Illegal Logging in the Southern Part of the Russian Far East
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Illegal Logging in the Southern Part of the Russian Far East Problem Analysis and Proposed Solutions WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in a harmony with nature. The Fund's priority is the conservation of vitally important forest, fresh water, oceanic and coastal ecosystems. For the forest biome WWF's task is to prevent the disappearance and degradation of forests. WWF's strategic tasks in the area of forest conservation are: Creating a network of ecologically representative protected (natural) areas. Environmentally sound, socially advantageous and economically viable forest management outside the protected areas. Environmentally and socially acceptable reforestation programs. Writers: Anatoly Kotlobay Andrey Ptichnikov WWF Russia concentrates its activities on the first two tasks. Editors: Polina Gerassimova Julia Kalinicheva Irina Prokhorova Tamara Rousina Alexey Vaisman Translated by: Douglas Engelbrecht Design: Leonid Dubeykowski Photo on the cover: Vladimir Medvedev Circulation: 1,500 Published in February, 2002 by WWF, Moscow, Russia Any full or partial reproduction of this publication must include the title and give credit to the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright holder. No photographs from this publication may be reproduced without prior authorization from WWF Russia. © text 2002 WWF. All rights reserved. This work was initiated, assisted and expertized by TRAFFIC Europe-Russia. 1 CONTENT Introduction 3 Volumes and structure of timber resources in the forests of the Primorye region 4 Volumes of timber logged in the Primorye region 5 Understatement of true cutting volumes — an established fact 7 Illegal logging: Methods and schemes 9 The root cause for large-scale violations in legal cutting areas is a weak system of control 10 Uncontrolled storage and handling of timber 11 Illegal logging in Primorye: the facts 13 Scale of illegal logging 14 Timber exports from the Primorye region 15 Positive experience in the struggle against wood theft 17 WWF proposals to solve the problem 18 © V. Korkishko © V. Ivankovsky 2 INTRODUCTION Massive destruction of forest landscapes is going on in the southern part of the It is known that forest communities are regulators and accumulators of moisture. Russian Far East, as a habitat not only for wildlife, but also humans. Subjected to The destruction of radical forests causes swift changes in the hydrological regime destruction in the first place, tertiary period cedar-pine and broad-leaved forests of soils and water bodies. These changes lead to floods, the washing away of the do not regenerate naturally under present day climatic conditions. Soon this for- soil layer from slopes, the water logging of depressed areas, and the appearance of mation of unique biodiversity will be lost to subsequent generations. The fodder long droughty seasons. Shallowing of rivers in the spawning period will lead to a inventory for ungulates is being destroyed: productive oak and cedar-pine forests, substantial reduction in the population of the Far Eastern salmon. The totality of patches of horsetail from felling ash trees and elms in valley forests. The decrease these adverse processes is bound to produce disastrous consequences for the pop- in the number of hoofed animals results in the destruction of the tiger food base. ulace of rural areas, both economically and socially. To airlift three-century-old oaks to Primorye, as distinct from central heating radiators, will be impossible. Forest types distribution in the Southern part of the Russian Far East © G.Shalikov The multiyear outflow of material and financial resources from the region abroad has already exacerbated the social situation in the region by giving rise to mass unemployment, wrecking the social sphere, and as a consequence causing the impoverishment of the populace. The continuing export of capital abroad will bring the Russian Far East to economic and political dependence first of all on China. Unless the process of the further plundering of the region's forest resources and the transformation of landscapes is stopped, this will bring about a regional ecological and economic disaster and the loss of the region for Russia in the very foreseeable future. 