil. The development of portable and robust sensors able to characterize the toxicity of pollutants in real time in a liquid phase is therefore a major challenge. Solutions based on a functionalization of the detection region are in general proposed. However, exploiting chromogenic markers, expensive and potentially dangerous for the environment¹ greatly penalizes the durability and the environmental footprint of those detectors. The objective is therefore to design an integrated sensor that is robust, easy to clean and that does not require any functionalization of the sensitive region. In this context, the IMEP-LaHC, specialist of integrated photonic²,³ and optofluidic devices4, has teamed up with laboratories offering complementary skills. The goal is to propose an integrated solution based on a detection of bacterial viability, where bacteria play the role of sentinels for pollution of the analysed medium. Specialists in microbiology (laboratories LMSM, IGE, COBRA) and integrated sensors (IMEP-LaHC, G2Elab) compose the consortium. The ambition is to develop a solution on a glass substrate, well known and widely exploited by biologists, thanks to its mechanical and chemical robustness. The sensor will co-integrate two detection functions, optical and electrical. They will measure independently and redundantly the viability of bacterial solutions contaminated with pollutants. The goal of this PhD is to work on the design and optimization of the optical sensing function. The innovative approach will exploit the advantages of integrated optics on glass and the dielectrophoresis (DEP). A set of electrodes integrated on the sensor will allow applying a dielectrophoresis force, trapping bacteria to be sensed without exploiting any additional functionalization technique. To obtain this goal, the three following points will be addressed during the PhD:

Design of a DEP function trapping the bacteria in vicinity of the optical signal. It will deal with the tailoring of the 2D (or even 3D) geometry of electrodes allowing the control of the electric field gradients. Sort bacteria according to their viability. The intensity and the direction of the DEP force depend on many parameters such as the frequency of the electrical signal, the permittivity of the medium and the particles as well as the shape of the latter. An equivalent electromagnetic model of bacteria will be defined to exploit those effects and spatially separate viable a nonviable cells. The PhD student will also work on the experimental validation of the model, exploiting polystyrene micro beads displaced by DEP. Model and optimize electromagnetic interaction of a guided optical signal with bacteria trapped on the surface of a waveguide. The study will identify and treat the parameters affecting thoverlap between the optical signal and the cellular model. ------1 Barik, A., Otto, L. M., Yoo, D., Jose, J., Johnson, T. W., & Oh, S. H. (2014). Dielectrophoresis- enhanced plasmonic sensing with gold nanohole arrays. Nano letters, 14(4), 2006-2012. 2 Broquin, J. E. (2007). Glass integrated optics: state of the art and position toward other technologies.In Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XI (Vol. 6475, p. 647507). International Society for Optics and Photonics. 3 Jordan, E., Geoffray, F., Bouchard, A., Ghibaudo, E., & Broquin, J. E. (2015). Development of Tl+/Na+ ion-exchanged single-mode waveguides on silicate glass for visible-blue wavelengths applications. Ceramics International, 41(6), 7996-8001. 4 Allenet, T., Geoffray, F., Bucci, D., Canto, F., Moisy, P., & Broquin, J. E. (2019). Microsensing of plutonium with a glass optofluidic device. Optical Engineering, 58(6), 060502. ------The detection limit and the reliability of the optical sensor are key points to be considered, too. The work will thus include:

Designing the interaction surfaces between the optical signal and bacteria and calculating the refractive index change due to the variation of bacterial concentration. Choosing the best approach among different interferometric functions, to compensate the drifts of the bacteria nutrient medium. Determining the goals for the optimal choice of the working point and the linearity range of the sensor.

The work to be done in the PhD will also include a microfabrication challenge, related to the cointegration of optical, electric and microfluidic functions on the same glass substrate. The work will thus lead to a final task of integration and characterization of a complete device by means of microbeads simulating the dielectric behaviour of bacteria. A strong ambition is to build a prototype that will allow the first tests with environmental samples in collaboration with the laboratories of the consortium. To successfully complete the PhD, the student will work during the first year on the theoretical background of integrated photonics and DEP. A bibliographic study will notably be carried-out to review the state of the art of integrated bacterial sensing. Training on microfabrication tools in clean room and on simulation softwares will be scheduled, too. The goal will be to calculate the interaction of the DEP forces and/or the optical signal with bacterial models. The second year will start with the fabrication of the first prototypes, co-integrating DEP electrodes and optical functions. This will require training on the photonic characterization techniques available at the IMEP-LaHC. Those first prototypes will be sent to the partner laboratories, to validate the detection principle on biological samples. The feedback will be useful to optimize the design of the interferometric function. The cointegration of the three functions (electrical, optical and microfluidic) will be tackled between the second and the third year. The third year of the PhD will be devoted to the fabrication and calibration of a final prototype, in partnership with our colleagues specialists in biochemistry. The final PhD manuscript and publications associated to the work will then be written. This PhD subject has been considered as a priority by the scientific council of the laboratory and the EEATS doctoral school. The subject has thus been highlighted as a “sujet fléché” by the doctoral school, which means that it is given priority in the allocation of a doctoral PhD research grant. PhD supervisor (70%): Elise GHIBAUDO [email protected] - 04 56 52 95 31 Co-supervisor (30%): Davide BUCCI [email protected] - 04 56 52 95 39

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-04-07-2021 Contact : [email protected] DYNAMIC SENSING METHODS USING MICROELECTRONIC DEVICES: FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW ‘DYNAMIC’ SENSOR (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-CMNE-03-26-2021

Dynamic sensing methods using microelectronic devices: from an experimental exploration to the development of a new ‘dynamic’ sensor

Deadline for application: the 1st of June 2021, beginning of contract: the 1st of Oct. 2021

Laboratory / group: IMEP-LAHC/CMNE Advisors: - Christoforos THEODOROU ([email protected]) - Irina IONICA ([email protected]) In the wide family of the bio-chemical sensors, the ISFETs (Ion Sensing Field Effect Transistors) occupy a place of honor thanks to their multiple advantages, for example in terms of miniaturization, sensitivity, co- integration with reading circuitry etc [1]. The working principle of such a device is based on the shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor, due to the intentional addition of charges-to-be-detected in the proximity of its channel [1]. The resulting conductivity modulation is then measured in (quasi)- static conditions, in which externally applied bias are slow enough and the device is assumed at equilibrium at every measurement point. This is the principle of the so-called ‘charge-based sensors’ (CBS). Despite their certain advantages and simplicity of operation, the CBS’ sensitivity is by definition limited by the amount of charge of the deposited particles with regards to the minimum detectable charge, which is in turn limited by the electrical parameters of the device and by biasing. Furthermore, the selectivity of CBS, i.e. the capacity of distinguishing between different types of particles, is almost non-existing (if the surface is not chemically functionalized), because many types of particles can have exactly the same amount of charge. To overcome these two drawbacks of CBS (minimum sensitivity and no selectivity), various alternative approaches have been suggested in the recent literature, having a core element in common: they all use dynamic effects, instead of static, as a means for detection. This thesis will address two main methods of dynamic sensing:

1. The ‘out-of-equilibrium potential’ method (co-developed by members of CMNE in IMEP-LAHC [2]): The interest of monitoring out-of-equilibrium instead of static current resides in the fact that the potential signature is very strong in a region where the current level is very small and noisy. This allows the creation of very low voltage/power sensors with potential sensitivity enhancement, thanks to the dynamic reading. The aim here will be to go from a simple proof- of-concept of such a response, to a realistic sensor design with improved figures of merit. From a more fundamental point of view the study involves a full understanding and modeling of the mechanisms that create the potential barriers at the contacts and that are responsible for the out-of-equilibrium response. This can be also an advantage for applications, since unlike most of the methods that need optimized ohmic contacts, for the out-ofequilibrium phenomena Schottky barriers provoke and enhance the potential response. 2. The ‘fluctuation-enhanced sensing’ (FES) method: This principle is based on the effects of dynamic interaction between device surface traps and electrons of deposited molecules, leading to a unique characteristic low-frequency noise spectrum for each sensing target [3], hence enabling the selectivity aspect in ISFET sensing. In other studies [4], a similar concept is used, taking advantage of the modulation in a trap’s occupancy and/or electrostatic impact. This thesis aims to re-examine in a systematic way the claims of these publications, clearly identify the advantages of FES against CBS in order to avoid misconceptions, and test the feasibility of FES for a variety of microelectronic devices,both in-home fabricated ones (such as Pseudo-MOSETs on SOI) and from collaborators (such as Nanowire/NanoNet/NanoRibbon FETs, Si Nanogauges). A whole new field of alternative sensing applications using noise or out- of-equilibrium effects as means of detection is open for exploration, while at the same time fundamental research around these phenomena is needed, in order to scientifically prove the feasibility and innovation of every approach. This thesis aims to respond to these challenges and showcase/propose the development of novel ‘dynamic’ sensors. Additionally, a real bench mark of these methods will allow identifying the strength and best applications of each one. The candidate must have a very good background in semiconductor physics and characterization of semiconductor devices. Knowledge of concepts in bio-chemical sensing will be a plus. The research will cover fabrication and functionalization, electrical characterization methods, as well as modeling and simulation aspects. The thesis will benefit from a rich collaboration environment and possibility of benchmark with wide variety of methods and devices. The candidate must have very good academic record, with high grades.

[1] N. Moser, et al, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2585920, P. Bergveld, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(02)00301-5 [2] L. Benea, et al, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3008133 [3] L. B. Kish et al, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2011.2105277, S. Rumyantsev, et al, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2251627 [4] J. Li, et al, https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5010724. Y. Kutovyi et al., https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03508

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-CMNE-03-26-2021 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATION OF SCALABLE ARRAYS OF QUANTUM DOTS ON SILICON (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0883

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0883 Contact : [email protected] FAST DETECTION OF AMR BACTERIA IN WATER THROUGH MID-IR IMAGING AND ISOTOPE PROBING (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0678

Currently the challenge is to develop automatic and non-invasive measurements to enhance early identification or diagnosis. The optical technologies are the label free methods to detect and identify the chemical composition of the sample. Infrared spectroscopy is a widespread and reliable method to obtain a spectral fingerprint of the sample based on absorption of Mid-IR light. An optical platform has been developed to measure the absorption of light through the sample, combining quantum cascade laser (QCL) and bolometer matrix. The objective of the thesis is to explore the potential of Mid-IR imaging and isotope probing to assess the bacteria antimicrobial resistance. The thesis will aim to create the biological protocol mixing the isotope probe and the constraints of infrared radiation, to carry out the images on several bacteria species, to implement the data processing algorithms in order to evaluate the relevance of this approach.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0678 Contact : [email protected] STUDY OF THE PERSISTENCE IN IR MCT IMAGING RETINA FOR EARTH OBSERVATION FROM SPACE (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0855

IR detection is a major stake for ongoing and future space science missions studying the atmosphere chemistry (for instance MicroCarb mission dealing with the measurement atmosphere CO2 concentration) and more generally for science imaging and sensing (for instance the ARIEL mission aiming at studying exoplanet atmospheres). IR detector is a major performance driver for such instruments. The most widely used technology relies on a sensitive layer made of HgCdTe, a narrow gap semiconductor, suitable for IR photon absorption. This sensitive layer is then hybridized onto a silicon read out integrated circuit (ROIC) for multiplexing and signal conditioning. This particular technology has been developed at CEA LETI then transferred to Lynred for qualification and production. The very high level of measurement precision of science missions requires an in depth study of all sources of detection performance degradation. Among various biases is the persistence phenomena: like the human eye looking at the sun, ghosts of previous images are sometime polluting detected images, thus degrading the instrument performance. This effect is most of the time attributed to the sensitive layer (often associated to charge trapping-detrapping phenomenon) and is difficult to calibrate. Ideally, we look for a way to suppress or at least minimize this effect, playing with fabrication parameters. This requires an important work to improve our understanding of the physical phenomenon involved in persistence. Within previous developments with CNES, LETI has built a measurement bench suitable for such fine characterisations. This work intend to study this effect on identification detectors, with regard to different detector fabrication variations. A second step will be to identify the most efficient technological solutions in collaboration with Lynred Company producing such detectors. Last but not the least the validation of the proposed solution shall be performed.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0855 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATION OF TERAHERTS III-V TRANSISTORS ON SILICON SUBSTRATE FOR SUBMILLIMETER WAVE APPLICATIONS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0796

Wireless technologies have advanced by leaps and bounds over the last several decades. Speeds have increased dramatically, connectivity has improved, and wireless network protocols, including Wi-fi and cellular, have become ubiquitous. Yet, despite a reasonnably fast, persitent wireless connection available in most parts of the world, today's wireless networks are still relatively limited in terms of how they can handle large volumes of data. The need for bandwith is growing and Terahertz communications, at frequencies of 300Ghz, could adress this problem. Multichip modules may present a possible solution to the mmW integration problem but at these frequencies, the lateral arrangement of chips on a carrier substrate comes at the cost of transmission line and contact losses. A preferred arrangement is the vertical 3D integration of mmW semiconductor devices or building blocs on top of the CMOS chip which could leverage the electrical specifications of the combined circuits.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0796 Contact : [email protected] COMPACT AND EFFICIENT POWER CONVERTERS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR SUPPLY-MODULATED RF POWER AMPLIFIERS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0846

The PhD objective is to explore compact and efficient power converter topology integrated nearby RF power amplifier to enhance energy efficiency in 5G/6G context.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0846 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATED CIRCUITS TO ENHANCE THE PERFORMANCE OF RESISTIVE- BASED MEMORIES (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0859

The Phd objective is to explore fine and dynamic tuning circuit techniques, integrated nearby memory cells, to enhance the performance of RRAM.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0859 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATED CIRCUITS FOR ELECTROMECHANICAL TUNING OF MEMS DEVICES (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0837

The Phd objective is to explore electromechanical tuning techniques dynamically to modulate the resonant frequency and quality factor of electrically-coupled MEMS devices.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0837 Contact : [email protected] POLARIZATION SENSITIVE PIXELS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0588

For certain mass productions markets (automotive, industrial control, depth mapping etc…), polarization pixels could be useful. PhD will address this domain and weight pros and cons of current solutions. Differentiating from current competitors polarization sensors with Metal grids, the thesis project aims to explore new design/process to improve performances.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0588 Contact : [email protected] OPTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF RECEPTION COMPONENTS IN A 3D FMCW IMAGING SYSTEM (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0697

Capturing distance information from a scene is becoming a major asset for certain new applications. A typical example being facial recognition by a cell phone. Different techniques already exist with varying degrees of advantages and disadvantages. Within LETI / DOPT we are interested in several techniques and in particular that based on optical frequency modulation (FMCW). The suggested thesis is articulated around the optimization of the reception module of a miniaturized 3D FMCW imaging prototype. The work will be carried out on 3 optical components to be designed/ simulated and optimized in order to improve the final 3D imaging system. The candidate should have extensive knowledge in optics / simulation / instrumentation and laser interferometry.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0697 Contact : [email protected] AB INITIO SIMULATION FOR X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2020 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0665

Context: Photoemission Spectroscopy (PES) is the most powerful experimental technique to directly access the electronic structure of matter. X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) is common and useful to characterize the chemical composition of materials by detecting the energy level of core electron states. Recent XPS experiments performed at CEA-Leti show that the electron core levels in an alloy material with dopant are shifted systematically with the doping concentration and the alloy- mixing ratio. Such a fact suggests that XPS experiments may give more information on the local atomic structure other than the standard chemical composition. The XPS spectra can be simulated directly by ab initio methods, which helps to correlate the core-level shifts and local structures. Objectives and Tasks: This Ph.D. thesis is devoted to exploring the physical origin of the core-level shift by using a range from ab initio methods at different levels of theory, from density functional theory (DFT), many-body perturbation theories (GW), and quantum-chemistry approaches (coupled- cluster, configuration-interaction, and so on…). The second objective of the Ph.D. is to develop an efficient and reliable method to simulate XPS spectra, to interact with experimentalists internally in CEA-Leti. · Performing ab initio calculations. · Investigate and identify the physical origin of the core-level shift. · Propose and develop an efficient method to simulate XPS spectra. · Apply the developed method to the problems, the systems and experiments carried at CEA-Leti within a collaboration with experimentalists.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0665 Contact : [email protected] INTERCONNECTION OF ULTRA-THIN ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS IN STRETCHABLE FLEX FOR MEDICAL APPLICATION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0466

Developments in flexible systems integrating ultra-thin silicon components and sensors offer new perspectives of application to the medical world. Indeed, it is conceivable to functionalize wearable patches, which allow the monitoring of vital and/ or physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygenation of blood, body temperature etc... An important issue is the robustness of these systems under mechanical constraint. Depending on the location on the human body, the patch will have to endure more or less important stretches. The electrical interconnections in the flex with the silicon components, which are not stretchable will then be strongly stressed. The CEA- LETI has recently developed a generic wafer manufacturing process for flexible labels including thinned silicon components below 50 µm. However, the chosen flexible material was not stretchable. Within the framework of this thesis, new stretchable materials, robust and compatible with a wafer level integration will have to be identified. One of the objectives will also be the development of stretchable interconnection based on a biocompatible elastomer. This interconnection must be locally conductive and sufficiently adherent to support the patch manufacturing process and the maintenance of the chips throughout its use. The PhD student will take into account the developments of the CEA-Liten on an interconnection inspired by the structure of the legs of the gecko. Finally, with a view to reusing the added high-value components and improving the recyclability of the patch, this interconnection must also be repositionable and reusable.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0466 Contact : [email protected] MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF GE ON SI SEPARATED ABSORPTION SINGLE PHOTON AVALANCHE DIODES (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/01/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0477

Advanced optoelectronic devices such as the single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) are now widely employed in the fields of 3D imaging, camera assist, laser ranging and proximity. Next generation of SPAD will be devoted to time-of-flight 3D ranging and fast movement detection, notably for long LiDaR used in autonomous driving cars. The PhD work will consist in developing and exploiting home-made simulators for optoelectronic devices and more specifically, Ge separated absorption SPAD. In this type of sensors infrared light is absorbed in germanium and photogenerated carriers are transported into the silicon avalanche zone for signal amplification. A close understanding of the transport between the two materials is fundamental for optimization of the device. This will be done through simulation and calibrations of the models. First, process simulations of doping implantation, but also residual strain in the epitaxial Ge layer will be used to extract realistic doping profiles and hence inserted in the Monte Carlo (MC) code. Second, by using 3D particle MC simulation for solving the Boltzmann transport equation, the time behavior of different designs of Si- and Ge-based SPAD devices will be statistically analyzed in order to reduce the jitter and to enhance the photon detection probability. The MC technique is a unique tool to analyze single particle trajectories as well as the time evolution of terminal currents and voltages.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0477 Contact : [email protected] ELASTIC WAVE SENSORS FOR FIELD BIOLOGICAL DETECTION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0437

Monitoring of the sanitary quality of water becomes increasingly a public health issue. In this context, CEA-LETI is developping sensors to detect bacteria in liquid samples. Among the technologies under investigation, electromechanical elastic wave sensors appear as particularly promissing. The aim of this PhD is to evaluate the use of such components, initially developped for radiofrequency signal processing, to biological detection in liquid samples. More precisely, the PhD subject proposed aims in a first stage at analysing the biological structures we want to detect, their possible interactions with a sensors and the associated detection mechanisms which could be exploited. This will allow the design of suitable sensors, by selecting the type of resonator, the vibration mode leading to the highest sensitivity and compatible with operation in liquids, and a scheme for the electronic readout of the sensor output. The candidate will then fabricate prototypes in the CEA-LETI clean rooms and will functionalize them and evaluate their performance in the laboratory. Ultimately, the sensors will be adapted so that they can be integrated in a multi-sensors detection platform developped in parallel by the CEA-LETI teams.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0437 Contact : [email protected] QUALIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF GAN, INGAN AND ALGAN SURFACE STATES : (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0515

GaN-based µLEDs seem promising for augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) applications. Indeed, they would make it possible to produce screens with resolutions and luminances that had not yet been achieved. But these µLEDs suffer from a lower efficiency compared to their larger sibling. A commonly accepted explanation for this efficiency degradation lies in the existence of numerous surface defects induced by pixel singularization etching. The smaller the dimensions of the LED, the more important the surface defects play in the electro-optical behavior. Their presence, if they are shallow, can facilitate electrical injection, on the other hand if they are deep, they contribute to the degradation of the electro-optic performances of devices such as LED. This thesis aims to quantify and qualify the surface defects in GaN, InGaN and AlGaN that make up GaN-based µLEDs. The doctoral student will have to carry out by himself all the stages of realization of new components necessary for this study, starting with the design of the photolithography masks, the realization of all the technological steps and finally the electro-optical characterizations such as DLTS (Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy), DLOS (Deep Level Optical Spectroscopy) or photocurrent. At the end, the doctoral student will have to identify the surface defects that are the most limiting for the efficiency of LEDs and the most favorable to the injection of electrical carriers. The thesis will be carried out in close collaboration with Ph Ferrandis (thesis director) from Néel Institute (CNRS), N. Rochat (co-supervisor) from CEA Leti (PFNC Nano Characterization Platform) and David Vaufrey (supervisor) from CEA Leti (LCEM Emissive Device Laboratory). The thesis grant would be fully funded by the CEA Leti in Grenoble for a period of 3 years.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0515 Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFUNCTIONALIZED PHOTONIC CIRCUITS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0473

The identification and quantification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air is a crucial issue in many fields. The analysis of outdoor air makes it possible, for example, to monitor and control pollution linked to industry or motorway traffic. Likewise, the analysis of exhaled air allows the diagnosis of certain pathologies. This requires the ability to measure dozens of different VOCs at very low concentrations (ppb) in complex gas matrices. CEA Grenoble recently developed sensors using integrated silicon photonic circuits chemically functionalized by biomolecules capable of specifically capturing certain VOCs, similar to human olfaction. They are currently used for measuring odors. These biomimetic photonic sensors offer great potential in terms of miniaturization, improvement in sensitivity, multiplexing for the measurement of complex mixtures, and can be manufactured at low cost by methods derived from microelectronics. In particular, they make it possible to consider gas analyzes in situ and in real time. The thesis is positioned at the frontier of electronic noses and analytical systems and will aim at the design and instrumentation of an experimental device to improve the detection limit and identification. The thesis will be highly multidisciplinary and will include the design and characterization of integrated photonic circuits on wafers and chips, the design and characterization of microfluidic circuits, surface chemistry and biofunctionalization, as well as data analysis (classification, modeling, learning, etc…). We will explore certain applications at the end of the thesis, in particular on the analysis of exhaled air and the detection of atmospheric pollutants.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0473 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATION OF RF SWITCHES BASED ON CHALCOGENIDE PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0754

In order to meet the future needs of 5 / 6G cellular networks and SATCOM satellites, It is necessary to develop RF systems with higher performances and agility. In this context, new RF switch technologies based on chalcogenide phase change materials have gain strong attention as they promise to offer disruptive solutions to realize miniature and high speed reconfigurable RF circuits with low power consumption and that can be easily integrated with CMOS circuits. The objective of the PhD thesis is therefore to develop a new RF switch technology based on chalcogenide materials for future wireless telecommunications systems. The requested work is multidisciplinary and will be carried out in close collaboration between three division of the CEA-LETI bringing their expertise on the synthesis of new materials, on the technological integration of innovative RF components and on the development of advanced electronic functions. The PhD student will define the main specifications of the switches for the targeted applications and will seek to identify the key properties required for the phase change material. He will evaluate various alloys of chalcogenide materials and will develop a technological flow for switches in order to optimize the reliability and the performance of the component. Finally, he will design innovative RF circuits and he will study the influence of design parameters on the overall system performance within an application demonstrator.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0754 Contact : [email protected] DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GESN BASED COMPONENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DETECTION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2020 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0315

One of the main challenges for silicon photonics is an integrated laser technologically compatible with microelectronic foundries. Traditional, standalone semiconductor lasers use III-V semiconductors that are not accepted in the silicon foundries, contrary to the group-IV semiconductors. CEA Grenoble is among only few labs that already demonstrated mid-infrared optically pumped lasing in group-IV semiconductors, both in Ge and GeSn. With fully relaxed or tensile-strained heterostructures and quantum wells made of silicon-germanium-tin alloys (Si)GeSn, today we target continuous lasing at room temperature and efficient photodetectors in 200 mm wafers. To reach room temerature lasing, we need to improve the optical gain and optimize the carrier confinement. The improvements will require a redesign of the quantum wells and heterojunctions in germanium tin, through playing with atomic compositions and the mechanical strain at the micro-nanoscopic scale. Like the lasers we already demonstrated, the designed (Si)GeSn layers will be epitaxially grown at the main 200 mm CMOS fab facility of CEA Leti, and further fab-processed by the PhD candidate in smaller-scale clean rooms. Laser developments will be used to realize efficient GeSn photodetectors. The objectives of the research will be: (i) to reduce the number of crystalline defects in the GeSn gain regions, (ii) to design efficient (Si)GeSn stacks that confine both electrons and holes, while providing strong optical gain (iii) to apply and control tensile strain in germanium tin layers, (iv) to evaluate the optical gain under optical pumping and electrical injection, at different strains and doping levels, (v) to design and fabricate laser cavities with strong optical confinement (vi) to obtain germanium-based group-IV lasers that are tunable and lase continuously. (vii) to test fabricated devices (light sources and photodetectors) in gas detection cells On a longer term, such lasers will be widely used in ubiquitous miniaturized, low-power devices for optical gas sensing and environmental monitoring. This work will imply contacts with foreign labs working on the same vibrant topic.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0315 Contact : [email protected] ON-CHIP MONITORING OF ORGANOIDS USING AN OPTOFLUIDIC SYSTEM (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0534

The thesis is positioned in the domain of organoids, which enable fundamental tissue mechanisms to be studied in-vitro. The project aims at developing a new microfluidic system with integrated simple, robust and compact optical reading, and allowing for in-situ monitoring of the secretome evolution during the cell culture. The chosen model system is the culture of islets of Langerhans responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas and playing an important role in diabetes. To reach our objective, we propose to combine two approaches within a microfluidic chip: a chip with photonic- crystal sensors that are compatible with lens-less optical reading (LED + CMOS), and a microfluidics technology integrating the pneumatic actuation of an elastic membrane. The main challenges of the project are related to the sensors sensitivity, the optical chip integration in the microfluidic system and the sampling of aliquots without perturbation of the organoid. The thesis will be in collaboration between two complementary laboratory, CEA-LETI (microfluidics, technology), and INL (photonic biosensors).

Laboratory: DTBS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0534 Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERCONDUCTING SINGLE PHOTON DETECTORS AND RECEIVER CIRCUITS FOR QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0605

Quantum information processing turns out to be a major challenge for our society with the development of quantum computers, able to solve complex problems much more rapidly than a classical computer, and of quantum communications providing absolute security for information transfer. The development of integrated technologies is essential for the future large-scale deployment of compact and low-cost quantum information systems. CEA-Leti has been developing for several years a silicon photonics platform, providing integrated components and circuits for various applications such as telecom/datacom, lidars and more recently quantum communications. The objective of this PhD is in a first step to design, fabricate in the Leti clean room and characterize a new generation of advanced superconducting quantum detectors on Silicon able to detect single photons with above 90% efficiency. In a second step, these detectors will be integrated into secure quantum communication circuits. This PhD will benefit from collaborations with academic laboratories in France and in Europe.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0605 Contact : [email protected] SOI VERTICAL DIODES FOR LWIR DETECTION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0313

Uncooled thermal detectors absorb the infrared flux in wavelength range from 7µm to 14µm. This corresponds to an atmospheric transmission window and to the maximum emission of a blackbody at 300K, which enables to measure temperature variations of less than 100mK. The operating principle of microbolometers is based on the temperature measurement of a suspended membrane absorbing the infrared flux. The thermal transducer is the sensitive element of the microbolomètre, which determines its signal-to-noise ratio and therefore the performance of the bolometric pixel. Most commercial microbolometers use a thermistor with amorphous silicon or vanadium oxide for its high temperature coefficient (TCR = 2-4% / K) and low flicker noise (1/f noise). The thesis proposal deals with a breakthrough technology for microbolometers. Unlike conventional thermistor detectors, the student will examine the use of SOI vertical diodes as transductor. The topic will focus on characterizing and modeling the performance of such a device.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0313 Contact : [email protected] SUPERCONDUCTOR INTEGRATION FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF QUANTUM COMPUTING AND SPATIAL MULTI-CHIP PLATFORMS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0411

As part of Quantum Silicon Grenoble project, teams at CEA-LETI, CEA-IRIG and Néel Institute aim at building a quantum accelerator with silicon spin quantum bits (qubits). Compatible with large-scale production, existing integration processes on Si are a real advantage for the scalability of these qubits. The extreme qubit operating conditions (cryogenic temperatures =1K, high frequencies in the range of a few GHz, high signal density) require the development of adapted technological building blocks. To interconnect the qubits and the controlled circuits, integration of superconducting metals is promising. Indeed, their vanishing resistance at low temperatures and the low thermal conductivity of superconductors also enables to protect the qubits from the heat generated by the control electronics circuits integrated close-by. Note that these developments will also benefit spatial applications sharing similar operating constraints. The thesis will focus on: 1) Studying the superconducting properties of Nb, NbN, TiN, Al and any combination of these materials during integration processes to optimize them for a single level of routing and multilayers pads. Establishing low temperature compatible thermal conductivity measurement set-up, protocol and sample design. 2) Transferring the acquired knowledge in term of integration and thermal conductivities to develop the next generation of multi-chip platform hosting qubits and control electronics circuits. The PhD student will be part of the 3D integration and packaging lab of CEA- LETI (Grenoble) and will interact very closely with the Spectral-imaging laboratory for space science at CEA-IRFU (Saclay) for thermal conductivity measurements.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0411 Contact : [email protected] STUDY OF EBIC AND CATHODOLUMINESCENCE APPLIED TO NARROW GAP PHOTODIODES FOR COOLED IR DÉTECTION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0626

Since 40 years, CEA LETI is developing IR detection technologies using narrow gap semi- conductors. This led to the creation of the Lynred Company, formerly Known as Sofradir, now leader in the IR imaging market. In the frame of the collaborative work we have with Lynred for the development of new generations of IR imager, new characterisation needs appear. It addresses different issues, starting from the fine understanding of the photodiode operation when reducing its pixel pitch. It also addresses the understanding of the effects of the metallurgical and technological induced defects on the final IR detection performances. The proposal here is to study the behaviour of narrow gap IR photodiodes when excited with an electron beam within a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A mapping of the electron beam induced current (EBIC) brings important information about charge transport in the narrow gap, whereas the mapping of the associated induced IR luminescence (cathodo-luminescence) carries further and complementary information about radiative recombination of injected charges. This information is particularly interesting when interaction with defects occurs in the structure. In our characterisation group, the EBIC experiment is now operational at cryogenic temperatures. On the other hand, the cathodo-luminescence part of the experiment has to be developed to complete EBIC images. Once operational, the full picture EBIC+cathodo should be investigated using different samples from our fabrication line, focusing on small pixel pitches and high operation temperature structures, making the connection with all the other electro-optical characterisation benches available in our lab.

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0626 Contact : [email protected] MICROFLUIDIC BIOREACTOR FOR IN-SITU ANALYSIS OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES SECRETED BY ORGANOIDS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0654

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely recognized as vectors of biological material capable of transferring genetic/molecular content between cells and of contributing to intercellular communication mechanisms leading, for example, to the proliferation of tumors in cancer. However, most of the studies implemented today are conducted on cell populations with intrinsic heterogeneities that introduce bias into the analyzes. In addition, the sources of EVs are generally derived from two-dimensional cell culture poorly representative of the microenvironment of the in vivo extracellular matrix in tissues or organs. Conversely, organoids derived from patients have already been shown to accurately recapitulate many disease traits of patients, including genetic heterogeneity and response to treatment. In this thesis, we propose the development of a system enabling the isolation of one or more organoids in a microfluidic bioreactor, combined with means of collection, concentration, and nanomechanical sensors to allow the in-situ analysis of the secretion rate of EVs and collect their biophysical signature, with the perspective of new therapeutic approaches based on monitoring the kinetics of EV secretion on organoids derived from patients.

Laboratory: DTBS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0654 Contact : [email protected] INNOVATIVE HYDROGELS FOR “MINIBRAIN-ON-CHIP ” DEVELOPMENT TO STUDY ALZEIMER’S DISEASE (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0633

Organ-on-chip approaches tackle the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) classic cellular cultures and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. DRF/JACOB/SEPIA has developed “mini brains”, i.e. 3D cerebral organoids generated from iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells), presently cultivated using Matrigel, a commercial matrix derived from mouse tumor. The objective of the PhD thesis will be to investigate new 3D culture scaffolds, based on hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels presenting tunable stiffness and electrical conductivity, developed at DRT/LETI/DTBS. The cell-loaded hydrogels will additionally be formulated as bioinks for advanced printing technologies (extrusion combined with UV/visible photo-crosslinking). The expected outcome of the PhD is an improved “mini brain” model to study the development of neurodegenerative diseases, which could be applied to therapeutic strategies.

Laboratory: DTBS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0633 Contact : [email protected] STUDY AND INTEGRATION OF MONOLITHIC GAN CASCODE TRANSISTOR (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0326

LETI is currently transferring an AlGaN/GaN power electronics technology on 200mm silicon wafers to a renowned industrial partner in the field of power electronics devices (silicon, SiC). Gallium nitride-based (GaN) power electronics transistors can have either a normally-off (e-mode) or normally-on (d-mode) operation mechanism. For security reasons, there is a preference for e-mode devices. There are three main types of methods to obtain such functionality: either by using a p-type GaN gate, a conduction channel that includes a MOS stack (metal, oxide, semiconductor) or a cascode architecture (by assembling an e-mode and a d-mode device). The cascode architecture for GaN-based devices is today highly successful as it can be driven with similar strategies than the ones used for more traditional silicon parts and because of its good reliability. The work of this PhD will consist in conducting a study aiming to optimize the design of the device and identify its key technological steps (epitaxy, deposition, lithography, implantation...) necessary to its fabrication, followed by the coordination of the tasks necessary to its processing in LETI clean rooms. An analysis and interpretation of the obtained electrical measurements will be performed by using finished element simulations (TCAD using Synopsys environment).

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0326 Contact : [email protected] CHARACTERISATION OF MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS RELATED TO THE SMARTCUT OF SIC (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/11/2020 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0749

The automotive industry, with the recent expansion of the electric vehicles market, requires wide band gap devices, like SiC, that are more powerful and robust than the Si equivalent devices. However, SiC substrates are still very expensive and their supply is limited by the American and Asian monopoly of SiC wafer fabrication. The aim of this thesis is to create an innovative SiC substrate based on Smart Cut™ technology : transfer of a thin SiC monocristalline layer on a cheaper substrate, typically SiC polycristalline wafer. The objectives of this research work are : - To deepen the understanding of SiC surface phenomena as function of the heat treatment of the wafers. This study will be based on annealing tests coupled with substrate surface analysis (AFM, PEEM, Raman, XPS) allowing the surface reconstruction mechanisms to be determined as function of the process parameters. The conditions of Graphene formation on the surface of the substrate should be particularly investigated in order to identify the solutions allowing to limit the SiC topological modification. - To understand the nature of SiC defects induced by the Smart-Cut technology step. The determination of the defects will be based on physico-chemical analysis such as photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, etc. Chemical analyses based on KOH can also be used to reveal the defects on a larger scale. The propagation kinetics of these defects and their impact on the electrical conductivity will be investigated.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0749 Contact : [email protected] RELIABILITY OF 3D AVALANCHE PHOTODETECTORS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2020 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0830

STMicroelectronics develops various CMOS-based technologies for imaging. The rise and democratization of image sensors is leading to a diversification of technological uses such as high- resolution imagery and telemetry for domestic and automotive use. One of the challenges is to meet market needs and adapt to the competition by constantly improving the performance and reliability of devices. The objective of this thesis is to study and model the reliability of avalanche photodetectors for single photon detection. The principle of this sensor lies in the ability to measure the transit time between an optical source and the detector, from a few centimeters to several tens of meters while being insensitive to the surrounding light. A matrix made up of thousands of pixels makes it possible to restore a faithful 3D image of the target. To date, first tests show that the detector degrades over time, leading to a loss of sensitivity and degradation of measurement precision. Quantifying these effects and understanding these drifts is absolutely necessary to improve the manufacturing process and develop a predictive model of reliability. The thesis will focus equally between the reliability of a single pixel and the reliability of a pixel matrix, in order to approach product reliability. The candidate will rely on a set of characterization and reliability measurement tools, as well as modeling and simulation tools developed at STMicroelectronics.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0830 Contact : [email protected] OPTOMECHANICAL REFERENCE OSCILLATORS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0351

Reference ocillators (clocks) are devices that generate signals with a very precise frequency, generally defined by the vibration of a mechanical element at resonance. Nowadays, they are ubiquitous elements in electronic circuits: for example, a smartphone or tablet can contain up to seven reference oscillators. However, the appearance of new technologies such as 5G or autonomous vehicles requires a level of performance that is not attainable by commercial clock technologies. One of the most promising routes to improve performance is the development of clocks based on micro-electromechanical (MEMS) resonators at high frequency (1-5 GHz, tens of GHz in the future). However, building high-performance MEMS resonators in the GHz range is highly challenging, mainly due to the difficulty of detecting their minuscule vibration amplitudes. One promising solution is to use optomechanical detection, using the same principle as gravitational wave detectors but integrated at nanometric scale. This technology, now well mastered at Leti, can be combined with the integration with piezoelectric materials to increase the attainable signal levels. This principle, recently demonstrated by several fundamental research groups, is now mature enough to evolve towards applications, and solves many of the difficulties involved in the implementation of MEMS clocks in the GHz range. The objective of the thesis is to develop a MEMS clock based on this novel optomechanical technology. The thesis will take place in the Microsensors Laboratory of the CEA-Leti, in collaboration with the RF Components Laboratory. The Leti is a pioneer in the implementation of on-chip optomechanical and piezoelectric resonators. The PhD student will work in collaboration with Leti researchers to design the MEMS resonators and their fabrication process, based on an analytical study and finite-element simulations. Then, the student will have the opportunity to contribute to the fabrication of the devices in clean room. Finally, the student will characterize them in the Leti’s laboratories, to extract their performance and implement a first demonstrator of optomechanical MEMS clock. The candidate will have a M.Sc. or equivalent degree, with a formation as a generalist engineer or physics, and a specialization on semi-conductor physics, nanotechnology, optics or a closely related field.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0351 Contact : [email protected] SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF CHIRAL ORGANIC MATERIALS FOR CHARGE TRANSPORT IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0395

The detection and manipulation of the polarized light is very attractive, in particular because of the interest in using circularly polarized light (LCP) in many areas of societal importance such as technologies display, information transmission, cryptography, bio-medical imaging or even the detection of chiral molecules of pharmaceutical interest. Due to their ability to interact specifically with an LCP and to modulate its polarization, chiral molecular materials stand out as an element of choice for exploring these innovative applications and considering new potential in organic electronics. In addition, the specific property of chiral molecules to induce electronic spin selectivity in the conduction of electric current (CISS effect for Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity) also opens up opportunities in the field of organic spintronics. Consequently, the synthesis of innovative pi conjugated chiral semiconductors, presenting an easy modulation of their physicochemical properties and the integration of these materials in optoelectronic devices of the OLEDs, OPDs or OFETs type is of interest both fundamental and 'application. The thesis project will be done in collaboration with a CNRS chemistry laboratory in Rennes, France, and the LCEM laboratory (at CEA / LETI, Grenoble, France) specialized in organic semiconductors. The objectives of the thesis student will be to synthesize new chiral organic charge transporters and to characterize their photophysical (absorption and emission) and opto-electronic properties. The most promising molecules will be integrated into OLEDs and OPDs devices. The photophysical synthesis and characterization part (circular dichroism spectrometer, non-polarized and circularly polarized luminescence spectrometer, PER, etc.) will be carried out at the CNRS chemistry laboratory. The integration of molecules in OLEDs and OPDs devices will be done in the LCEM laboratory where the deposition equipment (PVD chamber for organic materials) and the opto-electronic characterization means (IVL, C (V), TLM, Photocurrent, hall effect, etc.).

