DOCSLIB.ORG

Boraginaceae) Eckhard Wollenwebera*, Rüdiger Wehdea, Marion Dörra and Jan F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Boraginaceae) Eckhard Wollenwebera*, Rüdiger Wehdea, Marion Dörra and Jan F On the Occurrence of Exudate Flavonoids in the Borage Family (Boraginaceae) Eckhard Wollenwebera*, Rüdiger Wehdea, Marion Dörra and Jan F. Stevensb a Institut für Botanik der Technischen Universität, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. Fax: 06151/164630. E-mail: [email protected] b Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Present address: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany * Author for correspondance and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 57c, 445Ð448 (2002); received February 8, 2002 Nonea, Heliotropium, Tricetin Methyl Ethers Externally accumulated flavonoid aglycones have been found for the first time in Nonea species. They exhibit only flavones, one of thembeing the rare tricetin-4 Ј-methyl ether. Within the subfamily Boraginoideae, exudate flavonoids appear to be a rare character. Introduction collected in Chile, near La Serena, Prov. De Elqui (P. Lo´ pez 2471). In each case, concentrated solu- Reports on the occurrence of flavonoid agly- tions were defatted (MeOH, Ð10∞, centrifugation) cones in Boraginaceae are scarce so far. In the and passed over Sephadex LH-20, eluted with scope of ongoing research on the distribution of MeOH, to separate the flavonoids fromthe terpe- flavonoid aglycones on plant surfaces we have now noids. The flavonoid portions of N. lueta were fur- studied some members of this family. We found ther chromatographed over polyamide DC-11, exudate flavonoids in three European Nonea spe- eluted with toluene and increasing quantities of cies and in two Heliotropium species fromChile. methylethyl ketone and methanol. Fractions were Several indigeneous species of the subfamily Bora- monitored and comparisons with markers were ginoideae were found devoid of exudate flavo- done by TLC on polyamide (DC 11, Macherey- noids. Ð Nagel) with the solvents a) petrol100Ð140 tolu- eneÐMeCOEtÐMeOH 12:6:1:1 v/v/v/v, b) tolu- Material and Methods Ð Ð Ð ene petrol100Ð140 MeCOEt MeOH 12:6:2:1 v/v/ Nonea lutea Bory & Chaub. and N. rosea Link v/v, and c) tolueneÐMeCOEtÐMeOH 12:5:3 v/v/v, were cultivated in the Botanical Garden of the and on silica with solvent d) tolueneÐMeCOEt 9:1 University of Darmstadt. Aerial parts were col- v/v. Chromatograms were viewed under UV lected in bulk fromflowering plants ( N. lutea: May, (366 nm) before and after spraying with “Natur- 1999; N. rosea: July 2000, August 2001. Vouchers: stoffreagenz A” (1% of diphenyl-boric acid-etha- Botanischer Garten der TU Darmstadt). Fresh nolamine complex in MeOH). Authentic samples material was briefly rinsed with acetone to dis- of flavonoids were available in E. W.’s lab. Ð At- solve the lipophilic material accumulated on leaf mospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and stemsurfaces. Someplants of N. pulla (L.) mass spectra were recorded on a PE Sciex API III DC. were collected at natural sites near the Kyff- Plus triple-quadrupole instrument. NMR spectro- häuser (Germany; coll. H. Dietrich, July 1999; scopy was run on a Bruker DRX 600 instrument 1 voucher at HAL) and in N-Burgenland (Hackels- at 600 MHz ( H) in DMSO-d6. berg, Lake Neusiedl, Austria; coll. K. Vetschera, Compound 1 was isolated from some combined June 2001; voucher at WU), respectively. The air- fractions of N. lutea by prep. TLC on silica with dried samples were also briefly rinsed with ace- solvent e) tolueneÐdioxaneÐHOAc 18:5:1 v/v/v. It tone. Aerial parts of Heliotropium pycnophyllum was further purified