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Energy and GHG Emissionsin British Columbia

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Energy and GHG Emissionsin British Columbia Energy and GHG Emissions in British Columbia 1990 - 2010 John Nyboer and Maximilian Kniewasser Canadian Industrial Energy End-use Data and Analysis Centre (CIEEDAC) Simon Fraser University June 2012 Sponsors of CIEEDAC: Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Aluminium Industry Association, Canadian Chemical Producers’ Association, Canadian Construction Association, Canadian Foundry Association, Canadian Gas Association, Canadian Petroleum Products Institute, Canadian Steel Producers Association, Cement Association of Canada, Forest Products Association of Canada, Mining Association of Canada, Pacifi c Institute for Climate Solutions. The Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions gratefully acknowledges the generous endowment provided by the Province of British Columbia through the Ministry of Environment in 2008. This funding is enabling ongoing independent research aimed at developing innovative climate change solutions, opportunities for adaptation, and steps toward achieving a vibrant low-carbon economy. Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Phone 250-853-3595 Fax 250-853-3597 E-mail [email protected] Web pics.uvic.ca Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions Executive Summary The Canadian Industrial Energy End-use Data and Analysis Centre (CIEEDAC) prepared this report on energy in British Columbia for the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions (PICS). The report is divided into three sections. The first section provides an overview of information relating to energy supply and use, greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency in British Columbia. It includes total energy use and emissions data for all sectors and some industries from 1990 to 2010, as well as energy intensity indicators based on population and monetary production (Gross Domestic Product, GDP). Appendix A contains detailed data tables disaggregated by economic sectors, including Total Industrial (and its major sub-sectors), Residential, Commercial/Institutional and others. The Statistics Canada (STC) publication Report on Energy Supply and Demand (RESD) is the primary data source for energy used in this report. It disaggregates data by province to the 3-digit level of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) for a limited number of industries. GHG emissions data were obtained from Environment Canada’s annual National Inventory Report (EC 2011). This report provided both the coefficients to calculate the GHG emissions generated in the various BC sectors and an absolute value of emissions against which the calculated data could be compared. Production and population data were both retrieved from the Canadian Socio-economic Information Management (CANSIM) system, an STC online database. Between 1990 and 2010, total energy use in British Columbia rose 15%. In 2010, total use was 1,070 PJ. Over this time, population grew by 38% and GDP by 82%. Given the greater growth rates in population and GDP compared with energy use, energy intensity declined by 16% per person and 37% per dollar from 1990. Natural gas, electricity and refined petroleum products (RPPs) are the major fuels of the BC economy. Use of natural gas in 2010 was 3% lower than it was in 1990 while electricity use increased 12% and RPP use 24%. Coal demand, although representing a small portion of total energy use, increased the most, about 232%.1 Hydroelectricity continued to dominate electricity production but lost ground to thermal generation, which was at its highest point since 1990 (16%). Electrical generation using heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel/light fuel oil (LFO) lost ground to “other” (a mix of fuels not defined in RESD). Natural gas’s share of generation decreased as well, but total generation from natural gas plants more than doubled. Total Industrial energy use decreased by 1% and use in Total Manufacturing decreased 8%. Energy use in Transportation increased 43% while Agriculture increased 78% due to a greater use of natural gas. Energy use in the Commercial/Institutional sector stayed level compared to 1990 and in the Residential sector energy use rose 13%. 1 These data are under review and may change. Some provincial agencies indicate that coal data from STC do not currently correspond to what has been noted by these agencies. ii Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions GHG emissions fluctuated over the study period, peaking in 2004 and finishing the period 21% above 1990. GHG emissions intensity per capita decreased by 12% since 1990 and GHG intensity based on GDP decreased 25% over that period. From 2009 to 2010, GHG emissions per capita decreased to 9.79 tonnes CO2e from 11.12 tonnes CO2e. An analysis of GHG emissions by sector reveals that emissions in the following sectors increased significantly: Electricity (24%), Transportation (44%) and Agriculture (63%). GHG emissions decreased noticeably in the following sectors: Residential (15%), Commercial/Institutional (27%) and Total Industrial (30%). GHG emissions resulting from the production of electricity fluctuated greatly over the study period, mainly due to variations in the generation of electricity in the non-utility sub-sector. The second section of this report summarizes the latest version of CIEEDAC’s 2 3 cogeneration database as of March 2012. It identifies the size (electrical capacity, kWe ) and system operator/thermal host of industrial, commercial/institutional and district energy cogeneration facilities in British Columbia. It also includes performance characteristics of cogeneration systems operating in British Columbia. In the past, CIEEDAC relied on secondhand data sources such as Statistics Canada, corporate websites, private consultants and electric utilities to identify cogeneration facilities and compile data on their characteristics. For the last four years, CIEEDAC has gathered data on cogeneration systems directly from the system operators. A questionnaire goes out to each facility, seeking verification of existing data and requesting new information about each site. The resulting database is increasingly reliable and contains data that enhances understanding of the opportunities for and limitations of cogeneration in Canada and its provinces. The CIEEDAC database currently contains information on 6.6 GWe of cogeneration capacity in Canada, with British Columbia contributing 1.02 GWe, or 16% of total national capacity. The Pulp and Paper sector accounts for 54% of total operational capacity in British Columbia and has a cogeneration level of 0.55 GWe. The third section of this report presents information on renewable energy in British Columbia. A database of facilities was established in 2002, using data from Statistics Canada and other sources. The results are presented from the most recent data survey of two years ago, including data on the mix of renewable energy by resource/technology type, scale (capacity and annual generation), owner/operator, green certification status and vintage. Renewable energy provided between 19% and 21% of the energy produced in BC in 2009 (based on extrapolations of data from survey respondents). The installed renewable electricity facilities represented almost 88% of the provincial total electricity capacity in that year. The installed renewable electrical capacity of 12.8 GW is 2 Refer to www.cieedac.sfu.ca for more information on cogeneration data. 3 1,000 W of electric capacity iii Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions dominated by hydroelectricity at 96.6% and cogeneration from biomass wood residue at 3.3% of the total, with biogas and solar photovoltaic sources accounting for only about 0.1% of BC’s installed capacity. Based on data from STC’s RESD and CANSIM databases, electricity generation in BC was the source of about 1.45 Mt of greenhouse gases (CO2e) in 2009. This is a relatively low value compared with many other provinces in Canada and is well below the national average. It results from BC’s high percentage of renewable sources of electricity. If these facilities were replaced with combined-cycle gas turbines, GHG emissions from electricity generation would likely be as high as 29.3 Mt CO2e. iv Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions Acknowledgments CIEEDAC wishes to thank the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, Natural Resources Canada and Environment Canada who support the work of CIEEDAC through their sponsorship and financial contributions, part of which funded this report. This project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada. Ce projet été realisé avec l’appui financier du Gouvernement du Canada. v Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ vi Introduction .............................................................................................................. viii 1 Energy Use and GHG Emissions in BC’s Economic Sectors, 1990 to 2010 ................ 1 1.1 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Data Sources ....................................................................................................
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