Laboratory: DOPT / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0395 Contact : [email protected] OSCILLATING NEURONS FOR COMPUTATIONAL OPTIMIZATION AND ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0393

Hopfield networks are a type of recurring neural network particularly well-suited to content- addressable associative memory functions. By giving its elements the ability to fluctuate at will, they can be adapted to efficiently solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. Such problems, for which finding exact solutions in polynomial time is out of reach for deterministic Turing machines, find many applications in diverse fields such as logistic operations, circuit design, medical diagnosis, Smart Grid management etc. The frame of the proposed project is the search for hardware accelerators for Artificial Intelligence. In particular, we consider the use of injection- locked oscillators as neurons (ILO). The goals will be the design, fabrication and demonstration of such networks, featuring binary phase-encoded neurons coupled by adjustable synaptic weights, to carry out associative memory (e.g. pattern recognition) or combinatorial optimization tasks (ex: max cut, graph coloring,...).

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0393 Contact : [email protected] SCALING EVALUATION OF ULTRA-LOW POWER BEOL INTEGRATED HFO2- BASED FERROELECTRIC MEMORY ARRAYS TOWARDS 28NM NODE (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0362

The recent discovery of ferroelectricity in HfO2 thin films generates a strong interest in integrating this CMOS-compatible and scalable material in ultra-low power ferroelectric memories and neuromorphic circuits. Within the last 6 months excellent results were reported on HfO2-based ferroelectric capacitors integrated in the Back-End Of Line of 130nm CMOS, confirming their potential for non-volatile memory applications. In this context, HfO2-based ferroelectric capacitors will be fabricated and electrically characterized to assess their potential to be scaled towards 28nm node. The candidate will perform advanced electrical characterization on state-of-the-art TiN/doped HfO2/TiN single capacitors with different areas, as well as 16kbit FeRAM arrays. Remanent polarization, coercive field, and imprint values will be extracted as a function of cycling (endurance) and temperature (data retention) for various pulse voltages/durations. Based on array characterization where large statistics is available, the physical mechanisms responsible for the reliability issues will be investigated. The results will be used to optimize the capacitor electrical properties to further design low voltage, ultra fast, scaled FeRAM memory arrays integrated within 28nm FDSOI node.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0362 Contact : [email protected] CONCENTRATION AND CAPTURE OF PATHOGENS UNDER HOMOGENEOUS CONDITIONS IN A MICROSYSTEM (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0558

The search for pathogens (toxins, viruses, bacteria, fungal spores), whether by immunological or biomolecular tests, is often limited by the preparation of samples. These are often too diluted and require a concentration step to detect quickly a contamination with a low level of pathogens. They can also contain interferents that may falsify the test results by leading to false positives or false negatives. These interferents must be neutralized or eliminated by washing, at the risk of diluting the samples; a concentration step is then necessary again. Innovations are required in the field to develop devices that may contribute to fast field diagnostic for non experts users. The proposed thesis subject is part of a study of uncommon flows within a microfluidic channel to improve the capture and concentration of pathogens, microorganisms and allergens and toxins. The process which will be studied aims on the one hand to circumvent the problems of clogging presented by filters and so-called pillar chips. It also aims to speed up biological analysis tests in a compact and autonomous system.

Laboratory: DTBS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0558 Contact : [email protected] MULTISCALE SIMULATION FOR ENGINEERING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS AND QUANTUM DEVICES (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0606

Quantum devices open up new perspectives for information processing. The CEA is developing, in particular, silicon quantum bits. In this innovative field, the systematic exploration of the many possible options is prohibitive. The challenges posed by quantum technologies cannot therefore be met without advanced numerical simulation. The CEA has developped a multi-physics code, TB_Sim, for the modeling of quantum devices from the nano- to mesoscopic scales. However, a few obstacles prevent simulation from being sufficiently predictive on these devices. One of the most important issues is the description of surfaces, interfaces and defects, which play an essential role in the physics of spin-orbit coupling and "valleys" in silicon. This thesis aims, therefore, to introduce atomistic "ab initio" approaches in the chain of multiscale simulations of quantum devices. The candidate will focus on the interfaces of silicon with its encapsulation materials (SiGe, SiO2 ...) and on the defects at these interfaces (amorphization, Pb defects, ...). He / She will in particular address the connexion between the atomistic ab initio and the nano- and mesoscopic scales. The ambitious objective of this thesis is to integrate numerical simulation at all stages of the design, manufacture and characterization of the devices, and to make it sufficiently predictive even on uncharted grounds. Numerical experiments will be carried out for this purpose both upstream and during the characterization in order to confront the simulation with reality, to support the analysis of the data by providing the “missing pieces of the puzzle” which cannot be measured directly, and to provide feedback to the design. This work will be carried out in close collaboration between CEA-Leti (ab initio methods) and IRIG (TB_Sim code).

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0606 Contact : [email protected] WEARABLE DYNAMIC FLUIDIC CHAMBER DEDICATED TO TRANSCUTANEOUS MONITORING OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BLOOD CONCENTRATION (THÈSE)

Start date : 14/03/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0415

The development of wearable medical devices is a fundamental and essential in order to promote ambulatory medicine. So-called "conventional" as opposed to outpatient medicine commonly uses blood gas analysis to assess the efficiency of pulmonary exchanges and diagnose respiratory diseases. In particular, it detects an abnormal change in the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood going to the tissues. Since this analysis requires a blood test, it is therefore an invasive method and does not allow monitoring of concentrations in real time. An alternative to taking blood is a transcutaneous gas analysis, i.e. measuring the concentrations of gases that diffuse through the skin. This method is non-invasive and guarantees continuous monitoring of blood gases. The objective of this thesis is to study and develop an instrumented wearable dynamic fluidic chamber. This chamber will measure in real time the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide which diffuse through the skin. The work will consist in modeling the gas exchanges between the skin and the fluidic chamber, then designing and instrumenting the chamber and finally testing it on a gas test bench. This subject requires a highly motivated person with skills in simulation, medical device design and instrumentation.

Laboratory: DTBS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0415 Contact : [email protected] LENSLESS IMAGING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIONS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2020 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0380

The objective of the thesis is to develop a portable technology for pathogen identification. Indeed, in a context of spread of medical deserts and resurgence of antibiotic-resistant infections, it is urgent to develop innovative techniques for rapid diagnosis of infections in isolated regions. Among optical techniques for pathogen identification, lens free imaging methods draws attention because they are the only ones currently able to offer simultaneous characterization of a large number of colonies, all with low-cost, portable and energy-efficient technology. The objective of the thesis is to explore the potential of lensless imaging combined with artificial intelligence algorithms to identify bacterial colonies present in a biological fluid. The thesis will aim to optimize the sizing of the imaging system (sources, sensors) and to study image processing and machine learning algorithms necessary for colony identification. Two cases of clinical applications will be studied.

Laboratory: DTBS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0380 Contact : [email protected] NOVEL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES USING INNOVATIVE CAPACITIVE COMPONENTS ON SILICON (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2021 offer n°SL-DRT-21-0814

The objective of this thesis is to assess the potentiel of hybrid silicon capacitors developed at LETI as components in novel architectures of integrated energy conversion circuits. The hybrid capacitors exhibit a combination of unique properties in terms of energy density (ionic storage of the order of 40 mJ / mm3) and frequency response (dielectric storage demonstrated up to 30 GHZ), in addition to a technological realization on 200 mm silicon wafers. Within the framework of this project, it is proposed to design energy conversion circuits (eg. DC-DC converters)exploiting the intrinsic properties of the hybrid capacitors developed at LETI.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : SL-DRT-21-0814 Contact : [email protected] DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR IN-MEMORY COMPUTING IN ADVANCED RESISTIVE-RAM NVM TECHNOLOGY (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°PsD-DRT-21-0049

For integrated circuits to be able to leverage the future “data deluge” coming from the cloud and cyber-physical systems, the historical scaling of Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) devices is no longer the corner stone. At system-level, computing performance is now strongly power-limited and the main part of this power budget is consumed by data transfers between logic and memory circuit blocks in widespread Von-Neumann design architectures. An emerging computing paradigm solution overcoming this “memory wall” consists in processing the information in-situ, owing to In-Memory-Computing (IMC). CEA-Leti launched a project on this topic, leveraging three key enabling technologies, under development at CEA-Leti: non-volatile resistive memory (RRAM), new energy-efficient nanowire transistors and 3D-monolithic integration [ArXiv 2012.00061]. A 3D In-Memory-Computing accelerator circuit will be designed, manufactured and measured, targeting a 20x reduction in (Energy x Delay) Product vs. Von-Neumann systems.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-21-0049 Contact : [email protected] MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE CELL NEMATICS BY LENSLESS MICROSCOPY (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/03/2020 offer n°PsD-DRT-20-0059

At CEA-Leti we have validated a video-lens-free microscopy platform by performing thousands of hours of real-time imaging observing varied cell types and culture conditions (e.g.: primary cells, human stem cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, 2D/3D cell culture, etc.). And we have developed different algorithms to study major cell functions, i.e. cell adhesion and spreading, cell division, cell division orientation, and cell death. The research project of the post-doc is to extend the analysis of the datasets produced by lens-free video microscopy. The post-doc will assist our partner in conducting the experimentations and will develop the necessary algorithms to reconstruct the images of the cell culture in different conditions. In particular, we will challenge the holographic reconstruction algorithms with the possibility to quantify the optical path difference (i.e. the refractive index multiplied by the thickness). Existing algorithms allow to quantify isolated cells. They will be further developed and assessed to quantify the formation of cell stacking in all three dimensions. These algorithms will have no Z-sectioning ability as e.g. confocal microscopy, only the optical path thickness will be measured. We are looking people who have completed a PhD in image processing and/or deep learning with skills in the field of microscopy applied to biology.

Laboratory: DTBS / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-20-0059 Contact : [email protected] NON-VOLATILE ASYNCHRONOUS MAGNETIC SRAM DESIGN (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/10/2020 offer n°PsD-DRT-20-0069

In the applicative context of sensor nodes as in Internet of things (IoT) and for Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), normally-off systems are mainly in a sleeping state while waiting events such as timer alarms, sensor threshold crossing, RF or also energetic environment variations to wake up. To reduce power consumption or due to missing energy, the system may power off most of its components while sleeping. To maintain coherent information in memory, we aim at developing an embedded non-volatile memory component. Magnetic technologies are promising candidates to reach both low power consumption and high speed. Moreover, due to transient behavior, switching from sleeping to running state back and forth, asynchronous logic is a natural candidate for digital logic implementation. The position is thus targeting the design of an asynchronous magnetic SRAM in a 28nm technology process. The memory component will be developed down to layout view in order to precisely characterize power and timing performances and allow integration with an asynchronous processor. Designing such a component beyond current state of the art will allow substantial breakthrough in the field of autonomous systems.

Laboratory: DACLE / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-20-0069 Contact : [email protected] HYBRID CMOS / SPINTRONIC CIRCUITS FOR ISING MACHINES (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/01/2021 offer n°PsD-DRT-21-0025

The proposed research project is related to the search for hardware accelerators for solving NP-hard optimization problems. Such problems, for which finding exact solutions in polynomial time is out of reach for deterministic Turing machines, find many applications in diverse fields such as logistic operations, circuit design, medical diagnosis, Smart Grid management etc. One approach in particular is derived from the Ising model, and is based on the evolution (and convergence) of a set of binary states within an artificial neural network (ANN).In order to improve the convergence speed and accuracy, the network elements may benefit from an intrinsic and adjustable source of fluctuations. Recent proof-of-concept work highlights the interest of implementing such neurons with stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ). The main goals will be the simulation, dimensioning and fabrication of hybrid CMOS/MTJ elements. The test vehicles will then be characterized in order to validate their functionality. This work will be carried out in the frame of a scientific collaboration between CEA-Leti and Spintec.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-21-0025 Contact : [email protected] MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC QUANTUM DOT ENVIRONMENT (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/03/2021 offer n°PsD-DRT-21-0027

In the near future, emerging quantum information technologies are expected to lead to global breakthroughs in high performance computing and secure communication. Among semiconductor approaches, silicon-based spin quantum bits (qubits) are promising thanks to their compactness featuring long coherence time, high fidelity and fast qubit rotation [Maurand2016], [Meunier2019]. A main challenge is now to achieve individual qubit control inside qubit arrays. Qubit array constitutes a compact open system, where each qubit cannot be considered as isolated since it depends on the neighboring qubit placement, their interconnection network and the back-end-line stack. The main goal of this post-doctoral position is to develop various implementation of spin control on 2D qubit array using multi-scale electromagnetic (EM) simulation ranging from nanometric single qubit up to millimetric interconnect network. The candidate will i) characterize radio-frequency (RF) test structures at cryogenic temperature using state-of-the-art equipment and compare results with dedicated EM simulations, ii) evaluate the efficiency of spin control and allow multi-scale optimization from single to qubit arrays [Niquet2020], iii) integrate RF spin microwave control for 2D qubit array using CEA-LETI silicon technologies. The candidate need to have a good RF and microelectronic background and experience in EM simulation, and/or design of RF test structures and RF characterization. This work takes place in a dynamic tripartite collaborative project between CEA-LETI, CEA-IRIG and CNRS-Institut Néel (ERC “Qucube”).

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-21-0027 Contact : [email protected] SIMULATION AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN INNOVATIVE LOGIC/MEMORY CUBE FOR IN-MEMORY-COMPUTING (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/01/2020 offer n°PsD-DRT-20-0029

For integrated circuits to be able to leverage the future “data deluge” coming from the cloud and cyber-physical systems, the historical scaling of Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) devices is no longer the corner stone. At system-level, computing performance is now strongly power-limited and the main part of this power budget is consumed by data transfers between logic and memory circuit blocks in widespread Von-Neumann design architectures. An emerging computing paradigm solution overcoming this “memory wall” consists in processing the information in-situ, owing to In-Memory-Computing (IMC). However, today’s existing memory technologies are ineffective to In-Memory compute billions of data items. Things will change with the emergence of three key enabling technologies, under development at CEA-LETI: non-volatile resistive memory, new energy-efficient nanowire transistors and 3D-monolithic integration. At LETI, we will leverage the aforementioned emerging technologies towards a functionality-enhanced system with a tight entangling of logic and memory. The post-doc will perform electrical characterizations of CMOS transistors and Resistive RAMs in order to calibrate models and run TCAD/spice simulations to drive the technology developments and enable the circuit designs.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-20-0029 Contact : [email protected] DESIGN OF INNOVATIVE TIME-DOMAIN MICROPHONE READOUT USING INJECTION LOCKED OSCILLATORS (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/01/2020 offer n°PsD-DRT-20-0023

Nowadays, Voice Activity Detection is a hot research topic. This application needs the design of high linearity, high dynamic ( > 100 dBSpl) and low noise (< 25 dBSpl) microphones putting stringent requirement on both the transducer and the readout electonics. State of the art microphone readouts are based on a classical amplifier and sigma delta conversion. They fulfill the needs in term of dynamic and noise but at the expense of a high power consumption (1 mW) not compliant with mobile applications. CEA-LETI is currently working on an innovative transducer design that fulfills the needs in terms of dynamic and noise. To go along with the transducer development, CEA-LETI is searching for a PostDoc whose mission will be to study an Ultra Low Power architecture of readout circuits working in the time-domain and based on Injection Locked Oscillators. The post doc work will consist in an architecture study and its evaluation in term of expected performances. In a second time an optimized chip should be designed and fabricated. Evaluation of the solution will be made by a thorough measurement of the test chip.

Laboratory: DCOS / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-20-0023 Contact : [email protected] SCALABLE DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE FOR QUBITS CONTROL IN QUANTUM COMPUTER (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/01/2021 offer n°PsD-DRT-20-0116

Scaling Quantum Processing Units (QPU) to hundreds of Qubits leads to profound changes in the Qubits matrix control: this control will be split between its cryogenic part and its room temperature counterpart outside the cryostat. Multiple constraints coming from the cryostat (thermal or mechanical constraints for example) or coming from Qubits properties (number of Qubits, topology, fidelity, etc…) can affect architectural choices. Examples of these choices include Qubits control (digital/analog), instruction set, measurement storage, operation parallelism or communication between the different accelerator parts for example. This postdoctoral research will focused on defining a mid- (100 to 1,000 Qubits) and long-term (more than 10,000 Qubits) architecture of Qubits control at room temperature by starting from existing QPU middlewares (IBM QISKIT for example) and by taking into account specific constraints of the QPU developed at CEA-Leti using solid-state Qubits.

Laboratory: DACLE / Leti Code CEA : PsD-DRT-20-0116 Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS - APPLICATIONS IN ENERGY CONVERSION (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-CMNE-01-04-2021

Postdoctoral subject: Development of Atomic Force Microscopy techniques for the characterization of piezoelectric semiconductor materials - Applications in energy conversion IMEP-LaHC / MINATEC / Grenoble-France Keywords: AFM, Semiconductor Physics and technology, Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, Multiphysics simulation. Description of the project: Semiconductor piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) (GaN and ZnO among others) have improved piezoelectric properties compared to thin films and bulk materials, due to their greater flexibility and sensitivity to lower forces. An intrinsic improvement in piezoelectric coefficients has also been identified by recent theoretical and experimental studies [1, 2]. These NWs can be integrated into nanocomposites (formed by NWs embedded in a dielectric matrix). Very recent theoretical studies in our team show that these nanocomposites can feature improved performance compared to thin films [3, 4]. This type of material is therefore very interesting for different innovative applications, like sensors and mechanical energy harvesting applications [5, 6, 7]. The piezoelectric performance of these nanostructures is highly affected by their semiconducting nature [4, 8]. It is thus very important to take into account the surface states and doping in the theoretical models and electromechanical characterizations. One of such characterization methods is Atomic Force Microscopy, where different modes, including the most advanced ones, can be concurrently used in order to characterize in a consistent way the electrical, mechanical and electromechanical properties of piezoelectric thin films and nanostructures [9, 10]. In the context of several European and national funded projects, the candidate will work on the AFM characterization of piezoelectric semiconducting thin layers and nanostructures (ZnO, GaN, between others). He/she will contribute to the development of new AFM techniques accompanied to theoretical simulations and to the evaluation of these nanostructures for innovative applications. Depending on his or her expertise, the candidate will participate in the co-supervision of Master and PhD level students on several activities within the group, including (i) the characterization of nanowires and nanocomposites using AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) techniques and (ii) the multi-physics simulation of the nanostructures and nanocomposite using commercial FEM simulation software (e. g. COMSOL Multiphysics). The candidate will acquire expertise in (i) energy conversion using piezoelectric materials, (ii) AFM techniques (iii) electromechanical characterization of nanowires, (iv) design and simulation of transducers integrating piezoelectric semiconductor nanowires, (v) student supervision. References: [1] X. Xu, A. Potié, R. Songmuang, J.W. Lee, T. Baron, B. Salem and L. Montès, Nanotechnology 22 (2011) [2] H. D. Espinosa, R. A. Bernal, M. Minary‐Jolandan, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) [3] R. Tao, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis Nano Energy 14 (2015) [4] R. Tao, M. Mouis, G. Ardila, Adv. Elec. Mat. 4 (2018) [5] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z. H. Lin, G. Ardila, et al., Adv. Func. Mater. 24 (2014) [6] R. Hinchet, S. Lee, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (2014) [7] M. Parmar, E.A.A.L. Perez, G. Ardila, et al., Nano Energy 56 (2019) [8] C. H. Wang et al., 4 Adv. Energy Mat. (2014) [9] Y.S. Zhou, R. Hinchet, Y. Yang, G. Ardila et al., 25 Adv. Mater. (2013) [10] Q. C. Bui, G. Ardila et al., 12 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (2020). More information: Knowledge and skills required: The candidate should hold a PhD in physics, applied physics or electrical engineering and should have a strong background in one or more of these areas: semiconductor physics, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), finite element simulation, clean room techniques and associated characterizations (SEM, etc.). A good level of English is required. Location: IMEP-LaHC / Minatec / Grenoble, France Start of the contract: February/Mars 2021 Duration of the contract: 1 year, renewable eventually Advisor:Gustavo ARDILA ([email protected]) About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. It works in close partnership with several national and international laboratories and industrial groups, preindustrial institutes and SMEs. The post-doctoral fellow will work in the Micro-Nano Electronics Components team, in the Integrated Nanostructures & Nanosystems group, and will have access to the laboratory's technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA [email protected] +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-CMNE-01-04-2021 Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS - APPLICATIONS IN ENERGY CONVERSION (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°20201215

Description of the project:

Semiconductor piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) (GaN and ZnO among others) have improved piezoelectric properties compared to thin films and bulk materials, due to their greater flexibility and sensitivity to lower forces. An intrinsic improvement in piezoelectric coefficients has also been identified by recent theoretical and experimental studies [1, 2]. These NWs can be integrated into nanocomposites (formed by NWs embedded in a dielectric matrix). Very recent theoretical studies in our team show that these nanocomposites can feature improved performance compared to thin films [3, 4]. This type of material is therefore very interesting for different innovative applications, like sensors and mechanical energy harvesting applications [5, 6, 7]. The piezoelectric performance of these nanostructures is highly affected by their semiconducting nature [4, 8]. It is thus very important to take into account the surface states and doping in the theoretical models and electromechanical characterizations. One of such characterization methods is Atomic Force Microscopy, where different modes, including the most advanced ones, can be concurrently used in order to characterize in a consistent way the electrical, mechanical and electromechanical properties of piezoelectric thin films and nanostructures [9, 10]. In the context of several European and national funded projects, the candidate will work on the AFM characterization of piezoelectric semiconducting thin layers and nanostructures (ZnO, GaN, between others). He/she will contribute to the development of new AFM techniques accompanied to theoretical simulations and to the evaluation of these nanostructures for innovative applications. Depending on his or her expertise, the candidate will participate in the co-supervision of Master and PhD level students on several activities within the group, including (i) the characterization of nanowires and nanocomposites using AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) techniques and (ii) the multi-physics simulation of the nanostructures and nanocomposite using commercial FEM simulation software (e. g. COMSOL Multiphysics). The candidate will acquire expertise in (i) energy conversion using piezoelectric materials, (ii) AFM techniques (iii) electromechanical characterization of nanowires, (iv) design and simulation of transducers integrating piezoelectric semiconductor nanowires, (v) student supervision. References: [1] X. Xu, A. Potié, R. Songmuang, J.W. Lee, T. Baron, B. Salem and L. Montès, Nanotechnology 22 (2011) [2] H. D. Espinosa, R. A. Bernal, M. Minary‐Jolandan, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) [3] R. Tao, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis Nano Energy 14 (2015) [4] R. Tao, M. Mouis, G. Ardila, Adv. Elec. Mat. 4 (2018) [5] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z. H. Lin, G. Ardila, et al., Adv. Func. Mater. 24 (2014) [6] R. Hinchet, S. Lee, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (2014) [7] M. Parmar, E.A.A.L. Perez, G. Ardila, et al., Nano Energy 56 (2019) [8] C. H. Wang et al., 4 Adv. Energy Mat. (2014) [9] Y.S. Zhou, R. Hinchet, Y. Yang, G. Ardila et al., 25 Adv. Mater. (2013) [10] Q. C. Bui, G. Ardila et al., 12 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (2020).

More information:

Knowledge and skills required: The candidate should hold a PhD in physics, applied physics or electrical engineering and should have a strong background in one or more of these areas: semiconductor physics, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), finite element simulation, clean room techniques and associated characterizations (SEM, etc.). A good level of English is required. Location: IMEP-LaHC / Minatec / Grenoble, France Start of the contract: February/Mars 2021 Duration of the contract: 1 year, renewable eventually Advisor: Gustavo ARDILA ([email protected]) +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32 About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble (http://www.imep-lahc.grenoble-inp.fr) IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. It works in close partnership with several national and international laboratories and industrial groups, preindustrial institutes and SMEs. The post-doctoral fellow will work in the Micro-Nano Electronics Components team, in the Integrated Nanostructures & Nanosystems group, and will have access to the laboratory's technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA [email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : 20201215 Contact : [email protected] SIC MICROELECTRODE ARRAYS FOR EX-VIVO CHARACTERIZATION (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-CMNE-11-20-2020

MSc subject SiC microelectrode arrays for ex-vivo characterization Thesis background : Nervous system damage and disorders come in a variety of forms and rarely heal over time. Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from physical disabilities that are a direct result of damage to their central nervous system (CNS); thousands more have lost limbs due to wartime violence and have suffered damage to their peripheral nervous system (PNS). In addition, neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, such as Alzheimer, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, depression, and schizophrenia, are affecting a growing number of individuals globally. The brain machine interface (BMI) or neurointerface technology also known as the brain-computer interface (BCI) shows great promise to be able to provide therapeutics for these types of injuries [1]. In the field of BMI devices, researchers are not still able to produce clinically viable solutions that meet the requirements of long-term operation due to biological, material, and mechanical issues. Most of the issues are due to biotic and abiotic sources related to the employed materials for BMI fabrication. Biotic mechanisms of failure are related to the brain inflammatory response to implanted system. Abiotic mechanisms correspond to the stability of the implanted system in the brain environment. Objective : Hereby, we propose the use of SiC as the base and single material for the fabrication of the electrodes in BMI systems. Towards this purpose microelectrode arrays (MEAs) will be fabricated for the in-vitro investigation of SiC as electrode material. Why SiC? Various in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that this material is suitable for use in biomedical devices [2, 3, 4]. Indeed, SiC is a semiconductor that is completely chemically inert within the physiological environment, resists oxidative corrosion and has demonstrated no appreciable toxicity [5, 6, 7]. In addition, SiC electrode probes are characterized by an excellent neural compatibility. Cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is highly compatible with central nervous system (CNS) tissue in a murine mouse model [8]. In a later study [9], it has been demonstrated a robust all3C-SiC intracortical neural interface (INI) for advanced bionics and brain-machine interfaces (BMI). Similar devices based on 4H-SiC polytype exhibited better performance in terms of electrochemical response [10, 11, 12]. SiC can also address successfully abiotic issues. Silicon carbide (SiC) is extremely suitable for the fabrication of the implantable electrode incorporating all three functions: support, conductors and insulation. Indeed, SiC current technology maturity (many SiC devices are commercially available) offers this possibility. The support can be micromachined using conventional methods available to the Si industry. Doping the semiconductor into the metallic regime can create the conductors. Lastly, the insulation can be achieved by using amorphous insulating SiC. By reducing the heterogeneity of the materials comprising microelectrode arrays, we can improve the reliability of these devices (abiotic response). Other semiconductors fall short in providing a platform for single material electrodes. In addition to the mechanical limitations of Si, its low bandgap reduces the blocking voltage and limits electrical isolation [13]. Indeed, SiC-based diodes have higher turn-off voltage (well above 1V) than Si (0.6V) warranting a small cross-talk in multi- electrode probes. Many semiconductors are toxic (aka gallium arsenide [14]), experience anodic oxidation and corrosion (diamond [15], gallium nitride[16])), or have extremely large bandgap and resistivity (boron nitride [17]). In addition to the excellent bio- and hemocompatibility, SiC has a fracture toughness 4-5 times greater than Si as well as better buckling characteristics. Thus, SiC probes can be thinner and more compliant than the current implantable devices, which may lead to a reduced biotic response. Workplan : In the frame of the present thesis, the MSc

candidate will develop the initial stages for the development of a new implantable electrode based on SiC material. More precisely planar microelectrode arrays will be fabricated and characterized. A typical configuration for such MEA is shown in the figure aside. The comprehensive effort will include SiC electrode fabrication and electrochemistry characterization. The work will be principally performed in the IMEPLAHC in Grenoble in collaboration with the lab MRG-FORTH in Heraklion, Greece. The main steps of the workplan are:

Detailed bibliography. Design of the MEA and the corresponding process steps Design of the photolithography mask set Optimization of technology steps (plasma etching, ohmic contacts) Fabrication of the MEA Electrochemical evaluation of the MEA

Contact: For further information contact: Dr. Konstantinos Zekentes , [email protected] References : [1] J. P. Donoghue, "Bridging the brain to the world: a perspective on neural interface systems," Neuron, vol. 60, pp. 511-21, Nov 6 2008. [2] R. Yakimova, R.M. Petoral, G.R. Yazdi, C. Vahlberg, A. Lloyd Spetz, and K. Uvdal: Surface functionalization and biomedicalapplications based on SiC, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.40, 6435–6442 (2007) [3] S.E. Saddow, C.L. Frewin, C. Coletti, N. Schettini, E. Weeber, A. Oliveros, and M. Jarosezski: Single crystal silicon carbide: Abiocompatible and hemocompatible semiconductor for advanced bio-medical applications, Mater. Sci. Forum 679–680, 824–830 (2011). [4] C. Coletti, M.J. Jaroszeski, A. Pallaoro, M. Hoff, S. Iannotta, andS.E. Saddow: Biocompatibility and wettability of crystalline SiCand Si surfaces. In29th Annual International Conference of theIEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France,2007; pp. 5849–5852.17. C.L. Frewin, M. Jarosze [5] Kordina, O. & Saddow, S. E. 2004. Silicon carbide overview. In: SADDOW, S. E. & AGARWAL, A. (eds.) Advances in Silicon Carbide Processing and Applications. 1 ed. Boston, MA, U.S.A.: Artech House, Inc. [6] Saddow, S. E. (ed.) 2011. Silicon Carbide Biotechnology: A Biocompatible Semiconductor for Advanced Biomedical Devices and Applications, Amsterdam: Elsevier. [7] SiC biotechnology for advanced biomedical applications, 2013. Presentation. Directed by Saddow, S. E. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brasil. [8] C.L.Frewin, C.Locke, L.Mariusso, E.J.Weeber, and S.E.Saddow, "Silicon Carbide Neural Implants: in vivo Neural Tissue Reaction," Neural Engineering (NER), 6th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on, pp. 661 - 664, 2013. [9] M. Gazziro et al., "Transmission of wireless neural signals through a 0.18µm CMOS low-power amplifier," 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, 2015, pp. 5094- 5097. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7319537 [10] Bernardin, E., Frewin, C. L., Dey, A., Everly, R., Ul Hassan, J., Janzén, E., Pancrazio, J. & Saddow, S. E. 2016.Development of an all-SiC neuronal interface device. MRS Advances, FirstView, 1-6, and in http://www.usf.edu/engineering/ee/documents/usfutd.pdf [11] Evans K. Bernardin, Christopher L. Frewin, Richard Everly, Joseph J. Pancrazio and Stephen E. Saddow, “3C-Silicon Carbide Intracortical Neural Interfaces”, presented in 21 Annual Meeting of North America Neuromodulation Society (NANS18) [12] Evans K. Bernardin, Christopher L. Frewin, Richard Everly, Jawad Ul Hassan and Stephen E. Saddow, Demonstration of a Robust All-Silicon-Carbide Intracortical Neural Interface, Micromachines 2018, 9(8): 412. [13] Park, J., Park, K.-S., Won, J.-I., Kim, K.-H., Koo, S., Kim, S.-G. & Mun, J.-K. 2017. Control of pn-junction turn-on voltage in 4H-SiC merged PiN Schottky diode. Applied Physics Letters, 110, 142103. [14] Tanaka, A. 2004. Toxicity of indium arsenide, gallium arsenide, and aluminium gallium arsenide. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 198, 405-411. [15] Kashiwada, T., Watanabe, T., Ootani, Y., Tateyama, Y. & Einaga, Y. 2016. A Study on Electrolytic Corrosion of BoronDoped Diamond Electrodes when Decomposing Organic Compounds. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8, 28299-28305. [16] Pakes, A., Skeldon, P., Thompson, G. E., Fraser, J. W., Moisa, S., Sproule, G. I., Graham, M. J. & Newcomb, S. B. 2003. Anodic oxidation of gallium nitride. Journal of Materials Science, 38, 343-349. [17] Minghu, P., Liangbo, L., Wenzhi, L., Soo Min, K., Qing, L., Jing, K., Mildred, S. D. & Vincent, M. 2016. Modification of the electronic properties of hexagonal boron-nitride in BN/graphene vertical heterostructures. 2D Materials, 3, 045002.

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-CMNE-11-20-2020 Contact : [email protected] SILICON ON INSULATOR SENSOR WITH METAL DEPOSITED CONTACTS FOR DETECTION OF CHARGED NANOPARTICLES: PROOF OF CONCEPT OF TWO ORIGINAL ELECTRICAL METHODS: FLUCTUATION-ENHANCED SENSING AND OUT-OF-EQUILIBRIUM BODY POTENTIAL (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-CMNE-10-20-2020

Silicon on insulator sensor with metal deposited contacts for detection of charged nanoparticles: proof of concept of two original electrical methods: fluctuation-enhanced sensing and out-ofequilibrium body potential

FMNT laboratories involved/Advisors: IMEP-LAHC: C. Theodorou, [email protected]; I. Ionica, [email protected] LMGP: Marianne Weidenhaupt, [email protected] Context/objectives: In the wide family of bio-chemical sensors, the ISFETs (Ion Sensing Field Effect Transistors) occupy a place of honor thanks to their multiple advantages, e.g. in terms of miniaturization, sensitivity, cointegration with reading circuitry etc.1. The working principle of such a device is based on the shift of the threshold voltage of a transistor, due to the intentional addition of charges-to-be-detected in the proximity of its channel. The resulting conductivity/ drain-current modulation is then measured in (quasi)-static conditions, in which externally applied voltages are slow enough and the device is assumed at equilibrium at every measurement point. In this context, the objective of the internship is to prove the feasibility of detection based on two original dynamic methods, exploited in a simple FET-like sensor made of silicon-on-insulator:

1. Monitoring the evolution of out-of-equilibrium potential VB of the top semiconductor in presence of the molecules to-be-detected. The interest of measuring VB instead of drain current/conductance resides in the fact that the potential signature is very strong in the region were the drain current level is very small 2; this simplifies the measurement and can reduce the power consumption of the sensor. 2. Monitoring the drain current fluctuations in time by noise measurements. This principle is based on the effects of dynamic interaction between surface traps and electrons of deposited molecules, leading to a unique characteristic noise spectrum for each sensing target3. An increased sensitivity, as well as a better selectivity, can be expected with this approach. During the internship, validation of the proposed methods will be performed thanks to simple “model” charges such as carboxylate- functionalized polystyrene latex beads deposited on the Si film surface. The interest in starting with such particles resides in the simplicity of the deposition from colloidal solutions, without any need of surface functionalization. The amount of charges can also be simply tuned by derail dilutions of the beads or mixtures of charges and uncharged beads.Requested competences: The internship is dealing with an interdisciplinary topic, covering a wide panel of know-hows, from the semiconductor device physics at equilibrium, in out-of- equilibrium/dynamic conditions, to electrical characterization and modeling (C. Theodorou, M. Bawedin, I. Ionica from IMEP-LAHC), to the chemistry of the particles and, later-on, bio- sensing (M. Weidenhaupt from LMGP). The candidate must have a very good background in semiconductor physics, characterization of semiconductor devices. Knowledge of concepts in bio-chemical sensing will be a plus.The candidate is expected to enjoy experimental work and development of adapted protocols. Scientific curiosity and motivation are mandatory qualities in order to take full advantage of the multidisciplinary scientific environment of this internship and to gain expertise for his/her future career.To apply send your CV to: [email protected] and [email protected] ______1 Bergveld, P. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2003, 88, (1), p.1; Moser, N. et.al., IEEE Sensors Journal 2016, 16, (17), p. 6496. 2 Benea, L. et.al., Solid-State Electronics 2018, 143, p. 69. 3 Kish, L. B. et.al.,IEEE Trans. on Nanotechnology 2011, 10, (6), p. 1238; Rumyantsev, S. et.al., IEEE Sensors Journal 2013, 13, (8), p. 2818

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc / LMGP Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-CMNE-10-20-2020 Contact : [email protected] LIGHT EMISSION BY GROUP FOUR SEMICONDUCTORS IN VERTICAL OPTICAL RESONATORS (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°202011019

Group Four (GF) semiconductors such as silicon, germanium and their alloys are the key materials of modern technologies for the electronic data processing. However, use of this class of materials for optoelectronic applications is hindered by the indirect nature of its band gap. The recent rise of direct band gap, group four alloys of the (Si, Ge, Sn) family has considerably renewed research around GF photonics since monolithic integration of an optical gain material on full Si wafers is now achievable in the frame of CMOS compatible processes. Our group has a strong expertise in the realization of infrared GeSn laser sources made from relatively thick GeSn layers in different cavities, including microdisks, photonic crystals, or corner cube cavities, with the demonstration for instance of a significant wavelength tunability and lasing close to room temperature [1], [2]. The work proposed here is experimental and has a twofold objective. First, the choice of the optical cavity configuration can have a deep impact on the light-matter interaction and the lasing properties, can dictate the gain medium characteristics and directly affects the light out coupling efficiency. Turning from in plane to vertical cavities, in a configuration where horizontal top and bottom dielectric mirrors ensure optical feedback on the gain medium, opens new perspectives for the integration and the type of GeSn photon sources. The candidate will first design the optical stack and fabricate the overall cavity in clean rooms (Plateforme Technologique Amont), starting from our GeSn stacks on Si wafers and using conventional techniques of physical deposition, chip bonding and etching. Optical characterization by infra red reflectivity and photoluminescence will follow. Depending on the experiments progress, integration of our current pn junction stacks into the newly designed optical cavities could lead by the end of the internship to electrically driven vertical cavity light sources. The second objective constitutes an exploratory groundwork aiming at modifying the dimensionality of the gain medium, switching from bulk GeSn layers on Ge to GeSn quantum dots on Si. Interest in reducing the dimensionality is in particular driven by the ability to grow GeSn on high electronic barrier materials, which is not easily achievable with the traditional bulk SiGeSn/GeSn system. Combined with the discretization of the electronic states in GeSn quantum dots, doing so could lead to optical emission in the telecom range, whereas bulk GeSn is known to emit in the 2-5 μm spectral interval, thereby greatly opening the application field of GF sources. The candidate will use our molecular beam epitaxy equipment for the growth and microscopy techniques to characterize the epilayers. Merging the two above axes could be extended in a more in depth PhD work, with, among other possibilities, the first exploratory studies on the light emission properties of Group Four quantum dots inserted or not in a cavity. The candidate will have to work in close cooperation with the members of the SiNaPS laboratory (growth, optics, clean rooms). Skills in condensed matter physics together with appreciating the experimental work are expected. [1] Q. M. Thai et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 051104 (2018) [2] J. Chrétien et al, ACS Photonics, 2019, 6, 10, 2462–2469 Master 2 Duration: 6 mounths From 2021 Febuary 1st Contact: [email protected] Laboratory: Pheliqs –Quantum Physics and Engineering (CEA/IRIG/SPINTEC) 17 avenue des martyrs 38054 GRENOBLE cedex 9

Laboratory: IRIG / PHELIQS Code CEA : 202011019 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATED OPTICAL CIRCUITS AND DIELECTROPHORESIS: TOWARDS BACTERIAL SENSING APPLICATIONS (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-10-16-2020

Master thesis Master Recherche / PFE (5 to 6 month) Integrated optical circuits and dielectrophoresis: Towards bacterial sensing applications

IMEP-LaHC is one of the leading laboratories in the field of integrated optics, and more specifically of photonics on glass. Striving for innovation, one of our goals is to fabricate integrated devices dedicated to sensing applications such as bacteria detection. Indeed, monitoring of bacterial concentration is critical in various fields such as agri-food industry or environmental monitoring. For this aim, IMEP-LaHC develops collaborations with the Institut des Géosciences et de l’Environnement (IGE) and the Laboratoire des Microbiologies Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM). For these partners, the design and fabrication of a compact, reusable and portable optical sensor would be a major step for efficient and continuous in-situ measurements. Our objective is to develop an innovative solution that does not require a functionalization layer to trap the bacteria in the sensing area. We thus aim at co-integrating optical waveguides with electrodes designed for dielectrophoresis (DEP) applications1,2. An alternative voltage is applied on metallic electrodes in order to create a non-uniform electric field. It can trap polarizable particles such as bacteria close to an optical waveguide, leading to a change of the refractive index of its superstrate. This Master’s thesis is the continuation of a previous Master’s subject that has delt with the DEP electrode’s design and fabrication. This one is focused on the co-integration of the electrodes with a Mach- Zehnder optical interferometer and a microfluidic cavity. The aim is to provide a proof of concept of a first sensor’s design by detecting bacteria-sized latex beads as a model. The main specifications of the subject are:

The realization and characterization of a device co-integrating the DEP electrodes with an optical straight waveguide. The design and fabrication of a sensor’s prototype co-integrating the DEP electrodes with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer A first validation of the prototype via the sensing of bacteria-sized latex beads.