by HPLC on a 10 µmEconosil Phil. were collected in Quebrada Botija (24∞31ЈS, RP-18 column (250 ¥ 10 mm) using a linear gradi- 70∞33ЈW.), Prov. Antofagasta, Chile (Dillon 5355). ent from40% to 100% MeCN in 1% aq. HCOOH Heliotropium stenophyllum Hook et Arn. was also over 30 min at 5.6 ml/min. The peak fraction con- 0939Ð5075/2002/0500Ð0445 $ 06.00 ” 2002 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Tübingen · www.znaturforsch.com· D 446 E. Wollenweber et al. · Flavonoid Aglycones in Boraginaceae taining compound 1 was collected and taken to sible when the hydroxy group at C-4Ј carries the dryness by rota-evaporation and lyophilization. Its methyl substituent. Compound 1 was therefore melting point is reported here for the first time: identified as 5,7,3Ј,4Ј,5Ј-pentahydroxyflavone-4Ј- ∞ λ 274 C (dec.). UV (MeOH) max 331 and 268 nm; O-methyl ether. +NaOH: 373, 316 and 274 nm; +AlCl3: 346, 301 Samples of eight further species of Boragina- and 277 nm, unchanged on addition of HCl (Lit. ceae were collected in the field around Darmstadt (Ulubelen et al., 1984): MeOH (331 nm), +NaOH or in the Botanical Garden of the University of (373 nm)). The 1H spectrumshowed three pheno- Darmstadt: Anchusa azurea Mill., A. sempervirens δ lic OH signals ( H 12. 87 (OH-5), 10.92 and 9.57), L., Borago officinalis L., Cerinthe minor L., Cyno- δ two equivalent B-ring protons ( H 6.96, s, 2H, glossum officinale L., Echium vulgare L., Myosotis Ј Ј δ H-2 and H-6 ), a singlet at H 6.61 typical of a arvensis (L.) Hill, and Symphytum officinale L. flavone H-3, two meta-coupled A-ring protons They were also rinsed with acetone and the con- δ ( H 6.42 and 6.20, J = 1.8 Hz, H-8 and H-6), and centrated solutions were checked for flavonoid δ Ј one OMe singlet ( H 3.76, 4 -OMe). Fromthe MS aglycones by TLC. (MH+, m/z 317) and 1H spectrumit was deduced that compound 1 was a 5,7,3Ј,4Ј,5Ј-pentahy- Results and Discussion droxyflavone monomethyl ether. The O-methyl group was placed at position 4Ј for two reasons, Nonea lutea, Nonea pulla, and N. rosea were (1) the A-ring proton resonances were not shifted found to exhibit exclusively flavones (Table I). downfield compared to 5,7-dihydroxy flavones Some of these are rather rare natural products. (Markhamand Geiger, 1994; 7-O-methylation Tricetin-4Ј-methyl ether was reported only once causes a downfield shift of the H-6 and H-8 before as an aglycone, namely from the leaf of doublets by about 0.2Ð0.4 ppm), and (2) the B- Passiflora palmeri (Ulubelen, 1984.). Tricetin- ring H-2Ј and H-6Ј protons gave rise to a 2H sin- 3Ј,4Ј-dimethyl ether (apometzgerin) was known glet indicating B-ring symmetry which is only pos- fromthe grass Poa hueca (Rofi and Pomilio, 1985 E. Wollenweber et al. · Flavonoid Aglycones in Boraginaceae 447 Table I. Flavonoid patterns of 3 Nonea species. Table II. Flavonoid patterns of 2 Heliotropium species. Flavones N. lutea N. pulla N. rosea Flavonoids H. pycno- H. steno- H. stenoph. Ð phyllum phyllum Lit.* Apigenin x x (x) Ap-7-Methyl ether x x x Chrysin x Luteolin x (x) Chrys-7-Me x Lut-7-Me x x Luteolin-7-Me x Lut-3Ј-Me (x) Galangin x x Lut-4Ј-Me (x) Gal-3-Me x x x Lut-7,3Ј-diMe x (x) Gal-7-Me x Lut-7,3Ј,4Ј-triMe x Gal-3,7-diMe x Tricetin-4Ј-Me x x Kaempferol x Tric-3Ј,4Ј-diMe x Kae-3-Me x Tric-3Ј,4Ј,5Ј-triMe x Kae-7-Me x Kae-3,7-diMe x Kae-7,4Ј-diMe (x) Kae-3,7,4Ј-triMe x Quercetin x [and as a C-glycoside fromthe liverwort Apo- Qu-3-Me x metzgeria pubescens (Theodor et al., 1980)]. Tri- Qu-7-Me x cetin-3Ј,4Ј,5Ј-triMe had so far been reported only Qu-3,7-diMe (x) x Ј as a constituent of 4 Gramineae (Kaneta and Sugi- Qu-3,3 -diMe (x) x Qu-5,3Ј-diMe x yama, 1973). Recently it was also encountered on