SEAMEO-SPAFA Regional Centre for A r c h a e o l o g y and Fine Arts

SPAFA Journal is published three times a year by the SEAMEO-SPAFA Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts. It is a forum for scholars, researchers and professionals on archaeology, performing arts, visual a r t s and cultural activities in Southeast Asia to share views, research findings and evaluations. The opinions expressed in this journal are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of SPAFA.

SPAFA's objectives :

• Promote awareness and appreciation of the cultural heritage of Southeast Asian countries through preservation of archaeological and historical artifacts, and traditional arts;

• Help enrich cultural activities in the region;

• Strengthen professional competence in the fields of archaeology and fine arts through sharing of resources and experiences on a regional basis;

• Increase understanding among the countries of Southeast Asia through collaboration in archaeological and fine arts programmes. Editorial Board Production Services Mr. Pisit Charoenwongsa Prasanna Weerawardane Mr. Elmar B. Ingles Vassana Taburi Professor Khunying Maenmas Chavalit Wanpen Kongpoon Mr. Zulkifli Mohamad Wilasinee Thabuengkarn

Publication Co-ordinator Photographic Services Ean Lee Nipon Sud-Ngam

Cover Photographs by Dawn Rooney

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SPAFA Regional Centre SPAFA Building 81/1 Sri Ayutthaya Road, Samsen, Theves Bangkok 10300,Thailand Tel. (662) 2804022-29 Fax (662) 2804030 E-mail : [email protected] SPAFA Journal Volume 8 Number 1 (January-April 1998)

CONTENTS

In the footsteps of Henri Mouhot A French Explorer in 19th Century Thailand, Cambodia and Laos 5 Dawn Rooney

Remembering Dr Ruang 17 Elmar Beltran Ingles

SPAFA-ICOMOS as partners, to care for monuments and sites 21

Traditional Theatre in Transition Performances in the Park 25 Gui Wei Hsin

NEWS: 29 • Discovery of other temple ruins in Angkor • Infant dinosaur fossils •Holland seize priceless smuggled artifacts •'Cultural Management' Conference

SPAFA NEWS: 33 •Cultural Resource Management and Architectural Documentation •ASEAN-JapanMultinational Cultural Co-operation

Conferences: Agenda 37

Art on Show 1998 40

Bookmark 49

'A splendid night; the moon shines with extraordinary brilliancy, silvering the surface of this lovely river, bordered by high mountains, looking like a grand and gloomy rampart. The chirp of the crickets alone breaks the stillness.' Henri Mouhot sitting at the foot of a - Henri Mouhot wrote in his tree and drawing; Laos; wild elephants diary on the 15th of July 1861 while (background); servants preparing food (foreground) (Drawn by A. Poccourt sitting at the base of a tree in from a sketch by H. Mouhot) dense jungle on the bank of the mighty Mekong, near the ancient Laotian capital of Luang Prabang.1 In the footsteps of Henri Mouhot A French explorer in 19th Century Author's note: In 1997, I was so Thailand, Cambodia and Laos moved when I visited the site where Henri Mouhot was buried Dawn Rooney that on returning to Bangkok, I re-read his diaries. I was or nearly three years, from 1858 until his death in Laos in 1861, intrigued by this extraordinary Henri Mouhot explored the inner regions of Thailand (known human being, and felt compelled as Siam at that time), Cambodia and Laos. His legacy is a to reflect upon the little-known F detailed and unfinished diary of his keen observations of the places, man. people, animals, insects and shells of the region. Some of his notes are the earliest surviving records of previously uncharted areas. Alexandre Henri Mouhot was born on 15 May 1826, in the French village of Montbéliard, near the Swiss border. His father served in the administration of Louis Philippe and the Republic and his mother was a respected teacher who died when Henri was twenty years old. They had one other child, a son, Charles. Both parents made sacrifices to provide for the education of their two sons. Henri was a Greek scholar and studied philology with the intention of

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 5 teaching but he also developed landscapes, distinguished people of Wurttemberg, Countess of interests in the natural sciences and places of architectural inter- Montbéliard and great-niece of and foreign travel at an early age. est. At the outbreak of the the King of Prussia. Although When he was eighteen, he Crimean War in 1854, Mouhot the countess lived abroad, she went to St. Petersburg where he left Russia and returned to his remained loyal to her birthplace taught French and Greek at the home in Montbéliard. and returned to it often. This military academy, and later re- A historical link between historical link was the catalyst ceived a professor's diploma. Russia and Montbéliard may for many natives of Montbéliard Mouhot, who had a facility for explain why Mouhot decided to to go to Russia as private tutors languages, quickly learned Rus- go to Russia. The principality of or soldiers in the mid-19th cen- sian and Polish. In his leisure, Montbéliard was one of the sov- tury. he studied and mastered a new ereign states of the Germanic After a short stay with their photographic process invented Empire in the mid-18th century. father in Montbéliard, Henri and by Louis-Jacques-Mandé In 1776, the future Czar Paul I of his brother, Charles, travelled Daguerre. He took pictures of Russia married Sophia-Dorothea through Germany, Belgium and

Portrait of Henri Mouhot, c. 1860 A page from Mouhot's diaries with details of his observations (Drawn by M. H. Rousseau, from a Photograph) on the temple of Angkor Wat.

6 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 northern Italy, introducing the orient. Historians have put forth French Catholic missionaries Daguerre photographic process several factors. He may have serving at interior posts. They through their works of art. The been fulfilling a long cherished offered him food, shelter and so- two brothers moved to England dream to travel to Asia; or his lace, during which time he wrote in 1856 where they both mar- concentration on natural history poignantly of his respites with ried descendants of Mungo when he moved to Jersey may these missionaries: '... have you Park, the famous Scottish ex- have stimu- suffered? If plorer of Africa. Henri married lated his inter- you have, you Annette, who was probably the est in ac- will appreciate granddaughter of Mungo Park. quiring unique the feelings The two families settled on the specimens with which the island of Jersey in the English from the east; solitary wan- Channel where Henri refined his or, perhaps, a derer wel- study of the natural sciences, book, The comes the di- specialising in ornithology and Kingdom and vine cross, the conchology, and renewed his People of Siam: heart-stirring interest in foreign travel. with a narra- emblem of his Mouhot, an educated and tive of a mis- religion. It is cultured gentleman of the mid- sion to that to him a friend, 19th century, seemed an unlikely country in a consoler, a person to want to explore the 1855 by Sir father, a John Bowring, remote interior regions of South- A map to illustrate the Route and brother; at East Asia. Some two years after published in Notes of M. Henri Mouhot. 1859-61 sight of it the 1857, may (Published for the Journal of the moving to Jersey, however, Royal Geographical Society by J. soul expands, Mouhot set out alone for the have inspired Murray, London 1862). and the more east. He sought financial sup- Mouhot's jour- you have suf- port for his travels from both ney. Another possibility is that fered the better you will love it. France and England but was he was influenced by the increas- You kneel down, you pray, you unsuccessful. The prestigious ing French presence in South- forget your grief, and you feel Royal Geographical Society in East Asia in the mid-1850s and that God is with you. This is London, though, did give him the extended territorial rights of what I did.'2 its backing which undoubtedly the French to Cochin-China His beloved dog also afforded boosted his confidence and spir- (south Vietnam) and Cambodia. him comfort and companionship. its as he sailed east to a region On 27 April 1858 Henri 'My little 'Tine-Tine" says noth- so vaguely known at the time Mouhot and his King Charles ing, but creeps under my coun- that it was described on some dog, Tine-Tine, sailed from Lon- terpane and sleeps at his ease.. .I European maps of the period as don for Bangkok, a journey that much fear that my poor dog will 'Beyond India'. took four months. Soon after come to an untimely end, and be arriving he met Bishop Pallegoix It is unknown what influ- trampled under foot by some who put him in touch with other enced Mouhot to travel to the elephant, or devoured at a

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 7 mouthful by a tiger'.3 Tine-Tine in Chantaboun, a Chinese pep- fect, but who has not in this ironically outlived his master. per planter offered food and lodg- world? He now and then takes When the French Mekong ex- ing to Mouhot. The planter, a a drop too much'.5 pedition visited Luang Prabang, widower, suggested that his el- In the spring of 1859, six years after Mouhot's death, dest son, eighteen-year-old Mouhot left Chantaboun in a they found the fishing boat and dog in the care of followed the coast- a Laotian family. line along the Gulf Mouhot used of Siam to many modes of Kampot, on the travel - fishing west side. The boats plying the First King of Cam- coastline, el- bodia (Ang ephants, sure- Duang, reigned footed horses for 1848-1860) was in mountainous ar- residence and eas, oxen carts granted an audi- and, often, he ence to Mouhot, Angkor Wat at dawn trudged through who presented the the jungle on foot. He slept in Phrai, become Mouhot's servant king with an English 'walking- a hut when he could, but his Phrai was 'a good young man, stick gun.' The king recipro- accommodation was usually a lively, hardworking, brave, and cated by giving Mouhot permis- hammock strung between two persevering...Born amidst the sion to travel to the capital of trees and a mosquito net. He mountains, and naturally Udong, an eight-day journey to even spent one night in a tree intelligent,...he fears neither ti- the north-east by oxen. There when he was exploring a moun- ger nor elephant. All this, added Mouhot met the Second King of tain range and lost his bearings to his amiable disposition, made Cambodia (Norodom, reigned while chasing a wild boar. Phrai...a real treasure to me'.4 1860-1904) who provided him The preservation of Mouhot's The other servant with him at with wagons and elephants to diaries, illustrations and speci- his death was Deng ('the Red'), continue north to the village of mens can be attributed to a for- who spoke some English. 'He is Pinhalu where he visited the tuitous trip he made to the very useful to me as interpreter, Stiens, a savage tribe occupying coastal town of Chantaboun especially when I wish to com- an area east of the Mekong. (Chantaburi) where he met one prehend persons who speak with During the following winter, of the two boys who became his a great piece of betel between Mouhot began the part of his travel attendants, and who their teeth. He is likewise my journey that he is most well- packed up his materials and cook, and shows his skill when known for in the west - his carried them from Luang we want to add an additional dish exploration of the ruins of the Prabang to Bangkok after to our ordinary fare.. .This atten- ancient Khmer capital of Angkor. Mouhot's death. Upon arriving dant of mine has one little de- From Phnom Penh, he followed

8 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 the river north and noted that gentiles as St Peter's at Rome.'7 of labour, that, at the first view, 'the river becomes wider and The above mentioned accounts one is filled with profound admi- wider, until at last it is four or of Angkor received little atten- ration, and cannot but ask what five miles in breadth; and then tion in the west, perhaps because has become of this powerful you enter the immense sheet of they were religious records and race, so civilised, so enlightened, water called Touli-Sap [Tonle were not circulated. So even the authors of these gigantic Sap], as large and full of motion though Henri Mouhot did not works? One of these temples - as a sea.. .The shore is low, and 'rediscover' Angkor, as has been a rival to that of Solomon, and thickly covered with trees, which the long-held idea in the west, erected by some ancient Michael are half submerged; and in the he was the first w e s t e r n e r to gen- Angelo - might take an distance is visible an extensive erate a widespread interest in honourable place beside our range of mountains whose high- the ancient Khmer capital of most beautiful buildings. It is est peaks seem lost in the clouds. Angkor. He did this through his grander than anything left to us The waves glitter in the broad diaries which contain detailed by Greece or Rome...'8 sunshine with a brilliancy which descriptions and illustrations of Although Mouhot visited the eye can scarcely support, the Khmer monuments. and described several monu- and, in many parts of the lake, nothing is visible all around but water. In the centre is planted a tall mast, indicating the bound- ary between the kingdoms of Siam and Cambodia'.6 Numerous western mission- aries either saw or knew of Angkor at least three hundred years before Mouhot. A text by Portuguese Diogo de Couto of the mid-16th century, for ex- ample, accurately described both Angkor Wat and Angkor Thorn. The centre west entrance, Angkor Wat (Drawn by M. Théroud from a Sketch by Mouhot) Later, Spanish missionaries wrote of the ruins at Angkor. Mouhot's first impressions ments at Angkor, it is his per- Père Chevruel, a French mis- of Nokhor, or Ongcor [Angkor] ceptive observations and draw- sionary, wrote at the beginning testify to his astuteness and ings of Angkor Wat that captured th of the 17 century: There is an perceptiveness. 'In the province the imagination of the west. ancient and very celebrated still bearing the name of They include the layout of temple situated at a distance of Ongcor,...there are,...ruins of Angkor Wat, architectural fea- eight days from the place where such grandeur, remains of struc- tures of the terrace, the cause- I live. This temple is called Onco, tures which must have been way, roofs, columns, porticos, and it is as famous among the raised at such an immense cost and galleries and details of the

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 9 bas-reliefs - scenes, locations, he returned to Bangkok for ad- dress, jewellery, military weap- ditional credentials and then con- ons, flora and fauna. 'What tinued to Laos. strikes the observer, ... [apart He reached Luang Prabang from] the grandeur, regularity, on 25 July 1861. The moun- and the beauty of tains which, these majestic above and below Mouhotia gloriosa, the beetle buildings, is the this town, en- discovered in Laos by Henri Mouhot immense size close the and prodigious Mekong, form number of the here a kind of to the Laotian tribes to the east blocks of stone circular valley or in early 1862, and in July or Au- of which they are amphitheatre, gust, to go down the Mekong to constructed.'9 nine miles in di- Cambodia. His plans, though, In the sum- ameter, and were aborted when on 19 Octo- mer of 1860, which, there can ber 1861 Mouhot was attacked Mouhot set out be no doubt, was by a fever. His notes leave little on another pio- anciently a lake. doubt that he himself thought neering journey, It was a charm- he was near death. 'If I must die From Bangkok to Kenne Thao. ing picture, re- here, where so many other wan- this time to A map to illustrate the Route and north-eastern Notes of M. Henri Mouhot. 1859- minding one of derers have left their bones, I 61 (Published for the Journal of the beautiful shall be ready when my hour Siam and Laos as the Royal Geographical Society 11 far north as by J. Murray, London 1862). lakes of Como comes'. Ten days later he made Luang Prabang. and Geneva. his last entry in his diary, '- Have 12 Before his departure, Siamese Were it not for the constant blaze pity on me, oh my God....!' in Bangkok told Mouhot that of a tropical sun, or if the mid- Henri Mouhot died on the they knew of only one other day heat were tempered by a evening of 10 November 1861. foreigner in the past twenty-five gentle breeze, the place would Phrai and Deng, Mouhot's 10 years, a French priest, who had be a little paradise.' Mouhot faithful servants, buried him on penetrated the heart of Laos and collected numerous specimens the bank of Nam Kan River, east returned safely. Mouhot, of insects. A splendid black of Luang Prabang, at the spot though, believed it was his des- insect that he discovered in Laos where he died. Then they car- tiny to make the trip. First he is considered one of the most ried his notes and specimens to went north to Ayutthaya, then to magnificent known specimens of Bangkok where they transferred Korat where he visited a Khmer a beetle. It was named Mouhotia the items to the French Consul temple, Prasat Phnom Wan, and gloriosa, in honour of Henri who forwarded them to on to Chaiyapoon, where his trip Mouhot. Mouhot's wife and brother. The family later gave them to the was aborted by an official who He planned to spend the re- Royal Geographical Society in refused to help him obtain oxen mainder of the year in the envi- London, where his hand-written or elephants for his journey. So rons of Luang Prabang, then go