To fulfill these objectives, the student will become familiar with the subject through a bibliographic research on integrated sensors dedicated to bacterial concentration and Mach-Zehnder interferometer. He/she will also be trained for various techniques of design and fabrication. The training includes in particular:

Clean room processes for the metallic deposition and integrated optics microfabrication processes for the realization of the microfluidic chamber integrated optics on glass technology (ion diffusion on glass) simulation tools dedicated to guided optics propagation optical characterizations of integrated devices This Master's subject is a preliminary work for a future PhD subject, dealing with the integration of a full bacteria sensor3. Depending on the student's motivation and progress, a last task could deal with the integration of the optical function in a more complex circuit or the optimization of the microfluidic chamber (fabrication process, material used…) Advisors: Elise GHIBAUDO [email protected] - 04 56 52 95 31 Davide BUCCI [email protected] inp.fr 04 56 52 95 39 laboratoire IMEP – LaHC MINATEC – INPG, 3 Parvis Louis Néel BP 257 38016 Grenoble Cedex 1 - France 1 L. Cui, T. Zhang and H. Morgan, J. Micromech. Microeng. 12 (2002) 7–12 2 J. Suehiro et al, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 (1999) 2814 3 S. Tokonami, T. Iida, Analytica Chimica Acta 988 (2017) 1-16

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-10-16-2020 Contact : [email protected] INTEGRATED OPTICAL CIRCUITS AND DIELECTROPHORESIS: TOWARDS BACTERIAL SENSING APPLICATIONS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/02/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-10-16-2020

Master thesis Master Recherche / PFE (5 to 6 month) Integrated optical circuits and dielectrophoresis: Towards bacterial sensing applications

IMEP-LaHC is one of the leading laboratories in the field of integrated optics, and more specifically of photonics on glass. Striving for innovation, one of our goals is to fabricate integrated devices dedicated to sensing applications such as bacteria detection. Indeed, monitoring of bacterial concentration is critical in various fields such as agri-food industry or environmental monitoring. For this aim, IMEP-LaHC develops collaborations with the Institut des Géosciences et de l’Environnement (IGE) and the Laboratoire des Microbiologies Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM). For these partners, the design and fabrication of a compact, reusable and portable optical sensor would be a major step for efficient and continuous in-situ measurements. Our objective is to develop an innovative solution that does not require a functionalization layer to trap the bacteria in the sensing area. We thus aim at co-integrating optical waveguides with electrodes designed for dielectrophoresis (DEP) applications1,2. An alternative voltage is applied on metallic electrodes in order to create a non-uniform electric field. It can trap polarizable particles such as bacteria close to an optical waveguide, leading to a change of the refractive index of its superstrate. This Master’s thesis is the continuation of a previous Master’s subject that has delt with the DEP electrode’s design and fabrication. This one is focused on the co-integration of the electrodes with a Mach- Zehnder optical interferometer and a microfluidic cavity. The aim is to provide a proof of concept of a first sensor’s design by detecting bacteria-sized latex beads as a model. The main specifications of the subject are:

The realization and characterization of a device co-integrating the DEP electrodes with an optical straight waveguide. The design and fabrication of a sensor’s prototype co-integrating the DEP electrodes with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer A first validation of the prototype via the sensing of bacteria-sized latex beads.

To fulfill these objectives, the student will become familiar with the subject through a bibliographic research on integrated sensors dedicated to bacterial concentration and Mach-Zehnder interferometer. He/she will also be trained for various techniques of design and fabrication. The training includes in particular:

Clean room processes for the metallic deposition and integrated optics microfabrication processes for the realization of the microfluidic chamber integrated optics on glass technology (ion diffusion on glass) simulation tools dedicated to guided optics propagation optical characterizations of integrated devices

This Master's subject is a preliminary work for a future PhD subject, dealing with the integration of a full bacteria sensor3. Depending on the student's motivation and progress, a last task could deal with the integration of the optical function in a more complex circuit or the optimization of the microfluidic chamber (fabrication process, material used…) Advisors: Elise GHIBAUDO [email protected] - 04 56 52 95 31 Davide BUCCI [email protected] inp.fr 04 56 52 95 39 laboratoire IMEP – LaHC MINATEC – INPG, 3 Parvis Louis Néel BP 257 38016 Grenoble Cedex 1 - France 1 L. Cui, T. Zhang and H. Morgan, J. Micromech. Microeng. 12 (2002) 7–12 2 J. Suehiro et al, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 (1999) 2814 3 S. Tokonami, T. Iida, Analytica Chimica Acta 988 (2017) 1-16

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-PHOTO-10-16-2020 Contact : [email protected] SIMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSDUCERS BASED ON PIEZOELECTRIC NANOWIRES (STAGE)

Start date : 04/01/2021 offer n°IMEPLAHC-CMNE-10-12-2020

Master Student Training: Period: first semester 2021

Simulation, development and characterization of transducers based on piezoelectric nanowires IMEP-LaHC / LMGP/ MINATEC / Grenoble-France

Keywords: Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, Semiconductor physics, Characterization, FEM simulation. Training: Very recently, the scientific community gets interested in nanowire (NW) based devices, thanks to their unique electrical and mechanical properties due to their 1D structure. These properties could be exploited advantageously for several kinds of applications, such as sensors, actuators and energy harvesting devices (Fig. 1) [1]. Moreover, the device performance is strongly affected by different parameters: NW density, dimensions, surface

state and doping level, between others [2]. Fig. 1: Structure of a piezoelectric nanogenerator based on ZnO nanowires. The training will mostly concentrate on the mechanical to electrical transduction using a composite material based on ZnO NWs. These nanocomposites are expected to outperform thin piezoelectric films [3][4]. The objective of this training is to develop piezoelectric nanocomposites based on ZnO NWs grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [5]. This technique allows the growth of NW arrays with a high structural and optical quality over a large range of substrates including silicon. The NWs will be characterized using SEM, XRD, AFM and other conventional techniques with the aim to reveal and control the surface states in these objects. The fabricated devices will be characterized using specific test-benches. The training has four different and correlated goals:

1. Participate to the growth of NWs by MOCVD. 2. Participate to the fabrication of nanocomposite on silicon. 3. Characterize electromechanically the fabricated devices thanks to a specific test-bench. 4. Eventually, the student could participate to the modeling of piezoelectric nanocomposites using the Finite Element Method (FEM) approach.

The achievement of these goals will allows us to better understand the underlying physics and phenomena involved and to improve the performances of the composite material for energy harvesting or sensing applications. The student will benefit from an established collaboration framework between LMGP and IMEP-LaHC laboratories (project ANR SCENIC 2021-2024 including also C2N and GEEPS laboratories). It will be possible to continue this subject in a PhD Thesis. References : [1] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z.-H. Lin, G. Ardila, L. Montes, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang, "Ultrathin Nanogenerators as Self-powered/Active Skin Sensors for Tracking Eye Ball Motion", Adv. Funct. Mater., 24 (2014) p. 1163-1168. [2] R. Tao, M. Mouis, G. Ardila, “Unveiling the Influence of Surface Fermi Level Pinning on the Piezoelectric Response of Semiconducting Nanowires”, Adv. Electron. Mater., 4(1), (2018) p. 1700299. [3] R. Tao, G. Ardila L. Montes and M. Mouis, “Modeling of semiconducting piezoelectric nanowires for energy harvesting and sensing” Nano energy, 14 (2015) p.62-76. [4] R. Tao, M. Parmar, G. Ardila, P. Oliveira, D. Marques, L. Montès, M. Mouis, “Performance of ZnO based piezo-generators under controlled compression”, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 32(6) (2017) p. 064003. [5] Q. C. Bui, G. Ardila, E. Sarigiannidou, H. Roussel, C. Jiménez , O. Chaix-Pluchery, Y. Guerfi, F. Bassani, F. Donatini, X. Mescot, B. Salem, V. Consonni , ”Morphology Transition of ZnO from Thin Film to Nanowires on Silicon and its Correlated Enhanced Zinc Polarity Uniformity and Piezoelectric Responses”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(26), (2020), p. 29583-29593. More info: Duration: 4 to 6 months (first semester 2021) Level: Master 2 / Engineering School Location: IMEP-LaHC /LMGP/ Minatec / Grenoble, France Advisors: Gustavo Ardila ([email protected]) Vincent CONSONNI ([email protected]) About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. The main research areas concern Microelectronic devices (CMOS, SOI, ...), Nanotechnologies, Photonic and RF devices. It works in close partnership with several industrial groups such as ST-Microelectronics, IBM, ... and platforms such as LETI, LITEN, IMEC, Tyndall. The training will be within the group working on MicroNanoElectronic Devices / Nanostructures & Nanosystems. The trainee will have access to several technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. LMGP / MINATEC / Grenoble LMGP is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble and cover activities in (nano)- materials science including their synthesis by chemical deposition and their structural characterization. The training will be within the team “Nanomaterials and Advanced Heterostructures”. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA [email protected] +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32 Vincent CONSONNI [email protected] +33 (0)4.56.52.93.58

Laboratory: IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-CMNE-10-12-2020 Contact : [email protected] SIMULATION OF 2D TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES FOR MEMORY DEVICES (THÈSE)

Start date : 05/10/2020 offer n°IMEPLAHC-CMNE-08-20-2020

PhD position 2020-2023 Simulation of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides for memory devices at IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / GRENOBLE UNIVERSITY – FRANCE KEYWORDS KEYWORDS : Density functional theory, quantum charge transport, nanoelectronics, numerical simulation. PROJET DESCRIPTION: Since the discovery of graphene in 2004, many other layered materials have been synthetized. Among them, transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted a strong interest for applications in nanoelectronics thanks to their semiconducting nature with a variety of band gaps, and their atomic thickness, which allows an excellent electrostatic control. The possibility of stacking different layers has opened the path to innovative vertical devices, such as tunnel field-effect transistors for low-power electronics and printable electronics. The understanding of the electron transport through vertical 2D systems thus represents an important challenge for the future development of 2D electronics. The goal of the PhD is to theoretically and numerically investigate these vertical structures by exploring their electronic and transport properties. The focus will particularly be on atomristors, which are sandwiches of semiconducting 2D materials and metallic contacts. These systems have been shown to change their electrical resistance to high or low values when traversed by a large current. Such a phenomenon is due to modifications of the atomic structure, which are not clearly identified at present. It allows the use of these devices as memories or in radiofrequency switches, which is the goal of the ANR SWIT project. These systems have an intrinsically quantum behavior, in the sense that the wave nature of electron governs the transport properties at the interfaces and in the 2D layers. Their simulation thus requires the use of a general electron transport approach, such as the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism, as well as an ab initio atomistic description of the electronic structure based on the density functional theory. The student will be asked to:

Calculate the electronic structure of sandwiches of transition metal dichalcogenides and metallic contacts by means of density functional theory simulations. The height of the resulting Schottky barriers will be estimated. Calculate the electronic structure and the transport properties of the vertical structures in the presence of vacancies, substitutional impurities, dislocations or grain boundaries. The results will clarify the role of disorder in determining the resistance of the high-resistance state in atomristors. Investigate the energetic stability of islands of the transition metal dichalcogenide with different structural phases or migrated metal atoms, and simulate their impact on the transport properties of the vertical structure. The aim is to understand the physical mechanism of the switching in atomristor and to explore the low-resistance state.

This work will require learning and using numerical codes for ab initio calculations and quantum transport simulations. There will be regular interactions with the experimental colleagues of CEA- LETI and IEMN in the frame of the SWIT project. The results of the student will be important to identify the ideal combinations of transition metal dichalcogenides and metallic contacts to obtain devices with a very high resistance in the off state, and to clarify the switching mechanism. CANDIDATE PROFILE :

Training in physics and/or electronics, with a solid knowledge of condensed matter physics Basic knowledge of computer programming for numerical simulation Previous experience with density functional theory will be a plus

The candidate must hold a master degree (equivalent to a master M2R in France) or an equivalent university degree eligible for the EEATS Doctoral School of Université Grenoble Alpes. DETAILS : Co-supervisors: Alessandro CRESTI (IMEP-LaHC), François TRIOZON (CEA-LETI) Funding: ANR project SWIT (SWItches based on Transition metal dichalcogenides for RF applications) Thesis starting date: October/November 2020 Thesis duration: 3 years ABOUT THE RESEARCH INSTITUTES : IMEP-LaHC is a “unité mixte de recherche” involving Grenoble INP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc and CNRS. It is located within the Minatec innovation pole, in Grenoble. The laboratory employs 49 researchers, 15 engineers and technicians, 3 postdoctoral fellows, and 42 PhD students. It has collaborations with several universities and research centers, large industrial groups (ST-Microelectronics, IBM, Motorola, etc.), and preindustrial microelectronics centers (LETI, LITEN, IMEC, Tyndall). CEA-LETI is a research institute for electronics and information technologies employing more than 1000 researchers, engineers and technicians. It hosts a large technological platform (clean rooms, physico-chemical characterization). It is mainly funded by industrial partnerships. It relies on a strong scientific expertise: partnerships with CEA/DRF (Fundamental Research Division) and academic institutes (CNRS, Universities) via national and European funding. The PhD student will work within the team “Composant MicroNanoElectronique” of IMEP-LaHC and in very close collaboration with the team “Simulation et Modélisation” of LETI. CONTACTS : Send a CV, a letter of motivation, photocopies of diplomas and academic record with ratings, and two recommendation letters to: Dr. Alessandro Cresti, CNRS researcher at IMEP-LaHC, email: [email protected] Dr. François Triozon, researcher at CEA-LETI, email: [email protected] The position will remain open until it is filled.

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-CMNE-08-20-2020 Contact : [email protected] STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PIEZOTRONIC BIOSENSORS BASED ON ZNO (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2020 offer n°IMEPLAHC-05152020-CMNE

PhD thesis subject:

Study and development of piezotronic biosensors based on ZnO

IMEP-LaHC / MINATEC / Grenoble-France Deadline for application: May 31th 2020

Keywords: Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, Biosensor, Semiconductor Physics and technology. Description of the project: Semi-conductor piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) (of GaN or ZnO among others) have improved piezoelectric properties compared to thin films and bulk materials, because of their greater flexibility, their sensitivity to weaker forces, and also, due to an intrinsic improvement in their piezoelectric coefficients which has been identified by recent theoretical and experimental studies [1, 2]. The coupling of piezoelectric polarization and semiconducting properties of the nanostructures allow the design of new “piezotronic” devices with new functionalities and improved performance. They can be used in applications like pressure or strain sensors, biosensors, photodetectors, etc. [3, 4, 5]. In France, the IMEP-LaHC has contributed in this area with the study of several piezotronic devices based in NWs [6, 7]. These studies have been realized in collaboration with different laboratories and research institutes in France and abroad. In this domain, several devices have been explored but very few studies have been reported about their reliability and lifetime. The objective of this thesis will be the design, study and development of new architectures of biosensors exploiting the piezotronic effect on NWs. The purpose is to develop biosensors with high sensitivity, reliability and lifetime. The student will have at his disposal all the experimental facilities of the laboratory, as well as access to the PTA technological platform for the preparation of specific test structures (metallization of contacts, connections, etc.). The NWs will be developed at the IMEP-LaHC or will be accessible through different collaborations. The surface functionalization and biological manipulations will be realized as well through collaborations (LMGP, INL, Institute Néel, INAC...). References: [1] X. Xu, A. Potié, R. Songmuang, J.W. Lee, T. Baron, B. Salem and L. Montès, Nanotechnology 22 (2011) [2] H. D. Espinosa, R. A. Bernal, M. Minary‐Jolandan, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) [3] Y. Zhang, Y. Liu and Z. L. Wang, Advanced Materials 23 (2011) [4] X. Wang, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull, 92 (2013). [5] K. Jenkins, V. Nguyen, R. Zhu and R. Yang, Sensors 15 (2015) [6] M. Parmar, E. A. A. L. Perez, G. Ardila, E. Saoutieff, E. Pauliac-Vaujour and M. Mouis, Nano Energy 56 (2019) [7] Y.S. Zhou, R. Hinchet, Y. Yang, G. Ardila, R. Songmuang, F. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Han, K. Pradel, L. Montes, M. Mouis and Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) More information: Knowledge and skills required: It is desirable that the candidate has knowledge in one or more of these areas: semiconductor physics, piezoelectricity, clean room techniques and associated characterizations (SEM, etc.), surface functionalization, biosensors. The grades and the rank as undergraduate and especially for the Master degree are a very important selection criterion for the doctoral school. Location: IMEP- LaHC / Minatec / Grenoble, France Doctoral school: EEATS (Electronics, Electrical engineering, Automatism, Signal processing), specialty NENT (Nano Electronics Nano Technologies). About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. The main research areas concern Microelectronic devices (especially CMOS, SOI), Nanotechnologies, Photonic and RF devices. It works in close partnership with several industrial groups (such as ST-Microelectronics, IBM, or Global Foundries), preindustrial institutes (such as LETI, LITEN, IMEC, or Tyndall), as well as SMEs (e.g. CEDRAT). The PhD thesis will be carried out within the group working on MicroNanoElectronic Devices /Nanostructures & Nanosystems. The student will have access to several technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA : [email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLAHC-05152020-CMNE Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF A 3D MODELING TOOL TO MODELIZE INTEGRATED OPTICAL STRUCTURE WITH COMPLEX PROFILE (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2021 offer n°IMEPLaHC-03112020-PHOTO

PHD subject, duration 36 months

Development of a 3D modeling tool to modelize integrated optical structure with complex profile

Contact: Alain MORAND [email protected] Start date : 1st September 2021 Photonic devices can be developed in different substrates (Silicon, Nitride, Glass …). To design integrated optic functions, numerical modelling tools are necessary as FDTD, FMM, BPM … These tools are already distributed commercially by different companies. All of these methods suffer from the staircase approximation. The space domain is in fact discretized in small sections (square most of the time) which don’t follow exactly the boundary of a waveguide. An artificial roughness appears at the interface inducing reflection or scattering. The objective of this PHD is to develop a 3D tool to minimize this effect in order to reach the ideal structure. Complex profile or real roughness waveguide could after be simulated with a good accuracy using this kind of tool. For few years ago, Fourier Modal Method has been developed in the world and in our lab [1 and 2]. And recently, we added a Fast Fourier Factorization module to eliminate the staircase problem [3, 4]. This module has been implemented firstly in a Differential Method tool used to modelize the scattering of grating structure from a plane wave excitation. We have implemented this module in the FMM to simulate 2D optical waveguide. This efficiency has been recently proved [5]. Now, we would like to add this combination in a 3D version. This tool could then be an excellent solution for all company developing integrated optic structure. A first goal, it is to be able to add a real roughness of the waveguide and to estimate its impact on the reflection, attenuation losses or shift wavelength resonance for resonator cavity. A second goal is to have the possibility to design plasmonic structure with different shape as triangular, cylinder which can be complicated to simulate with classical methods. Plasmonic excitation of the metal plane with a specifically roughness could also be analyzed. The domain of study is not limited when the tool is developed and can be very large. The requested skills or knowledge of the student:

Guided wave theory, electromagnetism (In optic or in radiofrequency domain) Computer science Python code and eventually C code[1] J. P. Hugonin and P. Lalanne, “Perfectly matched layers as nonlinear coordinate transforms: a generalized formulalization”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 22, 1844-1849 (2005) [2] D. Bucci, B. Martin and A. Morand, “Application of the three-dimensional aperiodic Fourier modal method using arc elements in curvilinear coordinates”, JOSA A, Vol. 29 (3), pp. 367-373, 2012. [3] E. Popov and M. Nevière, “Grating theory: new equations in Fourier space leading to fast converging results fo TM polarization”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 17, 1773-1784 (2000) [4] H. Mohamad, S. Essaidi, S. Blaize, D. Macias, P. Benech and A. Morand, “Fast Fourier Factorization for differential method and RCWA: a powerful tool for the modeling of non-lamellar metallic diffraction gratings”, Optical and Quantum Electronics, 52:127, (2020) [5] H. Mohamad, S. Blaize, P. Benech and A. Morand, « An aperiodic differential method associated to the FFF: a numerical tool for integrated optic waveguide modelization », OWTNM in Berlin, (2020) PHD funding: it will depend on the level of the student in order to be funded by French ministry Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-03112020-PHOTO Contact : [email protected] HIGHLY EFFICIENT TERAHERTZ DEVICES FOR NANO-ELECTRONICS QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/04/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-11022020-PHOTO

IMEP-LAHC , CNRS , Chambéry, FRANCE

POST- DOCTORAL position in

Highly efficient Terahertz devices for Nano-Electronics Quantum Technology We are seeking for a post-doctoral fellow in the frame of the project STEPforQubits (Short TeraHertz Electrical Pulses for Qubits) funded by the french ANR agency.

CONTEXT : The most recent developments of quantum electronic circuits made from 2D electron gas (2DEG) will make possible the demonstration of novel and fundamental experiments such as electron “quantum optics” experiments where single electron would behave as a single photon emitted in a quantum optical system [1]. However, in order to perform such fascinating experiments, it is required to excite, control and detect single electrons within a time-scale well below the nanosecond range. For that, we intend to use ultrafast optoelectronics as a generation technique of picosecond electrical pulses and to associate it with quantum electronics in 2DEG circuits. Today, the use of femtosecond lasers allows for the generation of electrical pulses with duration lower than a picosecond and frequency components in the THz range. This technique is commonly based on GaAs photoconductive switches and it is routinely used for THz experiment [2]. However, to our knowledge, it has never been successfully applied to the study of quantum electronic circuits. Hence, in this project we would like to build a new technological approach for quantum-technology by integrating quantum 2DEG circuits with highly efficient optoelectronic devices capable of generating picosecond electrical pulses with on-demand duration and amplitude.

Objectives of the postdoctoral fellowship: The research work is focused on the development and experimental characterization of a new class of highly efficient photoconductive devices based on GaAs technology. The design of the component takes advantage of nano-photonic and plasmonic techniques in order to increase its efficiency [3]. After assessment of their performances, the devices will be co-integrated with a 2DEG circuit in order to demonstrate a first quantum experiment. Then, further developments toward new functionalities of the photoconductive devices will be addressed. Collaboration and networking : The research will be done by the group PHOTO at IMEP-LAHC, University Savoie Mont-Blanc in Chambéry in collaboration with the group QuantECA in the Neel Institute, CNRS in Grenoble . Both groups enjoy international renown in their discipline. They are fully equipped with high speed electronics, lasers, THz benches, cryogenic instrumentation, clean room and nanofabrication facilities. Required profile: We are looking for a post graduate researcher with a PhD in Physics, Optics or Electronics. A previous experience in experimental THz optics, ultrafast laser science, integrated optics or optoelectronics will be of advantage. The successful post-doctoral fellow should have a background in at least one of the following fields: THz optics, ultrafast optics, optoelectronics, semiconductors components. The candidate should have demonstrated his-her ability for interdisciplinary collaboration with researchers and a corresponding track record of publications. To apply for this position, please send your application as one single PDF file to Dr. J. F. Roux (see coordinates below). The application should contain a motivation letter including a short exposé with an outline of your research interests, CV, Master and PhD certificates and 2 reference contacts. Foreseen start for the position: April 2020 Net Salary (after taxes): Approximatively 2000 € per month Duration: 12 months (extendable up to 3 years) Contact : Dr. Jean-Francois ROUX, [email protected] [1] Bauerle et al. 2018 Rep. Prog. Phys. 81 056503 [2] Eusebe et al. 2005 JAP 98, 033711 [3] Georgiou et al. ArXiV : 2001.01341

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-11022020-PHOTO Contact : [email protected] DESIGN OF SOLUTIONS FOR IDENTIFICATION (THID) AND AUTHENTICATION BY NON-CONTACT APPROACHES IN THE THZ DOMAIN. (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-02042020-PHOTO

PhD subject Subject tittle: Design of solutions for identification (THID) and authentication by non-contact approaches in the THz domain.

Laboratories: IMEP-LAHC – Université Savoie Mont-Blanc GIPSA Lab. – Université Grenoble Alpes Bâtiment Chablais - Campus Scientifique 11 Rue des Mathématiques 73376 Le Bourget du Lac - France 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères Contact: Frédéric Garet | frédé[email protected] Cornel Ioana | cornel.ioana@gipsa- lab.grenoble-inp.fr IMEP-LAHC Laboratory : The IMEP-LAHC Laboratory (http://imep-lahc.grenoble-inp.fr/), situated at Le Bourget du Lac (Savoy-FRANCE), conducts research in the fields of micro and nano-electronic components, radiofrequency and millimeter, frequencies and photonics and THz optoelectronics. The team involved in this project belongs to the department PHOTO (PHOtonics Terahertz and Optoelectronics) and belongs to the team that played a pioneering role in the development of THz spectroscopy in France from the mid-90s. The laboratory has published major contributions in the fields of precise extraction of material parameters and determination of the THz response (in the 100 GHz - 5 THz range) of devices integrating for example metallic or dielectric photonic structures at 1, 2 or 3 dimensions. In 2011, they proposed the first concept of a THz tag to be used for identification in the THz domain (THID) [1]. GIPSA Lab Laboratory : The GIPSA Lab (http://www.gipsa-lab.fr/), conducts theoretical and applied research on the signals and systems produced and exchanged by humans or their natural and technological environments. It is confronted with measurements, data and observations from physical, biological, cognitive or artefactual systems in order to provide viable, efficient decision- making, action and communication devices compatible with physical and human reality. These developments are based on theories in information processing and in control / command for the development of models and algorithms, validated by hardware and software implementations. GIPSA-lab maintains a constant link with applications in very varied fields: health, environment, energy, geophysics, embedded systems, mechatronics, micro and nanosystems, industrial processes and systems, telecommunications, networks, transport, operational safety and security, human- machine interaction, linguistic engineering, etc. The candidate’s profile : The candidate, can come from a Master in Physics or Electronics with skills in electromagnetism or signal and information processing, analysis of transient phenomena and inference of physics in data analysis approaches. Machine learning skills can be also interesting. He may also have skills in instrumentation and / or optics or optoelectronics. PhD subject : The identification and authentication of products today represent colossal challenges both in terms of sums and jobs. Indeed, many economic sectors are facing new threats related to the authenticity and integrity of documents or goods. Counterfeiting is thus a scourge worldwide and leads to a very significant shortfall for many manufacturers. The subject of this thesis is involved of a project bringing together 2 research laboratories: IMEP-LAHC and GIPSA Lab, as well as 2 companies: TIHIVE and ARJO SOLUTION which respectively develops THz imaging system and optical solutions to fight counterfeiting. The objective of this project is to design and implement solutions for the identification and/or authentication of manufactured products. The solutions are envisaged in terahertz (THz) frequency range: 1) through the use of chipless tags which can either be directly integrated or more simply attached to products, 2) via the use of the intrinsic properties of products. The selected candidate will aim to study, propose and develop various identification and/or authentication solutions that can be used in the THz frequencies domain, such as: - Tags based on periodic and resonant structures (diffractive structures in particular) based on low cost polymers and which exhibit characteristic (specific and unique) signatures in the THz field [2,3]. - By directly using the “intrinsic signature” of the product, obtained by THz imaging for example [4]. More specifically, the work will consist of different steps: - To design, manufacture and characterize (signature measurement) the THz tags. This work will be carried out in particular at the IMEP-LAHC - To develop signature processing methods to assess the richness of the information contained in the measured signatures of the tags. These methods will be based on solutions already demonstrated at the GIPSA Lab [5,6]. - To develop a complete authentication solution integrating tag(s), an imaging system from TIHIVE and a signature processing tool. The whole solution should take into account the real application constraints given by ARJO SOLUTIONS. This work is therefore based on several complementary application research areas: - An experimental part: implementation of methods for measuring the THz signatures of the tags: THz spectroscopy in the THz domain (THz-TDS) and THz imaging. - A theoretical part: modeling of the diffractive structures behavior that will be at the origin of the richness of the THz signature of the tag. - Finally, the definition and implementation of data processing algorithms constitute a part at the border between physics and signal processing. It aims to build algorithms for the identification and classification of tags from innovative descriptors. Software’s: MATLAB, C/C++, Python Key words: Time Domain THz Spectroscopy (THz-TDS), THz Tag, Identification and authentication technics, Spectral Analysis, Transient signals analysis, classification, machine learning. Beginning: September/October 2020 – 3 years’ contract. Salary: 21240 €/year (before taxes), 16070 €/year (after taxes). References : [1] M. Bernier, F. Garet, E. Perret, L. Duvillaret, S. Tedjini,” THz encoding approach for secured chipless radio frequency identification”, Applied Optics, Vol. 50, Issue 23, pp. 4648-4655 (2011) [2] S. Salhi, F. Bonnefoy, S. Girard, M. Bernier, E. Perret, N. Barbot, R. Siragusa, F. Garet " Enhanced THz tags authentication using multivariate statistical analysis ", IRMMW2019 44th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeterwave – Paris – France (1st -06st September 2019). [3] M. Hamdi, F. Garet, L. Duvillaret, Ph. Martinez, G. Eymin Petot Tourtollet, ” Identification Tag in the THz Frequency domain using Low Cost and Tunable Refractive Index Materials”, Ann. Des Télécom., 68, 7-8, pp. 415-424 (August 2013) - DOI 10.1007/s12243-013-0374-7 [4] F. Bonnefoy, C. Ioana, M. Bernier, E. Perret, N. Barbot, R. Siragusa, F. Garet " Identification of random internal structuring THz tags using images correlation and SIWPD analysis ", IRMMW2019 44th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeterwave – Paris – France (1st -06st September 2019). [5] Angela Digulescu, Irina Murgan, Cornel Ioana, Ion Candel, Alexandru Serbanescu. Applications of Transient Signal Analysis Using the Concept of Recurrence Plot Analysis. Recurrence Plots and Their Quantifications: Expanding Horizons, 180, pp.19-38, 2016, 978-3-319-29921-1. 〈10.1007/978-3-319-29922-8_2〉. 〈hal-01447912〉 [6] Angela Digulescu, Cornel Ioana, Alexandru Serbanescu, Phase Diagram-Based Sensing with Adaptive Waveform Design and Recurrent States Quantification for the Instantaneous Frequency Law Tracking. MDPI Sensors 2019, 19, 2434; doi:10.3390/s19112434 Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-02042020-PHOTO Contact : [email protected] RF CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETITE POWDERS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-12172019-RFM

IEPT or Master's Internship - 2020 RF characterization of magnetite powders

Keywords : Magnetic particles, RF characterization of materials, materials properties, electromagnetic and physical modeling Lab : Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique – Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et de Caractérisation IMEP-LaHC, Minatec - 3, parvis Louis Néel, BP 257, 38 016 GRENOBLE Cedex 1 IMEP-LaHC is a public research unit (CNRS/Grenoble INP/UGA/USMB) of 180 people involved in several research topics such as micro and nano-electronics, photonics and microwaves. Duration : 6 months Directors : Pr. VUONG Tan- Phu, [email protected], 04.56.52.95.65 Pr. XAVIER Pascal, pascal.x avier@univ- grenoble-alpes.fr , 04.56.52.95.69 Company : LE BOUTEILLER Philippe, philippe.le-bouteiller @ hymagin.com 1. Context HYMAG'IN produces an iron oxide powder, magnetite, and wishes to market it for various applications using its magnetic properties. HYMAG'IN seeks to characterize the intrinsic magnetic properties of its products, but also the properties of materials prepared by incorporating magnetite powder at different charge rates into clay, epoxy resin, paint and other matrices. Complex permeability is one of these properties in frequency ranges from MHz to a few GHz. HYMAG'IN produces different types of magnetites, which differ from each other in their physico-chemical properties: distribution of sizes, shapes, chemical compositions. These various parameters are likely to impact the magnetic properties of the powders and materials in which they are incorporated. By measuring the magnetic properties of different powders, HYMAG'IN therefore wishes to understand the impact of these different parameters and thus be able to answer questions such as: How to optimize magnetite and/or formulation to maximize permeability? Finally, HYMAG'IN wishes to compare the properties of its products with other materials already used in the applications under consideration, such as ferrites of different types. Comparative measurements must therefore be carried out with commercial products, powders or materials already formulated. The IMEP-LaHC laboratory is providing its expertise and characterization resources to set up this study. HYMAG'IN provides external support for the completion of this internship provided by Philippe Le Bouteiller. 2. Purpose of the internship The internship will cover the following aspects:

Bibliography and theoretical approach to the magnetic behaviour of magnetite; Evaluation of the feasibility and relevance of direct measurement on powders; Implementation of measurement protocols on materials incorporating magnetite powders, and on powders directly, if necessary; Performing measurements: samples of different magnetites, and materials at different charge rates; Comparative measurements with materials already on the market: benchmark ; Reflection on possible applications in the fields covered by the laboratory: electronics, space. Please email your application (CV and cover letter) to the Directors indicated above

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-12172019-RFM Contact : [email protected] IMPROVEMENT OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICAL PROFILE OF A SOIL, RESULTING FROM A MEASUREMENT WITH A RADIOFREQUENCY PROBE, BY AN OPTIMIZED INVERSE CALCULATION AND MACHINE LEARNING (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-1202019-RFM

IEPT or Master's Internship - 2020 Title : Improvement of the determination of the physical profile of a soil, resulting from a measurement with a radiofrequency probe, by an optimized inverse calculation and machine learning

Keywords: Machine learning, Databases, electromagnetism, material characterization, physical models Location : IMEP-LaHC Minatec - 3, parvis Louis Néel, BP 257, 38 016 GRENOBLE Cedex 1 Our lab is a joint research unit (CNRS/Grenoble INP/UGA/USMB) of 180 people whose research topics concern micro and nanoelectronics, photonics and microwaves. The team will be composed of P. Xavier, Professor of the UGA, D. Rauly and E. Chamberod,Assitant Professors of the UGA. Supervisor : XAVIER Pascal, [email protected], 04.56.52.95.69 or 06.45.36.22.65 Candidate profile : five years of higher education in computer science or applied mathematics. 1. Context and objectives The innovative project DAMP (Device for the Analysis of Materials Profile) carried out by our laboratory is in the process of maturing with the Linksium Technology Transfer Acceleration Company (SATT). The aim is to develop an invasive and local hardware and software solution (radiofrequency probe equipped with commercial sensors), capable of physically characterizing liquid or solid media in depth with a resolution of the order of 1 cm. This probe is robust, easy to use and suitable for all environments. The technique used is fast, simple and inexpensive: it combines the advantages of two competing current technologies. Our team has three applications in mind: the characterization of snow cover (height, density...) to anticipate the filling of EDF dams or prevent avalanches, smart irrigation of agricultural plots or input monitoring, monitoring the humidity level of buildings and structures. In the long term, a licence transfer is planned in the partner companies. 2. Purpose of the internship The work will focus on processing the signals recorded by the probe and improving the physical modelling of environments. In this context, we offer a 4 to 5 month internship at Bac+5 level. Based on an existing prototype and measurements made on site, the trainee will:

program the software tool allowing, by a reverse calculation and optimization method, to go back to the physical parameters of the sections detected for each medium. develop a database containing data from measurements made on model and real environments (depending on the applications) test an automatic learning procedure to improve the accuracy of identifying the type of medium and measuring physical parameters.

As the DAMP project aims to enter the incubation phase in 2020, it will be appreciated if the candidate has a taste for adventure and is motivated by the opportunity to get involved in a marketing project. Please send your applications (CV + cover letter) by email to [email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-1202019-RFM Contact : [email protected] DISPERSION CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE GLASS WAVEGUIDES (STAGE)

Start date : 04/02/2019 offer n°IMEPLaHC-10292019-PHOTO

Master thesis -Master Recherche / PFE (5 to 6 month) Dispersion characterization of active glass waveguides IMEP-LaHC is working on integrated optics since a few decades and is one of the leading laboratories in the field of photonics on glass. A current objective of the team "PHOTO" of this institute is to develop mode-locked lasers using the glass photonics platform. Mode-locking can be obtained by different methods; the one we have selected uses a fast saturable absorber to form solitons in an optical cavity. The method to produce those soliton is well known theoretically and requires balancing two effects that occur during the propagation of an optical pulse in the waveguide. The first one is dispersion that comes from both the material and the waveguide. The second effect is a non-linear phenomenon called "self phase modulation (SPM)". Both phenomena need to be precisely characterized for a given technology in order to build an efficient mode-locked laser cavity. The present internship will focus on the precise measurement of the group dispersion of our waveguides. Dispersion can be measured using an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer whose arms are fabricated with the waveguides to be characterized [1]. A mask containing unbalanced MZ interferometers is already available at the laboratory, the rest is up to the intern ! The internship will be organized as follows:

Bibliographic study concerning the context (mode-locked lasers architectures, …) and the core subject (dispersion measurement in integrated waveguides) Using the provided photolithography mask, fabricate MZ devices using the clean room facilities of the laboratory. Characterize the different MZ present on the chip (transmission spectrum). Analyze the measured spectra, compare to theory and choose which device is best suited for measuring dispersion.