Qu-3,7Ј-diMe x aerial parts of a Scrophulariaceae (Wollenweber, Qu-3,7,4Ј-triMe x unpubl.). Nonea appears to be the first genus in Pinocembrin x x Naringenin (x) x which these tricetin derivatives are accumulated Nar-7-Me x x externally. Nar-7-Me-4Ј-Ac (x) The exudate of Heliotropium pycnophyllum Nar-7,4Ј-diMe x contains flavones and flavonols, whereas the exu- Eriodictyol x Eriod-7-Me x date of H. stenophyllum contains flavonols and fla- vanones (Table II). The flavonoid pattern exhib- * Urzua et al., 2000. ited by our material of H. stenophyllum is rather different fromwhat has been reported in literature previously. Neither did we see any trace of luteo- Cynoglossum officinale, Cerinthe minor, Echium lin-7-methyl ether, nor was there any hint to the vulgare, Myosotis arvensis, and Symphytum offici- presence of a 5-methoxy flavonol (which would nale were found devoid of flavonoids. appear as a brilliant yellow fluorescent spot on tlc In the subfamily Cordioideae, there is only one in UV light). In both studies, aerial parts were col- report so far: Cordia verbenacea was found to ex- lected during the flowering period and dipped in hibit three highly methoxylated flavonols (Van de dichloromethane or rinsed with acetone, respec- Velde et al., 1982; Lins et al., 1990). tively. The different flavonoid patterns observed In the subfamily Heliotropioideae, seven species might, therefore, point to the existence of varieties of Heliotropium were reported previously to ex- or of chemotypes in this species. hibit exudate flavonoids (Urzua et al., 2000). They This is only the second time that exudate flavo- produce several flavanones and dihydroflavonols noids have been found in members of the subfam- (including natural acetates), two flavones, and a ily Boraginoideae. The first report was on flavo- series of flavonols. H. megalanthum is outstanding nols fromaerial parts of Alkanna orientalis (El in producing a flavonol and two flavanones with Sohly et al., 1997).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anchusa L. and Allied Genera (Boraginaceae) in Italy
    Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology Official Journal of the Societa Botanica Italiana ISSN: 1126-3504 (Print) 1724-5575 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tplb20 Anchusa L. and allied genera (Boraginaceae) in Italy F. SELVI & M. BIGAZZI To cite this article: F. SELVI & M. BIGAZZI (1998) Anchusa L. and allied genera (Boraginaceae) in Italy, Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 132:2, 113-142, DOI: 10.1080/11263504.1998.10654198 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.1998.10654198 Published online: 18 Mar 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 29 View related articles Citing articles: 20 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tplb20 Download by: [Università di Pisa] Date: 05 November 2015, At: 02:31 PLANT BIOSYSTEMS, 132 (2) 113-142, 1998 Anchusa L. and allied genera (Boraginaceae) in Italy F. SEL VI and M. BIGAZZI received 18 May 1998; revised version accepted 30 July 1998 ABSTRACT - A revision of the Italian entities of Anchusa and of the rdated genera Anchusella, Lycopsis, Cynoglottis, Hormuzakia and Pentaglottis was carried out in view of the poor systematic knowledge of some entities of the national flora. The taxonomic treatment relies on a wide comparative basis, including macro- and micromorphological, karyological, chorological and ecological data. After a general description of some poorly known microCharacters of vegetative and reproductive structures, analytical keys, nomenclatural types, synonymies, descriptions, distribution maps and iconographies are provided for each entity.