10 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 notes are accessible in the ar- The Admiral in charge of the From Kenne Thao to Luang chives today. Prabang. A map to illustrate the expedition, de la Grandière, be- Six years after Mouhot's Route and Notes of M. Henri Mouhot. 1859-61 (Published for the lieved that France owed 'recog- death, the French Mekong Ex- Journal of the Royal Geographical nition and regret to the hardy ploration Commission set out to Society by J. Murray, London 1862). explorer to whom she had find a navigable route, from granted neither help nor encour- Saigon into China, that could be agement when they could have used for trade along the Mekong been of use'13. He, therefore, River. The expedition, led by requested that the Doudart de Commander Ernest-Marc-Louis Lagrée expedition try to put up de Gonzague Doudart de Lagrée, a monument in Mouhot's a 42-year-old naval officer, used memory near the site where he the map drawn by Mouhot for died. travelling overland in Laos. As On 29 April 1867, the com- his map was the only existing mission reached Luang Prabang. one at that time, credit is given Soon after arriving, Commander to Mouhot for having produced Doudart de Lagrée asked the the first map of the route from ruler of Laos for permission to Bangkok to Luang Prabang. construct a monument over

The Nam Kan River

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 11 Henri Mouhot's tomb, Laos, 1997. The plaque on the south face of the tomb

A detail of the plaque on the north face of the tomb The plaque on the west face of the tomb

Henri Mouhot's grave. The ruler surrounded the tomb was pleas- ronment in the territories be- readily agreed and offered to ant and sad at the same time. A tween Luang Prabang and provide the necessary materials. few trees and the rustling of their Tonkin. Dr. Neis, a medical Louis Delaporte, a member of tops accompanied the murmur doctor, led the mission and vis- the commission, made drawings of the waters of the Nam Kan ited Mouhot's tomb in 1883. He and supervised the building of which ran at their feet. On the decided to go to Mouhofs tomb the monument. It was placed on opposite side rose a wall of black- to see what had become of the the spot where Mouhot was ish rocks which formed the other monument which had been buried, high on the bank of the side of the torrent. There are no erected for our compatriot by the Nam Kan River. A simple plaque dwellings and no human traces de Lagrée Mission and to have inscribed 'H. Mouhot, May 1867' in the vicinity of the last resting it repaired if necessary. He was attached to the monument. place of this adventurous wrote : 'Early in the morning of The date of 1867 refers to the Frenchman.'14 the twenty-seventh I left on year the French commission The next French expedition horseback, accompanied by my erected the tombstone. to record seeing Mouhot's young interpreter and two lower A member of the expedition monument was on a mission to ranking mandarins. After hav- wrote: The landscape which find out about the political envi- ing crossed beautiful rice-fields

12 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 terraced on the sides of the vestiges of the monument built face, inscribed with Mouhot's mountain range which followed by Mr. Louis Delaporte. Built in name and the dates of his birth the Nam Kan, we arrived, after a humid forest, during the rainy and death, was put up by Pavie. an hour and a half of marching season, the tomb had never been Another one, on the south side, at a great and rich village called able to dry and the poor quality acknowledges both of the Ban Penom. There we comman- lime of the country had immedi- French delegations who erected deered the village chief and ately been washed away by the monuments. It is inscribed, three or four Laotians to serve diluvial rains common in this 'Doudart de Lagrée...fit elever as guides and to open up the season. Above the grave the ce tombeau...en 1867...Pavie... path for us. From these village terrain had caved in. The bricks, le reconstruisit...en 1887.' there are only vaguely indicated no longer retained, fell one next [Doudart de Lagrée raised this paths and these men preceded to the other. Perhaps also the tombstone in 1867; Pavie recon- us, to cut the branches which inhabitants of the surroundings structed it in 1887]. barred the route, with their sa- or oarsmen on the Nam Kan had The third plaque was put up bers... come to take away some of the nearly 130 years after Mouhot's After following the Nam Kan bricks to make their kitchen death, perhaps as the comple- for an hour since our departure ovens. Despite my search I tion of a longtime commitment. from Ban Penom, we arrived at could not find the sandstone Upon hearing of his death, the the foot of a rather high moun- plate which had the inscription. Society of Montbéliard - where tain, the Pou So-uan, close to big I had the soil carefully cleared Mouhot was born - wrote in a rapids which are called Keng from shrubs; I reassembled the letter to his brother 'His work Noun and we made a stopover bricks; then, remembering that was left unfinished, but it was in a small Laotian hut built close Mouhot was a devout Catholic, gloriously commenced, and his to the river. The owner told me I had two young trees cut to name will not perish!'16 In1990, he had helped Mouhot' smen make a cross on which I en- residents from his birthplace of bury their master and he pro- graved his name. Planted deep Montbéliard in France fulfilled posed to take me to his tomb. in the soil and supported by this commitment when they trav- We left our horses there and the bricks, it will, at least for a few elled to his grave in Laos to pay locals cleared the path for us more years, indicate the place their respects and to install a with sabers, cutting through li- where the first European who plaque on the west face of the anas and rattans. After twenty arrived in Luang Prabang, was tombstone. The inscription: 'La 15 minutes of counter-marching buried'. ville de Montbéliard...fière de and groping our way, the guide Epilogue : The monument son enfant [the village of pointed me to a thicket, saying; that stands today was put up by Montbéliard is proud of their "There is the tomb of the falang" August Pavie, the first French child]... 1990.' [foreigner]. They attacked the consul at Luang Prabang, in In August 1997,I visited the thicket with blows of their sa- 1887, to replace the first, less tomb of Henri Mouhot. I wanted bers and, indeed, I soon found durable, one. Three plaques on to see the last resting place of some scattered bricks on the the monument commemorate this extraordinary Frenchman, ground: these were the only Mouhot. The one on the north who went nearly two years with-

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 13 out encountering another Euro- Mouhot. The rest of it was hid- 3 Mouhot(1864) Oxford Univer- pean. He risked his life in pur- den by thick jungle. sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 2, suit of nature and of 'seeing so We began our ascent to the pp 94-5. much that is beautiful, grand, monument, and as we moved 4 and new' in the remote interior closer, it came into full view. Mouhot(1864) Oxford Univer- sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 1, p of Laos which no other foreigner Face to face, the rectangular, 155. had seen before him. I wanted grey granite monument was big- to see the environs of Luang ger than expected (dimensions: 5 Mouhot(1864) Oxford Univer- Prabang, the treacherous river height =10 ft; width = 6 ft; diam- sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 2, eter =3 ft). We walked around swirling through the thick jungle pp 78-9. that Mouhot poignantly de- it slowly, pushing bushes aside, scribed in his diaries. reflecting on the brief life of 6 Mouhot (1864) Oxford Univer- I went at the height of the Henri Mouhot (he died at age sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 2, p wet season. A torrential rain thirty-five), the contribution he 272. during the night had left the made, the legacy he left in the early morning air still and sticky. form of his diaries, which were 7 Clifford(1904)White Lotus The site seemed little changed published posthumously (in (reprint 1990), p 154. from Mouhot's descriptions in English in 1864), and the dedi- 8 his diary, although the access cation made by his wife and Mouhot (1864) Oxford Univer- has improved. A low layer of brother. The diaries were dedi- sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 1, mist floats above. We descended cated To the learned societies pp 278-9. a steep bank to the edge of the of England, who have favoured 9 Mouhot (1864) Oxford Univer- swelling Nam Kan River, where with their encouragement the sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 1, p muddy water splashed over the journey of M. Henri Mouhot to 299. foot path. Perspiration rolled the remote lands of Siam, Laos, 17 down our faces and soaked our and Cambodia.' 10 Mouhot (1864) Oxford Univer- clothes, prickly thorns pierced sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 2, p us as we plodded through thick All illustrations supplied by 137. jungle and gooey mud along the Dawn Rooney river's edge, which ran parallel 11 Mouhot (1864) Oxford Univer- to the river. A slight clearing in sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 2, p the jungle and a ray of sun, high- Notes 99. lighting the bank, took our eyes 1 Mouhot(1864) Oxford Univer- 12 to the steep slope of the bank sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 2, p Mouhot (1864) Oxford Univer- nearest to us. In the distance, 141. sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 2, p some twenty or thirty yards 160. beyond, we glimpsed a corner 2 Mouhot(1864) Oxford Univer- 13 of the monument that marked sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 1, p De Carné (1872) reprint White the last resting place of Henri 182. Lotus (1995), p 152.

14 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 14 Garnier (1868) reprint White De Carné, Louis, Travels in Indo- Mouhot, Henri, Travels in Siam, Lotus (1996), p 302. China and The Chinese Cambodia and Laos Empire, Longon, 1858-1860, London, John 15 Neis (1884) reprint and Chapman and Hall, 1872, Murray, 1864, 2 vols, translation 1997, pp 734. reprinted Bangkok, reprinted Bangkok, Cheney, White Lotus, White Lotus, 1986; 16 Mouhot (1864) White Lotus 1995. reprinted Singapore, (reprint 1986), Memoir of the Oxford University Press, Author, J.J. Belinfante, p 27. The French in Indo-China: With a 1989 and 1992. narrative of Garnier's 17 Mouhot(1864) Oxford Univer- explorations in Cochin- Neis, P. Travels in Upper Laos sity Press (reprint 1992), vol 1, p China, Annam and and Siam: with an 7. Tonquin, reprinted Account of the Chinese Bangkok, Cheney, White Haw Invasion and Puan Lotus, 1994. Resistance, Walter E.J. BIBLIOGRAPHY Tiops, trans and Intro, Gamier, Francis, Travels in reprinted Bangkok, Barron, Sandy, 'Back to the Cambodia and Part of White Lotus Press, 1997. Future,' The Nation, 19 Laos: The Mekong May 1996. Exploration Commission Osborne, Milton, River Road to Report (1866-1868) - China: The Search for Bowring, Sir John, The Kingdom Volume 1, Walter E.J. the Source of the and People of Siam, Tips, trans and Intro, Mekong, 1866-73, 2nd London, 1857; reprinted reprinted Bangkok, edition, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and White Lotus Press, 1996. Archipelago Press, 1996. Singapore, Oxford University Press, 1969 Hoskin, John, 'In An Explorer's Ponder, H.W., Cambodian Glory, and 1989. Footsteps,' Sawasdee, Condon, Thornton n.d. pp 43-45. Butterworth, 1936. Clifford, Hugh, Further India: Being the Story of , Trailing an Explorer Pym, Christopher, ed, Henri Exploration from the in Cambodia,' The Asian Mouhot's Diary, Kuala Earliest Times in Burma, Wall Street Journal, 4-5 Lumpur, Oxford Univer- Malaya, Siam, and Indo- August, n.d. sity Press, 1966. China, reprinted Bangkok, White Lotus, Montbéliard and Holy Russia, an Smithies, Michael, Intro, Descrip- 1992. unusual history,' Internet tions of Old Siam? Kuala site , 10 Dec 189. 1861),' Living, December 1997. 1983, pp 14-18.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 15 Henri Mouhot (1826-1861): Siam, The temples of Angkor, the great Cambodia, and Laos,' in historical legacy of the Khmer Explorers of South-East civilization, stand majestically in situ Asia: Six Lives, Victor T. in north-west Cambodia. The King, ed & Intro, Kuala monuments, constructed between the Lumpur, Oxford Univer- ninth and fifteenth centuries, belong sity Press, 1995, pp 1-49. to the classic period of Khmer art and are unrivalled in architectural Thomson, John, The Straits of greatness. The temples are Malacca, Indo-China and astounding with their splendour and China or Ten Years' perfection, but beyond the emotions Travels, Adventures and they evoke lie complex microcosms Residence Abroad, of mythology. London, Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and The book is divided into three parts: Searle, 1875; reprinted the first contains background as The Straits of Mal- information on Khmer history, acca, Siam, and Indo- religious beliefs and legends depicted China: Travels and on bas-reliefs, with descriptions of Adventures of a Nine- decorative and architectural features teenth-century Photogra- including a section on restoration and pher, Singapore, Oxford conservation of the temples, while University Press, 1993. the second part is a monument-by- monument guide to the sites. The text is accompanied throughout by Dawn F. Rooney has a doctor- detailed maps and plans. The third SECOND EDITION ate in art history and specialises section contains practical information • 300 pages in Southeast Asia. Her most on where to stay, eat and get around • 30 maps recent publication is Angkor: An in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh. and temple diagrams Introduction to the Temples • 72 illustrations (Hong Kong, Odyssey/Pass- Author Dawn Rooney is a Doctor •Historical overview port, 1997). of Philosophy in art history and • Temple itinerary has written several books on • Easy-to-use maps south-east Asian art and culture. •Superb colour photography "...an excellent guide, well written, • Practical information with beautiful photographs..." The New York Times

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16 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 Remembering Dr. Ruang

On the 6 t h of D e c e m b e r 1997, SPAFA's Director Dr. R u a n g Chareonchai p a s s e d away in hospital while u n d e r g o i n g t r e a t m e n t for c a n c e r of the throat. News of his d e a t h s t u n n e d SPAFA's staff, colleagues and friends. Elmar Ingles, SPAFA's Senior Specialist in Visual Arts, relates h i s reaction to the event

t was a bright and sunny Monday morning programme participants after I announced Dr. (December 8,1997) when I was awakened by Ruang's demise. As everyone observed a few I a call from Vassana Taburi, SPAFA Secretary, minutes of silence, I shed some tears; others - men who broke the upsetting news of Dr. Ruang and women alike - cried unabashedly while saying Chareonchai's death. We were in Pattaya, the last their prayers in silence. leg of an exposure trip for the participants of the This was a man who demonstrated strong will SPAFA Training Course on Museum Exhibitions. and resilience against a killer disease (cancer), Dr. Ruang passed away on December 6. who performed his task and refused to go on a I was speechless. Stunned is the word. I was prolonged leave of absence despite his ailment. even more shocked when Vassana told me that This was the man who had given me sage advice one of his last deeds before expiring was to sign and prodded me to stay on at SPAFA at a time the trainees' certificates of participation for the when I was besieged with personal and profes- ongoing training programme. sional worries. This was the man who trusted and had full confidence in me as a professional staff Tears and Fears member of the Centre despite my relatively young There is something gentle and kind about death age; who expressed support and encouragement that unites people of different race, nationality and for my unconventional approach to programme religious persuasion. This I realised on the bus development and implementation. This was my that same morning before proceeding to our day's surrogate father in this country where personal itinerary, while I was watching the reaction of the intimacy is not commonly known to exist in pro-