3 VOLUMES AND STRUCTURE OF TIMBER RESOURCES Distribution of stock for principal varieties of wood by main logging territo- ries of the Primorye (% of total for the region) © V. Medvedev According to Primorye Forest Service (PFS) data, forests cover about 11 million hectares of the region's area, with an overall timber volume of more than 1.7 bil- lion cubic metres. Merchantable forests occupy an area of 6,395,200 hectares. Total wood increment for 2000 was 17.69 million cubic metres (1.56 cubic metres Estimated timber stocks (sawed timber) of oak and ash 3 per hectare). The stand of timber per hectare in mature and overmature forests is, in the Primorye (millions m ) on average for the region, 177 cubic metres. The mature and overmature forests account for 48%. In tree-species composition conifer forests predominate, cover- ing an area of 6,349,900 hectares with an overall volume of 1,169 million cubic metres of timber. Of those, predominantly cedar-pine forests occupy an area of 2,144,800 hectares, timber volume being 430.99 million cubic metres. Hardwood, broad-leaved species account for about one-fifth of the area and timber reserves. The forestlands under the jurisdiction of the Primorye Forest Service are distrib- uted among 31 forestry units (leskhozes). Throughout the territory of the region forest resource reserves are distributed unevenly. 67% of the broad-leaved and cedar-pine (301.7 million cubic metres) and 63% of the ash and elm (36.9 million cubic metres) forests are concentrated on the western macroslope of Sikhote-Alin in the central and northwestern parts of the region within the territory of seven leskhozes: the Pozharsky, Verkhne-Perevalnensky, Roshchinsky, Melnichny, Malinovsky, Kirovsky, and Koksharovsky. The main stocks (72%, 535.3 million cubic metres) of needle wood (spruce, fir, larch) are concentrated in the forests of the northeastern part of the region within the territory of six leskhozes: the Samarginsky, Svetlinsky, Verkhne-Perevalnensky, Melnichny, Roshchinsky, and Terneisky. The disproportion in territorial distribution of forest ranges is explained Timber volume — one of the indicators of the quality of a forest and its by the fact that the southern areas of the region have been subjected to much value as an object of practical use. greater economic development, both in the past and at present. Mature and overmature forests — forests with a predominance of old-age trees. Leskhozes — state forest management units, providing control over forest management, forest protection, reforestation, etc. 4 VOLUMES OF TIMBER LOGGED IN THE PRIMORYE REGION Allowable annual cut for the leskhozes of the Primorye region is fixed at 8,865.4 The principal harvesting areas are spread unevenly over the territory of the region. thousand cubic metres, including 6,271.5 thousand cubic metres on accessible ter- In nine leskhozes situated in the southern part of the region final felling opera- rain. By an order of the State Forest Service, the 2000 quota for removal of ash tions were not carried out at all, or their volume was insignificant. Only in thir- trees is fixed at 203.4 thousand cubic metres for final felling operations and 52 teen out of the 31 leskhozes did volumes of annually cut wood exceed 100 thou- thousand cubic metres for intermediate cuttings. sand cubic metres. Of them, six leskhozes — the Verkne-Perevalnensky, In respect of intermediate cuttings, the possible volume of logged merchantable Pozharsky, Roshchinsky, Svetlinsky, Dalnegorsky and Melnichny (all located in wood is estimated at 1,330 thousand cubic metres. By an order of the Governor, the northern part of the region) — provided more than 50% of the total volume 2000 lumbering stock volumes for public sector and agricultural organizations and of logged wood in 2000. the population were fixed at 721.8 thousand cubic metres. Lease-holders of forest stock in Primorye numbered 138 as of January 1, 2001. The total area of timberland holdings equaled 4,989.8 thousand hectares, with an Prescribed cuts and quotas for different types of timber logged annual FFO removal of 3,498 thousand cubic metres of timber. The lease of the in the Primorye region in the year 2000 (thousands m3) holdings is from 2 to 49 years. According to official data, in 2000 lease-holders used the logging stock by 67%, and in the course of final felling operations 2,332 thousand cubic metres of merchantable wood was cut. A leading position among the lessees is occupied by JSC Terneiles, which logged 393 thousand cubic metres of wood in 2000. It owns controlling blocks of shares in another 5 wood logging companies: JSC Luchegorskles, JSC Amgu, JSC Melnichnoye, the JSC Roshchinsky KLPKh (timber industry enterprise), and JSC Kemales. All in all, the group of loggers under the control of Terneiles logged 906 thousand cubic metres of wood, or 27% of the total annual volume in all the types of cuttings for the Primorye region. Volume of timber logged in the Primorye. Data from Primorye Forest Service, 2000 (thousand m3) 1 – prescribed cuts 2 – accessible area of prescribed cuts 3 – quotas for cuts for intermediate use 4 – logging quotas for agricultural and budgetary organizations According to official figures, 3,309.6 thousand cubic metres of merchantable wood was cut in Primorye in 2000. Of these, final felling operations produced 2,661.6 thousand cubic metres, including 1,628.3 thousand cubic metres of industrial wood. The yield of intermediate cuttings stood at 568.1 thousand cubic metres of merchantable wood; that of other logging was 79.9 thousand cubic metres (of which a total of 298.1 thousand cubic metres of industrial).