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Europe's Threatened Plants
    Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Suzanne Sharrock and Meirion Jones May 2009 Recommended citation: Sharrock, S. and Jones, M., 2009. Conserving Europe’s threatened plants: Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK ISBN 978-1-905164-30-1 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Acknowledgements The work of establishing a consolidated list of threatened Photo credits European plants was first initiated by Hugh Synge who developed the original database on which this report is based. All images are credited to BGCI with the exceptions of: We are most grateful to Hugh for providing this database to page 5, Nikos Krigas; page 8. Christophe Libert; page 10, BGCI and advising on further development of the list. The Pawel Kos; page 12 (upper), Nikos Krigas; page 14: James exacting task of inputting data from national Red Lists was Hitchmough; page 16 (lower), Jože Bavcon; page 17 (upper), carried out by Chris Cockel and without his dedicated work, the Nkos Krigas; page 20 (upper), Anca Sarbu; page 21, Nikos list would not have been completed. Thank you for your efforts Krigas; page 22 (upper) Simon Williams; page 22 (lower), RBG Chris. We are grateful to all the members of the European Kew; page 23 (upper), Jo Packet; page 23 (lower), Sandrine Botanic Gardens Consortium and other colleagues from Europe Godefroid; page 24 (upper) Jože Bavcon; page 24 (lower), Frank who provided essential advice, guidance and supplementary Scumacher; page 25 (upper) Michael Burkart; page 25, (lower) information on the species included in the database.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Five Heliotropium Species in Phenotypic Correlations, Biochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Properties
    CATRINA (2020), 21(1): 1-8 © 2020 BY THE EGYPTIAN SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Comparative Analysis of Five Heliotropium species in Phenotypic Correlations, Biochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Properties Deya El-deen M.Radwan1, 2, Ahmed E. El-shabasy1 1. Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, KSA 2. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Egypt. ABSTRACT This study aims to compare five species of Heliotropium collected from Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This comparison was carried out on basis of morphology, pigments content, proteins, total phenolics, flavonoids as well as their antioxidant activity. According to similarity matrix and cluster analysis, H. longiflorum and H. zeylanicum were closely related while H. pterocarpum and H. zeylanicum were distantly related species. The variation in pigments content of the five studied species of Heliotropium was obvious. H. zeylanicum recorded the highest content of pigments while H. bacciferum was the lowest. Moreover, H. jizanense and H. pterocarpum had almost similar pigments content. Proteins, phenolics and flavonoids showed noticeable variation among the tested species. In other words, H. zeylanicum and H. bacciferum had the highest contents of proteins, phenolics and flavonoids and H. jizanense had lowest and the difference was significant. Meanwhile, the total antioxidant activity was variable among species. Higher antioxidant activity was detected in H. zeylanicum (93%) and H. bacciferum (84%) while H. pterocarpum (34.5%). Keywords: Heliotropium, Boraginaceae, pigments content, proteins content, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity. INTRODUCTION characteristics because of variation in content and type of pigments; chlorophyll, carotenoids, other pigments Heliotropium with its different species is considered which together constitute the spectral characters of a as valuable medicinal plant worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Heliotrope