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 17 fessional work tural programming. He initiated and pursued ef- environment forts to integrate the disciplines of arts, culture between people and heritage conservation. He also ably secured of different administrative co-operation and greater financial race, ageassistance from the host-government and other bracket, and sources. social standing. Dr. Ruang was able to carry out the above He was a tasks because of his sincerity, coupled with will friend, father power and just influence among the officers of and a support- Thailand's Ministry of Education, with whom he ive boss. And had worked during his term as a high-ranking ifs like missing three dear persons in one's family, Ministry official before he joined SEAMEO SPAFA social circle and workplace. Hence, the tears, over- In his lifetime, he had served the Ministry of whelming grief and fear of the unknown. Education in various capacities: Deputy Perma- nent Secretary, Secretary-General of the Office of The Singing Administrator the National Culture Commission, Secretary-Gen- During his four-year incumbency as SPAFA Cen- eral of Office of Private Education Commission tre Director, Dr. Ruang has achieved wider recog- and Deputy Secretary-General of a few other de- nition for the Centre's efforts, reputation and cul- partments. While as Director of SPAFA, he contin-

Dr. Ruang Chareonchai was born in Chieng Rai, north of Thailand, in 1932. He studied in the Ban Somdej Teacher Training College in Bangkok before going to the Ohio State University, U.S.A., on the King's Scholarship, to obtain his bachelor and master degrees in Industrial Education. In 1963, Dr. Ruang completed his doctorate and received his Ph.D degree in Secondary and Teachers Education from Ohio State University, and thereafter became a teacher at Suan Kularb College. A year later, he worked as supervisor of the Department of General Education where he became Assistant Director-General in 1974. Later, Dr. Ruang excelled as Secretary-General of the Office of the National Culture Commission, a position he assumed in 1984. He became a very active delegate of the Asia and Oceania Sector of CIOFF (Conscil international des organizations de festivals de folklore et d'arts traditionals), and organised several events on folklore. In 1984, he was nominated by the world congress to act as President of ClOFF's Asia and Oceania Sector, and later, as President of CIOFF-Thailand. In 1988, Dr. Ruang became Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education, Thailand, and concluded his official service as Secretary-General of the Office of the Private Education Commission, in 1992. Dr. Ruang spent more than 4 years (between 1993 and 1997) as Director of SEAMO's Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA). During his incumbency as Centre Director, he achieved international recognition for SEAMEO-SPAFA's efforts, reputation and cultural activities (enhanced by his links with CIOFF organisations). He also, with vision, initiated and pursued projects to incorporate folklore in the preservation of cultural resources in Southeast Asia. Centre personnel have deep respect and admiration for Dr. Ruang's distinguished performance as a Centre Director, especially his style of management which significantly reduced bureaucratic practices within the organisation, and fostered trust and responsibility among the staff. Without doubt, his guidance and absence are sorely missed. Dr. Ruang had been receiving treatment, for cancer of the throat, at the Pramongkutklao General Hospital when he suffered a fatal heart failure on Saturday 6, December 1997. He was 65 years old, and is survived by his wife, 3 daughters and 2 sons. We share his family's sorrow, and remember - among many things - the efforts he made, the words he offered and the songs he sang.

18 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 ued to act - beyond his duty, having had retired greatest tribute when he accorded Dr. Ruang the from public office - as consultant and adviser to unofficial title of being The Father of World Folk- several private schools and universities. lore'. Known as a music lover, a fact that became "Our friendship was most precious, and en- evident during social gatherings in which Dr. abled CIOFF to strengthen its relations with Asia Ruang never failed to volunteer to sing sanguine and Thailand. Dr. Ruang was a most sensitive and traditional Thai songs to the delight of his audi- understanding person, always striving for a better ence, the moniker "the singing administrator" has world filled with peace and happiness. CIOFF will become a fitting tribute to the man.

Expressions of grief That Dr. Ruang touched the lives of many people is apparent in the outpouring of grief and sadness from his friends and colleagues in the world. Days after break- ing the sad news, faxes, e-mails and mes- sages were received by the Centre. Fr. Gabriel Casal, SPAFA Governing Board Member for the Philippines, remem- bers Dr. Ruang's efforts to steer SEAMEO SPAFA toward greater recognition and vigour: "At a time when funding was a problem for the Centre, Dr. Ruang ably secured additional financial help from the host government of Thailand, resulting in the continuation of proposed plans and activities. His efforts benefited the numer- ous participants who, otherwise, would not have been able to participate. During SPAFA meetings, he provided the music and merriment without which the Centre's activities would not be half as pleasant Dr. Ruang loved life and life loved him in return." The Counseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts always remember Dr. Ruang's important contribu- Traditionnels (CIOFF), which unanimously re- tion in building CIOFF and the society of tomor- elected him as its Vice President in absentia, like- row," expressed Mr. Guy Landry, CIOFF Repre- wise expressed grief. Mr. Savas Tugsavul, presi- sentative for North America. dent of the Turkey National Sector, paid the

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 19 Mr. Siegfried Verbeelen of CIOFF-Belgium Another close associate, Mr. Rolf Leander, who adds: "As chairman of (CIOFF) Legal Commis- served as CIOFF Secretary General-Treasurer for sion, I worked closely with him and I appreciated several terms, expressed deep regret: "I can as- him as a wise leader and diplomat who always sure you that he will always be remembered by the found a good solution to difficult questions. He entire CIOFF as a most faithful and generous friend, helped us solve the difficult matter of the member- a very intelligent person and an important part of ship of Chinese Taipeh (Taiwan)." our governing body." In what was probably the most touch- ing tribute from a single CIOFF group, the National Sector of New Zealand wrote: "In New Zealand, we have a native tree called the Totara which grows very tall and strong, and it stands upright for hundreds of years. It is a very special tree to the Maori people, and is looked after by the God of the Forest named Tane. When a Chief, or a person who has earned the respect of the Maori people, dies, we have a lament which goes like this: Ko hinga te Totara o te wao nui a Tane! (The mighty Totara has fallen in the great forest of Tane - weep o people!). This is how we feel about Dr. Ruang. He was a mighty man, full of wisdom and humour - qualities we admired. His presence in New Zealand early this year (1997) will hold precious memories for us. He participated in all the events that took place, and when the CIOFF meetings were fin- ished for the day, we were glad to sit with him and remember how proud he was when he showed us photos of his family. He spoke about his family as only a proud father and husband can. We also remember his joy as he watched our children performing and how he was planning to invite them to Bangkok at a later date. We feel privileged to have had him at our conference."

Elmar Beltran Ingles SEAMEO-SPAFA Senior Specialist in Visual Arts

20 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 SPAFA-ICOMOS as partners, to care for monuments and sites ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) and SPAFA are due to enter a new phase of mutual assistance and co-operation after Dr. Roland Silva, International President of ICOMOS, visited SPAFA on Friday 6 February 1998. At the SPAFA Centre, Bangkok, he discussed several matters with Mr. Pisit Charoenwongsa, SPAFA's Officer-in-Charge, during a meeting which was also attended by Mr. Prasanna Weerawardane (Co-ordinator, SPAFA's Cambodian Project) and Mr. Ean Lee (SPAFA's Pub- lication Manager). Dr. Silva began by referring to the minutes of the previous SPAFA-ICOMOS meeting held at SPAFA in September 1997. He expressed his profound sympathy and condolences at the demise - in December last year - of Dr. Ruang Chareonchai, SPAFA's former Director. Some of the issues discussed concerned: • monuments and sites of Mankind-2000 AD; • addition of SPAFA's member countries to ICOMOS' publication of the book series titled 'Monuments and Sites of the Member States of ICOMOS; • the nomination of Mr. Pisit Charoenwongsa as a member of the ICOMOS Executive Committee (to which post he has now been elected); • the encouragement of the countries in the region which are not members of ICOMOS to join.

Dr. Silva, are you visiting Thailand on a We would like SPAFA to help to liaise with the special mission? respective countries in the production of these I'm on my way to China for an inspection of publications. monuments for ICOMOS. It is the wish of ICOMOS to have all UN With reference to Thailand and more specifi- member states become members of ICOMOS in cally to SPAFA, ICOMOS would like, as a matter order that the standards of conservation could of convention, the director of SPAFA to be an achieve the highest levels. This is why we have Executive Member of ICOMOS, on behalf of South- translated the Venice Charter; at its 30th Anniver- east Asia. sary, into twenty-eight languages so that it could Secondly, we hope SPAFA will use its office to be widely disseminated, and that the people who carry the message of ICOMOS to the nine coun- matter, the masons and carpenters, who are con- tries in Southeast Asia, of which three are mem- serving the monuments, can understand the inter- bers, and to attract the other six to become mem- nationally-accepted principles of conservation. bers- Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam - and later perhaps Myanmar. How is ICOMOS helping countries to share Also, by the next general assembly in Mexico, one another's experiences? September 1999, we would like to publish - under Initially, we will be concentrating on sharing the Monuments and Sites Series - the work of five methods to conserve monuments and sites. China Member Countries of SPAFA, which will indicate may have some new ideas, for example, which their modus operandi on how they manage their they can share with the rest of the world. monuments and sites.

Dr. Roland Silva •

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 21 We are publishing books on monuments and The most important thing is that we use SPAFA sites, such as the one published on Japan, that tell as the epi-centre of the international interest on the world, "This is how we look after our monu- monuments and sites in Southeast Asia because ments and sites." Already we have published 18 your centre is centrally located, and you have the such books from different countries. direct links with the institutional organisations, We are hoping another 20 will come out in and are able to make contacts as an umbrella body, 1999 at the General Assembly in Mexico, includ- with the nine countries of ASEAN. ing one, on Thailand. By exchanging these infor- mation, we are sharing the research of private How can SPAFA help such objectives research institutions. currently? We all have different national legislation and SPAFA has already built the infrastructure to provisions (on conservation of monuments), and communicate with Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, it is a question of sharing our separate experi- Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. ences, and build an even higher and superior set Not all of them are ICOMOS members at the of standards. We can, thereby, enrich one another's moment. Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand are professional approaches to monuments and sites. members. Singapore is unfortunately not, because it is not a member of What is the imme- UNESCO. We want to diate role of SPAFA bring in the other coun- in the collaboration tries as members of with ICOMOS? ICOMOS. SPAFA covers ten We will be work- individual Southeast ing together to make Asian countries, whose SPAFA an epi-centre. concepts are reflected In fact, ICOMOS had and shared amongst initiated such an effort these countries. You with Professor Diskul are in the ideal position (former Centre Direc- to assist these coun- Dr. Roland Silva (in jacket) meeting in SPAFA tor of SPAFA) years tries by: ago; he was made an • enhancing the individuality of a country; Executive Committee member of ICOMOS, but • establishing a collective personality of the re- unfortunately he could not play an active role - gion; and although he was an elected member, he could not •contributing to elevating the international per- participate fully at all the meetings that we had sonality of ICOMOS, which presently covers because of the travelling distance to Europe. This about a hundred countries. is why I have insisted that our meetings must be The regional concepts of conservation prac- held in different parts of the world. And now, our tice in Asia, Europe, Africa, America, etc. will fi- European colleagues are beginning to feel "Oh my nally blossom out in an updated international goodness, how can we go that far?" The third charter like the Venice charter. These may supple- world Asians, Africans, and South Americans had ment existing charters, such as that of Venice; or to travel that far to come to Paris all these many even replace the archaic charters on excavation, years. made in 1954.

22 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 How is ICOMOS managing its international Nature), ICOMOS has an international role under mandate? the World Heritage Convention to advise the World One of the major strengths of ICOMOS is its Heritage Committee and UNESCO on the nomi- international committees. We have established in nation of new sites to be on the World Heritage each discipline, on buildings, vernacular architec- List. ture, archaeological heritage management, under- Through its nineteen International Scientific water archaeology, stained glass, cultural tourism, Committees of experts from around the world, and rock art, etc., all together nineteen such scientific through its triennial General Assembly, ICOMOS committees. seeks to establish international standards for the The 'Blue Shield' is the latest international preservation, restoration, and management of the committee of ICOMOS, and it is concerned with cultural environment. Many of these standards emergencies, such as when monuments are dam- have been promulgated as Charters by the aged by natural disasters or human conflicts. For organisation as a result of adoption by the ICOMOS example, the Sacred Temple of the Tooth in Sri General Assembly. Lanka was recently blasted by terrorists, and had a Blue Shield institution been operating there, the The ICOMOS Secretariat is located in Paris. head of the institution together with the staff would For further information, contact: have known exactly what to do and how to treat the religious and cultural objects of the site. The International Council on Monuments and Sites standard procedures are for a group to fight the 49-51, rue de la Federation fire; another to inform the police, ambulance, and 75015 Paris, France fire brigade, while a group will go to the key ob- Tel: (33.1) 45.67.67.70 jects that have to be preserved. Fax: (33.1) 45.66.06.22 In an emergency, preparatory care is impor- E-mail: [email protected] tant and consequently this becomes crucial in the final repair work for which we would need proper http://www/international.icomos.org/icomos documentation, good drawings, photographs and other details of the objects. For further information please write: [email protected]

ICOMOS Aims and Activities of ICOMOS ICOMOS is an international, non-governmental organisation dedicated to the conservation of the Aims: world's historic monuments and sites. The 1. to bring together conservation specialists from organisation was founded in 1965, as a result of the all over the world and serve as a forum for international adoption of the Charter for the Con- professional dialogue and exchange; servation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites 2. to collect, evaluate and disseminate informa- in Venice the year before. Today the organisation tion on conservation principles, techniques and has National Committees in nearly 100 countries. policies; ICOMOS is UNESCO's principal advisor in 3. to co-operate with national and international matters concerning the conservation and protec- authorities on the establishment of documen- tion of monuments and sites. With IUCN (The tation centres specialising in conservation; World Conservation Union on the Conservation of

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 23 4. to work for the adoption and implementation 6. organising and managing expert missions at of international conventions on the conserva- the request of heritage administration and legal tion and enhancement of architectural heri- entities which judge necessary the interven- tage; tion of a consultant for a particular conserva- 5. to participate in the organisation of training tion question; programmes for conservation specialists on a 7. playing a vital role in counselling UNESCO on world-wide scale; those cultural properties to be included on the 6. to put expertise of highly qualified profession- World Heritage List and in monitoring the als and specialists at the service of the inter- properties already listed; national community. 8. reaching specialists by means of wide distri- bution of the organisation's quarterly journal, Activities: ICOMOS News, and through publication of 1. the strengthening of its presence world-wide the proceedings of symposia on conservation; by encouraging the creation and growth of 9. awaking public interest in conversation by ICOMOS National Committees; encouraging media coverage and the celebra- 2. extending the influence of the Venice Charter tion of the International Day for Monuments by creating flexible doctrinal texts for specific and Sites sectors of architectural heritage; 3. defining adaptable management techniques for Membership cultural properties; Individual, Institutional, Affiliated, Benefactors. 4. developing training programmes on a multilat- All members must be qualified in the field of eral basis involving the collaboration of Na- conservation, having exercised the profession of tional and International Committees; architect, archaeologist, urban planner, engineer, 5. enriching ICOMOS' international Documen- heritage administrator, art historian, or archivist tation Centre in Paris and setting up video and As of 1 January 1996, ICOMOS had 5,300 mem- slide libraries devoted to architectural heri- bers in 100 countries. tage;

A report from the Asia-Pacific World Heritage Youth Forum, describing its main features and events, shedding some light on the concept of World Heritage and World Heritage Education, and presenting the students' and teachers' proposals for future action.

if you are an educator, you w i l l find inspiration to teach about World Heritage. if you are a Student, you will discover ways to take part in saving the world's cultural and natural heritage. if you are a site manager, you will find a whole range of proposals on how to present a site for visitors and how to make the v i s i t even more memorable for them.