This internship thus requires a student with an inclination for experimental work (fabrication and characterization). Some knowledge about integrated optics and an experience with clean room environment will be appreciated. This Master's subject thesis is a preliminary work for a future PhD subject on the same topic, but could also lead to a PhD thesis on another subject within the PHOTO team of IMEP LaHC. [1] Dulkeith, Eric, et al. "Group index and group velocity dispersion in silicon-on-insulator photonic wires." Optics Express 14.9 (2006): 3853-3863. Advisors: Jean- Emmanuel BROQUIN, [email protected] Lionel BASTARD, lionel.bastard@grenoble- inp.fr

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-10292019-PHOTO Contact : [email protected] MICRO-HEATERS FOR INTEGRATED LASER TUNING (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-10282019-PHOTO

Master thesis - Master Recherche / PFE (5 to 6 month)

Micro-heaters for integrated laser tuning

IMEP-LaHC is working on integrated optics since a few decades and is one of the leading laboratories in the field of photonics on glass. A current objective of the team "PHOTO" of this institute is to fabricate carriers of GHz to THz frequencies for future telecommunication systems and THz spectroscopy. The carrier signal is produced by the interaction on a rapid photodetector of two integrated optics lasers fabricated on the same substrate. Such a device has already been demonstrated in a previous PhD thesis carried out at IMEP-LaHC [1]. The GHz or THz frequency is fixed by the design of the laser cavities and cannot be modified once the device has been fabricated. This internship is dedicated to obtaining a variable-frequency output by varying the temperature of one of the lasers. This temperature variation will be achieved by integrating a micro-heater on the device. There are two parts to this internship:

1. The first task is to use the existing literature and Comsol simulations to design the thin metallic layer which will constitute the micro-heater. Simulations will also be used to predict the temperature increase on the waveguide and the tunability of the produced carrier that can be expected. 2. The second task is to fabricate the micro-heaters in a clean-room environment. Electrical and optical characterizations of the fabricated heaters will then be carried out by the intern and compared with the expected behavior of the device.

This internship thus requires a student with an inclination for both simulations and experimental work. Some knowledge about integrated optics and an experience with clean room environment will be appreciated. This Master's subject thesis is a preliminary work for a future PhD subject on the same topic, but could also lead to a PhD thesis on another subject within the PHOTO team of IMEP LaHC. [1] N. Arab, "Optique intégrée sur verre pour la génération de fréquences radio", PhD Thesis at Grenoble-INP, http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT102 Advisors: Lionel BASTARD [email protected] Julien POETTE [email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-10282019-PHOTO Contact : [email protected] MICROMAGNETIC STUDY OF A VOLTAGE CONTROLLED SKYRMION CHIRALITY SWITCH (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-9

Skyrmions in thin films are spin textures across which the magnetization follows a cycloid with a unique sense of rotation, known as chirality. These specific magnetic patterns can be stabilized in various kinds of materials, and particularly in ultrathin trilayers with no inversion symmetry (e.g. heavy metal/ferromagnet/oxide) exhibiting simultaneously an interfacial interaction called Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DMI) and a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Since they are ideally topological solitons, skyrmions are currently attracting considerable interest both for the underlying physics and for their applicative potential. Their ability to be set in motion by electrical current opens the way to imagine them as dense storage data bits or magnetic logic operations. Furthermore, the possibility to tune magnetic interfacial properties by a gate voltage enables low power control of spintronic devices and provides a versatile, local and dynamic degree of freedom that can be implemented in innovative designs. In this context, in collaboration with Institut Néel, we have recently shown that a gate voltage can not only switch skyrmions on and off but also tune the interface properties (PMA and DMI). The new mechanism leading to DMI revealed by our experiments allows expecting a control of DMI sign, which would lead to an inversion of the skyrmion’s chirality. In this internship, we target to study by micromagnetic simulations the possibility to change DMI sign and to demonstrate voltage controlled skyrmion chirality switch. This breakthrough would open new possibilities for skyrmion manipulation, as a change of chirality would invert the direction of current-induced motion. It will also open new and rich physics on the dynamical control of the topology of these solitons.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-9 Contact : [email protected] THEORETICAL STUDIES OF SPIN-ORBIT PHENOMENA AT INTERFACES COMPRISING MAGNETIC AND NONMAGNETIC MATERIALS IN A VIEW OF MEMORY DEVICES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-8

This internship project aims on unveiling microscopic mechanisms of spin-orbit phenomena including perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in order to help optimizing spin-based memory applications and provide the scientific underpinnings of next generation energy efficient, ultrafast and ultrasmall spintronic devices.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-8 Contact : [email protected] MODELING OF SPIN HALL INDUCED DOMAIN WALL DYNAMICS IN CORE- SHELL NANOWIRES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-7

Recent progress in domain wall nucleation and its control in nanostructures with tubular shape [see Figure 1] makes them fascinating objects for fundamental research as well as for data storage advanced technologies. In these systems the interplay between magnetization and 3D properties results in novel physical phenomena such as unconventional spin textures, additional energy terms due to curvature or spin wave non-reciprocity. Three-dimensional spintronics exploits the interaction of magnetization with spin polarized currents in such cylindrical objects in view of designing the 3D building blocks for magnetic storage devices. The advancements of experimental techniques in this field in our laboratory offer new challenges for theory and modeling. To simulate non-trivial 3D magnetic textures and the impact of current on its dynamics in cylindrical geometries we have developed the multipurpose micromagnetic finite element C++ software [1] jointly in Spintec and Néel Institute. Our software is permanently enlarged with new physics to accompany experimental development. This internship is an excellent opportunity to get familiar with finite element modeling and contribute to the development of the multi-physics software for spintronics.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-7 Contact : [email protected] MODELING AND DESIGN OF HYBRID SEMICONDUCTOR/MAGNETIC CIRCUITS BASED ON THE INTERCONVERSION BETWEEN SPIN AND CHARGE CURRENTS AND ON THE CONTROL OF MAGNETIC PROPERTIES BY ELECTRICAL FIELD (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-6

Spin electronics is a merging of microelectronics and magnetism which aims at taking advantage of the best of the two worlds. Magnetism is very appropriate for memory functions since it allows encoding information in a nonvolatile way via the direction of magnetization of magnetic nanostructures. Magnetic memory called MRAM (Magnetic Random Access Memories) are about to be launched in volume production at several major microelectronics companies. For readout, this memory uses the magnetoresistance of magnetic tunnel junctions while the writing is performed by using the magnetic torque that a spin-polarized current exerts on the magnetization of a magnetic nanostructure (spin transfer torque). But spinelectronics keeps on progressing and new phenomena have been discovered since then on which our laboratory is actively working. These new phenomena rely on spin-orbit interactions and on the control of the magnetic properties of magnetic nanostructures by electric field rather than magnetic field or spin transfer torque. They enable the conception of memories and non-volatile logic circuits working at multiGHz frequency and exhibiting extremely low power consumption. The purpose of this internship will first consist in developing compact models of devices based on these new phenomena, for electrical simulation using the standard design suites of microelectronics. The models will be confronted to experimental results obtained in our laboratory and others available from literature. Once the models are validated, simple circuits will be designed based on these phenomena such as non-volatile standard cells for digital design, small memory matrix or radiofrequency spintronics oscillators, for which the implementation of these newly discovered phenomena seems particularly promising. These circuits’ performances will be benchmarked with those of equivalent circuits made from conventional semiconductor (CMOS) technology.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-6 Contact : [email protected] MAGNETIC 3D TOPOLOGICAL INSULATORS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-5

Nanostructures of the magnetic 3D topological insulators MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7 are candidates to realize novel chiral electronic states, similar to the quantum Hall state, but without the need of magnetic fields. The modification of the band structure by the exchange interaction is also predicted to generate axion insulators, with topological properties that can be tuned by the magnetization. Both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic topological insulators will be investigated by magneto- transport measurements, after nanostructures are prepared by mechanical exfoliation of high-quality single crystals and processed by standard clean-room techniques. In particular, the aim will be to reveal the quantum anomalous Hall state at higher temperatures than observed with diluted magnetic insulators.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-5 Contact : [email protected] MAGNETIC SKYRMION IN ULTRATHIN NANOSTRUCTURES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-4

The recent discovery of nanometer-size whirling magnetic structures named magnetic skyrmions has opened a new path to manipulate magnetization at the nanoscale [1,2]. Magnetic skyrmions are characterized by a chiral and topologically non-trivial spin structure, i.e their magnetization texture cannot be continuously transformed into the uniform magnetic state without causing a singularity (see Fig.1). Skyrmions can also be manipulated by in-plane current, which has led to novel concepts of non-volatile magnetic memories and logic devices where skyrmions in nanotracks are the information carriers. The nanometer size of the skyrmions combined with the low current density needed to induce their motion would lead to devices with an unprecedented combination of high storage density, fast operation and low power consumption. Although predicted at the end of the 1980’s, magnetic skyrmions were first observed in 2009 in B20 chiral magnets thin films and later in ultrathin epitaxial films at low temperature. Recently, magnetic skyrmions were reported at room temperature in ultrathin sputtered thin films which is a first step toward the practical realization of skyrmion logic and memory based devices. In particular, Spintec recently demonstrated room temperature magnetic skyrmion in ultrathin Pt/Co/MgO nanostructure at zero external magnetic field [3] (Fig.1 (b-c) ) as well as their fast current induced motion. The objective of the intnership will be to push forward fundamental knowledge in view of technological applications for memory and logics. The aims will be to develop novel and unexplored material systems to achieve nm scale skyrmions stable at room temperature and allow their fast and reliable current induced skyrmion manipulation.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-4 Contact : [email protected] STUDY OF THE CHARGE CURRENT – SPIN CURRENT INTERCONVERSION IN RASHBA-EDELSTEIN INTERFACES AND TOPOLOGICAL INSULATORS SURFACES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-3

The conversion of a conventional charge current into a spin current, carrying not charges but angular momentum, can be done in non-magnetic systems using the spin-orbit coupling. Spin- dependent transport effects can thus be observed in very wide ranges of materials and interfaces, allowing spin manipulation in metals, oxides [1], semiconductors, Rashba interfaces, topological insulators, 2D materials, etc. We will use the spin pumping phenomenon, which takes place at the ferromagnetic resonance, to inject a spin current from a ferromagnet into STO [2] and KTO-based

Rashba systems [3], and into topological insulators such as HgTe [4] and Sb2Te3. The conversion of this spin current into a charge current will be detected electrically for different experimental parameters: temperature, gate voltage, layer thickness, presence of a tunnel barrier or of a metal layer, stoichiometry of the materials ... This will allow studying the physics of spin-orbit coupling in these materials, such as the hybridization of surface states in topological insulators, or the role of interfaces in spin-dependent transport. Once the optimal systems have been identified, nanodevices will be manufactured to realize this interconversion electrically (see Figure 1), in both possible directions (charge to spin or spin to charge). This subject is a rather fundamental research topic, with transport effects specific to spin-orbit coupling appearing in new materials. It could however lead to beyond-CMOS logic and/or memory devices.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-3 Contact : [email protected] SPINTRONIC SAMPLES DESIGN AND ELECTRON OPTICS FOR IN OPERANDO MAGNETIC IMAGING (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-2

Electron Holography is an advanced technique of Transmission Electron Microscopy that consists in reconstructing the full electron wave to access its phase. The phase of an electron wave is modulated by the presence of electro-magnetic fields that may be quantitatively mapped, once the phase is obtained. Beyond the possibility of describing magnetism (and more particularly micromagnetic objects such as domain walls or vortices) at the nanometer scale, it is now of fundamental importance to observe real devices (Magnetic Random Access Memories as a single example among others) during their operation (in operando). We thus need to prepare existing nano- devices for being able to observe them in a TEM that require electron transparency (below 100 nm thickness) still preserving their initial functions being addressable within the TEM. Moreover the possibility of quickly changing the physical state of the samples requires the capacity to handle and understand dynamical imaging via a continuously increasing set of images that need to be automatically acquired and numerically processed. This internship will offer an important background and know how on nanoscale characterization, nanofabrication tools and data processing, thus enabling to discover various aspects of scientific research. The field of spintronics associated to such method offers the opportunity to understand and tailor an very broad panorama of physical phenomena in condensed matter, such as spin-orbit effects, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions and other interfacial effects.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-2 Contact : [email protected] MAGNETIC MRAM MEMORY AND MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR: MULTI- FUNCTIONALITY FOR 3D ASSEMBLY (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191022-1

Magnetic non-volatile memory (MRAM) is a technology being developed at Spintec. This type of memory associates non-volatility with fast switching of the order of ns. Switching the magnetization direction the storage layer results in cell resistance changes that can be greater than 100%. This switching depends on the application of a current pulse and also the presence of a magnetic field. It is thus possible to write a bit '1' or '0' according to the polarity of the applied current if the current density is higher than the switching threshold. To achieve a multifunctional cell, capable of storing information and also of detecting a magnetic field, it is possible to apply a measurement procedure patented by our laboratory. The purpose of the internship will be to validate the operating principle and determine the critical parameters that limit the resolution of the memory in field sensor mode. We will subsequently optimize the measurement procedure to optimize it in terms of speed and sensitivity. The temperature dependence of the sensor characteristics will also be studied. Potential applications of this concept would be for example in the high precision alignment of dye-wafer required for 3D assembly, widely used in microelectronics to reduce the surface area of ​​chips in smartphone devices.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191022-1 Contact : [email protected] A NOVEL PROCESS TO REALIZE 4H-SIC NANOWIRE ARRAYS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (STAGE)

Start date : 04/02/2019 offer n°IMEPLaHC-1022019-CMNE

SUJET STAGE Master 2 ou Projet de Fin d’Etudes: A novel process to realize 4H-SiC nanowire arrays for biomedical applications

The arrays of vertical nanopillars and nanowires (NW) are highly interesting for various applications. Such arrays are natural candidates for two-dimensional photonic crystals.In addition, the pitch between pillars could influence biological cell adhesion. A pillar structure in a microfluidic system, with a flow passing orthogonally to the pillar direction, may function as a size filter for molecules. Moreover, the vertical nanowire arrays are an electronics architecture combining a scalable and reproducible structure with good electrical performance. SiC nanowires are of high interest since they combine the physical properties of SiC with those induced by their low dimensionality [1 ]. The previous efforts to form top-down vertical SiC by plasma etching suffered from the gradual increase in the rate of the lateral etch of the hard-mask that resulted in a pyramidal shape [2 ]. A new method resolving the above issue and simultaneously relaxing the need for high-resolution lithography has been proposed by a consortium of French (LTM, IMEP-LAHC) and Greek (FORTH) labs [3 ]. Initially, NIL (nanoimprint lithography) has been employed for defining the nanopillar network. NIL is in many respects capable of producing results comparable to those of e-beam lithography, but at a considerably lower cost and with a much higher throughput.

More details on the NIL steps are described in [3]. Then, hard mask etch instead of lift-off has been employed for obtaining vertical hard mask sidewall. Finally the diameter of the nanopillars has been reduced by sacrificial oxidation down to 80nm. Initial results of photoluminescence have exhibited a decrease of FWHM of band-to- band recombination when the nanowire diameter is reduced. Nevertheless, quantum effects related to carrier confinement due to small dimensions have not been observed. Towards this aim the diameter of the initial pillars formed by the NIL technique has to be lower or close to 100nm in order to get after sacrificial oxidation arrays of NWs with diameter lower than 10nm. Furthermore, initial SiC material should be a low-doped, high-crystalline one and not highly doped bulk substrates. The planned work in the frame of the proposed internship will deal among others with the formation of a Si master stamp incorporating pillars of around 100nm. In the beginning of the work, simulation will be performed in order to define the minimum diameter, maximum height and minimal spacing, since the adhesion among nanowires is the factor that reduces the mechanical strength. Once the simulations will define the optimum NW network configuration, a Si master stamp will be fabricated by e-beam lithography. Then, soft working stamps will be fabricated from the master stamp. The latter will be used for the fabrication of SiC pillar arrays and subsequent experiments for sacrificial oxidation. A series of optimization experiments with feedback from characterization results will be realized. The work will be performed at two MINATEC labs. All technological processes will be realized at LTM while physical characterization will be performed at IMEP-LaHC.

Continuation towards a PhD: ideal case Contacts: Jumana Boussey (LTM – Grenoble): [email protected] Konstantinos Zekentes (IMEP–LaHC – Grenoble): [email protected] Duration of the intership : 6 months, around 550 Euros/month

References [ 1] K Zekentes and K Rogdakis, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 (2011) 133001 [2 ] J. H. Choi, L. Latu-Romain, E. Bano, F. Dhalluin, T. Chevolleau, T. Baron, J. Physics D, 45 (2012) 235204A. [3 ] Maria Androulidaki, Maximilien Cottat, Antonios Stavrinidis, Cecile Gourgon, Camille Petit- Etienne, Edwige Bano, George Konstantinidis, Jumana Boussey, Konstantinos Zekentes, Book of abstracts MNE 2019, Rhodes, Greece, (September 2019)

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-1022019-CMNE Contact : [email protected] ELECTRODES FOR INTEGRATED OPTICAL CIRCUITS: APPLICATION TO DIELECTROPHORESIS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-10212019-PHOTO

Master thesis / PFE (5 to 6 month) Electrodes for integrated optical circuits: Application to dielectrophoresis

IMEP-LaHC is one of the leading laboratories in the field of integrated optics, and more specifically of photonics on glass. Striving for innovation, one of our goals is to fabricate integrated devices dedicated to sensing applications such as bacteria detection. Indeed, monitoring of bacterial growth is critical in various fields such as agri-food or cosmetics industries. The design and fabrication of compact and portable sensors is thus crucial for efficient and continuous in-situ measurements. In order to propose an innovative solution, we aim at co-integrating optical waveguides with metallic electrodes for dielectrophoresis (DEP) applications¹,².The electrodes will be embedded in a microfluidic chamber and designed in order to create a non-uniform electric field. The application of an alternative voltage can then trap polarizable particles such as bacteria close to an optical waveguide, leading to a change of its refractive index. This Master's thesis is focused on the electrodes fabrication. The main specifications are:

The optimization of the metal deposition (thickness, uniformity and adhesion on glass) The proper design of the electrodes The co-integration of the electrodes with optical waveguides in order to minimize the optical losses while maintaining the interaction of both elements. The quantitative measurement of the optical losses in the NIR spectral range.

To fulfill these objectives, the student will be get familiar with the subject through a bibliographic research on integrated electrodes dedicating to DEP. He/she will also be trained for various techniques of design and fabrication. The training includes in particular:

Clean room processes for the metallic deposition and integrated optics Integrated optics on glass technology (ion diffusion on glass) Simulation tools dedicated to electrodes design and optical guided propagation Optical characterizations of integrated waveguides

This Master's subject is a preliminary work for a future PhD subject, dealing with the integration of a full bacteria sensor3. Depending on the student's motivation and progress, a last task could deal withthe integration of the electrodes in a more complex circuit. Advisors: Elise GHIBAUDO [email protected] - 04 56 52 95 31 Lionel BASTARD [email protected] - 04 56 52 95 30 Laboratoire IMEP – LaHC MINATEC – INPG, 3 Parvis Louis Néel BP 257 38016 Grenoble Cedex 1 - France 1 L. Cui, T. Zhang and H. Morgan, J. Micromech. Microeng. 12 (2002) 7–12 2 J. Suehiro et al, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 (1999) 2814 3 S. Tokonami, T. Iida, Analytica Chimica Acta 988 (2017) 1-16

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-10212019-PHOTO Contact : [email protected] MRAM BASED NEUROMORPHIC CELL FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-10

Applications in artificial intelligence architectures require cell elements that can take multiple states based on different cell inputs. Hardware realizations of such elements can also be realized on magnetic non-volatile memory (MRAM) cells. This technology being developed at Spintec, associates non-volatility with fast switching of the order of a few nanoseconds. In conventional binary memory applications only two possible states are available for each cell. However, mimicking neuron behavior requires the possibility of multiple output states. This can be obtained based on individual MRAM pillar elements that are then connected as parallel or series resistors. The global measured resistance state will depend on the actual states of individual cells. The possibility to switch individual elements, while others also subjected to the same voltage maintain their original state relies on the natural dispersion of switching voltages. The goal of the internship will be to determine possible operation window to selectively switch individual memory elements and achieve stable multi-value outputs in the global cell. The sensitivity of parameters to control multilevel states will be investigated, focusing on pulse voltage and duration, applied magnetic field, and constant applied DC current. The temperature dependence of the cell characteristics will also be studied. Potential applications of this concept would be for example in memory computing that can be simulated once the electrical of multilevel cells is established.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-10 Contact : [email protected] ALL-OPTICAL SWITCHING IN SPINTRONIC DEVICES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-9

Spintronics, or spin electronics, revolutionized the field of magnetic data storage in the 1990’s thanks to the manipulation of spin properties of devices instead of, or in addition to, charge degree of freedom. Spintronics was triggered by the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance and led to a new generation of hard disks for data storage, of magnetic field sensors and of non-volatile memories called MRAM. It contributed largely to the new development of the Internet Of Things (IOT). However, despite these major innovations, spintronic technologies have reached a ceiling and need now a major breakthrough to be faster, more scalable as well as more energy efficient. UltraFast Opto-magneto-spintronics is an emerging field of research that combines the ideas and concepts of magneto-optics and opto-magnetism with spin transport phenomena, supplemented with the possibilities offered by photonics for ultrafast low-dissipative manipulation and transport of information. Both light and spin currents can control magnetic order, though the mechanisms as well as the corresponding time scales and energy dissipations differ.We intend to demonstrate that the study of polarised light interacting with magnetic stucture in spintronic devices will lead to a better understanding of the fundamental physics behind light-matter interaction and will potentially lead to another revolution in the field of IOT including magnetic data storage, memory, logic, computing, sensor technologies. Particularly, we intend to show that the use of polarized light as a new degree of freedom may provide a way toward more efficient spintronic devices.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-9 Contact : [email protected] COUPLING ARRAYS OF NON-LINEAR NANO-OSCILLATORS: A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-8

Spin momentum transfer allows exploring and studying the non-linear magnetization oscillations in nano-sized magnetic structures and opens potential for novel applications as integrated microwave components. A defining feature of spintronic oscillators is their non-linear dependence of the precession frequency on the amplitude (non-isochronicity) that provides for additional rf functionalities and that modifies the response to external rf signals. While in the past many studies have been performed on single oscillator devices, current efforts concentrate on the coupling of different oscillators to enhance the output signal and to reduce noise. Due to their specific features (non-isochronicity, conservative and dissipative coupling mechanisms, local and/or global coupling) spintronics nano-oscillators are an interesting model system to explore different coupling scenarios such as a fully coherent state, a chimera state, or a chaotic state. All of these states would find quite different applications in either wireless communication, secure communication or neuromorphic computing. Understanding thus the dynamic state of an array, as a function of the geometrical arrangement (1D lines, 2D arrays, ..), the different coupling mechanisms as well as the role of noise, will be an interesting fundamental study with important impact for various applications. This project will undertake a combined simulation and experimental study on the coupling of spintronics oscillators. The internship will start with simulations to guide experiments and during the PhD the student will be involved in the realization of the devices and carry out the dynamic characterization.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-8 Contact : [email protected] STUDY OF RF-TO-DC CONVERSION USING SPINTRONICS DEVICES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-7

Wireless sensor networks and smart sensors are at the core of the Internet of Things, requiring low cost, compact and low power electronic components. The most power consuming parts are the wireless communication transmitter and receiver modules, which remain active more or less permanently, while actual communication takes place only during a limited amount of time. Much energy is thus wasted. To overcome this bottleneck the idea is to switch the main communication modules off and to use a low power radio receiver to listen for wake-up signals. Spintronics devices represent microwave functionalities that respond to the need of such low power radio receivers. Notably they can convert passively an RF signal into a DC signal with the added value of being frequency selective. They thus act at the same time as frequency filters that can demodulate the information carried by an incoming wake-up signal. SPINTEC is currently coordinating a French ANR project to develop such spintronics based RF-to-DC converters to be used as radio receivers as well as for rf power harvesting, in close collaboration with CEA/LETI and UMPhy CNRS/THALES Palaiseau. The objective of the internship is to characterize the RF-to-DC conversion function for optimized spintronics devices fabricated at SPINTEC. The challenge is to study not only single devices but a small network of devices for multifunctional operation.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-7 Contact : [email protected] MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR BASED ON MAGNETIC TUNNEL JUNCTION (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-6

The Spintec laboratory supports the R&D of Crocus-Technology, a company that develops magnetic field sensors. Optimizing the performance of these sensors, based on magnetic tunnel junctions, requires research on materials, micromagnetic configurations and junction transport properties, including magnetic and electrical noise. The purpose of the internship is to find ways to improve the sensors through digital simulations as well as the measurement and analysis of the magneto- transport of samples at the state of the art in industry.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-6 Contact : [email protected] MAGNETICALLY ACTUATED ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-5

New biocompatible magneto-elastic membranes have recently been developed at SPINTEC, based on the integration of magnetic microparticles previously investigated in biological studies [1]. Our earlier studies aimed at cancer cells destruction, through the low frequency magneto-mechanical vibrations of the particles dispersed among the cells [2). Here, on the contrary, magnetic particles are patterned in an array embedded in a transparent polymer film, the whole membrane being partially released and free to be deformed by application of a magnetic field. The great potential of such elastic magnetic membranes lies in their ability to be remotely actuated by an external magnetic field. The fabrication process of these membranes has already been established in the PTA clean room located in our building (Plateforme de Technologie Amont). For understanding the membranes behavior in an applied magnetic field, the magnetic state of the embedded particles will be investigated by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) (See Fig.1). Membranes with various compositions and dimensions will be then optically characterized with the objective of determining their micrometric deformations versus applied field. This study will be mostly experimental but may also include a modeling of the micromagnetic behavior of the particles and of the optical diffraction pattern produced by the deformable membrane. Such magneto-elastic membranes may be used as building blocks in a variety of applications combining magnetism, biology, biophysics, optics such as bioreactor cores for stimulating living cell functions, artificial muscles, components in adaptive optics, etc.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-5 Contact : [email protected] PROBING NONLINEAR SPIN FLUCTUATIONS AT THE NANOSCALE USING SPIN-DEPENDENT TRANSPORT (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-4

In the field of spintronics, spin correlations due to sd exchange and spin-orbit interactions have attracted considerable attention, facilitating advances in basic physics along with the emergence of closely related applications. One of the related effect is known as the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE), and is commonly used for spin-charge conversion in devices. The object of this experimental internship is to demonstrate the decisive exacerbating impact on the ISHE of non-linear spin fluctuations near magnetic phase transitions. Conversely, we will investigate how efficient the ISHE can be as a detector of these fluctuations in materials of different magnetic types: ferro- and antiferro-magnets. This internship will benefit from two SPINTEC teams’ knowhow and state of the art techniques of fabrication and characterization at the nanoscale.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-4 Contact : [email protected] STUDY OF 2D MATERIALS GROWTH USING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-3

Two-dimensional atomically thin materials such as graphene are very promising materials for future applications. Among them, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs), such as MoS2 and

MoSe2, have attracted tremendous attention for their exceptional optical and electronic properties ranging from semiconducting, to metallic or superconducting. The physical properties of these 2D layers are first defined by elemental components but also critically depend on their structural qualities such as crystallinity, domain size, atomic defects, etc. Since a few years our team has been developing the fabrication of high quality 2D-TMDs by hetero-epitaxial growth using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This growth technique using single crystal substrate and high purity elemental sources might lead to well-oriented large crystal formation with a great flexibility in the choice of the metals and low contamination. To understand the growth mechanisms and further to achieve well- controlled high quality materials synthesis, multidimensional and multiscale structural analysis are essential. Aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM) is one of the most powerful techniques to study the structure of atomically thin 2D layers, allowing structural analysis from micron down to atomic scale. The aim of the internship will be to study the MBE based epitaxial growth of 2D-TMDs using AC-TEM techniques. For this purpose, the student will develop an analytical process to investigate the structural correlation between grown materials and growth substrate, requiring a combination of plan-view and cross-sectional analysis. The student will work mainly in the microscopy laboratory (LEMMA-IRIG) at Nano-characterization Platform (PFNC) and will also contribute to MBE experiments and other characterization techniques in the laboratory (SPINTEC) to get a more comprehensive view of the 2D systems studied.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-3 Contact : [email protected] VALLEYTRONICS USING LIGHT, ELECTRIC FIELDS AND HEAT IN 2D TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-2

In the monolayer limit, two dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (2H-MX2, with M=Mo, W and X=S, Se) are semiconductors with a sizeable (1-2 eV) and direct electronic bandgap as well as (degenerate) valleys at the K+/K- corners of the Brillouin zone. Beyond their use as classical semiconductors, this peculiar electronic structure opens new and exciting possibilities for information processing that exploit the quantum degree of freedom known as the valley index. This emergent field of research is known as « valleytronics ». The valley degree of freedom is known to be more robust than the spin one. It has been established that K+/K- valleys can be selectively addressed by using circularly polarized light and electric fields by the valley Hall effect that allows resolving the valley polarization of charge carriers. More recently, we could show that temperature gradients also allow resolving the valley polarization through the valley Nernst effect (article under review in Nature Nanotechnology). The purpose of this master 2 internship is to generate and detect pure valley currents in WSe2 using either electric fields or the absorption of circularly polarized light or both. The interplay between the valley degree of freedom and temperature gradients will be studied during the PhD.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-2 Contact : [email protected] 2-DIMENSIONAL FERROMAGNETS FOR SPINTRONICS: GROWTH AND TRANSPORT IN VAN DER WAALS MULTILAYERS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191018-1

Research on graphene and 2D materials is currently very dynamic, as these materials show high potential for future 2D electronics. Due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and unique electronic structure, 2D materials show radically new proximity effects when they are combined into multilayers. Very recently, the first 2D ferromagnets have been discovered. This opens important opportunities for spintronics, in particular for making energy saving magnetic memories. The project aims at pioneering the fabrication of 2D ferromagnets with molecular beam epitaxy, a technique used to grow high quality materials and multilayers. The student will also employ various experimental techniques to perform material and magnetic characterizations. We will then study multilayers combining these films and other 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides

(PtSe2, MoSe2, WTe2, etc.) and topological insulators (Bi2Se3, BiSbTe3). By using magnetotransport and optical measurements, we will investigate proximity effects and demonstrate the electrical control of magnetization in all-2D spintronics devices.

Laboratory: IRIG / SPINTEC Code CEA : 191018-1 Contact : [email protected] TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE PIEZOELECTRIC NANO-COMPOSITES FOR INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS IN ENERGY CONVERSION (POST-DOC)

Start date : 06/01/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-10172019-CMNE

Postdoctoral subject: Towards the development of high-performance piezoelectric nano- composites for innovative applications in energy conversion IMEP-LaHC / MINATEC / Grenoble-France

Keywords: Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, AFM, Multiphysics simulation, Semiconductor Physics and technology. Description of the project: Semiconductor piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) (GaN and ZnO among others) have improved piezoelectric properties compared to thin films and bulk materials, due to their greater flexibility and sensitivity to lower forces. An intrinsic improvement in piezoelectric coefficients has also been identified by recent theoretical and experimental studies [1, 2]. We are interested in the integration of these nanostructures into nanocomposites (formed by NWs embedded in a dielectric matrix). Very recent theoretical studies in our team show that these nanocomposites can feature improved performance compared to thin films [3, 4]. This type of material is therefore very interesting for different innovative applications, especially when integrated into a flexible substrate. In this context we focus mainly on sensor and mechanical energy harvesting applications [5, 6]. The candidate will work in the context of several European projects in collaboration with Italian research institutes and French SMEs among others. He/she will contribute to the technological development to integrate piezoelectric nanowire composites on rigid and flexible substrates, to the electromechanical characterization of manufactured devices using specific characterization benches [7, 8] and to the evaluation of this technology for innovative applications. Depending on his or her expertise, the candidate will participate in the co-supervision of Master and PhD level students on several activities within the group, including (i) the characterization of nanowires and nanocomposites using AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) techniques and (ii) the multi-physics simulation of the nanocomposite using commercial FEM simulation software (e. g. COMSOL Multiphysics). The candidate will acquire expertise in (i) energy conversion using piezoelectric materials, (ii) manufacturing and integrating piezoelectric nanowires into functional devices, (iii) electromechanical characterization of nanowires and associated devices, (iv) the design and simulation of nanocomposites integrating piezoelectric semiconductor nanowires, (v) student supervision. References: [1] X. Xu, A. Potié, R. Songmuang, J.W. Lee, T. Baron, B. Salem and L. Montès, Nanotechnology 22 (2011) [2] H. D. Espinosa, R. A. Bernal, M. Minary‐Jolandan, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) [3] R. Tao, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis Nano Energy 14 (2015) [4] R. Tao, M. Mouis, G. Ardila, Adv. Elec. Mat. 4 (2018) [5] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z. H. Lin, G. Ardila, et al., Adv. Func. Mater. 24 (2014) [6] R. Hinchet, S. Lee, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (2014) [7] R. Tao, M. Parmar, G. Ardila, P. Oliveira, D. Marques, L. Montès, M. Mouis Semicond. Sci. Technol. 32 (2017) [8] D. Menin, M. Parmar, R. Tao, P. Oliveira, M. Mouis, L. Selmi, G. Ardila IEEE Conf. EUROSOI-ULIS (2018) More information: Knowledge and skills required:It is desirable that the candidate has knowledge in one or more of these areas: semiconductor physics, finite element simulation, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), clean room techniques and associated characterizations (SEM, etc.). Location: IMEP-LaHC / Minatec / Grenoble, France Start of the contract: January/February 2020 Duration of the contract: 1 year, renewable eventually Advisor: Gustavo ARDILA ([email protected]) About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. It works in close partnership with several national and international laboratories and industrial groups, preindustrial institutes and SMEs. The post-doctoral fellow will work in the Micro-Nano Electronics Components team, in the Integrated Nanostructures & Nanosystems group, and will have access to the laboratory's technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA [email protected] +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-10172019-CMNE Contact : [email protected] OPERANDO CHARACTERIZATION OF BATTERIES USING SYNCHROTRON TOMOGRAPHY AND NEUTRON IMAGING TECHNIQUES (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-13

The in situ characterization of battery materials is needed to help designing safer and more efficient electrochemical devices. In particular, following in real-time the lithiation and ageing mechanisms require to use advanced non-destructive tools capable to probe the system during cycling. In this regard, synchrotron and neutron techniques provide unique capabilities to access the chemical, morphological and structural changes inside the electrodes and electrolytes at the relevant lengthscales, from molecular level to nano-, meso and micro-scales. In our team, we focus on developing advanced methodologies to probe in real-time different types of Li-ion batteries, for instance silicon-based anodes or solid-state electrolytes. The aim of the internship will be to perform some experiments at the European facilities ESRF and/or ILL and analyse the data, with particular focus on tomography/imaging techniques to obtain the 3D morphology and structure.

Laboratory: IRIG / MEM / SyMMES Code CEA : 191011-13 Contact : [email protected] THEORETICAL MODELLING OF REACTION PATHWAYS FOR SMALL MOLECULE ACTIVATION (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-12

Our main interest is to understand the mechanism of organic reactions using computer modelling with quantum chemistry approaches. Indeed catalysts involving ecofriendly metal ions such as Fe have been shown to promote new and promising nitrogen or carbene group transfers into organic molecules in one strike. But the mechanism is not fully understood whereas improvements in such reactions are clearly needed. Within such context, theoretical modelling is a powerful tool in conjunction with experimental data to help rationalizing the role of the catalyst. Such understanding is crucial to improve the design of the catalysts. The proposed study is to realize Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, a high-level theoretical method, to explore possible molecular species involved in the course of the reaction: the initial molecules, the final products and most importantly the transient species that are generated within the reaction. The calculations will give information on the structures of the species and on their electronic state, and these will be compared to experimental results in order to give a complete picture of the reaction pathway.

Laboratory: IRIG / SyMMES Code CEA : 191011-12 Contact : [email protected] INVESTIGATION OF THE PECULIAR NICKEL-BINDING SITE OF THE METALLOPROTEIN COOT BY HYPERPOLARIZED SOLID-STATE NMR (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191110-11

With its tuneable chemical reactivity, cysteine plays crucial roles as Ni ligands in active sites of redox Ni enzymes. Instead, histidines are preferred to coordinate Ni(II) ions in non-redox proteins. Interestingly, cysteine exhibits extreme patterns of conservation, being either highly conserved or completely degenerated, with a strong tendency to form buried cysteine clusters. The case of the nickel chaperone CooT is intriguing as the binding site is formed by the dimerization of the protein that only contains a single strictly conserved and solvent-exposed cysteine. The solvent exposure of the Ni-binding site as well as its position at the dimer interface are two drawbacks for structural studies. The goal of this project is to use Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state NMR to investigate precisely this original nickel-binding site, by enhancing significantly the sensitivity and selectivity.

Laboratory: IRIG / SyMMES Code CEA : 191110-11 Contact : [email protected] LAMINAR-TURBULENT TRANSITION IN A SUPERFLUID HELIUM BOUNDARY LAYER (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-10

The aim of this training period is the experimental study of the transition to turbulence in a superfluid He boundary layer (below 2.17K) at the surface of an oscillating plate. Superfluid helium is often described a mixture of two independent components: the normal component is viscous and governed by the standard Navier-Stokes equation while the superfluid component is inviscid. The way those two components interact to form a boundary layer is poorly documented. In particular, below a critical Reynolds number (often associated to a velocity in the literature), it is expected that only the normal component is influenced by the presence of the moving plate. It is one of the hypothesis we shall address during the training period.

Laboratory: IRIG Code CEA : 191011-10 Contact : [email protected] DETERMINING ELECTRON WAVE FUNCTIONS AND OBJECT POTENTIALS IN TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: IMPROVEMENT OF ALGORITHMS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-9

Up to now transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was more focused on producing images or diffraction patterns of objects. Of course, some pioneering techniques like holography or focal series or ptychography have tried to reconstruct the electron waves functions at the exit surface of the observed objects, but their results and applications were quite limited or, as far as ptychography is concerned, quite rare. The availabilities of new pixelated 2D-detectors [1] and new algorithms to analyse series of image/diffraction data are now opening a new area of research in TEM: determining the electron waves and the object potentials at different planes of the observed object should become the main objective of quantitative TEM. Applied at an atomic level, this method, which is presently named ptychography, but I would like to generalize as neuscopies should be able to resolve the 3D atomic structure of any piece of matter that is thin and resistant enough to be traversed by an electron beam. Internship will focus on the improvement of existing software involving IA and neural network.