    NSW DPI primefacts PROFITABLE & SUSTAINABLE PRIMARY INDUSTRIES www.dpi.nsw.gov.au JULY 2008 PRIMEFact 653 (REPLACES AGFact P7.6.57) Blue heliotrope JJ Dellow Former Weeds Agronomist, Orange Agricultural Institute CA Bourke Principal Research Scientist (Poisonous Plants), Orange Agricultural Institute AC McCaffery Project Officer (Weeds), Orange Agricultural Institute Introduction Blue heliotrope (Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl) is a summer-growing perennial herb. It is extremely drought-hardy, which increases its ability to persist and spread, and has made it a major agricultural weed in NSW. Blue heliotrope belongs to the Boraginaceae family which includes forget-me-nots (Myosotis spp), comfrey (Symphytum officinale), Paterson’s Figure 1. Blue heliotrope flower. Photo: J. Kidston curse (Echium plantagineum) and yellow burrweed (Amsinckia spp). to a wide range of soil and climate types. It occupies Blue heliotrope is a native of South America, and was more than 110 000 hectares in NSW. probably introduced to Australia as an ornamental plant in the latter part of the 19th century. It was first reported in NSW in 1908 in the Hunter Valley, and Habitat since then has colonised large areas of NSW. Blue heliotrope is often found along roadsides, in Blue heliotrope is a noxious weed in many local waterways, on non-arable country, in degraded control areas of NSW. pastures and on fallowed cultivation. Major infestations occur in areas receiving more than 500 mm of rainfall per year, although it is also Impact established in low-rainfall areas, such as the western Blue heliotrope competes with desirable pasture districts of NSW. plants and causes toxicity to stock.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity of Mertensia Oblongifolia (Nutt.) G. Don (Boraginaceae) and Its Allies in Western North America
    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 58 Number 1 Article 4 1-30-1998 Identity of Mertensia oblongifolia (Nutt.) G. Don (Boraginaceae) and its allies in western North America Ahmed M. Warfa Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Warfa, Ahmed M. (1998) "Identity of Mertensia oblongifolia (Nutt.) G. Don (Boraginaceae) and its allies in western North America," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 58 : No. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol58/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Great Basin Naturalist 58(1), © 1998, pp. 38-44 IDENTITY OF MERTENSIA OBLONGIFOLIA (NUTT) G. DON (BORAGINACEAE) AND ITS ALLIES IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA Ahmed M. Warfal ABSTRACT.-The current status of Mertensia oblongifoUa (Nutt.) G. Don and its allied taxa is surveyed. On the bases of continuously coherent morphological characters and/or regionally correlated variations, more than 30 taxa, including species, subspecies, varieties, and 1 forma, previously considered different from M. oblongifolia, are now placed under synonymy of this species. Those taxa currently known as M. fusiformis Greene, M. bakeri Greene, and M. bakeri var. osterhoutii Williams are among the new synonyms. Typification, taxonomy, and morphological problems ofM. oblongifo­ lia are discussed. Key words: Mertensia oblongifolia, typification, Wxorwmy, morphology, allied taxa. Nuttall (1834) described and depicted Pul­ represents an important additional morpholog­ monaria oblongifolia from a collection ofplants ical feature in the taxon.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnopharmacology in the Work of the British Botanist Arthur Francis George Kerr (1877 ÂŒ 1942)
    ORIGINAL ARTICLES Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Ethnopharmacology in the work of the British botanist Arthur Francis George Kerr (1877 – 1942) A. HELMSTÄDTER Received August 29, 2016, accepted September 23, 2016 Prof. Dr. Axel Helmstädter, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Biozentrum, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue- Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected] Pharmazie 72: 58–64 (2017) doi: 10.1691/ph.2017.6817 Reports on traditional use of medicinal plants may be used as starting points for phytochemical and pharmaco- logical research. As has recently been shown, publications, letters, diaries and reports of exploring botanists are a valuable source of historical ethnopharmacological information. In this study, the heritage of the British botanist Arthur Francis George Kerr (1877–1942), mainly working in Thailand, was screened for information about tradi- tionally used medicinal plants. Information given was compared to state-of-the-art scientific knowledge about these species. Many historical uses could be confirmed, some did not, while a number of species reported to be traditionally used have not been sufficiently investigated so far. These, strongly suggested for further research, include Kurrimia robusta, Alpinia siamensis, Amomum krervanh (A. testaceum), Trichosanthes integrifolia (= Gymnopetalum scabrum), Croton cumingii (= C. cascarilloides), Lobelia radicans (= L. chinensis), Willughbeia sp., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Pluchea indica, Heliotropum indicum, as well as some fungi and woods. 