This report seeks to encourage World Heritage Education in Asia and the Pacific -all according to the suggestions given by the 86 students and teachers from 20 countries who came to the Beijing Forum, 1997.

Richard Engelhardt Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia and the Pacific UNESCO

Available upon request from: UNESCO Principal Regional office for Asia and the Pacific 920 Sukhumvit Rd., Bangkok 10110, Thailand. Tel : (662) 391-0879 Fax : (662) 391-0866 E-mail :[email protected] Attracting young people to the theatre is the main task of Chinese opera groups

Traditional Theatre in Transition Performances in the Park Gui Wei Hsin

In conjunction with Singapore's Festival of Asian Performing Arts, held by the National Arts Council, the Chinese Opera Institute (COI) organised an international seminar entitled Traditional Theatre in Transition', with the aim of providing a cross-cultural discursive platform for interaction among aca- demics, practitioners and enthusiasts from all forms of traditional theatre. This event was held in Singapore, on two fronts; invited guests and speakers presented their papers at daily symposium sessions from the 6th to the 8th of June in the day, while various traditional theatre groups performed their pieces at night starting from the 5th. The symposium on Traditional Theatre in Transition' was meant to be a study of the process of change in traditional theatrical forms, culminating in 9 papers delivered over 3 days in both Chinese and English. It was opened by the principal of the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, Mr. Ho Kah Leong, and the first day saw Wang An Kui presenting his paper 'A New Space in Modern Chinese Opera'. On the second day, an even greater variety of topics that ran across the board was offered, from Tu Xiu Hao's discussion of 'Space in Ming Hua Yuan - A Case Study', Lu Mei Hua's explanation of 'Symbolism in Chinese Opera', to intense, personal accounts based on first-hand experience by Wu Qi Ren ('A Singapore Perspective of the Creative Process in Li Yuan XT) and Shang Guan Liu Yun ('An Actor's Perspective on the Persistent Survival of Chinese Opera'). Bao Hua Sheng ended the day's presentation with his thorough review of The Unique Art of Hu Ju'. During the third and final day of the symposium, English speakers put their papers forward. Wong Kwang Han started off with a comparison of Chinese Opera and Epic Theatre', drawing similarities and differences between the two performing styles; while Gui Wei Hsin spoke from his individual experience of learning Chinese opera movements in his presentation 'Chinese Opera Movement - Gracefulness in Precision'. Lee Tong Soon completed the symposium with his paper on 'Constructing Social Space and Identity: Chinese Street Opera in Singapore' that dealt with the social as well as the cultural correlation between the Chinese opera troupes and Singaporean society.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 25 Traditional Theatre in Tran- for each night would brief the abled those of a younger gen- sition' was, however, not only audience on the background and eration who are not well versed limited to scholarly discussion. distinguishing characteristics of in the performing dialects such Considered as part of the Festi- each performance genre, and as Cantonese or Teochew to be val of Asian Performing Arts English and Chinese translations able to follow the action on stage. Fringe event, the COI invited of the script were flashed on Furthermore, the COI enlisted various local performing the help of several eager troupes to stage excerpts Beijing Opera 'The Water Margin' and enthusiastic stu- in an open grass patch performed by the artists of Chinese dents from the Anglican Opera Institute in a park. along Orchard Road, at High School in the heart of the Central Singapore to be ushers, Business District in comperes and slide pro- Singapore. This innova- jector assistants. They tive locality proved very provided invaluable as- successful as it attracted sistance for the entire many passers-by and event, while being able foreign tourists who to watch and learn from were shopping or on the experienced and vet- their way home from eran artists on stage. work, while the make- Of special note is the shift stage and open air makeshift, open-air de- environment simulta- sign of the backstage neously lent an authen- area, where the perform- tic atmosphere, reminis- ers donned their cos- cent of the earlier street tumes and prepared wayang performances of their make-up. This a bygone era. open concept allowed If the theories and passers-by and audience discussions of the sym- members to witness first- posium sessions were 'Traditional theatre in the Park' is an hand the process of pre- effective outreach programme rich and varied, the paring for a stage perfor- night-time performances mance as the actors and actresses transformed them- were spectacular and fascinating slides throughout the perfor- selves before their very eyes, as almost 800 traditional per- mance. while the musicians tuned their forming artists from 17 groups In this way, the event served instruments and practised short took the stage for 4 nights. To as a means by which young snatches in anticipation of the help members of the public who people could both learn and be upcoming show. might be unfamiliar with the involved in traditional perform- conventions of the traditional ing arts. For one, the English On opening night, a reflec- performing arts, the comperes and Chinese translations en- tion of Singapore's multi-cultural

26 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 and ethnic diversity was pre- Peking Opera piece which told other deity in The Immortal sented by the Nrityalaya Aesthet- the story of a lowly scholar who Lu Dong Pin and Lady Peony' ics Society with an Indian Kathak excels in the Imperial examina- The story of a young peasant Dance Journey of the Magi- tions and tests the loyalty of his girl with superior sword-fighting cal Anklet', an encomium about wife. Teck Ghee Community skills who saved the Kingdom of the magical anklets that adorn Centre offered a Cantonese op- Zhao during the Warring States the lotus feet of Lord Shiva and era excerpt about the romance period was recounted in Thau other Indian deities. The Malay between a young lady and a Yong Musical Association's The Sriwana Dance Troupe put up a scholar who gives her a jade Lady Zhao'. Bangsawan piece called 'Prin- bracelet as a gift in 'Picking the Several classical and famil- cess Nilam Kencana' about a Jade Bracelet', and Ping Sheh iar pieces were performed on the fairy princess, and the rest of Peking Opera Troupe concluded final night of performances. the night was filled by Chinese the day's events with The Re- The Witty Maid' by Tian Yun operas in various dialects, with venge of Lady Er Woo Amateur Musical& Li', which saw the Dramatic Association's Teochew spirit of an impe- opera 'Eight Immortals' based rial concubine re- on the legendary Chinese dei- turning to save her ties; the Chinese Theatre Circle's lover from assas- Cantonese opera 'Broken sination by the evil Bridge' from the famous legend Prime Minister. of Madam White Snake; a Three new special guest performance by original operas Peking opera veteran Mdm were staged on Phan Wait Hong in her piece Gui Wei Hsin presenting his paper the 7th of June. "Chinese Opera Movement - Graceful- Women Generals of the Yang First on the list ness in Precision" at the 'Traditional Family, and a Peking opera Theatre in Transition' Symposium at was Lao Sai Tao the Chinese Opera Institute, Singapore finale by the COI's own perform- Yuan Opera Asso- ers with 'Heroine of the Water ciation with a Teochew opera Peking Opera Society is self- Margin' about the exploits of the T h e Triumphant Return' explanatory - a witty young maid heroine of the Song dynasty, Hu about a poor scholar who gains Chun Cao defeats her opponents San Niang. wealth and fame during the with her verbal dexterity. The On the 6th of J u n e , the Kong Imperial examinations and his ever-popular huang mei opera Chow Wui Koon performed The struggle to prevent his fiancee Romance of Tang Bo Hu and Emperor Tung Chi and Em- from being married off to a rich Qiu Xiang' was presented by press Ah Lu Te' about the man's son. The Hokkien Khong the Singapore Hainan Associa- manipulative and domineering Huay followed with an entertain- tion to the delight of those who Empress Dowager Ci XÍ; and the ing tale of the contest of wits have always enjoyed the wooing Hymn Rhyme Sing Opera Club between one of the Eight Im- of the pretty maid Qiu Xiang by performed Zhang Wen Xiu', a mortals, Lu Dong Pin and an- the scholar Tang Bo Hu. The

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 27 Teochew Drama Association re- Opera Institute's Traditional Chinese Opera Institute counted the story of the famous Theatre in Transition' series of 111, Middle Road female general of the Yang fam- symposium sessions and perfor- Singapore 188969 ily, Mu Gui Ying, and how she mances proved to be an out- Tel: 339 1292, 339 8168 falls in love with her enemy, standing event, and won acco- Fax: 339 9931 Zhao Ying, in The Tale of the lades from all involved. Not only Email: Dragon Wood". As a grand was it a platform for learned and [email protected] finale, the Siong Leng Musical experienced practitioners to Association capped the event exchange their views, it was also with a Hokkien li yuan xi adap- an entertaining event for the Mr. Gui Wei Hsin works and tation of the Indian classical epic general public which was treated writes occasionally for the Ramayana', changing the text to a wide range of spectacular Chinese Opera Institute, and music to suit the conven- shows under the stars in the Singapore, where he was a tions of li yuan xi. park. part-time research assistant As an event which coupled between 1995 and 1996. He the theoretical discussion of For Further Information, please graduated from Victoria trends in traditional theatre de- contact: Junior College, majoring in velopments with empirical mani- Dr Chua Soo Pong theatre studies. festations on stage, the Chinese Director

Traditional Theatre in Southeast Asia

Traditional Theatre in Southeast Asia introduces many traditional forms of theatre that are not widely known outside their countries of origin. Edited by Dr Chua Soo Pong, Currently the Director of the Chinese Opera Institute in Singapore, the book discusses how traditional forms of theatre should be revitalised in the rapidly changing socio-economic environments of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Traditional Theatre in Southeast Asia (US$ 10ex- cluding postage cost) can be obtained from:

Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts SPAFA 81/1 Sri Ayutthaya Road Samsen, Theves Bangkok 10300, Thailand Tel : (66-2) 2804022-9 Fax : (66-2) 2804030 Email : [email protected] news

The daily reported that archaeo- Holland seize Discovery of logical accounts from 1904 to 1911 only mentioned two temples in the priceless other temple site, and nothing about the mound. Moore discovered ruins of six un- smuggled ruins in documented temples which include inscriptions and representations of the Hindu deities, Vishnu and Indra. artifacts Angkor Guided by the radar readings, Moore uncovered another site with a Ancient artifacts thought to have been Archaeologists in February found temple as large as a football stadium smuggled out of Thailand were found undiscovered temple remains at (about half the size of Angkor Wat). inside a container which was seized Angkor, Siem Reap, Cambodia. This was in the vicinity of a Khmer in Holland. The Bangkok Post daily revealed, Rouge camp, about 26 kilometres On the first of December last in a report on its February 14th front away. NASA radar also picked out year, Rotterdam intercepted a consign- page, that detailed maps obtained reservoirs, dikes and earthworks. ment of seventy-nine priceless objects through a special space radar unit Archaeologists said the discov- that were bound for Germany and to were used to locate and uncover, eries could profoundly change the be sold in Europe. The majority of among other finds, " f o u r to six temple thinking about the history of the the artifacts - four of which are of Thai remains, including pre-Angkorean ancient city, founded in the ninth or Khmer origin - were believed to (8th-13th Century) structures hidden century A.D. as the capital of the have come from the North and North- beneath vegetation". Khmer empire. east of Thailand, and dated between More than a year ago, a NASA Meanwhile, the main news daily, the 12th and 19th centuries. There DC-8 jet with specialised radar spot- Phnom Penh Post, in Cambodia re- were also forty-nine water jars, four- ted "a circular mound at the edge of cently publised a report which warned teen Buddha images, some with inau- the moat" while flying over the area that the country's 12th-century guration scriptures on the pedestal, of Angkor. Later, Elizabeth Moore, Angkor temples may be damaged and seven pieces of wood carving, four head of the department of art and ar- even destroyed by land-clearing. An chiselled heads of the Lord Buddha's chaeology at London University's approximate 1,000 hectares of jungle disciples, two vessels for holy water, School of Oriental and African Stud- and brush has been cleared around a a wooden Buddha image, a pedestal ies, studied the 3-D maps from N A S A , region that makes up about 10 per- for a Buddha statue, and a pedestal and investigated the site on foot. She cent of the area within a protected adorned with 11 rows of miniatures found "partially exposed remains of a zone that covers the monuments. As depicting the lives of the Lord 10th century city at Angkor," and a result, there has been increased Buddha's disciples. believed the city had been built 200 erosion as well as a rise in the water The government of the Nether- to 300 years before Angkor Wat, table. lands confiscated the items after Bangkok Post said. Dutch authorities notified the Thai Moore was quoted as saying: embassy in the middle of January to "The radar data have enabled us to verify their country of origin. detect a distribution of circular pre- Infant It was reported that United Na- historic mounds and undocumented tions Educational, Scientific and Cul- temples far to the northwest of tural Organization (Unesco) in Cam- Angkor. The site topography is high- dinosaur bodia have been requested to assist lighted by the radar, focusing our the Dutch authorities in proving own- attention on previously neglected fea- fossils ership of the artifacts. tures, some at the very heart of the Three years ago, Holland im- city." A 113 million-year-old dinosaur fossil, pounded fifteen Thai artifacts, includ- Angkor consists of a complex of found to be that of a baby dinosaur, ing two hooks for palanquins (circa temples located over 259 square has been discovered in the south of 11th century) which are being claimed kilometres in northern Cambodia. At Italy. It was reported that the find by both Thailand and Cambodia. In its most glorious period, Angkor may be the best preserved dinosaur 1997, thirteen were returned to Thai- spread out more than 100 square miles fossil in the world. Known now as land. with its 1,000 temples. Scipionyx samniticus - partly in honour