Laboratory: IRIG / MEM Code CEA : 191011-9 Contact : [email protected] FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL FOR SPACE CRYOGENICS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-8

The precise knowledge of magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials is necessary for the optimum design of space cryocoolers. Adiabatic magnetization refrigerators (ADR) achieve temperatures lower than 100 mK (-273°C), which are necessary for the space detectors to achieve a high sensitivity necessary to astrophysics observations. Magnetic fields on the order of 1 T are generated by a superconducting coil. A magnetic shield, build from ferromagnetic materials is necessary to protect the detectors from magnetic perturbation. To optimize the design of this shield, magnetic susceptibility must be well known. Very few of these values at low temperatures are available in the literature and it is therefore necessary for us to make an experimental characterization. This work will focus on the section and characterization at cryogenic temperature of the ferromagnetic materials, including heat treatments. A dedicated test setup will be devised in addition to measurements at our partners’ laboratory of CNRS/Institut Néel and INAC/PHELIQS. The tasks will be:

Short literature survey on available data Definition of a thermal bench and test campaign Selection of materials, ordering Experimental characterization of the material, with or without heat treatment Modelling of magnetic system and validation of elementary measurements with current data Analysis and report possibly with publishing the results

Laboratory: IRIG Code CEA : 191011-8 Contact : [email protected] DETERMINING ELECTRON WAVE FUNCTIONS AND OBJECT POTENTIALS IN TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: APPLICATION TO STACKS OF 2D MATERIALS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-7

Up to now transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was more focused on producing images or diffraction patterns of objects. Of course, some pioneering techniques like holography or focal series or ptychography have tried to reconstruct the electron waves functions at the exit surface of the observed objects, but their results and applications were quite limited or, as far as ptychography is concerned, quite rare. The availabilities of new pixelated 2D-detectors [1] and new algorithms to analyse series of image/diffraction data are now opening a new area of research in TEM: determining the electron waves and the object potentials at different planes of the observed object should become the main objective of quantitative TEM. Applied at an atomic level, this method, which is presently named ptychography, but I would like to generalize as neuscopies should be able to resolve the 3D atomic structure of any piece of matter that is thin and resistant enough to be traversed by an electron beam. Internship will analyse experimental and simulated data with different ‘ptychography’ software and eventually participate in the acquisition of some experimental data.

Laboratory: IRIG / MEM Code CEA : 191011-7 Contact : [email protected] GROWTH OF HIGH-QUALITY GRAPHENE CRYSTALS ON LIQUID METAL (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-6

Graphene is one of the most promising 2D materials, finding application in multiple branches of the modern chemical, electronic, and material industry. Thanks to its unique electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, it is considered as a material of future for new electronic and biodevices, super- strong materials, and energy storage. Despite rapid progress in the field of graphene synthesis, the quality and the size of single graphene sheets is still unsatisfactory, which evidences an urgent need of developing new methods for graphene fabrication, allowing to obtain large-scale and defect-free 2D crystals. The project aims to investigate the graphene formation at surfaces of liquid metals using Raman spectroscopy, Optical microscopy, and auxiliary surface-sensitive methods. The proposed approach is non-standard, as the understanding of catalytic activity and nucleation processes at the interface of liquid metal and gas phase is poorly understood. The liquid surface of a metal can act as a perfect, defect-free catalytic surface for the decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules and a subsequent formation of near-perfect sheets of graphene. The current challenge of the project is the synthesis of high quality, mm-sized graphene crystals, and continuous layer of Gr, free of grain boundaries. The main task of the student will be finding the route towards the successful fabrication of defect-free graphene and identifying the main factors responsible for growth. The main tasks of the candidate will be to operate the prototype reactor for catalytic reactions at liquid metal surfaces, to characterize the produced graphene sheets using optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and other surface-sensitive techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

Laboratory: IRIG / MEM Code CEA : 191011-6 Contact : [email protected] QUANTUM COMPUTING AND THE ORTHOGONALITY CATASTROPHE (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-5

Quantum physics is evolving from a purely academic field towards building actual technologies with potential applications. Among those, the quantum computer is one of the most fascinating possibilities. Operating a quantum computer is however a race against time, as one needs to build up entanglement before decoherence sets in. In this project, we will be interested in evaluating how the many-quantum-bits wave-function is affected by decoherence. We will design innovative numerical tools (based on tensor networks and matrix product states technology) as well as make use of the theory of orthogonality catastrophe developed in the context of solid state physics. From the understanding of how one or two quantum bits behave, we will extrapolate to the behavior of several tens of quantum bits, thereby shedding new light on the feasibility of different practical routes for quantum processing (superconducting, semi-conducting…). We will also endeavor to run some quantum circuits on actual quantum chips (such as IBM or Rigetti) in order to tabulate the simulations with actual experimental data and evaluate the current state-of-the-art of the field. The work will involve theoretical / formalism aspects as well as numerics. The Internship/PhD will take place within the theory group of CEA Grenoble, IRIG, PHELIQS (Photonics NanoElectronics and Quantum engineering). Our group contains 15-20 researchers working on nanoelectronics, superconductivity, magnetism and electronic correlations in close collaboration with experimental groups. The project itself will be done under the direction of Christoph Groth and Xavier Waintal.

Laboratory: IRIG / PHELIQS Code CEA : 191011-5 Contact : [email protected] 2D SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS GROWN ON GRAPHENE/METAL/SIC (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-4

Quantum materials (QMats) are prime candidates for next-generation energy-efficient technologies, such as topological quantum computing, quantum sensing, and neuromorphic computing. In particular van der Waals 2D materials exhibit a compellingly wide range of exotic and potentially useful properties such as charge density waves, topological insulator edges, etc… More generally, van der Waals epitaxy is a way to stabilize new 2D allotropes of traditionally 3D semiconductors and magnets exhibiting amazing properties, making them of current interest. Graphene, as a parangon of 2D materials, is now widely used as a substrate for performing van der Waals epitaxy of 2D materials. In the PHELIQS/NPSC laboratory we have developed an expertise on the epitaxial growth of III-V semiconductors (GaN, AlN and InN) for optoelectronics applications. This expertise includes the use of graphene/SiC substrates allowing in principle to perform van der Waals epitaxy of those III-V semiconductors. One key result illustrated in the figures below is the demonstration that a bi- layer of metal (In or Ga) can be intercalated at the graphene/SiC interface. This provides a semiconductor/metal/graphene sandwich to be used as a “platform” for subsequent growth of 2D III-N semiconductors and metal dichalcogenides, with an integrated metallic electrode. We propose a Master training on the growth of such 2D materials by molecular beam epitaxy on this van der Waals platform. The intercalated SiC/metal/graphene substrates will be prepared for this purpose, before subsequent deposition of layered nitride semiconductors. The samples will be characterized by scanning electron microscopy, AFM, high resolution electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy. We are looking for a student strongly motivated by epitaxial growth as well as by material science in general. The trainee will benefit from the already established collaborations in and outside the group (H. Okuno, IRIG/MEM/LEMMA, M. Jamet, IRIG/SPINTEC, A. Cros, University of Valencia, Spain). [1] N. Feldberg, Oleksii Klymov, Nuria Garro, Ana Cros, Hanako Okuno, M. Gruart and B. Daudin, Nanotechnology 30 (2019) 375602

Laboratory: IRIG / PHELIQS Code CEA : 191011-4 Contact : [email protected] CRYOGENIC ELECTRONICS FOR SILICON QUANTUM BITS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-3

Currently, the research on quantum computing attracts great attention in order to favor upscaling of the number of qubits for superior calculation capacity. The mature CMOS technology for transistor circuits offers the opportunity to develop on-chip integration of CMOS qubits with classical electronics at low temperatures thereby improving qubit manipulation and read out with respect to room-temperature apparatus. Elementary electrical circuits made with industrial 28nm fully depleted Silicon on Insulator technology are ready for use at low temperatures. The internship concentrates on experimental investigations of specific electronic circuits (ring oscillators, multiplexers, ADCs, amplifiers) down to 10 mK in order to address the performance at low temperatures and the physical understanding with respect to available bandwidth, local heating, electrical noise, and back-gating.

Laboratory: IRIG / PHELIQS Code CEA : 191011-3 Contact : [email protected] VALLEY PHYSICS IN SILICON (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-2

We are looking for a motivated candidate for a Phd project preceded by a master’s training on valley physics in silicon. The discovery of the ‘field effect’ was awarded the Nobel prize in Physics in 1956 [1] and has allowed the development of information technologies which have revolutionized our lives with computers and smart phones. The extraordinary interface between silicon and its oxide (SiO2) is at the heart of the field effect. At this interface, it is possible to switch on and off the electrical current flowing parallel to the interface with an electric field perpendicular to the interface. Researchers have recently shown that perpendicular electric field can also alter the valley occupation of silicon[2], a degree of freedom similar in many aspects to electron’s spin. From a fundamental point of view, this has led to the renewal of the study of the metal insulator transition in 2D [3] and the study of spin polarization [4]. From a more applicative perspective, this opens many opportunities to use this degree of freedom for information processing including quantum computing with the valley degree of freedom. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms leading to the lifting of valley degeneracy by electric field. The attendee will therefore be involved in electrical measurements of state of the art silicon MOSFETs under extreme conditions (low temperature and high magnetic fields) with the aim of elucidating the mechanisms and gaining better control of the valley degree of freedom and evaluating its effect on the electrical properties of silicon devices. After the period necessary to discover the subject, the attendee will be able to fully participate in defining his research objectives with more emphasis on device fabrication, electrical measurements or analysis of experimental data and modeling (or all these aspects) depending on his/her skills and preferences. Mentoring will be performed by X. Jehl, R. Maurand and V. Renard and will benefit from existing collaborations outside the group (LNCMI for very high magnetic fields measurements), CEA/Irig/Lsim for the theory. References: [1] The Nobel price in Physics 1956, Nobel organization web site. [2] K. Takashina et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 236801 (2006) [3] K. Takashina et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 , 196403 (2011) [4] V. Renard et al. Nature Communications 6, 7230 (2015)

Laboratory: IRIG / PHELIQS Code CEA : 191011-2 Contact : [email protected] DESIGN AND MODELING OF TWO-DIMENSIONNAL ARRAYS OF SILICON QUBITS (STAGE)

Start date : 03/02/2020 offer n°191011-1

"Quantum computers" may soon be able to solve problems beyond the reach of conventional computers. Such computers no longer manipulate electrons as particles, but as waves that maintain phase relationships and can interfere. The preparation, coherent manipulation and "reading" of quantum states is extremely challenging. One promising option for making quantum bits (qubits) is to store electrons in silicon quantum dots and manipulate their spin. The CEA Grenoble fabricates and characterizes such devices, and develops appropriate tools for their modeling. The objective of this Master training is to contribute to the design of 2D arrays of qubits on silicon through numerical simulations at the nanoscale. The impact of the layout of these arrays, of their dimensions, and of the choice of materials on the physics of the qubits will, in particular, be investigated. The outcome of these simulations will be used as guidelines for the design and integration of 2D arrays of qubits at CEA/LETI. This Master training will, therefore, be tightly connected to the ongoing experimental activity on silicon qubits at CEA and CNRS in Grenoble.

Laboratory: IRIG / MEM Code CEA : 191011-1 Contact : [email protected] CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF SI AND III-V FET DEVICES UNDER DEEP CRYOGENIC CONDITION (THÈSE)

Start date : 06/01/2020 offer n°IMEPLaHC-09112019-CMNE

Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique IMEP- LaHC, Grenoble INP, BP 257 MINATEC 38016 Grenoble cedex 16, France

PhD Position

Topic: Characterization and modeling of Si and III-V FET devices under deep cryogenic condition Start: January 2020 Salary: 1400 EUR / month (net) Context : Quantum computing is currently attracting a lot of research due to its high potential for complex calculation and cryptography applications. The core elements of quantum computing are Qbits, but they must be addressed and accessed using an embedded CMOS technology, which hence needs to operate at very low temperatures, as Qbit devices only operate in cryogenic conditions. The understanding of MOSFET operation at very low temperature is well known since the 90s, but modern and emerging technologies like FDSOI, FinFET, III-V HEMT or NanoWire, which will be needed in the framework of quantum computing, have not been extensively studied at low temperature. One particular property of these technologies is their high surface to volume ratio and their use of high-K materials, which may lead to an undesired increased impact of electronic noise, related to the presence of traps and defects, extremely detrimental for quantum computing. In addition, MOSFET devices generate heat, which impacts their own operation, in a phenomenon called the Self Heating Effect (SHE). This effect is still not fully understood yet, especially at low temperature. Therefore, the cryogenic behavior of these new MOSFET architectures has to be fully re-investigated in the light of their future use for quantum computing application. In order to face these exciting challenges and in the framework of this proposed PhD subject, the student will perform a detailed experimental study of Si and III-V FET electrical properties and reliability in cryogenic conditions (down to 4K), using the state-of-the-art facilities of IMEP-LAHC. This work will then be followed by the development of physical models, which will be used by teams of circuit designers, in the framework of a European project (SEQUENCE) whose general objectives are:

To provide technology for scalable cryogenic electronics supporting emerging quantum computing technologies. To mature a selected set of emerging device technologies (TRL 4) with technology benchmark to support future technology nodes. To establish the optimal balance between III-V, Si CMOS, and emerging device technologies to meet the power and form factor constrains in cryogenic electronics and develop 3D technology integration strategies.

Detailed overview of the PhD subject :

1. Advanced cryogenic electrical characterization The PhD student will perform a detailed electrical characterization from room temperature down to 4K, on various Si and III-V MOS devices, fabricated by the partners of SEQUENCE (LETI/CEA, Lund University, IBM Zurich). The challenges include proper assessment of electrical properties of devices through Capacitance-Voltage and Current -Voltage measurements measurements on devices featuring short gate length and small width (nanometrics sizes). Magneto-transport measurements down to 4K and up to 9 Teslas will also be carried out to evaluate more precisely the channel transport mechanisms by Hall effect and magnetoresistance phenomena. 2. Interface and dielectric trap characterization The PhD student will perform a refined analysis of the device gate dielectric-channel interface quality based on low frequency noise (LFN), random telegraph noise (RTN) and Charge Pumping (CP) measurements. The origin of different noise sources will be identified, aiming in the proper trap parameter extraction and noise modeling. In small area devices in particular, the onset of RTN will be investigated for comparison to the usual 1/f (flicker) noise and additionally provide single defect characteristics. 3. Self heating effect characterization The PhD student will carry out SHE electrical characterization by specific pulsed I-V measurements on various selected devices in order to benchmark different device architectures and technologies. The techniques of gate thermometry and thermal microscopy may also be examined. 4. Modelling and simulation The PhD student will also conduct a physical modelling of the operation of such Si/III-V FET devices based on Poisson-Schrodinger simulation carried out at deep cryogenic temperatures. She/He will focus both on charge and capacitance characteristics, transport properties as well as on low frequency noise modelling, in order to better interpret the experimental data on one hand, and examine the device behavior in a circuit, through Verilog-A model development.

Environment IMEP-LaHC (MINATEC) benefits from a renowned expertise in low temperature characterization and modelling of CMOS devices since the end of 80s, with emphasis on MOSFET parameter extraction, LF noise and transport in inversion layer at cryogenic temperatures for space applications. IMEP-LaHC has also founded the workshop on low temperature electronics (WOLTE) in 1994, still running today. In the framework of the European project SEQUENCE, IMEP-LaHC will contribute to the characterization and modeling of Si and III-V MOS devices fabricated at LETI/CEA (Grenoble), Lund University (Sweden) and IBM Zurich (Switzerland). Requirement The student should have knowledge of electronics and semiconductor physics, as well as basic understanding of semiconductor device operation principles and applications. Technical skills regarding data treatment through Origin, MATLAB, Mathcad or Python will be needed. Already acquired experience in electrical characterization will be appreciated. Contact PhD supervisor: Prof F. Balestra, , DR CNRS, [email protected] (+33456529510) PhD co-supervisor: Dr. C. Theodorou, CR CNRS, [email protected] (+33456529549)

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-09112019-CMNE Contact : [email protected] REALIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF SIC BASED NANOWIRES ELECTRICAL FIELD EFFECT (NWFETS) BIOSENSORS FOR DIRECT ELECTRICAL DETECTION OF MOLECULES (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2019 offer n°IMEPLaHC-06062019-CMNE

Realization and optimization of SiC based nanowires Electrical Field Effect (NWFETs) biosensors for direct electrical detection of molecules

Topic : The development of label-free biosensors based of electrical detection of molecules is of great interest for early diagnosis of biomarkers in personalized medicine, environmental monitoring and bio-defense. In this aim, many studies are currently being carried out on sensing devices based on semiconductive silicon nanowires, for electrical detection of DNA or proteins by field effect with high sensitivity and specificity [1]. However, silicon nanowires exhibit some physicochemical instability when immerging in saline physiological solutions. It leads to some non-reliability of the measurements which, in fact, become limiting. To overcome these critical issues, other kinds of semiconducting nanomaterials or new nanowire architectures involving Si core with a passivating metal oxide shell are under investigation. In particular, silicon carbide (SiC) is a semiconductor which can advantageously replace silicon. Indeed, SiC is already used for many biomedical applications: covering of prostheses and stents, biomimetic structures and cell reconstruction. Very recently, it has emerged as the best semiconductor candidate, chemically inert, biocompatible [2], which offers new perspectives notably for integration of in-vivo sensors. Notably, our group has recently proved the superior chemical stability of SiC NWs over Si NWs [3] in physiological conditions. Since several years, our group is a leading group implementing SiC based Nanowires Field Effect Transistors (NWFETs) for different applications: nanoelectronics in critical environments (temperature, gas, radiation) and nanosensors of biological molecules (DNA). We have validated the concept of SiC nanowire transistors in previous PhD theses leading to a first demonstrator on an international scale.

The grafting and electrical detection of DNA using NWFETs based on 2 types of innovative SiC nanostructures have been demonstrated [4-8]. As a continuation of this work, this new PhD thesis aims to develop biosensors involving SiC based nanolines optimizing thoroughly the characteristics and performances of these devices in terms of sensitivity, detection limit, selectivity long-term functionality and real-time acquisition.

Objective: The thesis work will focus on the development of SiC based nanolines, their integration in NWFETs, their electrical characterization, their functionalization and integration in microfluidic cells in order to be able to emphasize the electrical detection of DNA or proteins in liquid medium. The work will be principally done within 2 Grenoble laboratory partners in this project: IMEP-LaHC and LMGP. This partnership is supplemented by surrounding technical platforms (CIME Biotech, clean rooms PTA and CIME).

Candidate profile: The candidate should be Master of Sciences graduated in the field of Micro- Nanotechnology. An experience in biosensing and cleanroom processing and device characterization would be a plus. CV, marks of master (year 1 and 2) and letter should be sent before July , 15 to supervisor and co -supervisor .

Contact: Edwige BANO, IMEP-LaHC : Supervisor Valérie STAMBOULI, LMGP : Co -supervisor

Funding: fellowships from EEATS doctoral school Starting date: 1st October 2019 References: [1] N. Gao, et al, Nano Letters. 15, p2143−2148 (2015) [2] S.E.Saddow, Silicon Carbide Biotechnology: A Biocompatible Semiconductor for Advanced Biomedical Devices and Applications. Elsevier Sciences (2011) [3] R. Bange, et al, Material Research Express 6, 015013 (2019) [4] L. Fradetal, thesis of Grenoble University (2014) [5] L. Fradetal, et al, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 14, 5, p3391–3397 (2014) [6] J.H.Choi et al, Journal of Physics D: Appl. Phys. 45 p235204 (2012) [7] M. Ollivier et al, J. Crystal Growth 363 p158-163 (2013) [8] L. Fradetal et al, Nanotechnology 27 (23) p235501 (2016)

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-06062019-CMNE Contact : [email protected] SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION FOR SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND INTERFACES CHARACTERIZATION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2019 offer n°IMEPLaHC-06052019-CMNE

Second harmonic generation for semiconductor materials and interfaces characterization

IMEP – LAHC, MINATEC – INPG, 3, Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble

Advisors/contacts:

Irina Ionica , 04 56 52 95 23 Guy Vitrant Lionel Bastard

Context: This PhD topic is financed within the French national plan Nano 2022, which is a part of the European project IPCEI “Nanoelectronics for Europe” and has the aims to support micro/nanoelectronics industry. Among its 5 strategic axes, smart sensors (such as the image sensors) occupy an important place. The improvement in performances of such devices requires continuous technological optimizations of the materials and interfaces constituting them. Most of the times, the materials used are thin film layers (or stacks containing multiple thin films) and their non- destructive, full-wafer characterization is really challenging. PhD objectives and work-to-do: The objective of this PhD is to develop an innovative characterization method for multi-layers of high-k dielectrics used for silicon passivation. The method uses the second-harmonic generation (SHG), which is a non-linear optics phenomenon. The particularity of the SHG generated by centrosymmetric materials (such as Si, Al2O3, HfO2…) is that the signal, mainly coming from interfaces’ contributions, is very sensitive to the electrical field present there. For image sensors, both high interface quality and field-effect passivation are required and both of them can actually be measured by the SHG1. These objectives require two key elements to be handled in the PhD: (1) deconvolution of optical propagation phenomena in order to access electrical properties of the interface and (2) calibration of the SHG using other electrical measurements such as capacitance versus voltage on structures specifically fabricated in clean-room. The topic is therefore multidisciplinary (semiconductor physics, semiconductor device physics, non-linear optics …) and convers the full spectrum from simple test-structures fabrication, to SHG measurements and modeling and to electrical characterization and parameters extraction. Scientific environment and collaborations: The PhD student will benefit from innovative equipment: a unique prototype in Europe, installed at IMEP-LAHC in 2014. Additionally, we developed a home-made optical simulator in order to explain the experimental results. The student will also benefit from samples of high interest to the imaging sensors, from STMicroelectronics. The topic is thus strongly connected to both academic and industrial world, since it covers the physical understanding and the pragmatic applications for microelectronics. Knowledge and skills required: This Ph.D. topic belongs to the micro-nano-electronics field but it is multidisciplinary (non-linear-optics, electrical characterization and modeling of semiconductor-dielectric interfaces). The candidate must have a solid knowledge in at least one of these fields. Her/his scientific curiosity and open-mindedness should allow her/him to acquire the other technical skills. The candidate is expected to enjoy both experimental and simulation work. Scientific curiosity and rigor, motivation, seriousness and creativity are mandatory qualities in order to take full advantage of the scientific environment of this thesis and to gain excellent expertise for her/his future career. The topic is close to both fundamental physics and industrial world; after the Ph.D. the candidate should be able to easily adapt to both academic and industrial research environments. The candidate must have a very good academic record, with high grades. 1 M.L. Alles et al, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, vol. 20, 107 (2007) D. Damianos et al, Solid State Electronics, vol. 115, p.237, 2016

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-06052019-CMNE Contact : [email protected] INVESTIGATING THE POLARITY RELATED PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED ZNO NANOWIRES FOR PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES: THE ISSUE OF DEFECTS & HYDROGEN (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2019 offer n°LMGP2019-2

Topic:

The development of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) is of great basic and technological interests owing to their high aspect ratio at nanoscale dimensions, giving rise to novel, remarkable properties, as well as a broad range of potential applications. Among them, ZnO as an abundant and biocompatible compound semiconductor with attractive properties has been receiving increasing interest over the last decade. It crystallizes into the strongly anisotropic wurtzite structure, which is both polar and piezoelectric. Its ability to grow as NWs oriented along the polar and piezoelectric ±[0001] (i.e., c) axis by a number of deposition techniques including the low-cost and low- temperature chemical bath deposition is of great importance for its use in nanoscale engineering devices. The efficient integration of ZnO NWs into the engineering piezoelectric devices to name a few requires the precise control of the uniformity of their structural morphology over large surface areas. This is typically achieved by selective area growth using pre-patterned nucleation surfaces by technological processes in a cleanroom environment (i.e. advanced lithography and etching). Two correlated fundamental properties that have crucial effects on the piezoelectric device performances are the polarity and the nature and the defect density. We have shown, for the first time, in 2014 the formation of O- and Znpolar ZnO NWs, opening the way for more deeply analyzing their effects, which are critical as reported in ZnO single crystals and films. Interestingly, the nature and the density of the defects are related to surface terminations at the NW top facet and thus to polarity. However, these characteristics are not known in ZnO NWs, although they drastically govern the performances of the engineering devices. In particular, hydrogen has recently emerged as a major source of defects in ZnO NWs, but very little is currently known about this subject. The thesis project aims at elucidating the present polarity as well as the nature and density of defects (especially defects in connection with hydrogen) on well-ordered O- and Zn-polar ZnO NWs formed by combining selective area growth with chemical bath deposition in LMGP by correlating advanced characterization experiments as transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared spectroscopy, tunnel microscopy equipped with local probes, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with ab initio calculations to simulate the position of H inside the ZnO structure. Following this fundamental investigation, the fabrication of piezoelectric devices will be considered to directly show the beneficial effects on the device performances.

Scientific environment:

The applicant will work in the LMGP, Materials and Physical Engineering Laboratory inside the Nanomaterials and Advanced heterostructures team in close collaboration with the Aristotle university of Thessaloniki, Physics department in Greece for the ab initio calculations and neighbour laboratories in Grenoble (i.e. Institut Néel, …) for specific characterisation techniques. Located in the heart of an exceptional scientific environment, the LMGP offers the applicant a rewarding place to work. LMGP Web Site: http://www.lmgp.grenoble-inp.fr/ PhD thesis duration: 36 months from Fall 2019 Required background:

The applicant should have an Engineering degree and/or a Master of Science in materials physics and chemistry, nanosciences, and/or semiconductor physics. Specific skills regarding team work and English abilities will be required for her/his integration into the team and for taking part in the ongoing international collaborations. Fundings: IMEP-2 Doctoral School (priority PhD thesis topic) Closing date for applications: 1st of June 2019

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : LMGP2019-2 Contact : [email protected] TRANSPARENT ELECTRODES BASED ON SILVER NANOWIRES- NANOCELLULOSE: FROM FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS TO DEVICE INTEGRATION (THÈSE)

Start date : 08/04/2019 offer n°2019-1

A phD position is offered between LMGP and LGP2 laboratories. The appointment has a fixed duration of 36 months, starting 01/10/2019. You will be hired in the framework of a Regional project (2018-2023) called “Eternité” and dealing with research and development devoted to optically transparent materials and electrical conductors that has attracted growing interest in recent years for many applications. These are a key technological element for a large number of devices such as solar cells, efficient lighting (LEDs, OLEDs), touch screens, smart windows, transparent heating films, etc. The objectives of the ETERNITY project are to design and develop transparent electrodes that are: i / efficient (i.e. the most transparent and conductive possible); ii / stable through the production of nanocomposites via an innovative thin film deposition technique (either a thin oxide layer or the use of nanocellulose); iii / flexible (thanks to the use of metal nanowires (MNW) and nanocellulose which are ductile) on flexible substrates (especially polymers), iv / low cost and finally v / integrable within devices whose economic potential is strong and in full development and for which many industrial partners are present at both regional and national levels. The partners LMGP and LGP2 have independently developed in recent years specific expertise on stable and efficient electrodes based on silver nanowires (LMGP [1,2]) and AgNW/nanocellulose hybrids composites (LGP2 [3,4]). The combination of these two complementary laboratories will allow a good synergy to obtain efficient and durable transparent electrodes and thin films whose integration will easily be the object of collaborations with the industrial sector. The actions carried out in this PhD project concern the development of materials for the fabrication of these nanocomposites, their characterization and their physical modelling. Their integration into real devices will also be performed. This Thesis offers a good trade-off between fundamental and experimental aspects. The candidate will get precious knowledge and skills in physics, nanomaterial sciences and nanocellulose. The LMGP/LGP2 house state of the art experimental equipment to fabricate AgNW networks and nanocellulose with adapted tools for their physical characterizations. Related references: [1] T. Sannicolo, M. Lagrange, A. Cabos, C. Celle, J.-P. Simonato, D. Bellet, Small, 12 (2016) 6052; [2] T. Sannicolo, N. Charvin, L. Flandin, S. Kraus, D. T. Papanastasiou, C. Celle, J. Simonato, D. M. Rojas, C. Jiménez, D. Bellet, ACS Nano (2018), 12, 4648; [3] F. Hoeng, A. Denneulin, G. Krosnicki, J. Bras, J . of Mat. Chem. C 46 (2016) 10945; [4] F. Hoeng, A. Denneulin, N. Reverdy- Bruas, G. Krosnicki, J. Bras, Applied Surf. Science 394 (2017) 160. Research profile & skills (required / highly desirable): We are looking for a highly motivated student with a master degree in materials science or physics/chemistry, and who is interested to work in an inter-disciplinary project. Interpersonal skills, dynamism, rigor and teamwork abilities will be appreciated. Candidates should be fluent in both oral and written English. Scientific environment: The candidate will work within the LMGP (Materials and Physical Engineering Laboratory) in the FunSurf group and the LGP2 (Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Graphic Arts) in the MatBio and FunPrint groups. Located in the heart of an exceptional scientific environment, both LMGP and LGP2 offer the applicant a rewarding place to work. LMGP Web Site: http://www.lmgp.grenoble-inp.fr/ LGP2 Web Site: http://pagora.grenoble-inp.fr/en/research Salary: Pay scale of a fixed term post as a G-INP Researcher: 2315 €/month (gross salary, net salary: - 20%) Application procedure: Please send motivation letter, CV, list of scientific publications and the contact information of a reference person (with e-mail & phone number) to: Daniel Bellet: [email protected] (04 56 52 93 37); Julien Bras : [email protected] (04 76 82 69 15) ; Aurore Denneulin: [email protected] (04 76 82 69 28) ; David Muñoz-Rojas : david.munoz- [email protected] (04 56 52 93 36). Closing date for applications: 22th of April 2019

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : 2019-1 Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLEXIBLE TRANSDUCERS BASED ON PIEZOELECTRIC NANOWIRES (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2019 offer n°IMEPLaHC-11062018-CMNE

MASTER Student Training : First Semester 2019

Development and characterization of flexible transducers based on piezoelectric nanowires IMEP-LaHC / LMGP/ MINATEC / Grenoble-France

Keywords: Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, SALD Training: Very recently, the scientific community gets interested in nanowire devices, because of their unique electrical and mechanical properties due to their 1D structure. These properties could be exploited advantageously for several kinds of applications, such as sensors, actuators and energy harvesting devices (Fig.1)[1].

The training will mostly concentrate on the mechanical to electrical transduction using a composite material based on ZnO nanowires. These nanocomposites are expected to outperform thin piezoelectric films [2][3]. One of the technological challenges is the integration of these composites at low temperature over flexible substrates. The objective of this training is to use the new technique SALD (Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition) [4] to deposit a seed layer of ZnO on different substrates (Elaboration at LMGP). This technique allows the depositions at very low temperature and very fast (up to 100 times faster than ALD) and work in air. The samples will be characterized using SEM, XRD and other conventional techniques. The NWs will be grown using the hydrothermal method and integrated into devices (Elaboration at IMEP-LaCH). The performance evaluation will be done at IMEP-LaHC or in the FMNT (Federation of Micro Nano Technologies) characterization platform (OPE)N(RA - http://fmnt.fr/plateforme-ope-n-ra/). The training has three different and correlated goals:

1. Participate to the fabrication of nanocomposite layers and triboelectric materials integrated on flexible substrates. 2. Characterize electromechanically the fabricated devices thanks to a specific test bench. 3. Eventually, the student could participate to the modeling of piezoelectric nanocomposites using the Finite Element Method (FEM) approach.

The achievement of these goals will allows us to better understand the underlaying physics and phenomena involved and to improve the performances of the composite material or triboelectric devices for energy harvesting or sensing applications. The student will benefit from an established collaboration framework and will have the opportunity to contribute to national and European projects related to energy harvesting for autonomous systems. References: [1] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z.-H. Lin, G. Ardila, L. Montes, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang, "Ultrathin Nanogenerators as Self-powered/Active Skin Sensors for Tracking Eye Ball Motion", Adv. Funct. Mater., 24 (2014) p. 1163-1168. [2] R. Tao, G. Ardila L. Montes and M. Mouis, “Modeling of semiconducting piezoelectric nanowires for energy harvesting and sensing” Nano energy, 14 (2015) p.62-76. [3] R. Tao, M. Parmar, G. Ardila, P. Oliveira, D. Marques, L. Montès, M. Mouis, “Performance of ZnO based piezo-generators under controlled compression”, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 32(6) (2017) p. 064003. [4] D. Munoz-Rojas & J. MacManus-Driscoll, “Spatial atmospheric atomic layer deposition: a new laboratory and industrial tool for low-cost photovoltaics”. Materials Horizons, 1(3) (2014) 314-320. More info: Duration: 4 to 6 months (first semester 2019) Level: Master 2 (or Master 1) / Engineering School Location: IMEP-LaHC / Minatec / Grenoble, France Advisor: Gustavo Ardila ([email protected]) David MUNOZ-ROJAS (david.munoz- [email protected]) About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. The main research areas concern Microelectronic devices (CMOS, SOI, ...), Nanotechnologies, Photonic and RF devices. It works in close partnership with several industrial groups such as ST-Microelectronics, IBM, ... and platforms such as LETI, LITEN, IMEC, Tyndall. The training will be within the group working on MicroNanoElectronic Devices / Nanostructures & Nanosystems. The trainee will have access to several technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. LMGP / MINATEC / Grenoble LMGP/ MINATEC / Grenoble https://sites.google.com/site/workdmr/ Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA :[email protected] +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32 David MUNOZ-ROJAS : david.munoz- [email protected] +33 (0)4.56.52.93.36

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-11062018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AN INTEGRATED MICROBIOLOGY IMPENDANCE SENSOR (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2019 offer n°IMEPLaHC-11102018-PHOTO

Sujet de StageMaster Recherche / PFE (5 à 6

mois) Design and fabrication of an integrated microbiology impendance sensor Monitoring of bacterial growth is critical in various environmental fields such as the drinkable water's distribution. The design and fabrication of compact and portable sensors is thus crucial for efficient and continuous in-situ measurements. With this objective in mind, the IMEP-LaHC and G2Elab laboratories are starting a collaboration to develop an integrated lab on chip to monitor bacterial concentrations. The originality of the project lies in the co-integration on a single glass substrate of two sensing microfluidic functions based on different physical principles (optical absorption1 and impedance spectroscopy2). The IMEP-LAHC, skilled in integrated optics and in radiofrequency, will be in charge of the opto-fluidic function and of the impedance spectroscopy measurements. The G2Elab will offer its expertise in electrode design, microfluidic polymer microsystems and ionic conduction. The IGE Institute3, as end-user, will validate the device by experimental measurements of bacterial concentrations. The proposed internship is linked to the impedance spectrometry function and aims at designing a microfluidic cell with built-in electrodes to provide a first test-device for impedance measurement. The student will be under the co-supervision of researchers of both IMEP-LaHC and G2Elab. The internship will fulfill two main objectives. The first goal will be to implement the envisaged manufacturing process of a microfluidic cell in polymer material. The second is to design and deposit stainless steel electrodes on a glass substrate. This last will then be bonded onto the microfluidic cell as a cover. If time permits, the chip will be tested with a bacterial suspension. To fulfill these objectives, the student will be trained in the two laboratories for various techniques of design and fabrication. The training includes in particular: - Polymer embossing for the microfluidic cell fabrication4 - Interdigital electrodes design - Clean room processes for the electrode deposition and cover bonding Advisors: Leticia GIMENO - 04 76 82 63 77 laboratoire G2Elab Bâtiment GreEn- ER, 21 avenue des martyrs CS 90624 38031 Grenoble Cedex 1 - France Elise GHIBAUDO - 04 56 52 95 31 laboratoire IMEP – LaHC MINATEC – INPG, 3 Parvis Louis Néel BP 257 38016 Grenoble Cedex 1 - France 1 Geoffray F., Allenet T., Canto F., et al. Development of an Opto-fluidic Microsystem Dedicated to Chemical Analysis in a Nuclear Environment. Procedia Chemistry, 2016, vol. 21, p. 453-460. 2 Xavier P., D. Rauly, E. Chamberod and J.M.F. Martins. 2017. Theoretical evidence of maximum intracellular currents vs frequency in an Escherichia coli cell submitted to AC voltage. Bioelectromagnetics 38(3) : 213-219. 3 Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement - CS 40700 38058 Grenoble Cedex 4 Fujii, T. (2002). PDMS-based microfluidic devices for biomedical applications. Microelectronic Engineering, 61, 907-914. Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-11102018-PHOTO Contact : [email protected] BIOMIMETIC PLATFORMS FOR MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR STUDIES (STAGE)

Start date : 01/11/2018 offer n°5

Summary: Embryo differentiation but also cancer and tissue homeostasis are supported by the extracellular matrix (ECM) which has not only a structural but also a functional role: the presentation of bioactive molecules. The first aim of this project is to mimic the natural presentation of a potent osteoinductive growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), by immobilizing it on biomimetic platforms, together with other ECM adhesion proteins and glycosaminoglycans, in particular heparan sulfate (HS), as it is in vivo. The second aim is to study cellular responses to BMP-2 presented via the biomimetic platforms. Detailed subject: 15 years after FDA approved the clinical use of BMP-2 for spinal cord injuries, raises an unmet industrial need of optimizing biomaterials for BMP-2 presentation and dose-control. For that is important to totally understand which are the “molecular regulators” of BMP-2 activity in vivo. Fundamental studies are therefore needed. We adopt a biomimetic approach to study at the molecular level BMP-2 binding to the natural ligand HS and the cellular responses to this type of presentation. We design surfaces — biomimetic platforms — that present some selected components of the ECM bound to them. On the biomimetic platforms we will graft HS, BMP-2 and also adhesion ligands (here called RGD peptides), which permit cells spreading via cellular adhesion receptors: integrins (Fig 1). We have shown that the presentation of BMP-2 via HS promotes the osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells (Migliorini et al. 2017). To understand the molecular mechanism behind the role of HS on BMP-2 bioactivity we immobilize biotinylated HS with different chemical composition on SAv monolayer. With quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) we will characterize the binding of biotiylated molecules on the top of SAv and calculate the average nanometrical distances between ligands. After the characterization of the molecular assembling, we will use the well-defined biomimetic platforms for studying cellular adhesion and differentiation with molecular biology methods. Related Publication: Migliorini, E., P. Horn, T. Haraszti, SV Wegner, C. Hiepen, P. Knaus, PR. Richter, and EA. Cavalcanti-Adam. 2017. 'Enhanced biological activity of BMP-2 bound to surface-grafted heparan sulfate', Advanced Biosystems, 1: 1600041. Background and skills: master student from last year university or engineering school interested in glycobiology and/or physical chemistry. Aptitude for teamwork, good spoken and written English are required. A “gratification” will be provided following the French law. Supervisor : Migliorini Elisa Laboratory : LMGP – CNRS- UMR 5628 Team/Group : IMBM Contacts - E-mail : [email protected] Tel : +33 4 56529324 Web-page : http://www.lmgp.grenoble-inp.fr/annuaire-/migliorini-elisa--869551.kjsp?RH=LMGP_ANNUAIRE This project is part of the core interest of the main investigator, therefore a PhD thesis might follow the master thesis. Please send a CV + a cover letter (including names/contact email of 2 referees) + the record of your grades of the 2 past academic years to: [email protected] Master proposalE.MIGLIORINIpdf