1. Introduction A considerable part of newly developed pharmacologically active agents is of natural origin, derived from nature or has at least some relationship to naturally occurring compounds (Newman and Cragg 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plants in the High Mountains of Northern Jordan
    Vol. 6(6), pp. 436-443, June 2014 DOI: 10.5897/IJBC2014.0713 Article Number: 28D56BF45309 ISSN 2141-243X International Journal of Biodiversity Copyright © 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article and Conservation http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC Full Length Research Paper Medicinal plants in the high mountains of northern Jordan Sawsan A. Oran and Dawud M. Al- Eisawi Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. Receive 10 April, 2014; Accepted 24 April, 2014 The status of medicinal plants in the high mountains of northern Jordan was evaluated. A total of 227 plant species belonging to 54 genera and 60 families were recorded. The survey is based on field trips conducted in the areas that include Salt, Jarash, Balka, Amman and Irbid governorates. Line transect method was used; collection of plant species was done and voucher specimens were deposited. A map for the target area was provided; the location of the study area grids in relation to their governorate was included. Key words: Medicinal plants, high mountains of northern Jordan, folk medicine. INTRODUCTION Human beings have always made use of their native cinal plant out of 670 flowering plant species identified in flora, not just as a source of nutrition, but also for fuel, the same area in Jordan. Recent studies are published medicines, clothing, dwelling and chemical production. on the status of medicinal plants that are used fofolk Traditional knowledge of plants and their properties has medicine by the local societies (Oran, 2014). always been transmitted from generation to generation Medicinal plants in Jordan represent 20% of the total through the natural course of everyday life (Kargıoğlu et flora (Oran et al., 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Brozura Alkana Anglicka Zlom.Indd
    Text: Ing. Marta Mútňanová Ing. Libor Ulrych, PhD. Translati on: RNDr. Radoslav Považan, Mgr. Mária Gréčová Graphic: Ing. Viktória Ihringová Photographs by (see pictures): Ing. Marta Mútňanová (No. 1 – the plant, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17) Ing. Libor Ulrych, PhD. (No. 1 – detail of infl orescence, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11) RNDr. Alžbeta Szabóová (No. 10, 16) Published by the State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic 2010 introduction In 2009 the State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic applied for a non-re- fundable subsidy from the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic within the Operati onal Programme Environment, priority axis 5. Protecti on and Regenerati on of Natural Environment and Landscape, in order to ensure implementati on of program- mes to preserve alkanet. Operati onal Programme Environment aims at use of fi nancial resources from the Euro- pean Regional Development Fund and the Cohesion Fund in the environment protecti - on in the period 2007 – 2013. Its objecti ve is to improve environmental status as well as the rati onal use of natural resources. The project enti tled Implementati on of programmes to preserve criti cally endange- red plant species was approved in September 2009. It focused on preservati on of two criti cally endangered plant species: alkanet – Alkanna ti nctoria and autumn crocus – Colchicum arenarium. The State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic elabora- ted conservati on programmes for both species. On February 25, 2009 the programmes were approved by the Ministry of Environment at an operati ve session of the Minister of Environment in Decree No.