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 29 of the ancient Roman warrior, Scipio University (Thailand) and regional Emerging from the various re- Africanus - it contains fossilised re- partners such as SPAFA (SEAMEO marks, questions and suggestions that mains of soft tissues, including Regional Centre for Archaeology and came up during the conference, par- muscles and parts of the digestive Fine Arts). ticularly about the setting-up of a train- system. The conference followed the ing programme, and Cultural Man- Drs Christiano Dal Sasso of the promising first Europe-Asia Cultural agement in Asia, four major tasks Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Forum organised - within the context require attention: Milan, and Marco Signore of the of ASEM - in Paris, on 5-6 February 1. adapt to local cultural contexts University of Napoli, found the pres- 1998 which brought together 115 so as to design a consistent train- ence of soft tissue after a detailed delegates from the 25 partner-coun- ing, fully suited to particular analysis recently. The fossils of the tries. needs; dinosaur were first identified in 1993. The opening of the Conference 2. closely relate academic training The latest issue of Nature will carry allowed Silpakorn University, the City to professional environment; the publication of their analysis. of Bangkok (BMA, Bangkok Metro- 3. implement joint projects - active It is believed that the site, where politan Administration), the European participation in the 'Masters of the remains were uncovered, is full of Union and the French Ministry of Art in Cultural Management' that limestone which help to preserve tis- Foreign Affairs (AFAA, Association should start in 1999 (see facing sues. Periods of low oxygen levels Française d'Action Artistique) to ex- page) - and arrange per- also aid tissue preservation. press their interest in the develop- formances, artists' residencies The 25-cm long baby dinosaur is ment, in Southeast Asia, of all new and exhibitions; a juvenile theropod, distantly related 'cultural' professions. 4. provide information on the to the predator Tyrannosaurus rex. Mr. Kraisak Choonhavan's, internet on cultural events in The fossils were discovered in the Governor's Adviser at BMA, focused Southeast Asia, and set up a province of Benevento, well known on Bangkok's current orientations website for professionals that will since the 18th century for its pre- concerning cultural activities. A Cen- help with the development of a served fossil fishes. tre for Contemporary Creation is to cultural 'network', and commu- be built by the end of 1999, and de- nication among interested cision-makers, executives and profes- organisations and individuals. sionals from the cultural field, who are qualified in the management and The following public and private insti- development of cultural institutions, tutions had the opportunity to present will be appointed. their views, either during the plenary Conference Mr. Aldo Dell'Arricia, First Sec- session or the three workshops that retary - in charge of cultural affairs - took place on the first day, 'Perform- on 'Cultural at the Delegation of the European ing Arts', 'Visual Arts & Museology' Union, emphasised on two issues: and 'Cultural Industries': Manila Management' first, the importance of designing Cultural Centre (Philippines), Lasalle high-level academic curricula in cul- College of the Arts (Singapore), The first Europe-Asia Conference on tural engineering, and the genuine Bangkok Dance Centre (Thailand), 'Cultural Management' took place in interest of the EU in regional projects Thai Film Foundation (Thailand), Bangkok (Thailand) on 23-24 March likely to create a synergy in the devel- Thailand Cultural Centre (ONCC, 1998 with more than 60 persons opment of such fields. Office of the National Cultural Com- attending: professionals from the Mr. Gilles Roussel, Expert in mission), the British Council (Thai- cultural field, journalists and academ- charge of cultural co-operation at land), ISTS (Institut Supérieur des ics of countries such as Britain, AFAA, reviewed cultural professions Techniques du Spectacle, France), France, Germany, Japan, the Philip- in France and stressed on the impor- Ecole des Beaux Arts de Bordeaux pines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet- tance of these trainings in Asia. He (France), contemporary Thai art gal- nam. also hoped that the conference would leries (Tadu Gallery, About Café, Initiated by AFAA (Association facilitate contacts between people Project 304, Marsi Gallery...) and Française d'Action Artistique, French from various cultural spheres and that Thammasat, Chulalongkorn, Chiang Ministry of Foreign Affairs), this event it would mark the first step toward a Mai...Universities (Thailand). was jointly organised by the Cultural cultural network in Southeast Asia, Journalists affiliated to dailies Affairs Department of the French not only in terms of training but of such as Bangkok Post and Nation, TV Embassies of the Region, Silpakorn short and long-term actions as well. channels (ITV) and radio stations

30 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (Pacific News Centre) were also programme in Cultural Management Heritage Board of Singapore, the present. which will officially open in 1999 and Singapore Art Museum, the National to strengthen contacts made during Art Council, AFAA in Paris and the Workshops 1998 this first conference. French Embassy in Singapore in col- Starting May 1998, introductory work- laboration with the Sorbonne Univer- shops, to be jointly organised by inter- 1. 'Museology/Museography sity [Paris]). ested Southeast Asian partners, will Workshop' in Singapore Speakers: Serge Lemoine, Curator in be conducted within the frame of local To be conducted within the Chief of the Grenoble Museum projects or in close collaboration with framework of an exhibition, The (France) & Professor of Contempo- universities in the region. The aim is Origins of Modern Art in France, 1880- rary Art at the University of Paris IV; to prepare for the global training 1939', (organised by the National Mrs Pansy Ku, Director of the Spink continue next page

Master's of Art in Cultural Management 1998 support of the European Union which participates in the imple- mentation of the project, a 'Master's of Art in Cultural Man- The notion of 'Culture' as we understand it here, solely com- agement' shall open in Bangkok in 1999. prehends artistic and literary practices relevant to 'mind's works'. It does not extend to the much broader Anglo-Saxon Duration: 1 year interpretation which includes customs and habits of a given Commencing date: June 1999 society. Number of students: 20 at most A new subject, Cultural Management, covers fields of Candidates: young Asian graduates, holders of a B.A. intervention in continuous development. Artistic practices, and or Master's Degree in law, economics, politics, and manage- particularly cultural affairs, are by definition non-static activi- ment for initial curriculum/professional experience for con- ties constantly opening up onto new experiences. tinuing curriculum. Although the term 'Cultural Management' may seem Application file: personal project + B.A. or diploma for the obscure, it is the most appropriate to qualify all professional initial curriculum / professional experience for continuing activities related to management and organisation of arts and curriculum and culture, whatever form and means they may be. interview with a jury (on applicant's creativity, motivations, Cultural Management encompasses different artistic experiences or interest in cultural affairs) activities: theatre and performing arts, dance, music, cinema Teaching staff: local teachers + visiting European lectur- and audiovisual, museum, visual arts, architecture, national ers on particular topics heritage, and new technologies. It is useful for many struc- Fees: not determined yet. tures of intervention such as ministries and public establish- Language used: English ments responsible for cultural affairs, private institutions, Content: common core syllabus + final 3-month associations, foundations, museums, galleries, theatres, op- Professional training partners: Southeast Asian and Euro- eras, rehabilitated places, etc.. pean universities, cultural institutions for the professional- Training programmes which have been developed with oriented part of the curriculum (trainings, seminars, and field the notion of Cultural Management are constantly evolving. studies). They were created in France, in the early eighties. Twenty years later, numerous countries in Western Europe, North Specific teachings will be conducted in co-operation with America and more recently Latin America and Southeast Asia European teachers or professionals. A Training of Lecturers' have expressed their will to widen their areas of teaching. will start between January/June 1999 so as to familiarise teach- They show great interest in developing these new professions. ers-to-be with the new curriculum. This training will be open Cultural Management is taught in many different ways. to anyone in charge of one or several cultural activities in Diversification and specialisation of trainings have kept pace academic or professional contexts in Asia, and will be in the with the specializing within professions: planning (artistic form of seminars lasting from one week to 10 days; the focus choices), project's communication, relations with the press will be on 9 main topics: and the public, administrative management (contracts, decla- rations, fund raising, accounts management, etc.), logistic >laws pertaining to cultural affairs and organisation. Each of these functions have grown into full > the economy of culture professions that require specific knowledge. >marketing Further to the Europe-Asia Cultural Forum, the AFAA > sociology of culture (French Ministry of Foreign Affairs) has decided to set up an >cultural policies academic co-operation programme that focuses on Cultural >management Management between European and Southeast Asian coun- >communication tries. > history of art (fine arts, contemporary art, visual arts, per- Thanks to a close collaboration between European and forming arts, cinema...) Asian professional and academic structures as well as to the > foreign languages

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 31 continue from previous page Gallery (Singapore), and Mr. Arnaud Three workshops will take place be- Touchard, Director of Studies at Pierre, Professor of Contemporary Art tween June and December 1998: ENSCI and Thibault Honnet, De- at the University of Bordeaux 1-8 June on techniques of per- signer. (France). forming arts (scenography, Target participants: Fine Arts & Ap- Tentative date: 15-16 May, 1998 sound & lighting control, ward- plied Arts or Industrial Designing stu- Targetd participants: professionals robe & decor) dents whose concerns are on museums in September then December: two Asia. fortnight workshops on play These workshops will be conducted based on a theatre piece; train- in English only. For any further infor- 2. 'Performing Arts Workshop' ees attending the workshops to mation, please contact the Cultural in Bangkok make a production for the end of Service of the French Embassy in In collaboration with Thammasat 1998 Thailand: University's College of Innovative Target participants: technicians and Education, Faculty of Liberal Arts, professional or professional-to-be Francine Méoule, CulturalAttachée Faculty of Journalism and Mass Com- actors (performing arts students) Sophie Claudel, Cultural & Educa- munication. in Asia. tional Coordinator for Europe-Asia Speakers: Christiane Bourbonnaud, Programmes Director of ISTS (Institut Supérieur 3. 'Industrial Design Workshop' Cultural Service of the French Em- des Techniques du Spectacle (France) in Bangkok bassy in Thailand & Co-Director of the Festival d' In collaboration with Silpakorn 29 Sathorn Tai Road Avignon (France) ; Jean-Pierre Demas, University (schedule to be deter- 10120 Bangkok, Thailand Officer in charge of Pedagogy at ISTS mined) . Tel: 662-287 15 92-8 & Technical Producer of the Festival Speakers: Evert Endt, Director of Fax: 662-287 10 19 d'Avignon; William Teo, Art Director ENSCI - Les Ateliers Ecole Nationale E-mail: [email protected] & Director at Lasalle College of the Supérieure de Création Industrielle net.net.th Arts (Singapore). (Paris France); Jean-Baptiste

ABIA SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY INDEX

The International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) and SPAFA are Tel.: (662)280-4022, 2804029; fax: (662)-280-4030; e-mail: working on an international project to compile a bibliographic data- [email protected] base entitled: ABIA South and Southeast Asian Art and Archae- ology Index (formerly known as the Annual Bibliography of Indian For materials published in South Asia: please send your information Archaeology, and thus the acronym ABIA) will include publications to the ABIA Project, PGIAR, c/o Mrs Doris Yapa, ABIA editor, 407 from 1996 onwards. Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. Tel.: 94-1-694151; The new ABIA South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology fax: 94-1-694151 or 500731; e-mail: [email protected] Index will be an electronic online database, which will eventually be available on CD-ROM. It will also be available annually in a printed For materials published in Indonesia: please send your information version, the first of which has been scheduled for release at the end to Drs. Hasan Djafar, Jurusan Arkeologi. Fakultas Sastra, Univer- of 1998. sitas Indonesia, Kampus Ul Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia. Tel.: Materials: 62-21-7863528, 7863529, 7270009; fax: 62-21-7270038 Monographs, articles in monographs, articles in periodicals, unpub- lished Ph.D. theses, and any grey literature of academic level For materials published outside South or Southeast Asia: please Subjects: send your information to the ABIA Project, HAS, c/o Dr. Marijke Archaeology (pre- and proto-history), historical archaeology, ancient Klokke (for publications on Southeast Asia) or c/o Dr. Ellen Raven art history, modern art history, material culture, epigraphy and (for publications on South Asia), P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, palaeography, numismatics and sigillography The Netherlands. Tel.: 31-71-5272958; fax: 31-71-5274162; Regions: e-mail of Marijke Klokke: [email protected] South and Southeast Asia, and regions culturally related to South e-mail of Ellen Raven: [email protected] and Southeast Asia (Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and Tibet as related to South Asia, and South China and the Pacific as CALL FOR ADDRESSES OF SCHOLARS related to Southeast Asia, for instance) Our mailing list of scholars, who publish on the subjects mentioned Level: above, is not yet complete. The first list has been sent to scholars Scholarly publications by specialists for specialists and for non- who are listed on the mailing list of the European Association of specialists Southeast Asian Archaeologists. A second mailing will be made to Languages: scholars who are listed on the mailing list of the European Associa- Any language tion of South Asian Archaeologists. Please help us complete our mailing list by sending any information you have that lists names and CALL FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION addresses of scholars to: To include as many publications as possible, we need your help. Please send us information about your publications from 1996 on- Marijke Klokke wards, preferably in the form of a copy with a concise abstract. HAS, ABIA Project Nonnensteeg 1-3 For materials published in Southeast Asia (except Indonesia): please P.O. Box 9515 send your information to the ABIA Project, SPAFA Documentation 2300 RA Leiden Department, c/o Wilasinee Thabungkan, 81/1 Sri Ayutthaya Road, The Netherlands Bangkok 10300, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected]

32 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 SPAFA news

thousands of vernacular wood and masonry structures Cultural Resource associated with urban development in Southeast Asia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centu- Management and ries, have been less thoroughly treated in existing ini- tiatives for training in the region. Architectural Unlike ancient temples, palaces or archaeological resources, urban sites and structures remain typically Documentation in private use, both as residences and for commercial purposes. Bangkok possesses a great number of older A training programme in Cultural Resource Manage- buildings, ranging from rows of uniform, Chinese-style ment and Architectural Documentation of historic build- shophouses to wooden vernacular buildings. While ings will be conducted during six weeks in July-August many of these have been identified by scholars and 1998. The programme is sponsored by the SEAMEO have been recognised as significant by the Fine Arts Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA), Department, there is as yet no systematic record of Thailand, the Office of Archaeology of the Department these structures and their environments. of Fine Arts and Museums, Kingdom of Thailand, and Methods for protecting such resources have also the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. not been very well developed. In the circumstances, the The course will incorporate sessions in documen- training programme will focus on three major areas of tation, mapping, descriptive analysis, drawing tech- cultural resource management survey methods; graphic niques, and will be aimed at graduate level students and and photographic recording: and the design and imple- professionals in the fields of architecture, history, an- mentation of preservation guidelines. A final segment thropology, archaeology and sociology, political science, on urban design and in-fill architecture will round out planning and cultural resource management. the training. Studies will focus on the nineteenth century ver- nacular architecture of Bangkok, specifically wood and masonry structures relating to urban development. A large part of the programme will be conducted in the field, and the rest at the conference facilities in SPAFA and the Office of Archaeology of the Department of ASEAN-Japan Fine Arts and Museums in Bangkok. Instructors will be utilised from SPAFA, the Fine Multinational Cultural Arts Department of Thailand, and the University of Ha- waii. Specially suited to students from Southeast Asia, Co-operation Europe and the USA, it is hoped that the programme will result in a meeting of students from these different The ASEAN-Japan Multinational Culture Commission, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and a sharing of per- appointed by ASEAN member countries' National spectives. Participants from USA and Europe are pay- ASEAN Committee for Culture and Information, and ing their own costs. Japan, met in Tokyo and Nikko between 14-17 April 1998. The meeting finalised the discussion on prob- Urban Historic Resources of Bangkok lems pertaining to regional culture conservation and Training in the documentation, preservation and man- revitalisation to meet challenges and opportunities based agement of urban historic resources is a significant, and on current trends of globalisation. Measures and rec- for the most part, neglected aspect of cultural resource ommendations were also formulated for multinational management in Southeast Asian countries. Archaeo- culture co-operation between ASEAN member coun- logical sites, historic monumental buildings, including tries and Japan. palaces and wats (monasteries) are all resources that The recommendations include 4 areas of main con- have received much attention from governmental agen- cerns: i.e. cies and international organisations; the often fragile 1) The Cultural and Intellectual Dialogues between historic fabric of urban centres, including the many those involved in cultural activities, such as