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : 5 Contact : [email protected] DEPOSITION OF OXIDE THIN FILMS VIA SPATIAL ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION: IN SEARCH OF HIGH QUALITY OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ELECTRONIC AND OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS (STAGE)

Start date : 01/10/2018 offer n°4

Project description In ever more challenging environmental conditions an increasing amount of scientific work is devoted to the investigation of new materials for energy applications. But apart from finding better materials, new processing tools need to be developed allowing the scalable deposition of high quality materials at low temperatures. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is an attractive candidate since it has unique unrivalled features including: i) a highly precise control of layer thickness; ii) the capability of depositing uniform and conformal coatings even on high aspect ratio features; and iii) the possibility to deposit high quality films at low temperatures. These qualities are a result of ALD mechanism: ALD is a particular case of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) in which the reaction is restricted to the sample surface, thus being self-limited. This is achieved by exposing the sample to the reactants at different time, i.e. in a sequence of pulses. In this way, the metal precursors are supplied and react with the surface, ideally forming a monolayer. Excess precursor is then purged, usually by evacuation. The second precursor is then injected and reacts with the chemisorbed layer forming a monolayer of the desired material plus by-products that have to be purged along with the excess precursor. The cycle is then repeated the necessary number of times to obtain a very precise film thickness. But also as a result of the ALD particular mechanism, deposition rates are very low and vacuum processing makes it complicated and expensive to scale up. Recently, a new approach to atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been developed that doesn't require vacuum and is much faster than conventional ALD. This is achieved by separating the precursors in space rather than in time. This approach is most commonly called Spatial ALD (SALD). In the LMGP we have developing a novel atmospheric SALD system to fabricate active components for new generation solar cells and other applications, showing the potential of this novel technique for the fabrication of high quality materials that can be integrated into devices. References: David Muñoz-Rojas*, and Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll. Materials Horizons, 1, 314-320, 2014. Work requested (Subject internship) The goal of this internship is to work within a team aiming at optimising the deposition of high quality oxide films, (Cu2O, ZnO, TiO2,...), by SALD. The final objective is to be able to tune the properties of the films both by adjusting the deposition parameters and via doping in order to use the materials in solar cells and TFTs, among others. The physical properties (chemical composition, crystallographic structure, electrical conductivity, optical transparency, mechanical properties) of the films will be thoroughly investigated and optimized as well by using appropriate thermal annealing. The LMGP houses state of the art experimental equipments for investigating such properties. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), spectrophotometry, optical and electron microscopy will be routinely used to get a better understanding of the relationships between microstructure and physical properties for as-deposited and thermally treated films. Location Located in the heart of an exceptional scientific environment, the « Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique » (LMGP) offers the applicant a rewarding place to work. The applicant will be integrated within a team and in close collaboration with surrounding laboratories (CEA-Grenoble, Institut Néel, SIMAP…). LMGP Web Site: http://www.lmgp.grenoble-inp.EN/ Profile & requested skills The candidate must have a good ranking (top 25%) in master or engineering school. Ideally, (s)he should have some experience in surface chemistry and materials sciences. We are looking for a highly motivated student who is interested to work in an inter-disciplinary group and on an interdisciplinary project. Interpersonal skills, dynamism, rigor and teamwork abilities will be appreciated. Candidates can be fluent either in English or in French. Subject could be continued with a PhD thesis : YES Allowance : Internship allowance will be provided. CONTACT David MUÑOZ-ROJAS: [email protected]

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : 4 Contact : [email protected] OPTIMIZATION OF A SPATIAL ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION SYSTEM BY SIMULATION (STAGE)

Start date : 01/10/2018 offer n°3

Project description In ever more challenging environmental conditions an increasing amount of scientific work is devoted to the investigation of new materials for energy applications. But apart from finding better materials, new processing tools need to be developed allowing the scalable deposition of high quality materials at low temperatures. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is an attractive candidate since it has unique unrivalled features including: i) a highly precise control of layer thickness; ii) the capability of depositing uniform and conformal coatings even on high aspect ratio features; and iii) the possibility to deposit high quality films at low temperatures. These qualities are a result of ALD mechanism: ALD is a particular case of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) in which the reaction is restricted to the sample surface, thus being self-limited. This is achieved by exposing the sample to the reactants at different time, i.e. in a sequence of pulses. In this way, the metal precursors are supplied and react with the surface, ideally forming a monolayer. Excess precursor is then purged, usually by evacuation. The second precursor is then injected and reacts with the chemisorbed layer forming a monolayer of the desired material plus by-products that have to be purged along with the excess precursor. The cycle is then repeated the necessary number of times to obtain a very precise film thickness. But also as a result of the ALD particular mechanism, deposition rates are very low and vacuum processing makes it complicated and expensive to scale up. Recently, a new approach to atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been developed that doesn't require vacuum and is much faster than conventional ALD. This is achieved by separating the precursors in space rather than in time. This approach is most commonly called Spatial ALD (SALD). In the LMGP we have developing a novel atmospheric SALD system to fabricate active components for new generation solar cells and other applications, showing the potential of this novel technique for the fabrication of high quality materials that can be integrated into devices. Our system is based on an injection manifold head in which the different gas flows are distributed along parallel channels. References: David Muñoz-Rojas*, and Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll. Materials Horizons, 1, 314-320, 2014. Work requested (Subject internship) The goal of this internship is to work within a team aiming at optimising the SALD system by using modelling approaches to optimize the injector head design. COMSOL will be used to evaluate the optimum head designs and the optimum deposition conditions for different head designs. The results obtained from the modelling will be use to fabricate improved head which will be tested in the system. The LMGP has a long experience in modelling and houses state of the art experimental equipments for materials characterization. Location Located in the heart of an exceptional scientific environment, the « Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique » (LMGP) offers the applicant a rewarding place to work. The applicant will be integrated within a team and in close collaboration with surrounding laboratories (CEA-Grenoble, Institut Néel, SIMAP…). LMGP Web Site: http://www.lmgp.grenoble-inp.EN/ Profile & requested skills The candidate must have a good ranking (top 25%) in master or engineering school. Ideally, (s)he should have some experience in surface chemistry and materials sciences. We are looking for a highly motivated student who is interested to work in an inter-disciplinary group and on an interdisciplinary project. Interpersonal skills Subject could be continued with a PhD thesis : YES Allowance : Internship allowance will be provided. CONTACT David MUÑOZ-ROJAS: [email protected]

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : 3 Contact : [email protected] DÉTECTION ÉLECTRIQUE DE L’HYBRIDATION D’ADN PAR AMPLIFICATION PCR SUR SI-NANONET-FET (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/01/2019 offer n°2

Contexte scientifique Très prometteuses au moment de leur découverte, après plus d'une décennie de recherche intensive, les nanostructures 1D et 2D se sont révélées décevantes pour les transferts vers le domaine applicatif en raison de la difficulté de les produire de manière reproductible et à grande échelle. Ainsi, dans le contexte de la feuille de route More than Moore, un défi important réside dans le développement de systèmes peu coûteux, reproductibles et efficaces pour exploiter les propriétés nanométriques, tout en étant facilement manipulables et compatibles avec une intégration à grande échelle. Le projet «Nanonets semiconducteurs», actuellement développé au LMGP, en collaboration avec le LTM et l’IMEP-LaHC, se propose de relever ce défi et de dépasser les limites actuelles de l'intégration des nanomatériaux en développant une nouvelle génération de dispositifs électroniques basés sur des réseaux aléatoires de nanofils semiconducteurs, aussi appelés nanonets semiconducteurs. Ces nanonets bénéficient de propriétés nanométriques avantageuses ainsi que d'une connexion facile aux objets macroscopiques grâce à leur structure en couches minces. Cependant, leur grande sensibilité à leur environnement rend les propriétés électriques instables et peu reproductibles à première vue, de sorte que –jusque récemment- cette structure a été largement ignorée par la communauté scientifique. Toutefois, grâce à nos résultats récents très prometteurs, nous sommes désormais à même de développer des transistors aux propriétés très satisfaisantes et équivalentes à celles des meilleurs dispositifs à nanofil unique. Objectifs du projet L’objectif de ce projet est de mettre au point un dispositif peu coûteux et portable pour détecter directement l'hybridation de l'ADN « sans label », c'est-à-dire sans ajout de marqueurs fluorescents. Actuellement, la grande majorité des biocapteurs d'ADN sur le marché sont des biocapteurs à fluorescence optique. Ces biocapteurs sont très efficaces et peuvent être extrêmement sensibles cependant ils requièrent un haut degré de compétence pour leur utilisation, principalement en raison de la nécessité de marquer l'ADN par un fluorophore et un matériel coûteux pour la détection de l'émission, matériel centralisé dans des laboratoires spécialisés, éliminant toute utilisation sur le terrain, au chevet du patient ou sur un site de production. Ainsi, dans le but d’éliminer le marquage, de simplifier la lecture et d’augmenter la portabilité, la détection sera réalisée uniquement au moyen de la variation du comportement électrique du transistor à base de Si-nanonet qui est l’élément actif des biocapteurs développés lors de cette thèse. En effet, l’ADN étant chargé, lors de son hybridation à la surface du biocapteur, les charges de surface sont modifiées, ce qui impacte la densité de porteurs libres au sein du canal et modifie le comportement électrique du transistor. Afin d’exacerber ces modifications électriques, même pour de très petites quantités d'ADN présentes dans l'échantillon à analyser, l’ADN hybridé sera amplifié par la méthode PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) par pontage d’amorces qui est devenue une méthode de référence en biologie et médecine. Ainsi, ce projet de recherche est extrêmement innovant car il associe des techniques issues de domaines disjoints, la biologie moléculaire et la microélectronique, à un nanomatériau émergent, les nanonets. Pour mener à bien ce projet, le travail sera décomposé en deux temps. Une première phase où la méthode d’amplification par PCR par pontage d’amorces sera développée en surface des nanonets de silicium non intégrés à partir des protocoles de greffage de l’ADN existants au laboratoire. Le bon déroulement des étapes de PCR sera suivi par l’ajout d’intercalants fluorescents. Lors de cette phase, les dimensions des transistors seront définies en lien avec les tailles de gouttes nécessaire pour la mise en place de la PCR, sachant que la technologie actuellement développée permet de produire des transistors présentant des canaux millimétriques. Dans la deuxième phase, l’amplification PCR sera effectuée directement à la surface des transistors à nanonets et l’évolution du comportement électrique des transistors sera alors étudiée. Missions et compétences requises La.Le post-doctorant.e aura pour mission de coordonner les tâches de mises en place de la PCR sur nanonet ainsi que d’élaboration, d’intégration et de fonctionnalisation des nanonets, tout en effectuant les caractérisations électriques après les étapes importantes du processus de fonctionnalisation. Elle.Il s'impliquera dans l'ensemble de ces tâches tout en s'appuyant sur les compétences déjà acquises dans le groupe, et sur les dispositifs expérimentaux existants. Le projet demande des compétences multidisciplinaires (nanomatériaux, chimie de surface, physique des semiconducteurs) en liaison avec le domaine des biocapteurs, tout en étant opérationnel sur les caractérisations électriques I(V) des dispositifs microélectroniques. Des connaissances en biologie moléculaire seraient très appréciées. La.Le post-doctorant.e pourra être amené.e à séjourner au sein de laboratoires partenaires en Europe Renseignements administratifs : Type d'emploi : Contractuel de recherche Contrat : CDD de 18 mois dès que possible, au plus tard le 1er janvier 2018 Rémunération calculée en référence aux grilles de rémunération des post- doctorants soit à partir de 2379 € mensuel brut en fonction de l’expérience du candidat Employeur : Université Grenoble Alpes Lieu de travail : Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique (LMGP), Grenoble – France Contacts : Celine Ternon, [email protected] Marianne Weidenhaupt [email protected]

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : 2 Contact : [email protected] REALIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF BIOSENSORS BASED ON SIC NANOLINES FOR DNA ELECTRICAL DETECTION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-06112018-CMNE

PhD proposal 2018 Realization and optimization of biosensors based on SiC nanolines for DNA electrical detection

Scientific context : The fast and direct detection of small quantities of biomolecules improves early medical diagnosis of certain serious diseases as cancers and can be used to detect in situ the presence of pathogenic viruses or GMOs for food industry, environmental protection and bio- defense. Currently, many research projects are conducted on nanoelectronic devices based on Si nanowires [1] that can perform such detection with very high sensitivity. Indeed, SiC is already used for many biomedical applications covering prostheses and stents, biomimetic structures and cellular reconstruction. Very recently, it has emerged as the best candidate biocompatible semiconductor [2], which provides new integration prospects of in vivo sensors. Objective of the research program : Our research project aims to develop NWFETs (Nanowire Field Effect Transistors) based on SiC nanostructures for various applications: nanoelectronics in critical environments (temperature, gases, radiation) or nanosensor for temperature, gas or biological elements. This project fits in perfectly with one of the research department "Physics, Engineering and Materials" from University Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and in significant ongoing thematic programs at local, national and international level as Labex MINOS (Laboratory of Minatec Center on the Miniaturization of Innovative Nanoelectronics Devices), the IRT Nanoelectronics and Sinano Institute. We have validated the concept of SiC nanowire transistors in previous phD thesis leading to a first demonstrator internationally [3, 4, 5]. Grafting and electrical detection of DNA through NWFET based on 2 types of innovative SiC nanostructures have been demonstrated [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. In continuation of this work, this new phD thesis aims to develop biosensors based on eached nanolines and to optimize the properties and performances of this device in terms of sensitivity, detection limit, reversibility, stability, selectivity and acquisition time. Workplan : In this PhD project, the student will support the development of SiC nanolines, the realization of NWFET transistors, their functionalization towards the electrical detection of DNA. The work will be done within 2 Grenoble laboratory partners in this project: IMEP (Grenoble site of IMEP-LAHC) and LMGP. The 4 main steps of the program are:

1. Development of SiC nanolines by two methods: - By ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) etching of nanolines into a SiC epitaxial layer of high quality and controlled doping (IMEP) [4]. - By ICP etching of nanolines into a Si film on SOI (Silicon On Insulator) following by a carburation of these Si nanolines in a dedicated reactor to the epitaxial growth CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) to obtain Si core / SiC shell nanolines (collaboration avec Univ. Parme et Univ South Florida). Techniques such as atomic force microscopy AFM, transmission microscopy TEM, Raman spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy XPS will be used for physical characterization and optimization of the resulting nanostructures (LMGP). 2. Technological achievement of NWFET: Backgated nanodevices, based on these SiC nanostructures, will be carried out with the upstream facilities of the Advanced Technology Platform (PTA) in Minatec using deposition and etching techniques, and also advanced ebeam lithography and lift-off techniques for achieving optimized microcontacts (IMEP). 3. Functionalization and hybridization: The covalent grafting of DNA probes on the two types of nanostructures will be realized in a localized manner by combining, on the one hand, an appropriated chemical functionalization process [7], and on the other hand, the electron beam lithography (LMGP) [8]. Electrical characterization of biosensors will be conducted on both technological variants and between each functionalization steps (IMEP). 4. Electrical detection of DNA: evaluation and performance optimization After the electrical detection of hybridization molecules, experiments will focus on assessing and optimizing performance: study of the sensitivity, detection limit, selectivity, stability and reversibility. Techniques such as current measurement (static and temporal), impedance, electrical noise, will be used on both variants of NWFETs (IMEP). Furthermore, the real-time acquisition will be studied and developed by the establishment of microfluidic systems (LMGP).

Références: [1] N. Gao, W. Zhou, X. Jiang, G. Hong, T-M Fu, C.M. Lieber, “General Strategy for Biodetection in High Ionic Strength Solutions Using Transistor-Based Nanoelectronic Sensors”, Nano Letters. 15, p2143−2148 (2015) [2] S.E.Saddow, Silicon Carbide Biotechnology: A Biocompatible Semiconductor for Advanced Biomedical Devices and Applications. Elsevier Sciences (2011) [3] K. Rogdakis, thèse de l’Université de Grenoble (2010) [4] J.H. Choi, thèse de l’Université de Grenoble (2013) [5] M. Ollivier, thèse de l’Université de Grenoble (2013) [6] L. Fradetal, thèse de l’Université de Grenoble (2014) [7] L. Fradetal, V. Stambouli,, E. Bano, B. Pelissier, J.H. Choi, M. Ollivier, L. Latu-Romain, T. Boudou, I. Pignot-Paintrand, “Bio-Functionalization of Silicon Carbide Nanostructures for SiC Nanowire-Based Sensors Realization”; Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 14, 5, p3391–3397 (2014) [8] J.H.Choi, L.Latu-Romain, E.Bano, F.Dhalluin, T.Chevolleau, T.Baron, ”Fabrication of SiC nanopillars by inductively coupled SF6/O2 plasma etching”, Journal of Physics D: Appl. Phys. 45 p235204 (2012) [9] M. Ollivier, L. Latu-Romain, M. Martin, S. David, A. Mantoux, E. Bano, V. Soulière , G. Ferro, T. Baron, "Si–SiC core–shell nanowires", J. Crystal Growth 363 p158-163 (2013) [10] L. Fradetal, E. Bano, G. Attolini, F. Rossi, and V. Stambouli, “A Silicon Carbide nanowire field effect transistor for DNA detection”, Nanotechnology 27 (23) p235501 (2016) Financial support : The doctoral contract will be financed by University Grenoble Alpes in the framework of the Doctoral School EEATS. Applications: The candidate is Master of Sciences graduated in the field of Micro-Nanotechnology. An experience in cleanroom processing and device characterization would be a plus. CV, marks of master (year1 and 2) and letter should be sent to supervisor and co –supervisor by June 10, 2018 for an application on June 12, 2018 : Edwige BANO , IMEP- LAHC , [email protected] Valérie STAMBOULI , LMGP , [email protected] If its application is approved, the candidate will have to registered in the Doctoral School EEATS : https://www.adum.fr/as/ed/page.pl?site=edeeats

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc / LMGP Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-06112018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE AND TRANSPARENT RADIO-FREQUENCY DEVICES BASED ON NANOCELLULOSES - SILVER NANOWIRES HYBRID SYSTEM (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-06072018-RFM

Project : E-Transparent

Development of Innovative and Transparent Radio-Frequency devices based on Nanocelluloses - Silver Nanowires hybrid system ______

PhD Start : 01/10/2018 Univ. Grenoble Alpes – IDEX Allocation Application deadline : 30/06/2018 Project Description Electromagnetic waves are present everywhere and are used in many devices for industrial as well as in everyday life applications. Defense and Security, Building and Smart environments, Health, Telecommunications, packaging & logistic constitute huge markets. Applications concerning health monitoring, mobile phone, Wi-Fi, RFID Identification/Authentication, NFC contactless payment, show continuing technological and economical growths. Nevertheless, several new and large markets cannot be addressed due to the drawbacks of the key component: the antenna, which is usually fabricated by printing (or etching) metal patterns on rigid or conformable substrates. The standard material used as metallic electrode is non transparent silver spherical particles. Thus, cost and low optical transparency are clearly the limiting factors to integrate antennas or RF patterns onto transparent surfaces such as windows, touchscreens or windscreens, transparent packaging, etc. Flexible, transparent and low cost antennal devices will create these new fields of applications. The main goal of this PhD thesis is to produce innovative transparent RF patterns with scalable techniques, in a standard environment, to address electromagnetic (EM) applications such as RF antennas, shielding, filters with a focus in smart packaging and building field. Based on the complementary expertise of participants (nanocellulose, ink formulation, radio-frequence), the objective of E-Transparent project will focus on the development of transparent and conductive hybrid system based on nanocelluloses (NFC/NCC) combined with a conductive material (silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes, conductive polymer) to address RF applications.Leaving aside the initial bibliographic study, the following survey and the final redaction of the thesis manuscript, PhD Student will work into 3 tasks, as detailed below: Task 1 Conductive and transparent nanocellulose suspension design Target Reach the performances specified by the targeted RF application (antenna, shielding, etc) Subtask: 1.1: Identification of the most suitable raw materials (Nanocelluloses, Conductive materials, additives) and nanocellulose functionalization 1.2: Formulation and optimization towards RF application requirements 1.3: Hybrid system characterization and colloidal stability parameters Task 2 Processability and patterning of nanocellulose suspensions: Target Production of thin patterning layers Subtask : 2.1: Patterning layer obtained by an additive deposition processes (spray, printing, ect.) 2.2: Patterning layer obtained by a substractive process 2.3: Patterns characterization (thickness, pattern resolution, printing default, electronic performances, etc.) Task 3 RF system production and demonstrator development Target Characterize the transparent RF system produced Subtask : 3.1: RF pattern design and Characterization of RF properties – Identification of achievable specifications 3.2: Understanding of the output properties/formulation/processing/pattern cross correlation 3.3: Demonstrator preparationDue to the multidisciplinary domains of the skills involved, the PhD thesis will be performed between two laboratories located in Grenoble: LGP2 and IMEP-LAHC LGP2: http://pagora.grenoble-inp.fr/recherche/recherche-laboratoire-genie-des-procedes-papetiers-lg p2--349729.kjsp IMEP-LAHC: http://imep-lahc.grenoble-inp.fr/Candidate profile: Holding a Master or Engineer degree in material science Given the multidisciplinary nature of the project, different skills can be promoted : - Expertise in Cellulose-based materials - Expertise in process engineering (printing processes, coating, etc…) - Expertise in complex fluid formulation and characterization (Rheology) - Expertise in Radiofrequency Good english level Autonomy, professionalism, capacity to analyze and synthesize, motivation, ability to work in a teamTo apply for this PhD offer, please send a detailed CV, a letter stating the reasons of your application and the contact information of a referring person if possible. Contact Information : Dr. Aurore DENNEULIN (LGP2),Tel : +33 476 826 928 ,[email protected]. Tan Phu Vuong, (IMEP-LaHC),tan- [email protected] Dr Julien BRAS (LGP2), Tel : +33 476 826 915

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-06072018-RFM Contact : [email protected] THEORY, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF DISTRIBUTED AMPLIFIERS IN ADVANCED SILICON TECHNOLOGIES (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-05172018-RFM

PhD POSITION

Theory, design methodology and experimental validation of distributed amplifiers in advanced silicon technologies

Laboratory: Research will be done at the RFIC-Lab (under creation)

Supervisor: Antonio Souza, Florence Podevin & Sylvain Bourdel

Phone: +33 4 56 52 95 67

E-mail: [email protected] Objectives: Distributed amplifiers are of main concern in systems requiring very high gain-bandwidth products. At millimeter-wave frequencies, parasitic elements of lumped components become hard to model and control, while standard transmission lines are bulky and offer a limited flexibility in terms of characteristic impedances above 50 Ohm. To circumvent those restrictions, the PhD student will evaluate the use of a new kind of high impedance transmission line in distributed amplifiers, aiming to improve the amplifier´s gain-bandwidth product, matching and design flexibility. Taking into account aspects such as DC power, stability, Noise Figure and fabrication dispersion, the PhD student will propose an experimentally validated design methodology underlining the main tradeoffs that can be encountered in CMOS or BiCMOS technologies.

Context for millimeter-wave distributed amplifiers: Mobile data transfer has exploded with the deployment of 4G and with the new needs created by this technology. According to Cisco´s Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2016-2021, the annual Global IP traffic reached 1.2.1021 bytes in 2016, and will reach 3.3.1021 bytes in 2021. To address this demand, millimeter-wave systems (30-300 GHz) are required and so highly performing circuits at such frequencies. Especially, 5G working groups plan to aggregate a large number of physical channels to highly increase the effective data rate of mobile devices. When dealing with very high frequencies, distributed approach for active circuits is a well suited solution. Distributed systems allow the combination of a large number of channels, thus increasing the available bandwidth and hence the bit rate. This research area becomes a strategic field for the achievement of ultra-wideband communication systems. Traditionally, distributed circuits were dedicated to high cost wireline applications and designed using expensive technologies. The high performance of recent commercial CMOS/BiCMOS technologies now allows designing distributed circuits at low cost and could be a solution for the next generation of communication systems. In addition, specific techniques have been developed to reduce the size and increase the performance of passive circuits. Such techniques are very promising and surface efficient in modern CMOS/BiCMOS technologies. Moreover they also enable easy tuning capabilities of the passive circuits which are useful in the design of distributed circuits.

The research work consists in exploring the architecture of a transmission-line based distributed amplifier to be integrated into a standard CMOS/BiCMOS technology. A simplified illustration of a distributed amplifier is shown below. It is based on 2 propagation lines coupled by the transconductances of the transistors. The signal is amplified at each section of the input line and combined in the output line. Such structure can reach more than 100 GHz bandwidth in standard

CMOS technologies. Description of the Research Work: The design of wideband distributed circuits requires the development of skills in the fields of passive circuits design (transmission lines, matching, electric and magnetic fields mapping, …) and also in active circuits design (PAs, oscillators, LNAs, …). This study will be based on the expertise developed in the laboratory in the field of active millimeter-wave circuits and innovative devices using slow-wave techniques. In this study, the input and output line of the amplifier will be designed considering different kinds of transmission lines. A preliminary study has already been carried out and a first architecture has been recently proposed with an original design methodology, to be fabricated in July 2018. This approach is quite new and appears to be very promising in this research field that suffers from a lack of design/optimization methodologies. Quite unusual, the student will have the opportunity to characterize this circuit at the early beginning of his PhD thesis, what will strongly guide and help him in designing further circuits. Based on this preliminary study, the student will have to make a state of the art on the following topics: low-loss transmission lines, high frequency gain boosting methods for active cells, stability enhancement techniques, architectures and layout-oriented design for (distributed amplifier) compact circuits. The PhD student will then develop new types of distributed amplifier based on specific transmission lines (slow waves eventually), or by fully distributing the transconductances all along the transmission lines. The performance comparison will help to demonstrate the proposed ideas. During the PhD, the student will develop skills on: - passive circuits by using the tools and expertise available in the laboratory to design passives; - on active circuits linear and non-linear analysis; instrumentation and measurement, by using the laboratory infrastructure to characterize the circuits developed. The work will be based on recent CMOS/BiCMOS technologies, such as the 55-nm BiCMOS technology of ST-Microelectronics, which is a quite innovative technology dedicated to millimeter waves applications. Skills: Cadence, ADS, HFSS, Scilab or Matlab, Active and Passive RF circuits This work will be performed in partnership with the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Brazil, and some travels may be envisaged between University Grenoble-Alpes and UFPB. Please send a CV and motivation letter (preferred before 5th of June) to: antonio.lisboa-de- [email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-05172018-RFM Contact : [email protected] PSEUDO-MOSFET SENSORS BASED ON OUT-OF-EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL READING (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-05152018-CMNE

Pseudo-MOSFET sensors based on out-of-equilibrium potential reading Deadline for application: the 1st of June 2018, beginning of contract: the 1st of Oct. 2018

Place: IMEP – LAHC, MINATEC – INPG, 3, Parvis Louis Néel, 38016, Grenoble Advisor: Irina Ionica (Associate Professor Grenoble ING), [email protected] +33 (0) 4 56 52 95 23 Context and objectives: In the context of microelectronics, the importance of semiconductor on insulator (SOI) substrates has been extensively proven, not only to produces high performance circuits, but also for embedded systems-on-chip solutions, including sensors. The classical electrical characterization method of SOI substrates uses the pseudo-MOSFET configuration, in which the current flow between two probes placed on the top silicon film is controlled by the voltage applied on the bulk substrate, which serves as a backgate. Similar to an ISFET, the threshold voltage of the pseudo-MOSFET shifts in presence of top surface charges1. Furthermore, we recently proved that the out-of-equilibrium potential in the top silicon film is an original way to detect the presence of such surface charges2. This new reading paradigm needs to be benchmarked with respect to the classical conductance variations in ISFETs and optimized to maximize performance in terms of linearity, sensitivity, noise and consumption; this is the aim of this multidisciplinary thesis. Research to be performed: In order to reach a pragmatic sensor, starting from our previous proof- of-concept studies some additional steps are needed: · replacing the probes by deposited metal or doped contacts, · validating that the physical mechanisms responsible for the out-of-equilibrium potential with deposited contacts are similar with those measured with probes, · finding the appropriate dynamic conditions of potential reading, · benchmarking of potential-based vs. current- based reading in the devices, · exploiting the sensor for realistic bio-chemical detection (liquid environment, reading electronic system …). The PhD student will develop the complete chain, from device fabrication, electrical measurements in equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium conditions, surface functionalization for specific detection applications (collaboration with Néel Institute)… The experimental characterization part will be completed by segments of modeling and simulation, allowing the comprehension of physical phenomena involved and the optimization for the sensor. Knowledge and skills required: This PhD topic belongs mainly to the field of micro-nano- electronics, and more precisely to the electrical characterization and modeling of SOI substrates. The candidate must have a solid knowledge of physics of semiconductors and devices. Electronics of the measurement systems, surface functionalization would be appreciated. The candidate is expected to enjoy experimental work and the development of adapted measurement protocols. Scientific curiosity, motivation, creativity are mandatory qualities in order to take full advantage of the scientific environment of this thesis and to gain excellent expertise for his/her future career. The topic is in the field of applied physics, but close to the fundamental physics, as well as to the industrial world. After the PhD, the candidate will easily adapt to both academic and industrial research environments. The candidate must have a very good academic record, with high grades. ______1 I. Ionica et.al., Proceedings of IEEE Nano(Portland, USA) 2011, pp 38-43 2 L. Benea et.al., Solid- State Electronics, vol. 143, pp. 69-76, 2018

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-05152018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] STRUCTURE–PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR MANGANITE MEMRISTIVE DEVICES (THÈSE)

Start date : 03/09/2018 offer n°LMGP2018_13

CONTEXT Among the various emerging devices expected to replace conventional Flash memories, Resistive Random Access Memories (ReRAM) are currently attracting a strong scientific and industrial interest. Their operations are based on the switching between a low resistive and a high resistive state, which represents the two binary states. ReRAM devices have already demonstrated significant advantages over other technological options, such as high scalability, fast switching speed combined with low switching energy, low power consumption, strong endurance and data retention larger than ten years. Different types of ReRAM have been demonstrated so far: some of them exploit the breakdown properties of metal-oxides, while others use the formation of a conductive bridge (CBRAM). In the case of valence change memories (VCM) it is believed that the change in resistance is induced by the application of a voltage (or current), which results in a local valence change in the oxide material. This valence change is presently thought to be controlled by the migration of oxygen vacancies either in the form of filaments or on the contrary, homogeneously distributed near the entire electrode area (homogeneous interface-type switching). Manganite heterostructures show very promising resistive switching characteristics and multilevel resistance states. This makes them ideal candidates for alternative non-volatile memories, but also as building blocks for neuromorphic computation. In contrast to the more common filamentary switching, manganite devices have been shown to switch homogeneously over the whole device area and might therefore be superior with respect to their cell-to-cell and cycle-to-cycle variation. Moreover, electronic and ionic transport in these materials can be tuned by varying the composition and microstructure, which could directly affect the switching performance. Although it is clear that ion transport plays a key role in the switching mechanism, many open questions are still to be understood. In particular, grain boundaries (GBs), present in CMOS-compatible polycrystalline manganite devices, significantly influence ionic transport in these materials, but their impact on resistive switching has not been directly studied yet. THESIS PROJECT This PhD research project will be devoted to the study of resistive switching (RS) in Sr-doped lanthanum manganites with the aim of presenting a comprehensive and consistent picture of the transport properties of dislocations (GBs) in manganites. This will be carried out by combining various experimental techniques to probe the oxygen and charge transport along and across the dislocations. Epitaxial thin film model systems with different chemical compositions and well-defined grain boundaries will be fabricated by Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) through the use of bicrystal substrates. The impact of the grain boundaries on the ion transport and the switching properties of the films will be comprehensively studied. The chemical composition and the structure of films and devices will be investigated by the large variety of techniques surface analysis and bulk sensitive techniques available in the LMGP laboratory or at different European synchrotron facilities (e.g. SOLEIL and BESSY). Performing operando spectroscopy of switching devices will enable us to gain insights into the chemical and structural changes taking place during device operation. Oxygen diffusion and surface exchange in different thin-film configurations will be investigated by 18O tracer diffusion experiments in combination with Raman spectroscopy. This will enable us to uncover the complex interplay between microstructure, chemical composition, ionic and electronic transport and the switching performance of manganite memristive devices. Based on this, we will develop new routes for the fabrication of CMOS-compatible manganite micro-devices with high reliability and improved switching kinetics. Scientific Environment The candidate will work within the LMGP, Materials and Physical Engineering Laboratory, in the NanoMat team. Located in the heart of an exceptional scientific environment, the LMGP offers the applicant a rewarding place to work. LMGP Web Site: http://www.lmgp.grenoble-inp.fr/ The PhD thesis work will be carried out in the framework of on the “Mangaswitch” ANR research project, and will involve collaboration and interaction with 2 partners in Germany: Prof. Dr. Roger A. De Souza’s group at RWTH Aachen and Prof. Regina Dittmann’s group at FZ-Jülich. During the PhD the student will spend 3 months at the German collaborators’ laboratories. Profile & requested skills The candidate must be graduated from an engineering school and/or with a Master 2R degree whose training focuses primarily on materials science, physics, chemistry or related field. We are looking for a highly-motivated student with a strong interest in experimental physics and materials science. Interpersonal skills, dynamism, rigor and teamwork abilities will be appreciated. Candidates should be fluent in English and/or in French. In addition, well-written English will be highly appreciated. Salary According to French regulations for a PhD Application Please send by email by the 23th May 2018 your: - Detailed Curriculum Vitae - Cover letter explaining the motivation for the PhD work - Transcript of marks obtained in Masters

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : LMGP2018_13 Contact : [email protected] ENGINEERED BIOMIMETIC PLATFORMS TO ANALYSE THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ROLE OF HEPARAN SULFATE ON BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 2 (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2018 offer n°LMGP2018_12

CONTEXTE The industrial development of biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration is steadily increasing due to socio-economical need for bone repair therapies especially caused by the aging of the population and improvement of the quality of life. A boost of bone repair can be achieved using potent osteoinductive proteins, named bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In Europe, the clinical use of BMP2 has been approved. However, its inappropriate delivery from collagen sponges and its supraphysiologic doses led to adverse clinical effects(1). Thus, there is a crucial need to engineer innovative carrier materials to optimize and better control the delivered dose of BMP2. Understanding which are the molecular regulators of BMP2 activity during bone repair and studying the BMP2 presentation via the bone extracellular matrix is therefore essential for a future new generation of BMP2-delivering biomaterials. In tissues, native BMP2 is presented via the extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The role of these ECM components on the bioactivity of BMP2 is still under debate. Up to now important questions remain unanswered on (i) how can the presentation of BMP2 by ECM components affect bone differentiation? (ii) what is the role of each of these components in this context (iii) what are the underlying molecular mechanisms? Project description We design surfaces — biomimetic platforms — that present some selected components of the ECM. On the biomimetic platforms we will graft ECM components as the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, which is known to bind BMP2 and adhesion peptides (cyclic RGD) to permit cells spreading via cellular adhesion receptors: integrins The group has shown that the bioactivity of BMP2 can be enhanced by integrins activation(2). With quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and spectroscopic ellipsometry, we will characterize the binding of each ECM components on the streptavidin-coated platforms (Fig 1) (3, 4). After the characterization of the molecular assembling, we will use these platforms for studying cellular adhesion and differentiation with molecular biology methods as immunofluorescence and/or western blots. We will compare the effect of BMP2, presented via immobilized heparan sulfate or directly immobilized via biotin–streptavidin on BMP2-mediated osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation. 2018-2021_BiometicPlatforms Related Publications 1. Zara JN, Siu RK, Zhang X, Shen J, Ngo R, Lee M, et al. High Doses of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Induce Structurally Abnormal Bone and Inflammation In Vivo. Tissue engineering Part A. 2011;17(9-10):1389-99. 2. Fourel L, Valat A, Faurobert E, Guillot R, Bourrin-Reynard I, Ren K, et al. beta3 integrin-mediated spreading induced by matrix-bound BMP-2 controls Smad signaling in a stiffness-independent manner. The Journal of cell biology. 2016;212(6):693-706. 3. Migliorini E, Horn P, Haraszti T, Wegner S, Hiepen C, Knaus P, et al. Enhanced biological activity of BMP-2 bound to surface-grafted heparan sulfate. Advanced Biosystems. 2017;1(4):1600041. 4. Migliorini E, Thakar D, Sadir R, Pleiner T, Baleux F, Lortat-Jacob H, et al. Well-defined biomimetic surfaces to characterize glycosaminoglycan-mediated interactions on the molecular, supramolecular and cellular levels. Biomaterials. 2014;35(32):8903-15. Background and skills expected Only master student (M2R), engineer diplomat or equivalent (minimum 5 years of university studies plus six months practical experience in a research environment) are eligible. We will select student motivated to work in a multidisciplinary environment, at the interfaces between physics, chemistry and biology. Expert in surface chemistry/ or biochemistry with basic expertise in cellular biology would be appreciated. The candidate should be interested to travel to accomplish two or three mission abroad to partner laboratories. Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : LMGP2018_12 Contact : [email protected] STUDY OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ZNO BASED NANOCOMPOSITES: APPLICATION TO ENERGY HARVESTING FOR AUTONOMOUS SENSORS (THÈSE)

Start date : 28/05/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-04172018-CMNE

Study of the piezoelectric properties of ZnO based nanocomposites: application to energy harvesting for autonomous sensors IMEP-LaHC / MINATEC / Grenoble-France DEADLINE FOR APPLICATION: MAY 28th 2018

Keywords: Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, AFM, Semiconductor Physics and technology. Description of the project: Semi-conductor piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) (of GaN or ZnO among others) have improved piezoelectric properties compared to thin films and bulk materials, because of their greater flexibility, their sensitivity to weaker forces, and also, due to an intrinsic improvement in their piezoelectric coefficients which has been identified by recent theoretical and experimental studies [1, 2]. The integration of these nanostructures into nanocomposites (formed of NWs embedded in a dielectric matrix) is interesting for different applications, mainly sensors and mechanical energy harvesters [3, 4]. Very recent theoretical studies from our team show that these nanocomposites can feature improved performance compared to thin films [5, 6]. However, the development of these applications is currently hampered by an incomplete understanding of coupling effects between internal stresses (mechanical aspect), material polarization (piezoelectric effect), as well as doping and free carrier charge modulation (semi-conductor aspect). At the nanoscale, nonlinear effects can also become important.