    [Show full text]
  • Tournefortia Y Heliotropium (Boraginaceae S.L
    Desde el Herbario CICY 6: 45 –47 (14/Mayo/2014) Herbario CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. (CICY) http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ TOURNEFORTIA Y HELIOTROPIUM (BORAGINACEAE S.L. ): ¿CÓMO DIFERENCIAR ESTOS DOS GÉNEROS CON INFLORESCENCIAS ESCORPIOIDES? RICARDO BALAM -NARVÁEZ & IVÁN RAMÍREZ -ARRAZOLA Área de Sistemática y Florística. Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Av. Universidad s.n., Ex-Hacienda de 5 Señores, C.P. 68120, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México. [email protected] Identificar una planta en particular re-quiere de un conocimiento botánico y del uso de claves taxonómicas como herramientas tradicionales en la identificación. En la ac- tualidad, se concibe al taxónomo como una persona encerrada en un herbario o museo y que se encarga de la descripción e identificación de uno o varios taxa. Sin embargo, ser un taxónomo requiere de mucha paciencia, conocimiento botánico y evolutivo del grupo de su especialidad. Para adquirir los conocimientos antes 2012). La clasificación de la familia ha mencionados, es necesario pasar horas y sido controversial y análisis filogenéticos horas estudiando muestras botánicas (en- sugieren una naturaleza parafilética (APG tre otras fuentes de información) con el III 2009). Tradicionalmente se divide en fin de entender la variabilidad morfológi- cuatro subfamilias: Ehretioideae, Cordioi- ca de un taxón, ¿y por qué no? también su deae, Heliotropioideae y Boraginoideae ecología y patrones de distribución, todo (p. ej. Thaktajan 1996), pero recientemen- con la finalidad de identificar caracteres te se han propuesto clasificaciones dife- taxonómicos útiles (diagnósticos) para la rentes (Cohen 2013), con el reconoci- delimitación de los taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Alkanna Tinctoria
    Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 176-185, 2019. DOI: 10.31466/kfbd.566276 Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi KFBD The Black Sea Journal of Sciences ISSN (Online): 2564-7377 Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Alkanna Tinctoria (L.) Tausch Root Extracts Hatice Aysun MERCIMEK TAKCI1*, Filiz UCAN TURKMEN2, Fatma Ceren ANLAS3, Fulya USTUN ALKAN3, Pemra BAKIRHAN4, Cihan DEMIR4, Nazim SEKEROGLU2 1Arts and Sciences Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralık University, 79000, Kilis, Turkey. [email protected] 2Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, Kilis 7 Aralık University, 79000, Kilis, Turkey. [email protected]/[email protected] 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Istanbul University, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey. [email protected], [email protected] 4The Institute for Graduate Studies in Sciences and Engineering, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis, 79000, Turkey. [email protected] Received: 16.05.2019 *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted: 03.06.2019 Abstract Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch produced naphthoquinones known as DNA-topoisomerases inhibitors has been used as the traditional therapeutic agent, especially wound healing in Turkey. The antimicrobial activity against 9 clinical microorganisms and cytotoxicity on canine mammary carcinoma cell line (CMT-U27) of Alkanna tinctoria root extracts (methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile) were researched by using MTT analysis. Alkanet root extracts showed antimicrobial activity against 2 (Proteus spp. and S. haemolyticus) out of 9 microorganisms. In vitro study towards CMT-U27 cancer cells, acetonitrile root extract at 100 µg/mL concentration showed strong and significant anti- proliferative effect. Our results are manifested that the Alkanet acetonitrile root extract can be evaluated as potential therapeutic agent, immediately after identification of bio-active metabolits in extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Cordia Subcordata Lam. C
    Cordia subcordata Lam. C JAMES A. ALLEN Paul Smiths College Paul Smiths, NY BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY) No synonyms Kou, sea trumpet (Corner 1988, Little and Skolmen 1989) The genus Cordia contains about 250 species. They occur in may begin within 3 to 5 years of age. The fruit is drupaceous, tropical to warm temperate regions throughout the world, almost round, green when young, and brown and hard at matu- with the greatest diversity of species in the Neotropics (Wagn- rity. The fruits (capsules) are approximately 2.5 cm long, and er and others 1990). Cordia subcordata is apparently native to contain up to four white seeds, each about 10 to 13 mm long. Malesia but has been spread throughout the Pacific and along The fruits can be collected from the ground or picked Indian Ocean shores. The species can be found on seashores directly from the trees by hand or with a pruning pole. Specif- and adjacent lowlands from east Africa to Polynesia. Cordia ic recommendations for storing C. subcordata seed are unavail- subcordata closely resembles C. sebestena L., a better-known able. Seeds of other Cordia species can retain some viability for species frequently planted as an ornamental along tropical and up to 1 year when stored in airtight containers (Mandal and subtropical coasts (Little and Skolmen 1989, Wagner and oth- others 1985), but sowing fresh seed is recommended. Because ers 1990). the seeds are very difficult to extract without damage, whole Cordia subcordata is a moderately fast-growing, small capsules are generally sowed. evergreen tree with a broad, dense crown.
    [Show full text]