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 33 organisations, individuals, governmental and ditions. Without cultural sustainability, economic and non-governmental sectors, as well as among social sustainability, too, come into questions..." peoples at grass-root levels; "Culture is what makes us human; it is the birth- 2) Cultural Heritage Planning. Policy, planning, right of every human being to enjoy and to create; it strategies, studies and measures for heritage must not be denied through erosion and neglect; and planning and cultural development; at a time of economic crisis, we need to give special and 3) Cultural Learning and Knowledge Development. urgent attention to the cultural basis of human devel- Human resource development for ensuring opment, to the sustainence and flourishing of our cul- cultural renewal, cross-cultural educational tural capital. In so doing, we also wish to enrich the programmes and renewal of community- heritage of humanity." based living traditions, responding to cultural "Cultural sustainability and cultural activity are new globalisation and harnessing cultural indus- challenges faced by ASEAN and Japan. Against the tries, supporting artistic creation and inter- background of historical, cultural and economic ties, action; we aspire to deepen mutual understanding among our 4) Media and Dissemination of Cultural Resources peoples, create a wider regional community that re- and Development, ensuring multiple sources spects cultural diversity, and strengthen cultural com- of news and information. monality..." Prof. Khunying Maenmas Chavalit, SPAFA Library The Meeting also formulated a New Vision of Re- and Documentation Officer was invited by the Thailand gional Cultural Co-operation to enhance concerted ef- National ASEAN Committee for Culture and Commis- forts in meeting the challenges and opportunities of the sion to be part of the delegation from Thailand. She was current regional economic crisis. Main points expressed elected as the leader of the group of countries to visit in the New Vision are:- cultural organisations in Myanmar and Malaysia during 16-18 February 1998. She was also a member of the "...Culture encompasses all ways of life, patterns of task force to formulate a New Vision for Regional meaning, and system of knowledge that have evolved Cultural Co-operation. dynamically and nourished peoples under changing con-

Prambanan: Sculpture and Dance in Ancient Java A Study in Dance Iconography

Alessandra Iyer Pramanan : Sculpture and Dance in Ancient Java is a study of the dance reliefs of the ninth century AD temple of Siwa at the Prambanan complex in central Java. Previous attempts at identification of these ancient reliefs were hampered by inadequate movement analysis of the dance portrayed but in this book, for the first time, a complete identification is presented, through a re-interpretation of the archaeological data. Using both movement analysis and comparison with an authoritative reconstruction model, the author rigorously examines each of the 62 reliefs and identifies them as representations of the karana (dance movement units) of the Sanskrit text from India on dance and drama, the Natyasastra. The text is complemented by colour and black and white photographs and line drawings. 223 pp, 225 illus. pbk (ISBN 974-8434-12-5). Available from WHITE LOTUS GPO BOX 1 1 4 1 , BANGKOK 10501, THAILAND White Lotus CODE129 21970

34 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 S P A F A news

Mrs Francine MEOULE, Ms Sophie CLAUDEL and Mr Olivier CLEMENT CHRISTAL (Delegates from the French Embassy in Thailand) visited SPAFA Centre on 20th February 1998 1 Francine Meoule, Attachée Culturelle 2 (left to right) Olivier Clement; Sophie Clandel; and Francine Meoule 3 Tour of the Centre 4 Sophie Clandel, Cultural and Educational Programme Co-ordinator 5 Visiting the offices of SPAFA 6 Meeting one another 7 Olivier Clement, Assistant to Regional Delegate 1 The 11-member ASEAN-JAPAN Multinational Cultural Mission visited SPAFA Centre on 28 Feb 1998, after a study tour of the National Museum and National Library in Bangkok. (Left to right): Ms Mariko Oka-Fukuroi, Director of Intellectual Exchange Division, The Japan Foundation, Asia Centre ;Dr. Tamatsu Aoki, Professor, Tokyo University; and Mr. Mohd Ariff bin Yusof, Director of Culture Division, Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism, Malaysia. 2 Sharing a joke with Mr. Pisit Charoenwongsa, Officer-in-charge of SPAFA 3 Tea and snacks at SPAFA 4 (Left to right): Dr. Aoki; Ms Sally Ng Ban Kean, Assistant Director, International Relations, National Arts Council, Singapore; Mr. Mohd Ariff; and Prof. Khunying Maenmas Chavalit, Library and Documentation Officer of SPAFA. 5 Group picture at entrance to SPAFA Centre 6 Mr. Yasuyuki Sato (in blue shirt), Administration General of the Centre for the Science of Human Endeavor, in discussions with SPAFA staff on 25th March 1998. Next to him is Mr. Junétsu Komatsu, Director-General of the Japan Cultural Centre, Japan Foundation. 7 (Left to right) Miss Yui Nakamura, Programme Officer of the Japan Cultural Centre, Japan Foundation; Mr. Sato; and Mr. Komatsu. Mr. Yasuyuki Sato had visited Manila and Kuala Lumpur to meet with representatives of Ministries of Culture, Television Companies, Nippon Telecomunications, The Japan Foundation, and media and held talks on their proposal (Pilot Project for Multinational Cultural Mission). Conferences Agenda 1998

1998 February March 4-6 Laguna, the Philippines Singapore January 4-10 Local Management of Natural The Quality of Life in Cities 16th Congress of the Indo- Resources in Asia: A Compara- Conference secretariat, School Pacific Prehistory Association tive Perspective of Building and Estate Manage- (IPPA) Dr.G.A.Persoon, Centre of ment, IPPA, Malaysia Sessions: Environmental Science, Leiden National University of Singapore, Origins and expansion of agricul- Univeristy, P.O.Box 9515, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore ture in mainland Southeast Asia; 2300 RA Leiden, 119260, tel: +65-7723440, Ceramic relationships between the Netherlands, fax: +65-7755502 Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, tel: +31-71-5277474, e-mail: including Lapita; The Hoabinhian fax: +31-71-5277496 or Dr P.Sajise, [email protected] revisited; Linguistic correlations SEARCA, UPLB Campus, with archaeological units in the Laguna 4031, the Philippines, March 26-29 Indo-Pacific region; Early farming tel: +63-94-5362380, Washington DC, USA cultures of South Asia fax: +63-2-8135697 50th Annual AAS Dr Peter Bellwood Conference Depart of Archaeology and February 24-26 The Association for Asian Anthropology New Delhi, India Studies ANU, Canberra, Australia Identity, Locality and (AAS), I Lane Hall, The University fax: +61-6-249-2711 Globalization of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan e-mail: [email protected] Dr E.B.Locher-Scholten, University 48109, USA, tel: +1-313-6652490, January 28-30 of Utrecht, Faculty of Geographical fax: +1-313-6653801, Quezon City, the Philippines Sciences, Southeast Asia in the 20th P.O.Box 80115, e-mail: [email protected] Century 3508 TC Utrecht, The conference secretariat on SEA tel: +31-30-2536222 in the 20th century, April 3-4 c/o The Third World Studies Centre, February 27 - March I London, UK College of Social Sciences and Lucknow, India 1998 Aseasuk Conference Philosophy, University of the Intercultural Dialogue Collo- Dr. UlrichKratz,SOAS, Philippines at Diliman, Quezon City quium II: Thornhaugh Street, 1101, the Philippines, The Self and the Other Russell Square, Tel/fax:+632-9205428/9263486, Aditya Chauhan, International London W C I H o X G , UK, e-mail:[email protected] Co-ordinator ICDG, 1106A, B-1, e-mail: [email protected] Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India, tel: +91-11-6133994, fax: +91-11-6169962, e-mail: [email protected]

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 37 Conferences Agenda 1998

April 6-8 April 20-26 June 4-6 Penang, Malaysia Amsterdam, the Netherlands Passau, Germany Heritage and Habitat. The 6th Conference of the Interna- 11th Annual Workshop of the Context of Sustainable Devel- tional Society of Ethnology and European Social Sceince Java opment in Historic Foklore Network City Centres Ton Dekker, P.J.Meertends Professor Vincent Houben, Prof.Arnold Koerte, department of Institute, P.O.Box 19888, Lehrstuhl fur Sudostasienkunde, Architecture, Technische 1000 GW Amsterdam, InnstraBe 53, 94032 Passau, Hochaschule Darmstadt, El- the Netherlands, Germany, Lissitzski Str.l, D-64287 Darmstadt, tel: +31-20-6234698, E-mail: [email protected] Germany, fax: +31-20-6240639, fax: +49-6151-163937, e-mail: [email protected] June 18-20 e-mail: [email protected] Copenhagen, Denmark darmstadt.de, May 28-29 Time and Society in Modern Internet: http://www.th- Leiden, the Netherlands Asia darmstadt.de/-koerte 20th Century Art in Asian and Prof.R.Cribb, Dr I. Reader, Western Societies Dr B.Bakken, NIAS. Leifsgade 33, April 14-16 The Development of method- DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Demmark, CAMBRIDGE, UK ologies in Understanding tel: +45-31548844, Archaeology and World contemporary A r t in its fax: +45-32962530, Religion: the examples of Judiasm, Context e-mail: [email protected] Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Dr Kitty Zijlmans, dept. of Art Buddhism History, University of Leiden, June 23-24 Dr Timothy Insoll P.O.Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, Moscow, Russia St John's College the Netherlands, T h e Ninth International Cambridge CB2 ITP, UK tel: +31-71-5272648 Conference on Chinese Lin- fax: +44-1223-337720 fax: +31-71-5272615 guistics e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Irina N. Komarova, Dept. of East Asian Languages, April 17-19 Institute of Linguistics, Manchester, UK June 2-6 Bolshoi Kislovsky per. The 1998 BASAS Annual Moscow, Russia 1/12, Moscow 103009, Russia, Conference Historical Sources of Eurasian tel: +7-9502913448 (tue and thu), Dr Bobby Sayyid, Department of and North African fax: +7-95-2900528 Sociology, University of Manches- Civilisations: the Computer ter, Manchester Ml39PL, UK, Approaches tel: +44-161-2752461, Dimitry D.Vasilyev, Orientalists fax: +44-161-2752514, Society of the RAS, e-mail: [email protected]. tel: +7-95-9285764, BASAS: e-mail: [email protected], http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/ses/ lnternet:http://www.orient.ru basasI.html

38 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 Conferences Agenda 1998

June 25-28 July 26 - August 1 September 3-6 Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands Williamsburg, VA, USA Hamburg, Germany First International 14th International Congress of Second EUROSEAS Convention of Asian Anthropological and Ethnologi- Conference Southeast Asia: Scholars (AAS/MAS) cal Science, ICAES Looking forward, looking back Helgo Lasschuijt, HAS, P.O.Box Dr.Tomoko Hamada, Dept. of The EUROSEAS Secretariat: 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, the Anthropology, College of William Ms.Ageeth van der Veen, KITLV, Netherlands. and Mary, Williamsburg, P.O.Box9515.2300 RA Leiden, tel: +31-715272227, VA 23187-8795, USA, The Netherlands, fax: +31-71-5274162, tel: +1-757-2211060, fax: +31-71-527-2638. e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

July 1-8 August 30 - September 2 Melaka, Malaysia Hamburg, Germany September 28 - October 3 The 16th Congress of Religious Diffusion and Bonn, Germany Indo-Pacific Prehistory Associa- Cultural Exchange 27th Conference of tion Dr.B.J.Terwiel, Universitat German-speaking Orientalists Dr. Peter Bellwood, Dept. of Hamburg, Seminar fur Sprache und Prof.Stefan Wild, Institute for Archaeology and Anthropology, Kultur Chinas, Abteilung Thailand Oriental Studies, University of ANU, Canberra Act 0200, Austra- Burma u.lndochina, Bonn, Regina Pacis W e g 7, lia, Von-Melle-Park 6,2 Hamburg 13, 53113 Bonn, Germany, tel: +61-6-2493120, Germany, tel: +49-228-737462, fax: +61-6-2492711, tel: +49-40-41233675, fax: +49-228-735601 e-mail: [email protected], fax: +49-40-41233106, website: e-mail: [email protected] http://www.alang.ukm.my/ hamburg.de October 1-4 kamal/ippa.htm Heidelberg Leiden, the Netherlands July 14-17 August 31 - September 4 4th C H I M E Conference: Hanoi, Vietnam Berlin. Germany Barbarian Pipes and Strings Vietnamese Studies and 7th International Conference Chime Foundation, P.O. Box 11092 the Enhancement of of the European Association of 2301 EB Leiden, International Co-operation Southeast Asian Archaeologists The Netherlands Dr. Nguyen Xuan Thu, conference Dr.Wibke Lobo, Museum fur tel: +31-71-513974 co-ordinator, 52B Nguyen Khuyen Volkerkunde, Arnimallee 23-27, fax: +31-71-5123183 Street, Hanoi, Vietnam, 14195, Berlin, Germany, e-mail: [email protected] tel: +844-8248371, fax: +49-30-8315972 fax: +844-8433224, e-mail: [email protected]

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 39 on Show 1998

AUSTRIA 26 November - 18 January 1998 11 October - 1 February 1998 Cities on the move; Contemporary Recent International Photography Museum fur Volkerkunde Wien Asian Art on the turn of the 21st from the Collection Neue Hofburg century. The Gallery's international photog- Vienna 1 raphy collection will be the focus Tel.+43-1-534-300 National Gallery of Victoria of this exhibition, which will Fax:+43-1-5355320 180 St Kilda Road feature many works by artists from Daily 10am-6am Melbourne, Victoria 3004 the Asia-Pacific region. closed on Tuesday Tel: +61-3-92080222 Fax: +61-3-92080245