From the fundamental point of view, the thesis will aim to deepen the understanding of electromechanical phenomena at the nanoscale by taking into account screening effects by ionized dopants, free carriers and interface traps. Several other important effects will also be studied, such as mechanical and electromechanical non-linearity, especially the higher orders of the piezoelectric effect, or flexoelectric effect, which probably plays a very important role in the piezoelectric response of nanostructures. The thesis will focus on the properties of nanowires as such, but also when immersed in a dielectric matrix to form a nanocomposite. It will be possible to vary experimentally some key parameters such as the doping and dimensions of the nanowires. The student will have at his disposal all the experimental and simulation facilities of the laboratory, as well as access to the PTA technological platform for the preparation of specific test structures (metallization of contacts, connections, flexible membranes for deflection, etc.). The nanowires will be developed at the IMEP-LaHC or will be accessible through different collaborations (LMGP, INL, Institute Néel ...). The PhD student will contribute to the development of characterization techniques. The IMEP-LaHC laboratory was a precursor in 2008 by developing methods for the qualitative characterization of the piezoelectric phenomenon on individual NWs of GaN, by measuring the potential generated when a controlled force is applied to the NW using an AFM tip [1]. These techniques have recently been modified to perform controlled current measurements [7]. They will be further developed during this thesis and correlated with more standard measurements (PFM, KFM) or Scanning Microwave Microscopy [8]. All these measurements have the advantage of being possibly realized on the same NW, and thus of being correlated with each other. At the same time, thanks to an ongoing collaboration with IM2NP and ESRF, the PhD student will have access to novel in-operando characterization means to combine X-ray diffraction deformation measurement with near field measurement of current and surface potential under mechanical stress. Multi-physics simulations (analytical models, finite elements) will serve as a support for interpreting experimental results, backed on the expertise developed in the team. The acquired understanding should allow the PhD student to reach the second objective of the thesis, which is a first step towards future exploitation, with the identification of optimization guidelines and the realization of research proof-of-concept devices, along recent experiences developed at IMEP-LaHC [9, 10]. This will allow the candidate to validate the interest of the concept for mechanical energy harvesting. The development of these devices and their optimization is part of a European project Convergence (H2020 / FlagERA 2017-2020), where the student will additionally benefit from a stimulating international environment with a combination of academic labs and industrial companies.

References: [1] X. Xu, A. Potié, R. Songmuang, J.W. Lee, T. Baron, B. Salem and L. Montès, Nanotechnology 22 (2011) [2] H. D. Espinosa, R. A. Bernal, M. Minary‐Jolandan, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) [3] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z. H. Lin, G. Ardila, et al., Adv. Func. Mater. 24 (2014) [4] R. Hinchet, S. Lee, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (2014) [5] R. Tao, G. Ardila, L. Montès, M. Mouis Nano Energy 14 (2015) [6] R. Tao, M. Mouis, G. Ardila, Adv. Elec. Mat. 4 (2018) [7] Y. S. Zhou, R. Hinchet, Y. Yang, G. Ardila, L.Montès, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Mat. 25 (2013) [8] K. Torigoe, M. Arita and T. Motooka, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 104325 (2012) [9] S. Kannan, M. Parmar, R. Tao, G. Ardila, M. Mouis, J. of Physics: Conf. Ser. 773 (2016) [10] R. Tao, G. Ardila, M. Parmar, L. Michaud, M. Mouis, Proc. of IEEE Eurosoi/ULIS (2017)

More information: Knowledge and skills required: It is desirable that the candidate has knowledge in one or more of these areas: semiconductor physics, finite element simulation, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), clean room techniques and associated characterizations (SEM, etc.). The grades and the rank as undergraduate and especially for the Master degree are a very important selection criterion for the doctoral school. Location: IMEP-LaHC / Minatec / Grenoble, France Doctoral school: EEATS (Electronics, Electrical engineering, Automatism, Signal processing), specialty NENT (Nano Electronics Nano Technologies). Advisors: Mireille MOUIS (Advisor) ([email protected]) Gustavo ARDILA (Co-advisor) ([email protected])

About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. The main research areas concern Microelectronic devices (especially CMOS, SOI), Nanotechnologies, Photonic and RF devices. It works in close partnership with several industrial groups (such as ST-Microelectronics, IBM, or Global Foundries), preindustrial institutes (such as LETI, LITEN, IMEC, or Tyndall), as well as SMEs (e.g. CEDRAT). The PhD thesis will be carried out within the group working on MicroNanoElectronic Devices / Nanostructures & Nanosystems. The student will have access to several technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA ([email protected] ) +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-04172018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] 3D PRINTED ELECTRONIC FOR MOLDED INTERCONNECTED DEVICES (MID) DEDICATED TO INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS (THÈSE)

Start date : 03/09/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-04112018-RFM

Within the framework of a Chaire Industrielle d’Excellence MINT*, the PHD relies on a direct printing technology of functional inks on tridimensional objects coupled with a robotic system. Electronic circuits are built directly on top of the mechanical parts and take benefit from the 3D deposition freedom given by this additive manufacturing technology. Such a 3D electronic is so combined with the mechanical substrate that its mechatronic integration is enhanced. The increase of connected products on the market is exponential, for IoT and Industrial-IoT applications, leading to innovative manufacturing technologies needs for mechatronic integration. The Phd work is dedicated to 3D electronic printing of functional inks on mechanical thermoplastic products. Printing process will be settled and synchronized on the existing 6 axis robotic platform. Within a 1st step, the student must adapt the printing process of functional inks and conductive pastes for 3D deposition on thermoplastic parts. She/He will optimize the associated curing process as well. The 2nd Phd target is devoted to electronic design and stacking architectures of components. The goal is to take advantage of the multi-materials printing potential of the technology in addition to the 3D geometry of the substrate. Conductive tracks and printed components will be characterized versus their properties, reliability, and ageing behavior. Those measurements will be conducted first on 2D thermoplastic substrates within LGP2 and IMEP-LAHC laboratories. Afterward, they will be deployed on 3D products within S-Mart.DS robotic platform. The student will then explore the possibilities offered by the 3D additive manufacturing process in terms of innovative electronic design and system architecture for IoT-Industrial applications. Due to the multidisciplinary domains of the skills involved, the applicant will rely on the expertise of the members of the Chaire Industrielle d’Excellence MINT*: LGP2 : laboratory of printed electronic on flexible substrates IMEP-LAHC : laboratory of design and characterization of advanced electronic systems S-MART DS : technological plateform dedicated to industrial engineering Schneider Electric : industrial company leader in energy management With general technical skills, the applicant background needs to encompass materials physics (rheology, physicochemistry), mechatronic and electronic (passive components, sensors, antenna), as well as mechanic and robotic (dimensional control, trajectory tracking). Open and curious, she/he appeals to work within a multidisciplinary context. Proactive and autonomous, she/he is found of experimental work and is very adaptive to laboratory and industrial platform environments. Her/His human skills make her/him evolve serenely within the various team involved in the Chaire MINT. She/He must have the ability to easily write scientific reports (French language) and present her/his work to the Chaire’s members during Scientific committees. English language is mandatory as the Phd student should attend international conferences and submit papers within major scientific journals. Remuneration : 2200 € gross /month Contact : Mme N. Reverdy-Bruas (Grenoble INP) : nadege.reverdy- [email protected] *http://fondation-grenoble-inp.fr/nos-actions/contribuer-developpement-recherche/chaire-mint/

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-04112018-RFM Contact : [email protected] SCALABLE MANUFACTURING OF ZNO AND TIO2 BASED BIOFOULING- RESISTANT NANOSTRUCTURED MEMBRANES FOR WATER PURIFICATION (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2018 offer n°LMGP2018_11

Recrutment_PhD_Chair_riasseto Context of the PhD grant: This PhD grant is associated with the Chair of Excellence of the Nanoscience foundation awarded to Professor Daeyeon Lee (UPenn) about nanostructures for antibiofouling and antibacterial applications. Context and position of the project on the international scale Access to clean water is not assured for major swathes of humanity. In the last century, demand grew at twice the rate of the population. The United Nation as well as the US National Academy of Engineering has indeed identified providing access to clean water as one of the Grand Challenges of the 21st century. In the Malthusian catastrophe, nearly one- fifth of the world's population lack access to clean water and a quarter of the population faces economic water shortages [1]. Membrane separations are promising alternatives to thermal separations for production of clean water because of their scalability and energy efficiency [2]. Water treatment reverse osmosis membranes have been implemented in some parts of the world (e.g., Israel) to give solutions to a small region, proving that membrane technology will play a major role in solving the water issue globally [3]. Although numerous advances in membrane technologies have been made, there are outstanding challenges that impede their widespread adoption across the world. We have identified three problems that could potentially be addressed by advances in nanoscience and technology: 1. Membrane separation is often limited by the trade-off between selectivity and permeability. Membranes that are very permeable (i.e., that give high flux) are not very selective and vice versa [4, 5]. 2. Biofouling and growth of biofilms (attachment and proliferation of bacteria on surfaces) significantly compromise the performance of these membranes and cause major health hazards [6, 7]. 3. Many membranes suffer from long-term stability/durability issues under prolonged usage. The membranes inevitably have to be cleaned periodically to remove biofilms and other contaminants. Chlorine-based bleach, which is the most common and effective agent, significantly damages the structural integrity of the membranes, compromising their durability [8]. Recent advances in nanostructured membranes present a versatile approach to overcoming challenges associated with trade-off between permeability and selectivity and achieving highly efficient water purification while preventing biofouling on the membrane surfaces [4, 5]. Previous studies have shown that nanoparticle-incorporated films and membranes can be used for antibacterial applications as well as efficient water purification [9]. For example, TiO2 nanoparticle- incorporated films have shown to exhibit excellent antibacterial properties [10]. Incorporation of silica nanoparticles in polymer matrix led to fabrication of separation membranes with simultaneous enhancement of permeability and selectivity [4, 5, 11]. Unfortunately, most current methods to generate such nanostructured coatings and membranes are suitable only for lab-scale production owing to complicated fabrication steps. A critical bottleneck is the lack of robust methods to enable the cost-effective/large-scale fabrication of nanostructured membranes while maintaining the precise control over their nanoscale structures. Such membranes are typically fabricated by incorporation of nanoparticles directly into the polymer solutions for membrane formation [12]. This approach is challenging due to unfavorable interactions between the polymers and nanoparticles that drive nanoparticle aggregation, compromising the membrane structure and properties [13]. It is thus critical to develop means to fabricate nanostructured composite membranes with properties designed for specific applications and with high durability in challenging conditions based on scalable methods. We propose to develop heat- or solvent-driven infiltration of polymers into the interstices of nanoparticle/nanowire packings (capillary rise infiltration (CaRI) [14, 15] and solventdriven infiltration of polymers (SIP) [16]) and solvent transfer-induced phase separation (STRIPS) of nanoparticle-containing ternary solutions to enable the scalable fabrication of nanocomposite membranes [17, 18]. Scientific Objectives: Scalable Nanomanufacturing of Nanostructured Membranes for Clean Water The main objectives of this PhD thesis will be to transform the manufacturing of nanostructured composite membranes to enable their production in a scalable process suitable for large scale, low-cost manufacturing. Along the way, the PhD student will isolate key features required to maintain the advantages of these membranes, and potentially amending the process parameters of the membrane synthesis to retain key features while reducing cost and complication. The main aspects of this project are: 1. Development of nanostructured composite membranes with ZnO nanowires or TiO2 nanoparticles, based on polymer infiltration. To achieve this objective, we aim to understand the infiltration of polymer into the interstices between nanoparticles/nanowires via capillary rise infiltration (CaRI) or solvent-driven infiltration of polymers (SIP). 2. Development of nanostructured hollow fiber membranes with dense coatings of photocatalytic nanoparticles or photopolymerizable inorganic materials (i.e, TiO2 photoresist) via STRIPS. Membranes will be manufactured with photocatalytic nanomaterials (i.e., TiO2 or ZnO) to impart photocatalytic activity for anti-biofouling and self-cleaning membrane fabrications. 3. In collaboration with a postdoctoral researcher, the separation performance and antibacterial/antifouling properties of membranes will be tested. Formation of biofilms and adhesion of bacteria on membranes surfaces under flowing or quiescent conditions will be investigated as a function of the structure, surface roughness, composition and wettability of our membranes under UV (photocatalytic conditions) or in dark conditions. Water purification performance of nanostructured membranes as well as their durability will be investigated.

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : LMGP2018_11 Contact : [email protected] CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED THIN FILMS OF ITO, GAN AND TIO2 IN THE TERAHERTZ DOMAIN (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-03272018-PHOTO

PhD position in optoelectronics: Characterization of nanostructured thin films of ITO, GaN and TiO2 in the terahertz domain

Large bandgap semiconductors, like ITO or TiO2, exhibit smart optoelectronics properties that make them widely used, for example as transparent electrodes in optoelectronics display devices. They are also involved in other applications, such as photo‐catalyzer in treatment of polluted water or air. Recently, nanostructured films of these materials have been employed to increase the efficiency of solar ce lls, light emitting diodes, and water depollution kinetic. For all these possible applications, the electrical properties of the layers, and more explicitly the dynamics of free carriers (electrons), have to be precisely measured and understood, regarding the fabrication process and therefore the microscopic structure and the composition of the material. French National Research Agency (ANR) supports a 4‐years project in which IMEP‐LAHC in France and the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan join their expertise and competences. Two kinds of application are targeted: ‐ with ITO (bandgap 3.7~3.9 eV) and GaN (3.4 eV), the interest lies in their excellent conductivity properties and transparency in view of potential applications in display, solar cells or components for the THz waves for the former. GaN and related materials are also key materials for optoelectronics and high‐ speed and high‐power electronics. ‐ regarding TiO2 (3.2 eV), the production of free carriers and their injection into water in contact will be studied, in view of understanding the processes involved in photo‐assisted water catalysis. Samples will be designed and fabricated in Taiwan, and then characterized by using different terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS) techniques in France at IMEP‐LAHC (Le Bourget du Lac). In a first step, all the samples will be measured on a very broadband THz‐TDS system to determine their transmission and complex optical constants from 0.15 THz to 15 THz. In a second step, we will optically excite the semiconductors by pumping them near their bandgap energy (UV range) and monitor the evolution of their THz transmission. This UV pump‐THz probe time‐resolved spectroscopy technique will allow us to study the dynamics of photo‐ generated free carriers within a time‐resolution of the order of few fs. Finally, in water catalysis, we will also investigate the sub‐ps response of the selvedge water layer in contact with UV excited TiO2 with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) THz‐TDS system. The PhD student will be in charge of building the experimental setup using amplified femtosecond laser and performing the experiments. Skills in optics, semi‐conductors physics and optoelectronics, as well as a strong interest in applied research are expected. Visits at the Taiwanese partners are scheduled. Contract duration: 36 months Remuneration: 1600 euros (Tax free) Contact : Emilie Hérault, IMEP‐LAHC, Emilie.Herault@univ‐smb.fr Frédéric Garet, IMEP‐LAHC, Frederic.Garet@univ‐smb.fr

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-03272018-PHOTO Contact : Emilie.Herault@univ‐smb.fr NANONET-BASED SENSORS (H2020 RIA) (POST-DOC)

Start date : 04/06/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-03082018-CMNE

POST-DOC POSITION IMEP-LaHC, Grenoble, FRANCE

Nanonets2Sense is an H2020 Research and Innovation Action which is developing integrated sensing devices for health and well-being applications, with the objective of providing a low-cost, highly sensitive and robust solution for Point-of-Care applications. This is a field of intense research, with strong innovation potential and real opportunities for future industrial development. The devices under study are taking advantage of the sensitivity of nanowires to changes in their surface charge by means of the well-known field-effect. The originality of the project lies in the fact that we are using nanowire based structures called nanonets which can be stacked above a CMOS readout circuit using a “System-on-chip” 3D integration scheme. The device is meant to detect DNA sequences by prior functionalization of the nanonet surface by proper DNA probes, complementary to the target sequence. The aim of this post-doc is to optimize the sensing device structure and the functionalization process for optimum sensitivity. This will be conducted using pseudo MOSFET measurements made on SOI structures in order to be able to screen numerous functionalization schemes before transfer to nanonet-based structures. The Post Doc candidate should have a PhD in electrical characterization and modelling of semiconductor devices. The post doc’s work will require competences in device electrical characterization at wafer level as well as use of elementary chemical processes for device bio functionalization. Fluent oral and written communication skills in English are required. French speaking skills are welcome. Net salary: 1920€/month. Contract duration: one year renewable once. Contact: Mireille MOUIS, project coordinator, Tel: +33456529535

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-03082018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING PHI-JUNCTIONS AND BI-SQUIDS (STAGE)

Start date : 29/01/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-01232018-CMNE

MASTER INTERNSHIP

2018 Modeling & simulation of superconducting phi-junctions and bi-SQUIDs The Laboratory of Microwave and Characterization (IMEP-LAHC, CNRS UMR 5130) of Université Savoie Mont Blanc located in the French Alps area develops ultrafast energy-efficient superconducting digital circuits that work with clock frequencies of several tens of GHz, based on the Rapid Single-Flux Quantum (RSFQ) technology. Such circuits use a binary dynamic logic derived from the underlying physics of shunted Josephson junctions in free-running mode. In present of forced oscillations the strong non- linearity of Josephson junctions leads to the generation of harmonics or frequency mixing depending on the input signals. These effects are used for instance in radioastronomy and have enabled the development of quantum-sensitive terahertz (THz) receivers, used at the focal point of ground-, balloon- and space-based telescopes. The objective of this internship is to go one step further and develop new kinds of devices for usage in several additional domains, like security, medicine or telecommunications systems. That is possible by combining analogue and digital devices to build all- superconducting mixed-signal systems. Such developments can also be interesting for the readout of quantum-accurate imagers, magnetometers or quantum computing systems. The objective of this internship is to focus on two relatively new types of superconducting devices, namely phijunctions [1] and bi-SQUIDs [2]. The work consists of developing specific SPICE-like models and design-tools, based on MatLab or on Python for instance, to predict the behaviour of such devices and incorporate them in superconducting electronics circuits to perform specific tasks. For both devices experimental measurements have been made in the past so that it is possible to compare with the results of simulations. An education in physics and computer science is best suited to achieve the objectives of this subject. [1] Menditto, R., Sickinger, H., Weides, M., Kohlstedt, H., Koelle, D., Kleiner, R., & Goldobin, E., "Tunable φ Josephson junction ratchet. Physical Review E, 94(4), 042202, 2016. [2] Victor K. Kornev, Nikolay V. Kolotinskiy, Daniil E. Bazulin and Oleg A. Mukhanov, " High-Inductance Bi SQUID," IEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity, Vol.. 27, No. 4, 1601304, June 2017 Education: Engineering school or master level students Contact : Pascal Febvre – phone : +33-4-79-75-88-64 Address : Université Savoie Mont Blanc IMEP-LaHC – CNRS UMR5130 Campus scientifique 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex- France Internship duration: 4 to 6 months during the January-July 2018 period Accommodation : Student's rooms are available on campus for a monthly rent of about 200 euros. https://www.crous-grenoble.fr/img/sites/7/2017/06/GuidesResidenceCLOUS-WEB.pdf This internship comes with a stipend of 554.40 € per month.

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-01232018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMULATION SOFTWARE OF SUPERCONDUCTING ELECTRONICS BASED ON THE USE OF JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS AT TERAHERTZ FREQUENCIES (STAGE)

Start date : 29/01/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-01242018-CMNE

MASTER INTERNSHIP 2018

Development of a simulation software of superconducting electronics based on the use of Josephson junctions at terahertz frequencies The Laboratory of Microwave and Characterization (IMEP-LAHC, CNRS UMR 5130) of Université Savoie Mont Blanc located in the French Alps area develops ultrafast energy-efficient superconducting digital circuits that work with clock frequencies of several tens of GHz, based on the Rapid Single-Flux Quantum (RSFQ) technology. Such circuits use a binary dynamic logic derived from the underlying physics of shunted Josephson junctions in free-running mode. In present of forced oscillations the strong non- linearity of Josephson junctions leads to the generation of harmonics or frequency mixing depending on the input signals. These effects are used for instance in radioastronomy and has enabled the development of quantum-sensitive terahertz (THz) receivers, used at the focal point of ground-, balloon- and space-based telescopes. The objective of this internship is to go one step further and develop new kinds of devices for usage in several additional domains, like security, medicine or telecommunications systems. That is possible by combining analogue and digital devices to build all- superconducting mixed-signal systems. Such developments can also be interesting for the readout of quantum-accurate imagers, magnetometers or quantum computing systems. To do so we need to develop user-friendly softwares that can enable the simulation of systems based on Josephson junctions. For this particular subject, the work will be focused on the analogue mode of operation of Josephson junctions in the THz domain. The objective of the work is to build a user-friendly software programmed in C/C++ or Python for instance and that can be compiled to run on different operating systems (at least Linux and MacOSX). The student will benefit at the beginning of a dedicated education to deal with the detailed physics of Josephson junctions. Some preliminary kernel codes, written in Fortran, already exist. The full formalism of equations to be used is also ready. An education in physics and computer science is best suited to achieve the objectives of this subject. Education: Engineering school or master level students Contact : Pascal Febvre – phone : +33-4-79-75-88-64 Address : Université Savoie Mont Blanc IMEP-LAHC – CNRS UMR5130 Campus scientifique 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex- France Internship duration: 4 to 6 months during the January-July 2018 period Accommodation : Student's rooms are available on campus for a monthly rent of about 200 euros. https://www.crous-grenoble.fr/img/sites/7/2017/06/GuidesResidenceCLOUS-WEB.pdf This internship comes with a stipend of 554.40 € per month.

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-01242018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] TWO-DIMENSIONAL MXENE MONOLAYERS AND MXENE-BASED HETEROJUNCTIONS (POST-DOC)

Start date : 02/04/2018 offer n°LMGP2018_04

We are looking for a Postdoctoral scientist in the field of emerging 2D electronic materials called MXenes, focusing on their synthesis and their integration in electronic devices using nano- fabrication technologies. This position is part of a 3 year “chair-of-excellence” project funded by the nanoscience Foundation of Grenoble-Alpes University awarded to Prof. M. W. Barsoum (Drexel University). Context MXenes are two-dimensional (2D) carbides synthesized from nanolamellar materials called MAX phases. These functional nanomaterials form the building blocks of an impressive number of potentially useful industrial applications: they have already demonstrated extreme capacitance values, high electrical conductivities, better electromagnetic shielding ability than any other material, among many other unique and exciting properties and characteristics with high technological potential. However, there is a clear lack of understanding of their electronic transport properties. Yet the latter ultimately control the performance of most of the applications cited above. Also lacking is a precise appreciation of the role of surface functionalization on performance. Our project will fill this gap by producing a wealth of data – in mostly large flakes – that can shed light on the problem. Our goal is to develop appropriate technological processes to isolate large area single MXene flakes with tunable surface functionalizations, and to characterize their properties – mostly magnetoelectronic and optoelectronic – as well as properties of vertically stacked hetero-junctions with various other 2D materials, such as graphene or BN. The end goal is to get a quantitative and qualitative overview of the intrinsic properties of functionalized MXenes, and to fabricate heterojunctions or gated devices with unique characteristics. This will allow us, in turn, to identify and circumscribe the application domains where those new 2D materials offer sustainable competitive advantages over alternate competing materials. Job description Project is divided into the main following tasks: 1/ crystal growth, 2/ exfoliation, 3/ surface termination control, 4/ stacking and heterojunction formation, 5/ device processing, 6/ advanced nanocharacterization of MXenes and heterostructures and devices. The competitive postdoctoral candidate will intervene in steps 2/ to 6/. He will work within the frame of a strong collaboration between LMGP and the Néel Institute, CNRS, Grenoble. Work will be shared with a PhD student hired in 2017, master students and the involved permanent staff, composed of T. Ouisse and M. W. Barsoum (invited) at LMGP, and V. Bouchiat and J. Coraux at the Néel Institute. Get the complete information here 2018 offer postdoc Chair Barsoum

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : LMGP2018_04 Contact : [email protected] OPTIMIZATION OF THE RESISTIVE SWITCHING IN LAMNO3-BASED DEVICES (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2018 offer n°LMGP2018_10

Abstract Recently, resistive random access memories (ReRAM) have generated significant interest both in industry and in the scientific community for their use as non-volatile memory beyond Flash memory scaling. ReRAMs are considered one of the most promising emerging non-volatile memories due to high speed, high density, great scalability and low power consumption. Recent work carried out in the group has pointed out towards lanthanum manganite as an attractive switching material. The goal of this project is to optimize the chemical deposition parameters of LaMnO3 by innovative research strategies with the aim of improving and tuning their resistive switching properties. Project description This project will focus on the synthesis and tailoring of LaMnO3-δ oxides with perovskite-type structure, which will be studied as memristive materials and will be carried out within the framework of an ANR project (Alps Memories project). The Masters student will focus on the preparation of the manganite thin films by Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) and on their structural and microstructural characterization. MOCVD will be used as the deposition technique for its precise control and reproducibility. The obtained films will be fully analyzed (see Figure 1): X-ray diffraction (Theta-2theta, GIXRD, and Reflectometry), atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy (FEG-SEM, TEM) and in‐situ Raman spectroscopy will be routinely used for the physical characterization. The LMGP houses state of the art experimental equipment for investigating such properties. The materials functional properties will be optimized by exploring the effects of a number of parameters allowing morphology control and epitaxial strain engineering. The tuning and optimization of the chemical deposition parameters by these research strategies will be used as the main tools to modify the physico-chemical, structural and microstructural properties to enhance the resistive switching performance. Scientific environment: The candidate will work in the FM2N group within the LMGP, Materials and Physical Engineering Laboratory. Located in the heart of an exceptional scientific environment, the LMGP offers the applicant a rewarding place to work. LMGP Web Site: http://www.lmgp.grenoble-inp.fr/ Profile & requested skills: We are looking for a highly-motivated Engineering School or M2 Masters student with a strong interest in experimental physics and materials science. Interpersonal skills, dynamism, rigor and teamwork abilities will be appreciated. Candidates should be fluent in English and/or in French and have good English writing skills Subject could be continued with a PhD thesis: YES Allowance: Internship allowance will be provided PDF Version 2017-2018-Master2R PFE_Intership-optimization RS properties of LMO

Laboratory: FMNT / LMGP Code CEA : LMGP2018_10 Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPHYSICS APPROACH TO MODEL AND SIMULATE SUPERCONDUCTING DIGITAL CIRCUITS (POST-DOC)

Start date : 02/01/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-11242017-CMNE

POST -DOCTORAL POSITION 2018-2019 The Laboratory of Microwave and Characterization (IMEP-LAHC, CNRS UMR 5130) of Université Savoie MontBlanc located in the French Alps area develops ultrafast energy-efficient superconducting digital circuits that work with clock frequencies of several tens of GHz, based on the Rapid Single-Flux Quantum (RSFQ) technology. Such circuits use a binary dynamic logic derived from the underlying physics of shunted Josephson junctions. They require specific simulation and modeling tools to anticipate their behaviour as a function of several parameters, in different conditions of operation. In the frame of the ColdFlux project developed between groups located in the United States of America, South Africa, Japan and France, we study the electrical, thermal and microwave properties of superconducting digital circuits. The work is focused on the development of a multiphysics approach to predict the behaviour of circuits and build advanced SPICE-based models as well as dynamic libraries and TCAD modules to help the designer. All developed softwares will be open-source, compatible with tools developed by other partners of the project and ultimately available for other communities. The development of test benches based on the design of specific superconducting digital circuits is planned to verify the proper operation of the suite of software tools. The post- doctoral offer is for the January 2018-January 2019 period and is renewable for one more year. A curriculum in Physics and an experience in the superconductivity field is necessary, as well a thorough knowledge of some programming languages (C/C++, Python, Fortran,…), low-level (TCAD and SPICE) and high-level (HDL) simulators and scientific sofwares (Matlab, COMSOL,…). The net salary is around 2100€/month (social security, healthcare and pension plans are provided). Applications must include a detailed CV with a list of of publications, a letter of motivation and letters of recommendation or references. Contact : Pascal Febvre - tel.: +33-4-79-75-88-64 Address : Université Savoie Mont Blanc IMEP-LAHC – CNRS UMR5130 Campus scientifique 73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex France

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-11242017-CMNE Contact : [email protected] MATERIAL AND INTERFACE QUALITY ANALYSIS BY SURFACE HARMONIC GENERATION (SHG) (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-11142017-CMNE

Laboratory : IMEP-LaHC, Grenoble-INP Contact: Irina Ionica Key words: second harmonic generation, thin layers optical properties, modeling Context: This topic is in the context of research on novel characterization methods of ultra-thin films and interface quality for applications in micro, nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, photonics, etc. A key element today is to propose and develop innovative characterization methods that do not need any physical contact, therefore avoiding any damage of the advanced ultra-thin substrates. A very promising technique was recently proposed: the second harmonic generation (SHG)1. A laser emitting at the fundamental frequency can induce polarisation of the material. The intensity measured at double frequency is proportional to the second order non-linear polarisation of the material and is named the second harmonic. An additional SHG contribution can appear due to the electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH). The interest in the SHG resides in its sensitivity to material and interfaces quality and particularly to the electric field at semiconductor - dielectric interfaces, which is related to presence of charges (fixed, interface states, traps, etc). Objective: An innovative SHG equipment, unique in Europe, very recently developed and fabricated by FemtoMetrix (USA) was recently installed at IMEP-LAHC. The first objective will consist in qualifying the measurement tool, using different samples (dielectrics on semiconductors, silicon-on-insulators…). Based on these results, the second objective is to validate and extend models for SHG, for the extraction of material quality parameters such as the density of interface states. Requested competences: This topic is an interdisciplinary topic, in the fields of optics, micro-electronics, and material science. The candidate must have a very good background in optics, semiconductor physics, microelectronics. Collaborations: This work is done in the context of different collaborations that the team has with groups (academic and industrial) involved in the material fabrication (INSA Lyon, SOITEC, CEA-LETI). She/he will also be in contact with the tool fabricant in California. Therefore the student will be in a stimulating professional environment, in touch with both academic and industrial research actors which should be very beneficial for hers/his future career. The internship topic is going to be proposed for a PhD thesis, starting from October 2018. 1 B. Jun, et al., IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol 51, 3231 (2004). M.L. Alles et al, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, vol. 20, 107 (2007

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-11142017-CMNE Contact : [email protected] DEVELOPMENT, MODELING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLEXIBLE TRANSDUCERS BASED ON PIEZOELECTRIC NANOWIRES (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2018 offer n°IMEPLaHC-11072018-CMNE

MASTER Student Training : First Semester 2018

Keywords: Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, Semiconductor Physics and technology. Training: Very recently, the scientific community gets interested in nanowire devices, because of their unique electrical and mechanical properties due to their 1D structure. These properties could be exploited advantageously for several kinds of applications, such as sensors, actuators and energy harvesting devices (Fig.1)[1].

The training will mostly concentrate on the mechanical to electrical transduction using a composite material based on ZnO nanowires. These nanocomposites are expected to outperform thin piezoelectric films [2][3]. The purpose of this training is to evaluate the performance of the nanocomposites when integrated on flexible substrates. The training has three different and correlated goals:  Participate to the fabrication of nanocomposite layers and triboelectric materials integrated on flexible substrates.  Characterize electromechanically the fabricated devices thanks to a specific test bench.  Participate to the modeling of piezoelectric nanocomposites using the Finite Element Method (FEM) approach. The achievement of these goals will allows us to better understand the underlaying physics and phenomena involved and to improve the performances of the composite material or triboelectric devices for energy harvesting or sensing applications. The student will benefit from an established collaboration framework and will have the opportunity to contribute to national and European projects related to energy harvesting for autonomous systems. This subject will be pursued on a PhD thesis. References: [1] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z.- H. Lin, G. Ardila, L. Montes, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang, "Ultrathin Nanogenerators as Self- powered/Active Skin Sensors for Tracking Eye Ball Motion", Adv. Funct. Mater., 24 (2014) p. 1163-1168. [2] R. Tao, G. Ardila L. Montes and M. Mouis, “Modeling of semiconducting piezoelectric nanowires for energy harvesting and sensing” Nano energy, 14 (2015) p.62-76. [3] R. Tao, M. Parmar, G. Ardila, P. Oliveira, D. Marques, L. Montès, M. Mouis, “Performance of ZnO based piezo-generators under controlled compression”, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 32(6) (2017) p. 064003. More info: Duration: 4 to 6 months (first semester 2018) Level: Master 2 (or Master 1) / Engineering School Location: IMEP-LaHC / Minatec / Grenoble, France Advisor: Gustavo Ardila About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. The main research areas concern Microelectronic devices (CMOS, SOI, ...), Nanotechnologies, Photonic and RF devices. It works in close partnership with several industrial groups such as ST-Microelectronics, IBM, ... and platforms such as LETI, LITEN, IMEC, Tyndall. The training will be within the group working on MicroNanoElectronic Devices / Nanostructures & Nanosystems. The trainee will have access to several technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA [email protected] +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-11072018-CMNE Contact : [email protected] PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTERS FOR SELF-POWERED AUTOMOTIVE SENSORS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2017 offer n°IMEPLaHC-06072017-CMNE

Marie SKLODOWSKA -Curie PHD Positions ENHANCE-Initial Training Network- Competitive ESR salary

"Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters for Self-Powered Automotive Sensors" will provide thirteen PhD Early Stage Researchers (ESRs) with broad and intensive training on key topics such as development of energy harvesters compatible with MEMS technology able to power wireless sensors. We are looking for candidates from Chemistry, Physics, Mechanics and Electronics fields to join one our partners. Applied to automobiles this technology will take us one step closer to creating green vehicles. Early Stage Researchers (ESR) : - ESR shall, at the time of recruitment by the host organisation, be in the first four years *( full-time equivalent research experience) of their research careers - Duration of recruitment: 36 Months

ELIGIBILTY CRITERIA : - The researchers may be a national of a Member State, of an Associated Country or of any other third country. - The researcher must not have resided or carried out his/her main activity (work, studies, etc) in the country of his/ her host organisation for more than 12 months in the 3 years immediately prior to his/her recruitment . -Hold a Master's Degree or equivalent which formally entitles to embark on a Doctorate. - Do not already hold a PhD degree HOST ORGANISATIONS: Univ. Franche-Comte (FR), INSA Lyon (FR), Imperial College London (UK), INSTM-Univ. of Catania (IT), Grenoble INP (FR), University of Cologne (DE) Cedrat Technologies (FR), Aixtron (DE), ST Microelectronics (IT) PARTNER ORGANISATIONS: Peugeot PSA Group, Frecinisys, Epivalence, Knowledge Transfer Network, EPFL, ST Microlectronics (FR)

HOW TO APPLY & More info on : https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/jobs/209340 Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-06072017-CMNE Contact : [email protected] STUDY OF POTENTIAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2017 offer n°IMEPLaHC-05242017-CMNE

ED EEATS - THESIS TOPIC 2017 : Study of potential fluctuations in thin film solar cells

Start date : October 2017 Offer n° IMEPLaHC-05242017-CMNE PhD position 2017¬-2020 The application must be received before 2017, June 7th PROJECT DESCRIPTION: CuZnSnSSe (CZTS) kesterite compounds are promising candidates for third generation thin film solar cells. Such technology is environment-friendly as only composed of earth abundant and non-toxic elements. However, up to now, contrary to more mature CdTe and CIGS devices, the conversion power efficiency of CZTS solar cells does not allow an industrial development. One of the main performance limitations could come from potential fluctuations induced by a large concentration of intrinsic defects in the CZTS alloys. The objective of this thesis is to quantitatively analyze the potential fluctuations in these compounds and to identify their effect on the device performance. Two experimental and complementary techniques will be used: optical spectroscopy and electrical measurements. The applicant will carry out photoluminescence excitation spectra and time resolved spectroscopy in order to precisely evidence the presence of band tails and localized states. Secondly, admittance spectroscopy will be used to investigate the response of deep traps in the materials. In both cases, the data interpretation will be associated with models taking into account the potential fluctuations. Finally the results will be confronted to the performance of the solar cells. DESIRED SKILLS Solid knowledge in solid-state physics and semiconductor technology The candidate must hold a master degree (equivalent to a master M2R in France) or an equivalent university degree eligible for the EEATS Doctoral School of Université Grenoble Alpes. DETAILS Thesis advisors: Frédérique Ducroquet (IMEP-¬LaHC) - Henri Mariette (Institut Néel/INAC) Funding: Doctoral Grant Thesis starting date: October/November 2017 Thesis duration: 3 years Keywords : Photovoltaics, solar cells, electrical measurement, optical spectroscopy • Laboratories : IMEP- LaHC – Grenoble • Contact : [email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-05242017-CMNE Contact : [email protected] SHARP-SWITCHING Z2-FET DEVICE: NOVEL APPLICATIONS, SCALING, RELIABILITY AND VARIABILITY (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2017 offer n°IMEPLaHC-05242017-CMNE

PhD Thesis : Registration DEADLINE on June 13th, 2017

Sharp-Switching Z2-FET Device: Novel applications, Scaling, Reliability and Variability Thesis co-advisors: Maryline Bawedin, IMEP-LAHC, Joris Lacord, CEA-LETI, Jacques Cluzel, CEA-LETI Sorin Cristoloveanu, CNRS, IMEP-LAHC Contacts: Maryline Bawedin, IMEP-LAHC, Joris Lacord, CEA-LETI, External cooperations: Univs. of Glasgow, Fudan (China), San Diego, Brown (USA) and Granada, STMicroelectronics. The Z2-FET has recently been conceived in Grenoble and fabricated with FD-SOI technology by CEA-LETI and STMicroelectronics. The device is a forward-biased PIN diode, where the current is blocked by energy barriers induced by the front and back gates. A virtual PNPN thyristor with electrostatic doping is emulated. A positive feedback mechanism triggers the current on, leading to an extremely sharp switch (< 1mV/decade) from low OFF to high ON current, even for operation at ~1 V. Recent studies have been focused on applications related to capacitorless floating-body memory (1T-DRAM) and protection against electrostatic discharge (ESD). The unrivalled performance of Z2-FETs can also be utilized for other novel applications. The research program is three-fold. 1 - Innovative applications. The goal is to design simple logic circuits that take advantage of the vertical switch between OFF and ON states in order to increase the speed and reduce the power. A single-transistor SRAM will also be explored. Finally, the feasibility of Z2-FET-based sensors (chemical, photo, magnetic) will be investigated. The implementation of the device in nanowires will be envisaged. 2 - Device scaling and variability. The minimum length, compatible with state-of-the-art FD-SOI technology, will be determined. The impact of fluctuations in size, film thickness and carrier lifetime will be studied. 3 – Reliability. Despite the advantage of low-voltage operation, carrier injection into the gate dielectric can still cause aging effects. Systematic experiments and TCAD simulations will be performed. This segment of research will also include low-frequency noise measurements. The conclusions of reliability and variability studies will directly apply to the optimization of memories and ESD devices. The aim of this PhD project is ambitious at the fundamental science level and application-oriented. The research will require strong interaction between various fields of expertise: physics of semiconductor devices, electrical characterization, TCAD simulations and physics-based modeling. Candidates with previous experience in these fields will be highly appreciated. Scientific talent and strong motivation are key criteria of selection. The expertise gained during the PhD will lead not only to numerous publications but also to a successful professional career. Related publications from IMEP: H.El DIRANI, K. LEE, M. S. PARIHAR, J. LACORD, S. MARTINIE, J.-C. BARBE, X. MESCOT, P. FONTENEAU, P. GALY, F. GAMIZ, Y. TAUR, S. CRISTOLOVEANU, M. BAWEDIN Ultra Low-Power 1T-DRAM in FDSOI Technology, 20th Conference on “Insulating Films on Semiconductors”, 2017, Germany. J. WAN, C. LE ROYER, A. ZASLAVSKY, S. CRISTOLOVEANU A compact capacitor-less high-speed DRAM using field effect- controlled charge regeneration. IEEE Electron Device Letts., 33, n◦ 2, 179{181 (2012) M. BAWEDIN, S. CRISTOLOVEANU, D. FLANDRE A capacitor-less 1T-DRAM on SOI based on double gate operation. IEEE Electron Device Letts., 29, n± 7, 795–798 (2008) J. WAN, S. CRISTOLOVEANU, C. LE ROYER, A. ZASLAVSKY A feedback silicon-on-insulator steep switching device with gate- controlled carrier injection. Solid-State Electronics, 76, 109{111 (2012) J. WAN, A. ZASLAVSKY, C. LE ROYER, S. CRISTOLOVEANU A systematic study of the sharp-switching Z2-FET device : from mechanism to modeling and compact memory applications. Solid-State Electronics, 90, 2{11 (2013) H. EL DIRANI, Y. SOLARO, P. FONTENEAU, C.-A. LEGRAND, D. MARIN-CUDRAZ, D. GOLANSKI, P. FERRARI, S. CRISTOLOVEANU A band-modulation device in advanced FDSOI technology : sharp switching characteristics. Solid-State Electronics, 125, 103{110 (2016)