BELGIUM AUSTRALIA Permanent exhibition The Asian Gallery features Chinese Royal Museums for A r t and The A r t Gallery of N e w South ceramics and archaic bronzes, History Wales plus Hindu and Buddhist art Jubelpark 10, 1000 Brussels Art Gallery Road The Domain from India, the Himalayan region, Tel:+ 32-2-7417214 Sydney, NSW 2000 China and Japan. Fax:+32-2-7337735 Tel.+61-2-92251846 Daily 10am-5pm, closed on Mon. Fax.+6l-2-922l6226 Queensland Art Gallery Queensland Cultural Centre Museum of Fine A r t and Museum of the History of A r t South Bank, South Brisbane Archaeology Maria-Theresien Platz P.O. Box 3686 Place de la Revolution (Place du 1010 Vienna Brisbane, Queensland 4101 Marche) Tel:+43-l-52177301 Tel:+61-7-38407333 25000 Besancon Daily 10 am - 6 pm, closed on Fax:+61-7-38448865 Tel:+33-81-814447, Fax:+33-81- Mon. Daily 10 am- 5pm 615099 Closed on public holidays. Permanent collection Permanent Collection Egyptian and Oriental collec- The Kenneth and Yasuko Myer Permanent collection tion, paintings, coins, and Collection of Contemporary Fine art and archaeology from antiquities. Asian A r t has some outstanding non-Western areas. pieces of Asian art. W i e n e r Secession FriedrichstraBe 12, A-1010 Vienna Tel: +43-1-5875307 Fax: +43-1-5875307-34

40 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 on Show 1998

Royal Museums of A r t and CHINA Galerie Nationale du Jeu de History - Brussels Paume Cinquantenaire Museum Red Gate Gallery I, Place de la Concorde, 75001 Jubelpark 10 Level 3, China World Hotel Paris 1000 Brussels 1 Jianguomen Wai, Peking 100600 Tel: + 33-1-47031250 Tel: + 32-2-7417211 Tel: +86-10-65322286 Fax: + 32-2-7337735 Fax: +86-10-5324804

Daily 10am - 5pm, closed on Mon. Daily 12 -6pm GERMANY and Public Holidays

Museum of Ethnology Permanent exhibition FRANCE Lansstrasse 8 Important collections regarding D-14195 Berlin China, Korea, India and Southeast Museum of Fine A r t and Tel:+49-30-83011 Asia. Archaeology Fax:+49-30-8315972 Place de la Revolution (Place du Dail 9 am - 5pm, Sat/Sun. 10am- Ethnographic Museum Marche) 5pm Suikerrui 19,2000 Antwerp 25000 Besancon Tel: +32-3-2208600 Tel:+ 33-81-814447 Permanent Collection Fax: +32-3-2270871 Fax:+ 33-81-615099 Studies of the cultures of the E-mail: Closed on public holidays. Pacific islands, Africa, America and [email protected] Southeast Asia. Daily 10am - 5pm, closed on Permanent collection Mondays Fine art and archaeology from Museum of Indian A r t non-Western areas. Lansstrasse 8, Hessenhuis D-14195 Berlin Falconrui 53,2000 Antwerp Musee Cernuschi Tel:+ 49-30-8301-361 Tel: +32-3-2060350 Avenue Velasquex 7,75008 Paris Fax:+ 49-30-8316 384 Fax: +32-3-2060370 Tel: +33-1-45635075 Daily 9am-5pm, Sat/Sun. 10am-5pm E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +33-1-45637816 Internet: http://www.DMA.be/ Daily 10am - 5.40pm, Permanent Collection cultuur/hessenhuis closed Monday and public holidays Archaeological objects from Daily 10am - 5pm, closed on India; t e r r a c o t t a , stone sculp- Monday 26 September 1997 - 4 January tures and bronzes from India, 1998 the Himalayan countries and Chinese Jades from the San Southeast Asia: miniature paint- Francisco Asian Arts Museum ings. Jades from the Avery Brundage collection.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 41 on Show 1998

Brohan Museum 3February-31 May The Burrell Collection Schlossstrasse la, 14059 Berlin Ceramics: Black and Brown 2060 Pollokshaws Road, Tel: +49-30-3214029 Exhibition showing the diversity of Glasgow G43 IAT Tue-Sun 10am - 6pm;thu 10am- ceramics with black and brown Tel:+44-41-6497151 8pm, glaze from China and their influ- Fax:+44-4-6360086 closed Monday ence on other Southeast Asian Dail 10am- 5 pm, Sun. 11 am - 5 ceramics. pm Until 4 January 1998 Ernat Waldschmidt (1897-1985), A early June-late August 1998 Permanent collection Life for Indian Philosophy and Art An Englishman's Collection of Chinese A r t objects from the ancient History. Coins civilizations of Iraq, Egypt, Greece, Italy, the Orient and from Medieval Stadtische Kunsthalle From September 1998 Europe. Moltkestrasse 9,68165 Mannheim The Colour of Ivory Tel: +49-621-2936413 British Museum Fax: +49-621-2936412 Percival David Foundation of Great Russelstreet. London WCIB Daily 10am - 5pm, Thu 12 pm - Chinese Art 3DG 5pm, 53 Gordon Square Tel:+44-171-6361555 closed Monday London WCIH 0PD Fax:+44-171-3238480 Tel:+44-171-3873909 Daily 10am - 5pm, Sun.2.30 pm - 6 Museum fur Volkerkunde Fax:+44-171-3835163 pm Hamburg Rothenbaumchaussee 64 from 16 December 1997 Permanent collection 20148 Hamburg For poets and princes Antiques from Egypt, Western Tel:+49 40 44195524 Fifteen centuries of Chinese celadon. Asia, Greece and Rome. Medieval, Fax:+49 40 44195242 Renaissance, Modern and Oriental Ashmolean Museum collection, prints, drawings coins Beaumont Street and medals. Oxford OXI 2PH Tel:+44-1865-278009110 Victoria & A l b e r t Museum Museum of East Asian Art Fax:+44-1865-278018 South Kensington 12 Bennett Street, Bath BAI n2QL attn. R.I.H. Charlton London SW7 2RL Tel:+44-1225-464640 Tuesday to Saturday 10am-4pm; Tel:+44-171-9388500 Sunday 2-4pm Fax:+44-171-9388264 Daily 10am-5.50pm, Mon, 12-5.50 pm

42 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 o n S h o w 1998

Fitzwilliam Museum In his work Semsar Siahaan (Medan Hiroshima City Museum of Octagon Gallery, Trumpington 1952) shows his concerns about C o n t e m p o r a r y A r t Street the environment in Indonesia, 1-1 Hijiyama-koen Cambridge CBI IRD the suffering of the common Minami-ku, Hiroshima Tel: +44-1133-332906 people and the ugly face of power. Tel:+81-82-264-1121 Tue - Sat 10am -5pm, Fax:+81-82-264-1198 Sun 2.15pm - 5pm, closed Monday 3-30 April 1998 Agus Suwage Setagaya A r t Museum The Museum of Modern art Agus Suwage (Central Java 1959) 1-2 Kinuta-koen, Setagaya-ku, Oxford uses a sketchbook every day, Tokyo 157 30 Pembroke Street, Oxford OXI making countless drawings with Tel: +81-3-34156011 IBP symbolic content just as they occur Fax: +81-3-34156413 Tel: +44-1865-722733 to him. In this way he wants to Fax: +44-1865-722573 express his opinion about problems in religion, the social system, KOREA contemporary life and the

INDONESIA inner life of mind. Kwangju Biennale Information Cemara 6, Galeri Kafe San 151-10, Yangbong-dong, Puk-gu Jalan Cemara 6, Jakarta Pusat JAPAN Kwangiu 500-070 10350 Tel: +82-62-5214627 Tel:+62-21-324505 The Museum of Modern A r t Fax: +82-62-5214626 Fax:+62-21-325890 2-1-53 Yukinoshita E-mail: [email protected] Kamakura, Kanagawa 248 Internet: http:// Permanent Collection Tel:+81-467225000 www.kwangjubiennale.org Paintings by more than 40 Fax:+81-467332464 Indonesian painters and a special http:lwww.c-arts.co.jp/mu/ room featuring the work of the kanagawa.html (Japanese language) MALAYSIA painter Salim, who lives in Paris. Museum of C o n t e m p o r a r y GaleriWan (main gallery) C e m e t i Gallery, Yogyakarta Art Tokyo No.4 Jalan Binjai Jalan Ngadisuryan 7a, Yogyakarta 4-1-1 Miyoshi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135 Off Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala 55133 Tel:+8l-3-62454111 Lumpur Tel: +62-274-371015 Fax:+81-3-62451140 / 1141 Tel:+60-3-2614071 Fax: +62-274-371015 Fax:+60-3-2614072 Permanent collection 3-29 March 1998 The history of contemporary art GaleriWan exhibits various works Eco Seed, paintings and drawings in Japan and other countries after by contemporary as well as by Semsar Siahaan 1945. traditional Malaysian artists.

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 43 on Show 1998

National A r t Gallery Permanent collection Until 31 December 1998 1 Jalan Sultan Hishanuddin The new South wing of the Soaps Kuala Lumpur 50050 museum houses a permanent Multimedia-exhibition centring Tel: +60-3-23—15718 exhibition of Asiatic art. on nine contemporary soapseries Fax: +60-3-23—66 from nine different countries. Daily: 10am - 6pm Tropenmuseum Linaeusstraat 2, 1092 CK Indonesie Museum Nusantara Galerie Petronas Amsterdam St. Agathaplein I 1st Floor, Dayabumi Complex Tel:+31-20-5688418 2611 HR Delft Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin Fax:+31-20-5688331 Tel:+31-15-2602358 Kuala Lumpur 50778 Fax:+31-15-2138744 Tel:+60-3-2753060/61 Semi-permanent exhibitions about Daily 10 am - 5pm, Sun. 1 pm - Fax:+60-3-2740451 the life of people in the tropics, 5pm including a special Southeast NN Gallery Asia department. Permanent exhibition on Indone- 23 Jalan Jati sian cultures 55100 Kuala Lumpur Galerie Amber Empire of Treasures Nusantara Tel:+60-3-243 3630 Hooglandsekerkgracht 8 (Schattenrijk Nusantara), a presen- Fax:+60-3-241 3631 2312 HT Leiden tation of ceremonial objects, Monday 10am-1pm, Tuesday to Tel:+31-71-5149040 dance masks, etcetera. Saturday 10am-6pm, Sunday 2-5pm Fax:+31-71-5149040 Daily 11 am to 17.00pm 27 January-20 April until September 1998 Puppets and Masks of the Javanese A view from the mountains Museum of Ethnology Wayang (I): princes, princesses and An exhibition with works of the Rotterdam other heroes. Exhibition focusing precursors of abstact expres- Willemskade 25, 3016 DM on the many manifestations of sionism in Malaya in the 40's Rotterdam wayang and explaining the various with, amongst others, Cheong Tel:+31-10-4111055 styles of play. Laitong and Jolly Koh. Fax:+31-10-4118331 Daily 10am-5pm, Sun.and public 28 April-9 August holidays 11am-5pm Puppets and Masks of the Javanese THE NETHERLANDS Wayang (ll):jesters, monsters and Until the end of 1999 demons. Rijksmuseum Made in the Pacific Hobbemastraat 19, PO. Box 74888 Top items from the internationally Museum The Princessehof 1070 DN Amsterdam renowned Oceania collection of Grote Kerkstraat II Tel:+31-20-6732121 the museum. 8911 DZ Leeuwarden Fax:+31-20-6798146 Tel:+31-58-2127438 Daily 10am - 5pm Fax:+31-58-2122281 Daliy 10 am -5pm, Sun.2 pm-5pm

44 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 on Show 1998

Permanent collection Museum of Ethnology From May 1997 Large exhibition of ceramics from Steenstraat 1 Stories of Goa China, Japan, India, Vietnam etc.. 2312BS Leiden Anthropological exhibition about Tel:+31-71-5168800 Goa (India) as a cultural area in Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum Fax:+31-71-5128437 which Christianism and Hinduism Ubierring 45 Tuesday to Friday 10am-5pm, are superposed. 50678 Cologne Sat./Sun. 12-5pm closed on Mon. Tel:+ 49-221-3369413 Fax:+ 49-221-224155 Daily 10am - 4pm, first Thursday in the month 10am- 8pm, closed Asian Civilisations Museum on Mon. Govett-Brewster A r t Gallery 39 Armenian Street Queen Street Singapore 179939 Permanent collection New Plymouth Collections illustrating non- Tel:+64-6-7585149 Permanent Display European cultures. Fax:+64-6-7580390 attn. Gill Winter This exhibition will introduce Daily 10.30-5pm visitors to the world of Chinese Foundation for Indian Artists beliefs, symbolism, connoiseurship, Fokke Simonszstraat 10 and the Chinese scholar tradition. 1017 TG Amsterdam Tel: +31-20-6231547 Singapore A r t Museum Fax: +31-20-6231547 Museum of Ethnology 71 Bras Basah Road Daily 1pm - 6pm, closed on Avenida Ilha da Madeira-ao Restelo Singapore 189555 Monday, 1400 Lisboa Fax:+65-2247919 1 st Sunday of the month 2pm - Tel:+351-1-301526415 5pm Fax:+351-1-3013994 The National Museum Daily 10.30 am - 6 pm, closed on 61 Stamford Road, #02-01 Stam- Museum of Ethnology Mon. ford Court, Singapore 178892 Steenstraat 1, 2312 BS Leiden Tel: +65-3309552 Tel: +31-71-5168800 Permanent collection Fax: +65-3309568 Fax: +31-71-5128437 Ethnological collections from Daily: 9am - 5.30pm Tuesday to Friday 10am - 5pm, Africa, America, Asia, and Europe. Sat/Sun. Until 5 April 1998 12 - 5pm closed on Man Govett-Brewster A r t Gallery Myths and Legends: Popular myths Queen Street, New Plymouth and legends of the region. Van Gogh Museum Tel: +64-6-7585149 Paulus Potterstraat 7 Fax: +64-6-7580390 attn. Gill Winter Amsterdam Daily 10.30 - 5pm Tel:+31-20-5705200 Fax:+31-206735053