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-05242017-CMNE Contact : [email protected] MM-WAVE CIRCUITS IN BICMOS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (POST-DOC)

Start date : 01/07/2017 offer n°IMEPLaHC-04122017-RFM

Job offer for Post-doc position Mm-wave circuits in BiCMOS advanced technology

Context: In the framework of ECSEL European TARANTO project, coordinated by STMicroelectronics, Crolles, France, the IMEP-LAHC laboratory, Grenoble, France, will recruit a post-doc for a duration of 12 Months (could be extended up to 24 Months). The post-doc will work in a team composed of about ten persons who are making designs & characterizations in CMOS/BiCMOS technologies at RF and mm-wave frequencies. He will participate to the supervision of a new PhD student that will be recruited in September, 2017, to work on the TARANTO project. Work description: The TARANTO project is focused on the design of mm-wave circuits and systems, at frequencies above 110 GHz. The post-doc that will be recruited will work towards the design of passive and active circuits, as for example: • Transmission Lines (μstrip, slow-wave, SIW) • Passive Circuits (for example power divider, coupler, filter, balun, Phase shifter, Butler Matrix) • VCO, matching network for Power Amplifier He will also participate to the devices characterization, with on-wafer measurements carried out with Vector Network Analyzer and Spectrum Analyzer, depending on the devices to be characterized. Required Skills: • Knowledge of microwave network analysis: S-parameters, S- and ABCD-Matrix • Knowledge in microwaves distributed circuits design: transmission lines, waveguides, circuits like power divider, coupler, filter, balun, Phase shifter, … • Knowledge of simulation tools: Keysight ADS or equivalent, ANSYS HFSS • Knowledge of design tools: Cadence • Knowledge of MATLAB would be a “+” Starting date: 1st July, 2017 Gross Salary (salaire brut in French): between 2600 € and 3000 €

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-04122017-RFM Contact : [email protected] TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MICROBIAL GROWTH INHIBITION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (STAGE)

Start date : 01/03/2017 offer n°IMEPLaHC-02022017-RFM

Master thesis proposal – MARCH to JULY 2017

Toward a better understanding of the microbial growth inhibition by electromagnetic fields Keywords : Electromagnetism, microbial decontamination, growth inhibition mechanisms, numerical modeling Labs : - Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique- Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et de Caractérisation (IMEP-LaHC) Minatec - 3, parvis Louis Néel, BP 257 38 016 GRENOBLE Cedex 1, FRANCE

- Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE, UGA-CNRS-IRD-G-INP) 70 rue de la Physique, Bâtiment OSUG B , BP 53 38 041 GRENOBLE Cedex 09, FRANCE

Directors : XAVIER Pascal, [email protected], +33 (0)4.56.52.95.69 MARTINS Jean, [email protected], +33 (0)4.76.63.56.04 Required skills and level of the applicant : Master in biomedical or biophysical engineering. Some work experience in electronics are also desired. Scientific context and objectives In the battle against pathogenic microorganisms, in addition to the oldest curative process of pasteurization (heating) requiring large quantities of energy, current methods are mechanical actions (brushing) and the action of chemical products: acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide... For example, the cheese industry is one of the largest users of chlorine. Unfortunately, some strains have become very resistant. The use of physical means for the decontamination of water has only been explored for less than a century. Low intensity DC or AC current has been proven to be effective. This process was reported more than fifty years ago. Most articles in the literature focus on improving the effectiveness of antibiotics against microorganisms by applying weak currents, a phenomenon called "bioelectric effect" (Blenkinsopp 1992, Costerton 1994, Giladi 2008). Several mechanisms have been proposed for this inhibition: electrolysis, production of toxic derivatives and free radicals linked to the electrodes, modification of the pH. In addition, the application of a high amplitude pulsed electric field has been used as a non-thermal effect for the inhibition of bacterial growth with the major disadvantage of the phenomenon of electroporation. High-frequency electromagnetic fields (above MHz) but with small amplitudes (<1 V / cm) have also been reported as a means to improve the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics or to decrease their number in the absence of an antibiotic (Asami 2002, Bai 2006, Caubet 2004). By exploiting this idea between 2011 and 2015, in the framework of the APELBIO project resulting from the ECO-INDUSTRY program of the French Ministry of Industry and carried out by the SME LEAS, in collaboration with SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC and two Grenoble laboratories involved in this project (IMEP-LAHC and IGE), we validated an innovative, non-polluting and energy- saving experimental concept for the prevention of microbial contamination in aqueous media . We noted that the optimal frequency for which this inhibition was maximal appeared to depend on the type of bacterium, which was confirmed by our numerical simulations using the COMSOL Multiphysics software with an original model (Xavier 2017). So we had the idea of using a white noise source (10kHz-10MHz) instead of a CW source. Our results, better than with a fixed frequency source, are in the state of the art and led to a patent in May 2015. Unfortunately, the fine mechanisms leading to the growth inhibition of bacterial cells could not be precisely identified. This is what we intend to begin to do in the framework of this master thesis project. 1 / Design and realization of a compact instrument covering the 10 Hz - 50 MHz range for pilot experiments. This stand-alone instrument is based on the implementation of a DDS component in conjunction with a microcontroller. It will have the task of generating in a perfectly controlled manner the electromagnetic noise enabling the decontamination and, alternatively, of measuring the impedance detecting the decontaminating effect. A first prototype has already been developed recently and allowed us to carry out preliminary tests with the bacterium Escherichia coli. The in situ detection of the decontamination efficiency requires a bio-impedance measurement of the solution containing the microorganisms. This last subject has, for many years, given rise to many patents and works: we know what toavoid to build a compact device, insensitive to the effects of electrodes 2 / First decontamination tests carried out following a wide range of physical conditions (amplitude and frequency of electromagnetic waves), chemical (variable geochemical environment, in terms of composition and strength ionic properties of the solution, which have an important effect on the surface properties of living cells, such as their zeta potential or their dispersed or agglomerated state which can potentially modulate electromagnetic effects) and biological (the type of bacterium studied could influence the electromagnetic effects already Observed on E. coli). References * IMEP-LAHC and IGE groups Xavier P., D. Rauly, E. Chamberod and J.M.F. Martins. Theoretical evidence of maximum intracellular currents vs frequency in an Escherichia coli cell submitted to AC voltage. Bioelectromagnet. J. DOI:10.1002/bem.22033. Archundia D., C. Duwig, L. Spadini, G. Uzu, S. Guédron, M.C. Morel, R. Cortez, Oswaldo Ramos, J. Chincheros, and J.M.F. Martins. How uncontrolled urban expansion increases the contamination of the Titicaca lake basin (El Alto – La Paz, Bolivia). Water, Air and Soil Pollution J. In press. 2017. Navel A., L. Spadini, J.M.F. Martins, E. Vince and I. Lamy. Soil aggregates as a scale to investigate organic matter versus clay reactivities toward metals and protons. Accepted with revision. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2017. Archundia, D., C. Duwig, F. Lehembre, S. Chiron, M-C Morel, B. Prado, M. Bourdat-Deschamps, E. Vince, G. Flores Aviles and J.M.F. Martins. Antibiotic pollution in the Katari subcatchment of the Titicaca Lake: major transformation products and occurrence of resistance genes. Sci. Total Environ. 576 : (15) 671–682. 2017. Ivankovic T., S. Rolland du Roscoat, C. Geindreau, P. Séchet, Z. Huang and J.M.F. Martins. Development and evaluation of an experimental and protocol for 3D visualization and characterization of bacterial biofilm's structure in porous media using laboratory X-Ray Tomography. (GBIF-2016-0154). In press Biofouling J. Simonin M., J.M.F. Martins, G. Uzu, E. Vince and A. Richaume. A combined study of TiO2 nano-particles transport and toxicity on microbial communities under acute and chronic exposures in soil columns. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02415. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 50: 10693–10699. 2016. Simonin M., J. P. Guyonnet, J.M.F. Martins, M. Ginot and A. Richaume. Influence of soil properties on the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles on carbon mineralization and bacterial abundance. J. Haz. Mat. 283: 529-535. 2015. D. Rauly, E. Chamberod, P. Xavier, J. M.F. Martins, J. Angelidis, H. Belbachir. First approach toward a modelling of the impedance spectroscopic behavior of microbial living cells, COMSOL Conference, Grenoble, 14-16 Octobre 2015 D. Rauly, E. Chamberod, P. Xavier, J. M.F. Martins, J. Angelidis, H. Belbachir, Stochastic Approach for EM Modelling of Suspended Bacterial Cells with Non-Uniform Geometry & Orientation Distribution, 36ème Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS 2015), Prague (Rép Tchèque), 06-09/07/2015 * Others Asami K. 2002. Characterization of biological cells by dielectric spectroscopy. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 305(1–3):268–277. Blenkinsopp, A E Khoury, and J W Costerton. Electrical Enhancement of biocide efficay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol. November 1992 ; 58:11 3770-3773 Bai W, Zhao KZ, Asami K. 2006. Dielectric properties of E. coli cell as simulated by the three-shell spheroidal model. Biophysical Chemistry 122 :136–142. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belém Rodrigues M, Moreau JM, Ellison WJ. 2004. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48(12):4662-4664. Costerton JW, Ellis B, Lam K, Johnson F, Khoury AE. 1994. Mechanism of electrical enhancement of efficacy of antibiotics in killing biofilm bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38(12):2803-2809. Giladi M, Porat Y, Blatt A, Wasserman Y, Kirson ED, Dekel E, Palti Y. 2008. Microbial growth inhibition by alternating electric fields. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 52(10):3517–3522. Guiné V, Spadini L, Muris M., Sarret G., Delolme C., Gaudet JP, Martins JMF. 2006, Zinc Sorption to cell wall components of three gram- negative bacteria: a combined titration. Modelling and EXAFS study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 :1806-1813.

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-02022017-RFM Contact : [email protected] TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MICROBIAL GROWTH INHIBITION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2017 offer n°IMEPLaHC-01252017-RFM

PhD proposal – sept. 2017 to sept. 2020

Title : Toward a better understanding of the microbial growth inhibition by electromagnetic fields Keywords : Electromagnetism, microbial decontamination, growth inhibition mechanisms, numerical modeling Labs : - Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique (IMEP-LAHC) http://imep-lahc.grenoble-inp.fr Minatec – Grenoble - 3, parvis Louis Néel, BP 257 38 016 GRENOBLE Cedex 1, FRANCE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE, UGA-CNRS-IRD-G-INP) http://www.ige-grenoble.fr 70 rue de la Physique, Bâtiment OSUG B , BP 53 38 041 GRENOBLE Cedex 09, FRANCE PhD Director : XAVIER Pascal, [email protected], +33 (0)4.56.52.95.69,+33(0)4.76.82.53.65 PhD co-director : MARTINS Jean, [email protected], +33 (0)4.76.63.56.04 Funding : french research ministery doctoral grant (application must be made before march-april 2017) Required skills and level of the applicant : Master in biomedical or biophysical engineering. Some work experience in electronics are also desired. The proposed study is very large, from multiphysics modeling to experimental microbiological tests. The transdisciplinary nature of this thesis provides skills in several domains as the design in analog and digital electronics instrumentation, testing in microbiology, multi-physics numerical finite element modeling. These skills will greatly be valued in a resume. All necessary means for the progress of the work are already available within the two partner groups. The management team is composed of a university Professor and a CNRS Research Director, accompanied by two more Assistant Professors on instrumental aspects and modeling. 1. Scientific context and objectives In the battle against pathogenic microorganisms, in addition to the oldest curative process of pasteurization (heating) requiring large quantities of energy, current methods are mechanical actions (brushing) and the action of chemical products: acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide... For example, the cheese industry is one of the largest users of chlorine. Unfortunately, some strains have become very resistant. The use of physical means for the decontamination of water has only been explored for less than a century. Low intensity DC or AC current has been proven to be effective. This process was reported more than fifty years ago. Most articles in the literature focus on improving the effectiveness of antibiotics against microorganisms by applying weak currents, a phenomenon called "bioelectric effect" (Blenkinsopp 1992, Costerton 1994, Giladi 2008). Several mechanisms have been proposed for this inhibition: electrolysis, production of toxic derivatives and free radicals linked to the electrodes, modification of the pH. In addition, the application of a high amplitude pulsed electric field has been used as a non-thermal effect for the inhibition of bacterial growth with the major disadvantage of the phenomenon of electroporation. High-frequency electromagnetic fields (above MHz) but with small amplitudes (<1 V / cm) have also been reported as a means to improve the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics or to decrease their number in the absence of an antibiotic (Asami 2002, Bai 2006, Caubet 2004). By exploiting this idea between 2011 and 2015, in the framework of the APELBIO project resulting from the ECO-INDUSTRY program of the French Ministry of Industry and carried out by the SME LEAS, in collaboration with SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC and two Grenoble laboratories involved in this project (IMEP-LAHC and IGE), we validated an innovative, non-polluting and energy-saving experimental concept for the prevention of microbial contamination in aqueous media . We noted that the optimal frequency for which this inhibition was maximal appeared to depend on the type of bacterium, which was confirmed by our numerical simulations using the COMSOL Multiphysics software with an original model (Xavier 2017). So we had the idea of using a white noise source (10kHz-10MHz) instead of a CW source. Our results, better than with a fixed frequency source, are in the state of the art and led to a patent in May 2015. Unfortunately, the fine mechanisms leading to the growth inhibition of bacterial cells could not be precisely identified. This is what we intend to do in the framework of this thesis project. 2. General issues This doctoral work aims to contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between electromagnetic waves and biological cells in a context of microbial decontamination in liquids. The project is based on the recent work carried out within the framework of the APELBIO project cited above and seeks to identify the mechanisms of action of electromagnetic waves limiting the growth of micro-organisms in suspension (bacteria, yeasts and fungi, ...). The different stages of doctoral work will therefore be: 1 / Design and realization of a compact instrument covering the 10 Hz - 50 MHz range for pilot experiments. This stand-alone instrument is based on the implementation of a DDS component in conjunction with a microcontroller. It will have the task of generating in a perfectly controlled manner the electromagnetic noise enabling the decontamination and, alternatively, of measuring the impedance detecting the decontaminating effect. A first prototype has already been developed recently and allowed us to carry out preliminary tests with the bacterium Escherichia coli. The in situ detection of the decontamination efficiency requires a bio-impedance measurement of the solution containing the microorganisms. This last subject has, for many years, given rise to many patents and works: we know what toavoid to build a compact device, insensitive to the effects of electrodes 2 / Decontamination tests carried out following a wide range of physical conditions (amplitude and frequency of electromagnetic waves), chemical (variable geochemical environment, in terms of composition and strength ionic properties of the solution, which have an important effect on the surface properties of living cells, such as their zeta potential or their dispersed or agglomerated state which can potentially modulate electromagnetic effects) and biological (the type of bacterium studied could influence the electromagnetic effects already Observed on E. coli). During the first year of the thesis, the doctoral student will establish a rigorous and reliable experimental plan which will allow to test all the factors initially identified as preponderant in the process of inhibition of the biological growth. From an experimental point of view, these tests will consist in treating cell cultures obtained under different conditions and culture media and in standardized conditions (same initial cell concentration, temperature, agitation, etc.). For each assay, cell growth and viability rates (flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, qPCR) and ATP synthesis (measured by bioluminescence and reflecting the cell physiological state) will be determined. Electromagnetic treatments (far below levels leading to thermal effects) will be carried out on selected bacterial models representative of different media and contexts (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella anatum, Listeria sp., Bacillus subtilis, Listeria innocu ... ). Tests with cell mixtures will also be conducted. In this case, molecular biology approaches will be implemented to monitor the effects of electromagnetic waves: genetic fingerprinting and cellular quantification by qPCR. 3 / Comprehension and numerical modeling under COMSOL Multiphysics of the mechanisms involved at the molecular and membrane level during the application of electromagnetic signals of low intensity. In our previous work, the model of the bacterium developed internally was simple. It is now necessary to refine this numerical model without, however, aiming at the complexity of the elaborated models used in synthetic biology, following two parallel paths, namely the modeling of microorganisms on the one hand and their environment on the other. The coupling and comparison of the results of modeling and microbiological follow-up of the decontamination tests should make it possible to identify the main mechanisms of action of the waves on the living cells. As far as the environmental part is concerned, we wish to model realistically the behavior of the nutrient solutions in which the microorganisms are immersed, taking into account, in terms of electrical conduction and dielectric polarization, the various components of these solutions. Moreover, the modeling of the environment involves the fine study of the interface in the vicinity of the electrode. The second major part of the proposed modeling work concerns the microorganism itself. We wish to pursue the approach that prevailed in our earlier work. Thus, the study previously carried out on E. coli has used a purely passive and dielectric shell model. This model made it possible to identify the frequency range leading to a maximum current absorbed by the microorganism, when an alternating voltage was applied to the medium loaded by the bacteria. Several improvements are needed today to refine the understanding of the phenomenon. First of all, it is necessary to take into account the presence of the charges (mostly protonic) involved in the bacterium, whether these are at rest or in motion: the bacterium becomes an active system. In the second place, it will be necessary to take into account the phenomena of mechanical vibrations, intervening in particular at the membrane level, since these also contribute to load shifts, the creation of electromagnetic fields or coupling with external fields. To conclude on the modeling part, it should be noted that all these simulations are likely to lead to the development of an equivalent electrical network. This approach will make it possible, thanks to a systematic upstream study based on COMSOL Multiphysics, to treat general cases more simply by using free tools on the market (for example, SPICE software). 3. References * IMEP-LAHC and IGE groups Xavier P., D. Rauly, E. Chamberod and J.M.F. Martins. Theoretical evidence of maximum intracellular currents vs frequency in an Escherichia coli cell submitted to AC voltage. Bioelectromagnet. J. DOI:10.1002/bem.22033. Archundia D., C. Duwig, L. Spadini, G. Uzu, S. Guédron, M.C. Morel, R. Cortez, Oswaldo Ramos, J. Chincheros, and J.M.F. Martins. How uncontrolled urban expansion increases the contamination of the Titicaca lake basin (El Alto – La Paz, Bolivia). Water, Air and Soil Pollution J. In press. 2017. Navel A., L. Spadini, J.M.F. Martins, E. Vince and I. Lamy. Soil aggregates as a scale to investigate organic matter versus clay reactivities toward metals and protons. Accepted with revision. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2017. Archundia, D., C. Duwig, F. Lehembre, S. Chiron, M-C Morel, B. Prado, M. Bourdat-Deschamps, E. Vince, G. Flores Aviles and J.M.F. Martins. Antibiotic pollution in the Katari subcatchment of the Titicaca Lake: major transformation products and occurrence of resistance genes. Sci. Total Environ. 576 : (15) 671–682. 2017. Ivankovic T., S. Rolland du Roscoat, C. Geindreau, P. Séchet, Z. Huang and J.M.F. Martins. Development and evaluation of an experimental and protocol for 3D visualization and characterization of bacterial biofilm's structure in porous media using laboratory X-Ray Tomography. (GBIF-2016-0154). In press Biofouling J. Simonin M., J.M.F. Martins, G. Uzu, E. Vince and A. Richaume. A combined study of TiO2 nano-particles transport and toxicity on microbial communities under acute and chronic exposures in soil columns. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02415. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 50: 10693–10699. 2016. Simonin M., J. P. Guyonnet, J.M.F. Martins, M. Ginot and A. Richaume. Influence of soil properties on the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles on carbon mineralization and bacterial abundance. J. Haz. Mat. 283: 529-535. 2015. D. Rauly, E. Chamberod, P. Xavier, J. M.F. Martins, J. Angelidis, H. Belbachir. First approach toward a modelling of the impedance spectroscopic behavior of microbial living cells, COMSOL Conference, Grenoble, 14-16 Octobre 2015 D. Rauly, E. Chamberod, P. Xavier, J. M.F. Martins, J. Angelidis, H. Belbachir, Stochastic Approach for EM Modelling of Suspended Bacterial Cells with Non-Uniform Geometry & Orientation Distribution, 36ème Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS 2015), Prague (Rép Tchèque), 06-09/07/2015 * Others Asami K. 2002. Characterization of biological cells by dielectric spectroscopy. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 305(1–3):268–277. Blenkinsopp, A E Khoury, and J W Costerton. Electrical Enhancement of biocide efficay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Appl. Environ. Microbiol. November 1992 ; 58:11 3770-3773 Bai W, Zhao KZ, Asami K. 2006. Dielectric properties of E. coli cell as simulated by the three-shell spheroidal model. Biophysical Chemistry 122 :136–142. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belém Rodrigues M, Moreau JM, Ellison WJ. 2004. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48(12):4662-4664. Costerton JW, Ellis B, Lam K, Johnson F, Khoury AE. 1994. Mechanism of electrical enhancement of efficacy of antibiotics in killing biofilm bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38(12):2803-2809. Giladi M, Porat Y, Blatt A, Wasserman Y, Kirson ED, Dekel E, Palti Y. 2008. Microbial growth inhibition by alternating electric fields. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 52(10):3517–3522. Guiné V, Spadini L, Muris M., Sarret G., Delolme C., Gaudet JP, Martins JMF. 2006, Zinc Sorption to cell wall components of three gram- negative bacteria: a combined titration. Modelling and EXAFS study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 :1806-1813.

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-01252017-RFM Contact : [email protected] PLASTRONIC INNOVATION ELABORATION OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATING FUNCTIONS BY PRINTING OF FUNCTIONAL INKS DURING 3D MANUFACTURING OF PLASTIC HOUSING. (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/11/2016 offer n°IMEPLaHC-29102016-RFM

Subject of doctoral thesis Plastronic Innovation : Elaboration of wireless communicating functions by printing of functional inks during 3D manufacturing of plastic housing.

KEYWORDS : * Materials: Rheology of complex fluids, surfaces and interfaces physico-chemistry, deposit processes, electromagnetic properties, plastic materials converting * Communication systems: Circuits for wireless communications, sensors, electromagnetism, multi-physic modeling, electromagnetic modeling. CONTEXT : This thesis work is a part of an industrial chair funded for five years by the Grenoble INP foundation. This ambitious project aims to explore the new technologies sustainable and low cost of printing and of functional inks for the design of wireless communication functions in 3-dimensions inside plastic housings (electrical boxes, switches…). The project partners are two laboratories of University Grenoble Alpes, as well as the international Schneider Electric society, specialist of energy management. The expected work is multidisciplinary, involving knowledge in material rheology, surfaces and interfaces physico-chemistry allowing the elaboration, by printing processes, of wireless communication systems of a new generation, from their design to their modeling. PROFILE OF THE APPLICANT : Preferentially with a training in applied physics, the applicant will have to deal with aspects concerning both materials (rheology, physico-chemistry, …), communication systems, but also electromagnetics and multi-physic modeling. He will have to show a great curiosity and be able to build a large basis of knowledge, with the help of the whole skills constituted by Schneider Electric and the two world-renowned laboratories of Grenoble. Due to the ambitious proposed subject, the PhD student will present his results in the major international conferences and will publish in the major journals of the explored domains. REMUNERATION : * 2200 € gross/month CONTACTS : *Nadège Reverdy-Bruas (Grenoble INP): [email protected] *Tan-Phu Vuong (Grenoble INP) : Tan- [email protected]

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-29102016-RFM Contact : [email protected] MATERIAL AND INTERFACE QUALITY ANALYSIS BY SURFACE HARMONIC GENERATION (SHG) (STAGE)

Start date : 01/02/2017 offer n°IMEPLaHC-11212016-CMNE

Contact: Irina Ionica Key words: second harmonic generation, thin layers optical properties, modeling Context: This topic is in the context of research on novel characterization methods of ultra-thin films and interface quality for applications in micro, nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, photonics, etc. A key element today is to propose and develop innovative characterization methods that do not need any physical contact, therefore avoiding any damage of the advanced ultra-thin substrates. A very promising technique was recently proposed: the second harmonic generation (SHG)1. A laser emitting at the fundamental frequency can induce polarisation of the material. The intensity measured at double frequency is proportional to the second order non-linear polarisation of the material and is named the second harmonic. An additional SHG contribution can appear due to the electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH). The interest in the SHG resides in its sensitivity to material and interfaces quality and particularly to the electric field at semiconductor - dielectric interfaces, which is related to presence of charges (fixed, interface states, traps, etc). Objective: An innovative SHG equipment, unique in Europe, very recently developed and fabricated by FemtoMetrix (USA) was recently installed at IMEP-LAHC. The first objective will consist in qualifying the measurement tool, using different samples (dielectrics on semiconductors, silicon-on- insulators…). Based on these results, the second objective is to validate and extend models for SHG, for the extraction of material quality parameters such as the density of interface states. Requested competences: This topic is an interdisciplinary topic, in the fields of optics, micro-electronics, and material science. The candidate must have a very good background in optics, semiconductor physics, microelectronics. Collaborations: This work is done in the context of different collaborations that the team has with groups (academic and industrial) involved in the material fabrication (INSA Lyon, SOITEC, CEA-LETI). She/he will also be in contact with the tool fabricant in California. Therefore the student will be in a stimulating professional environment, in touch with both academic and industrial research actors which should be very beneficial for hers/his future career. The internship topic is going to be proposed for a PhD thesis, starting from October 2017. 1 B. Jun, et al., IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol 51, 3231 (2004). M.L. Alles et al, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, vol. 20, 107 (2007

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEPLaHC-11212016-CMNE Contact : [email protected] UNDERSTANDING OF THE MICROSCOPIC MECHANISMS GOVERNING RESISTIVE SWITCHING IN VALENCE CHANGE MEMORIES (VCMS) (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/10/2016 offer n°20161001-LMGP-01

Among the various emerging devices expected to replace conventional Flash memories, Resistive Random Access Memories (ReRAM) are currently attracting a strong scientific and industrial interest. Their operations are based on the switching between a low resistive and a high resistive state, which represents the two binary states. This PhD research project will focus on the understanding the microscopic mechanisms governing the resistive switching in pure and doped LaMnO3-δ oxides with perovskite-type structure, which will be studied as mixed ion-electron conducting memristive materials. Manganites such as LMO (LaMnO3-δ), LSMO (La1-xSrxMnO3-δ), PCMO (Pr1-xCaxMnO3-δ) and LPCMO (La0.325Pr0.3Ca0.375MnO3-δ) are among the most promising perovskite memristive materials reported in the literature, with On/Off ratios>103, operation speed down to 8 ns and endurance as large as 1010 cycles. Furthermore manganites such as La2/3Sr1/3MnO3-δ do not require an electroforming process, thus avoiding one of the major drawbacks for the implementation of memory devices based on RS phenomena. In addition, for this material the charge depletion effect is not only confined to the outermost surface layer, but its spatial extension and final HRS (high-resistance-state) can be modulated by the magnitude and duration of the potential applied, opening the door to the implementation of multilevel devices. The objective of this thesis is to acquire a better understanding of the nanoscale mechanisms governing the RS, charge carriers and interface effects in manganite-based ReRAM memories. This will be achieved by combining for the first time a unique set of complementary physical and chemical cutting-edge characterization methods, some of them enabling operando and spatially-resolved information. This knowledge is expected to lead to the design new nanostructured oxide films with tailored RS functionality and to the demonstration of the effectiveness and application of the optimized materials in reliable VCM memories with appropriate performance.

Laboratory: LMGP Code CEA : 20161001-LMGP-01 Contact : [email protected] MODELLING, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY TRANSDUCERS BASED ON PIEZOELECTRIC NANOWIRES (THÈSE)

Start date : 03/10/2016 offer n°IMEP-Lahc-20160510-CMNE

PhD Thesis proposal: Deadline for application 31/05/2016 Modelling, fabrication and characterization of mechanical energy transducers based on piezoelectric nanowires IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble-France Keywords: Nanotechnologies, Nanowires, Piezoelectricity, Semiconductor Physics and technology, Multiphysics modeling, Nanogenerator, Energy harvesting. Context and objectives: Nanowire devices are attracting a growing interest because of the unique electrical and mechanical properties that arise from their 1D structure. These properties are being explored advantageously for several kinds of applications, such as sensors and energy harvesting devices. This Phd Thesis will concentrate on mechanical to electrical transduction based on ZnO nanowires (NW). Nanogenerators based on this principle are currently developed at IMEP-LaHC [1][2] in partnership with several laboratories and industrial companies in France and abroad (such as LMGP, INL, CEA/LETI, Georgia Tech, Korea Univ., STMicroelectronics...). This project is both theoretical and experimental and has three primary goals: Development of multi- physical models: Analytical and Finite Element Methods have been previously developed in our group to describe the energy conversion of individual NWs and NWs based transducers under different types of mechanical loading. The novelty will be to account for NW semiconducting properties, surface states and non-linear effects that are suspected to strongly affect device performance in practice. This will result in a better understanding of the underlying physics, the assessment of the respective weight of the different phenomena and the definition of the guidelines for device optimization. Fabrication: ZnO NWs will be grown in collaboration with different partners (LMGP, INL…). These NWs will be integrated into composites over rigid and flexible substrates at IMEP-LaHC. Characterization: Rigid and flexible transducers will be characterized thanks to dedicated test benches developed at IMEP. The methodology and techniques will be improved during the PhD thesis. One important objective of the project is to assess the reliability of these transducers. Eventually a benchmarking will be made to compare these transducers with other solutions (i.e. using piezoelectric thin films, other transduction mechanisms…) The analysis of the experimental and modelling results will be used to obtain a better insight of the mechanical energy transduction at the nano scale, and to improve device efficiency. The PhD student will benefit from an established collaboration framework and will have the opportunity to contribute to national and European projects related to energy harvesting for autonomous systems. This PhD application will follow the competitive recruitment process of the EEATS Doctoral School of Grenoble Alpes University References: [1] R. Tao, G. Ardila L. Montes and M. Mouis, Nano energy, 14, p.62-76 2015 [2] S. Lee, R. Hinchet, Y. Lee, Y. Yang, Z.-H. Lin, G. Ardila, L. Montes, M. Mouis, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 24, p. 1163-1168 2014. More info: The required skills for the PhD are: - Background in electronics/physics or material science - Basic knowledge in clean room technology - Basic knowledge in electrical characterization techniques will be appreciated - MEMS/NEMS experience will also be appreciated - Basic knowledge in simulation tools (FEM based software...) Advisors: Gustavo ARDILA and Mireille MOUIS. Funding: Doctoral Grant (net salary 1367.80€/month) Start: October/November 2016 Duration: 3 years Deadline for the application: 31/05/2016 About the laboratory: IMEP-LAHC / MINATEC / Grenoble IMEP-LAHC is located in the Innovation Center Minatec in Grenoble. The main research areas concern Microelectronic devices (CMOS, SOI, ...), Nanotechnologies, Photonic and RF devices. It works in close partnership with several industrial groups such as ST-Microelectronics, IBM, ... and platforms such as LETI, LITEN, IMEC, Tyndall. The training will be within the group working on MicroNanoElectronic Devices / Nanostructures & Nanosystems. The PhD student will have access to several technological (clean room) and characterization platforms. Contacts: Gustavo ARDILA +33 (0)4.56.52.95.32

Laboratory: FMNT / IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEP-Lahc-20160510-CMNE Contact : [email protected] ELABORATION OF 3D ELECTRONIC AND RF CIRCUITS THROUGH DIGITAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGY FOR “COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS” (THÈSE)

Start date : 01/09/2016 offer n°IMEP-Lahc-20160512-RFM

Printed electronic: rheology of complex fluids, surfaces and interfaces physico-chemistry, deposit processes, electromagnetic properties, plastic materials forming processes Communication systems: electromagnetic modeling, multi-physic modeling for circuits for HF and RF communications, sensors, antenna, 3D RF components. CONTEXT This thesis work is a part of the industrial Chair MINT funded for five years by the Foundation Grenoble INP. The project partners are two laboratories of University Grenoble Alpes, as well as the international Schneider Electric society, specialist of energy management. This ambitious project aims to explore the new technologies sustainable and low cost of printing and of functional inks for the design of wireless communication functions in 3-dimensions inside plastic housings (electrical boxes, switches…). After a preliminary study realized by a Post-Doctorant on conventional deposition processes – such as Screen Printing – and their adaptation to direct printing onto thermoplastic substrates used by Schneider Electric, the candidate will investigate the development of digital processes through a similar methodology: - Characterization and adaptation of processes to 2D and 3D substrates - Adaptation of 3D direct printing tools - Conception of electronic circuits for IoT and RF for 2D and 3D shape factors - Characterization of realized systems for a long term and robust performance The expected work is multidisciplinary, involving knowledge in material rheology, surfaces and interfaces physico- chemistry on one hand, and RF and electronic circuitry design and modeling on the other hand. These competences will be devoted to the development, through digital printing processes, of new generation of 3D electronic circuits and wireless communication systems, from their design to their characterization. PROFILE OF THE APPLICANT Preferentially with a training in applied physics, the applicant will have to deal with aspects concerning both materials (rheology, physico-chemistry, …), communication systems, but also electromagnetics and multi-physic modeling. He will have to show a great curiosity and be able to build a large basis of knowledge, with the help of the whole skills constituted by Schneider Electric and the two world-renowned laboratories of Grenoble. Due to the ambitious proposed subject, the PhD student will present his results in the major international conferences and will publish in the major journals of the explored domains. REMUNERATION · 2200 € gross/month CONTACTS · Nadège Reverdy-Bruas (Grenoble INP/LGP2) · Tan-Phu Vuong (Grenoble INP/IMEP-LaHC)

Laboratory: IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEP-Lahc-20160512-RFM Contact : [email protected] ELECTRON QUANTUM TRANSPORT SIMULATION OF 2D MATERIAL BASED DEVICES (THÈSE)

Start date : 03/10/2016 offer n°IMEP-Lahc-20160608-CMNE

PhD position 2016-2019 The application must be received before June 27th 2016 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Since the discovery of graphene, many other layered materials have been synthetized. Among them, we mention the Xenes (silicene…), the Xanes (stanane…) and the transition metal dichalcogenides (molybdenum disulfite…). Depending on their composition and layering, these materials have very different properties, such as the presence of a direct or indirect band gap of different width. Together with the excellent electrostatic control due to their atomic thickness, this promotes 2D materials as promising candidates for developing logic devices for flexible low power electronics. The wide variety of 2D materials and of their defects calls for a large exploratory effort, which is still in its early phase. In this context, the simulation of electron quantum transport is an essential tool to understand the physics at the origin of the 2D material properties and to design innovative devices based on these original properties. The goal of the PhD is to theoretically and numerically investigate these new materials by exploring their electron transport properties and their applicative potential for innovative devices. These systems have an intrinsically quantum behavior, thus requiring the use of a general electron transport approach, such as the non- equilibrium Green’s function formalism, as well as an atomistic description based on the density functional theory. The student will be asked to: Simulate electron quantum transport in several 2D materials (mainly transition metal dichalcogenides and multilayer structures based on them), in pristine form or with disorder, by using atomistic Hamiltonians together with the TB_Sim code developed at CEA. Develop a simulation code addressing electron transport in devices exploiting these 2D materials. More precisely, the codes developed at IMEP-LaHC for other devices will be adapted to k.p models. These codes make use of the Green’s functions formalism, with a self- consistent treatment of the electrostatic potential and of the electronphonon coupling. Simulate electronic devices based on 2D materials, in particular fieldeffect and tunnel transistors (with lateral or vertical junctions), taking into account possible defects (dopants, impurities, structural defects) and their impact on variability. Assess the performance of different transistor architectures with respect to their geometry, to the choice of the substrate, and to the electrostatic configuration. DESIRED SKILLS Training in physics and electronics Solid knowledge of condensed matter physics Basic knowledge of computer programming for numerical simulation The candidate must hold a master degree (equivalent to a master M2R in France) or an equivalent university degree eligible for the EEATS Doctoral School of Université Grenoble Alpes. DETAILS Thesis supervisors: François TRIOZON (CEALETI) and Mireille MOUIS (IMEPLaHC) Cosupervisors: Alessandro CRESTI (IMEP- LaHC) and Maud VINET (LETI/CEA) Funding: PhD grant from “labex MINOS” Thesis starting date: October/November 2016 Thesis duration: 3 years ABOUT THE RESEARCH INSTITUTES IMEP-- LAHC is a “unité mixte de recherche” involving Grenoble INP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, and CNRS. It is located within the MINATEC innovation pole, in Grenoble. The laboratory employs 64 researchers, 18 engineers and technicians, 18 postdoctoral fellows, and 85 PhD students. It has collaborations with several universities and research centers, large industrial groups (STMicroelectronics, IBM, Motorola, etc.), and preindustrial microelectronics centers (LETI, LITEN, IMEC, Tyndall). CEALETI is a research institute for electronics and information technologies employing more than 1000 researchers, engineers, and technicians. It hosts a large technological platform (clean rooms, physicochemical characterization). It is mainly funded by industrial partnerships (STMicroelectronics, IBM, …). It relies on a strong scientific expertise: partnerships with CEA/DRF (Fundamental Research Division) and academic institutes (CNRS, Universities) via national and European funding. The PhD student will work within the “groupe Composant MicroNanoElectronique” of IMEP-LaHC and the “groupe Simulation et Modélisation” of LETI. CONTACT PERSONS AND DEADLINE Send a CV, a letter of motivation, photocopies of diplomas and academic record with ratings, and two recommendation letters to: Dr. François TRIOZON, Permanent researcher at CEALETI Tel: +33 4.38.78.21.86 [email protected] Dr. Alessandro CRESTI, “Chargé de Recherche” at CNRS, IMEPLaHC tél. +33 4.56.52.95.50 [email protected] Dr. Mireille MOUIS, “Directeur de Recherche” at CNRS, IMEP-LaHC tél. +33 4.56.52.95.35 [email protected] The application must be received before June 27th 2016. Applications received after this date will be considered only if the funding deadline allows it.

Laboratory: IMEP-LaHc Code CEA : IMEP-Lahc-20160608-CMNE Contact : [email protected]