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 45 on Show 1998

SWITZERLAND TAIWAN The Art Institute of Chicago Michigan Av. & Adams Street Barbier-Mueller Museum Taipei Fine A r t s Museum Chicago, IL 60603 10 Rue Calvin, 1204 Geneva 181,Chung-shan North Road, Taipei Tel: +1-312-4433600 Tel: +41-22-3120270 Tel:+886-2-595-7656 Fax: +1-312-4430849 Fax: +41-22-3120190 Fax:+886-2-5944104 Daily 10am - 5pm Denver A r t Museum 100W 14th Avenue, PKWY Rietberg Museum Denver CO80204 Goblerstrasse 15, CH-8002 Zurich Tel: +1-303-6402295 Tel: +41-1-2024528 Arthur M.Sackler Gallery Fax: +1-303-6405627 Fax: +41-1-2025201 Smithsonian Institute Kimbell Art Museum Daily 10am - 5pm, closed on Mon. 1050 Independence Avenue SW 333 Camp Bowie Boulevard Washington DC 20560 Forth Worth, Texas 76107-2792 Museum der kulturen Tel:+1-202-3574880 Tel: +1-817-3328451 Augustinergasse 2 Fax:+1-202-3574911 Fax: +1-817-8771264 CH 4001 Basel Tues- Thurs. 10am - 5pm, Fri .12- Tel:+41-61-2665500 From 5 April 1997 8pm, Fax:+41-61-2665605 Khmer Ceramics Sat 10am-5pm, Sun 12-5pm http:llwww.mkb.ch Eighty rare glazed ceramics from the 9th-14th century Khmer Honolulu Academy of Arts until end of March 1998 empire. 900 S.Beretania Street Im Kreislauf der Zeiten Honolulu, HI 96814-1495 Two exhibitions; one theme. Continuing indefinitely Tel: +1-808-5328700 'Caturyuga', an artistic meeting Sculpture of South and Southeast Fax: +1-808-5328787 between Made Wianta (Bali) and Asia Andreas Straub (Basel); and Luxury A r t s of the Silk Route The Asia Society 'Indonesia - when Belief becomes Empires 725 Park Avenue, New York, NY Art', showing sculptures and 10021 textiles ranging from ritual objects Arthur M.Sackler Museum Tel:+1-212-2886400 to art objects. 2 Quincy Street, Cammbridge, MA Fax:+1 -212-5178319 02138 Daily 11 am - 6pm, Thursday 6pm Baur Collection Tel: +1-617-4952397 -8pm, 8 Rue Munier-Romilly Fax: +1-617-4964732 Sunday 12-5 pm. 1206 Geneva Daily: 10am - 5pm, closed on tel:+41-22-3461729 Sunday fax:+41-22-7891845 daily: 2pm-6pm, closed on Monday

46 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 on Show

Until 4 January 1998 Peabody Museum of Salem Kimbell Art Museum Mandala: the architecture of E. India Square, Salem, MA 01970 333 comp Bowie Boulevard enlightment Tel: +1-508-745187619500 Forth Worth, Texas 76107-2792 Over fity mandalas drawn from Fax: +1-508-744-6776 Tel:+1817 3328451 the traditions of Tibet, Nepal, Daily 10am-5pm, Sun 12 - 5pm Fax:+1-817-8771264 attn. Wendy China, Japan, Bhutan and Indonesia. Gottlieb 1 Mary Lees Asian A r t Museum of San tues.-Thurs. 10am-5pm,Fri. 12-8pm, China Institute Francisco Sat 10am-5pm Sun. 12-5pm 125 East 65 Street Golden Gate Park, San Francisco New York, Ny 10021-7088 California 94118 Indiana State Museum Tel: +1-212-7448181 Tel: +1-415-3798800 202 N. Alabama St. Fax: +1-212-6284159 Fax: +1-415-6688928 Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Tel:+I 317 2321637 From October 1997 Seattle Asian A r t Museum Kilns and Collection: 1400 E. Prospect Street, Volunteer Pacific Asia Museum A tour of China for connoisseurs Park 46 North Los Robles Avenue Seattle W A 98122-9700 Pasadena The Metropolitan Museum of Tel: +1-206-625-8900 California 91101 Art Fax: +1-206-654-31-35 Tel:+1 818 4492742 5th Avenue at 82nd Street Fax:+1 818 4492754 New York NY 10028 Seattle A r t Museum Tel: +1-212-8795500 100 University Street 18 March-19 July 1998 Fax: +1-212-5703879 Seattle W A 98122-9700 The creative voices of reason Tel: +1-206-6258900 The exhibition celebrates the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Fax: +1-206-6543135 Philippine Centennial. 2800 Grove Avenue Tues.- Sat. 11am - 5pm Richmond, VA 23221-2466 Thurs. 11am - 9pm,Sun 12 - 5pm The Philadelphia Museum of Tel: +1-804-3670844 Art Fax: +1-804-3679393 Freer Gallery of A r t 26th St.&Benjamin Franklin Daily 11 am -5ap, Sun 1 pm-5pm Smithsonian Institute Parkway closed on Monday 1000 Jefferson Drive at 12th street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania SW Tel:+1-215-763800 Until 4 January 1998 Washington DC 20560 http://pma.libertynet.org God, Hero and Lover Tel: +1-202-3572104 Representations of Krisna in Fax: +1-202-3574911 Freer Gallery of Art Indian Painting Smithsonian Institute

Until 1 July 1998 Crosscurrents in Chinese and Islamic Ceramics

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 47 on Show 1998

VIETNAM Art Gallery Hien Minh Permanent collection 1st Floor, 44 Dong Khoi Street, Among other items the work of Red River Gallery Distr. 1 the Vietnamese artist Bui Xuan 71A Nguyen Du Street Ho Chi Minh City Phai (1921-1988). Hanoi Tel:+84-8-224590 Tel:+84-4-229064 Permanent collection Permanent collection W o r k of the Vietnamese W o r k of such Vietnamese painter Nguyen Thi Hien. painters as Khuc Thanh Binh, Thah Chuong, Dao Tanh Dzuy, Galleria Vinh Loi Pnam Minh Hai, Dang Xuan Hoa, 49 Dhong Koi Street, 1 Tran Luong, Pham Hong Thai, Boa Ho Chi Minh City Toan, Truong Tan, Do Minh Tarn. Tel:+84-8-222006

The Canadian Conservation Institute, in cooperation with Deborah Bigelow & Associates presents a professional development workshop The Conservation of Gilded Artifacts

When February 12 to 14, 1998 Format Lab and classroom sessions. Where Canadian Conservation Institute, Resources Deborah Bigelow, Beacon, New 1030 Innes Road, Ottawa, Canada York; CCI Senior Conservator Target Historic preservation profession- Michael Harrington; conservators audience als, including conservators, and and scientists from the Canadian restorers of furniture, decorative Conservation Institute. arts and architectural interiors. Participants Maximum 20-25 Topics Identifying the issues that have to Cost $500 CDN + GST = $535 be addressed when conserving How to Extension Services, Canadian Con- gilded objects. register servation Institure • Identifying scientific research 1030 Innes Road, Ottawa, K1A 0M5 tools and their costs. Tel: (613) 998-3721, ext 250 • Presenting treatment options Fax: (613) 998-4721 and tips. Registration December 1, 1997 • Establishing a network of re- sources, scientists, artists and suppliers (Canada and USA). CCI reserves the right to cancel the workshop • Reviewing published literature if registration is insufficient. and exploring the Internet as a conservation research tool.

48 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 Compiled by Khunying Maenmas Chavalit

New Acquisitions Grey, Denis, Collin Piprell and Kempers, A.J.Bemet. Mark Graham. Monumental Bali: intro- de Lazara, Leopoldo Ferri and National Parks of Thai- duction to Balinese archaeol- Paolo Piazzardi. land. Rev.ed. Bangkok: Indus- ogy & guide to the monu- Italians at the Court of trial Finance Corporation of ments. Singapore: Periplus Siam. Bangkok: Amrin Printing Thailand, 1994, 250 p., col.ill., Editions, 1991, 186 p., col.ill., and Pub., [1996?], 249 p., 22 cm. 24 cm. col.ill., 31 cm. ISBN 974-071-612-1 ISBN 0-945971-16-8 THAILAND-FOREIGN RELATION- NATIONAL PARKS-THAILAND/ MONUMENTS-BALI/BALI- ITALY THAILAND-NATIONAL PARKS MONUMENTS/ARCHAEOLOGY- BALI/BALI-ARCHAEOLOGY Bennett, Ian. Hauser-Schaublin, Birgitta, Oriental rugs: volume 1 Marie-Louise Nabholz- Matusky, Patricia. Caucacasian. England: Antique Kartaschoff and Malaysian shadow play Collectors' Club, 1993, 376 p., Urs Ramseyer. and music: continuity of an col.ill., 26 cm. Balinese textiles. Great oral tradition. Kuala Lumpur: ISBN 0-902028-58-5 Britain: British Museum Press, Oxford University Press, 1993, RUGS, ORIENTAL-COLLECTORS 1991, 143p., col.ill., 31 cm. 149 p., ill., 26 cm. AND COLLECTING ISBN 0-7141-2505-9 DRAMATIC MUSIC-MALAYSIA- BALINESE, TEXTILES/TEX- HISTORY AND CRITICISM/ Donnelly, Nancy D. TILES-BALI WAYANG/ Changing lives of Refugee MUSIC-MALAYSIA-HISTORY Hmong women. London: Jones, Gavin W. AND CRITICISM University of Washington Press, Marriage and divorce in 1994, 224 p., ill., 24 cm. Islamic South-East Asia. Niessen, Sandra A. ISBN 0-295-97361-7 Kuala Lumpur, 1994, 348 p., ill., Batak cloth and clothing: HMONG AMERICAN WOMEN 26 cm. (South-East Asian social a dynamic Indonesian tradi- science monographs) tion. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford Gibbon, Kate Fitz and Andrew ISBN 967-65-3047-6 University Press, 1993, 136 p., Hale. MALAYS (ASIAN PEOPLE)- ill. (some col.), 26 cm.(The Asia Ikat: silk of Central Asia. SOUTHEAST ASIA-MARRIAGE Collection) London: Laurence King Pub., CUSTOMS AND RITES/ ISBN 9676530409 1997, 368 p., col.ill, 37 cm.(The DIVORCE (ISLAMIC LAW)- BATAK (INDONESIAN Guido Goldman Collection) SOUTHEAST ASIA/ PEOPLE)-COSTUME/TEXTILE ISBN 1-85699-101-2 MARRIAGE (ISLAMIC Law)- FABRICS-BARAK-HISTORY IKAT-CENTRAL ASIA/ASIA, SOUTHEAST ASIA/ CENTRAL-IKAT

SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 49 bookmark

Teo Han Wue, ed. Singer, Noel F. Tenzer, Michael. Liu Kang at 87. Singapore: Burmese dance and Balinese music. National Art Council and Na- theatre. New York: Oxford Singapore: Periplus Editions, tional Heritage Board, 1997, 96 University Press, 1995, 94 p., il 1991, 143p., col.ill., 27 cm. p., col.ill., 38 cm. (some col.), 20 cm. (Images of ISBN 0-945971-30-3 ISBN 0219-0524 Asia) BALINESE MUSIC/MUSIC- LIU KANG-CHINESE PAINTER ISBN 967-65-3086-7 BALI DANCE-BURMA-HISTORY/ Pisit Charoenwongsa, ed. THEATRE-BURMA-HISTORY The Royal Kingdom of SELECTED ARTICLES Thailand: fifty years of a Singer, Noel F. FROM SERIALS golden reign. Bangkok: Tourism Burmese puppets. New Authority of Thailand, 1997, 299 York: Oxford University Press, Agnew, Neville. p., col.ill., 37 cm. 1992, 98 p., ill. (some col.), 20 "Preservation of archaeo- THAILAND-HISTORY/THAI- cm. (Images of Asia) logical sites: a holistic LAND-SOCIAL LIFE AND ISBN 0-19-588589-9 perspective." The GCI CUSTOM/THAILAND- PUPPET THEATRE-BURMA- Conservation Newsletter, CULTURE HISTORY vol.12, no.2, 1997, p.4-8. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, Raben, Remco and Dhiravat na Surasit Saokong. PRESERVATION OF Pombejra, ed. Serenity the works of In the Kings trail: an 18th Surasit Saokong. Bangkok: Claus, Kapplinger. century Dutch journey to the Surapon Gallery, 1996, 292 p., "Architecture and the Buddha's footprint. Bangkok: ill. (some col.), 29 cm. marketing of the museum." the Royal Netherlands Embassy, ISBN 974-89952-2-4 Museum International, vol.49, 1997, 91p., col.ill., 31 cm. SURASIT SAOKONG/THAI no.4, 1997, p.6-9. ISBN 974-89926-5-9 PAINTER/ MUSEUMS-ARCHITECTURE AND MARKETING Riboud, Marc. Angkor: the serenity of Thailand: King Bhumiphol Dewar, Susan. Buddhism. London: Thames Adulyadej the golden jubilee "The Shanghai Museum." and Hudson, 1993, 159 p., 1946-1996. Bangkok: Asia Art AsiaPacific, no.16, 1997, chiefly ill., 34 p. Books, 1996, 280 p., col.ill., 36 p.81-83. ANGKOR IN PHOTOGRAPHY/ cm. SHANGHAI MUSEUM BUDDHISM ISBN 981-3018-63-1 Duffy, Terence. "The peace museums of Japan." Museum International, vol.49, no.4, 1997, p.49-54. PEACE MUSEUMS-JAPAN

50 SPAFA Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 Funch, Bjarne Sode. Mairot, Philippe. Roeser, Victoria E. "The art museum in "A new type of museum "Radio-frequency partnership with schools." network in France: the indentification: a promising Museum International, vol.49, Franche-Comté museums of museum tool." Museum no.2, 1997, p.38-42. local culture and techniques." International, vol.49, no.2, 1997, MUSEUMS AND EDUCATION Museum International, p.48-51. p.43-47. MUSEUMS-TECHNOLOGY- Gampell, Jennifer. THE FRANCHE-COMTê MUSE- RADIO FREQUENCY "Building bridges." Art UMS OF LOCAL CULTURE AsiaPacific, no.17, 1998, p.38-39. AND TECHNIQUES Scoble, Malcolm J. ARTS EXHIBITIONS "Natural History Museums Narayan.Sovana. and the biodiversity crisis: the Gwyneth Chaturachinda. "Performing arts muse- case for a global taxonomic "Champa in perspective." ums and collections in India." facility." Museum International, Newsletter National Museum Museum International, vol.49, vol.49, no.4, 1997, p.55-59. Volunteers, January 1998, p.11- no.2, 1997, p.32-37. NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM- 19. PERFORMING ARTS-MUSE- LONDON CHAM SCULPTURES/CHAMPA- UMS-INDIA/INDIA-PERFORM- ARCHAEOLOGY ING ARTS-MUSEUMS Tardits, Manuel. "The local-community Leonard, Robert. Pearson, Colin. museum: an architectural "Peter Robinson's strate- "Preserving collections in challenge." Museum gic plan." Art AsiaPacific, tropical countries." the GCI International, vol.49, no.4, 1997, no. 16, 1997, p.70-75. Conservation Newsletter, vol.12, p.36-41. PETER ROBINSON-ARTIST no.2, 1997, p.17-18. MUSEUMS-LOCAL-ARCHITEC- MUSEUM COLLECTIONS, TURE Halpin, Marijorie M. PRESERVATION OF/MESEUM "Play it again, Sam: ENVIRONMENTS Teaiwa, Teresia K. Teaiwa. reflections on a new "Our Pacific contemporary museology." Museum Rajah, Niranjan. art in Fiji." Art Asia Pacific, International, vol.49, no.2, 1997, "Sacred pictures secular no. 17, 1998, p.76-79. p.52-56. frames: spirituality in recent CONTEMPORARY ARTS-FIJI/ MUSEOLOGY Malaysian art." Art AsiaPacific, FIJI-CONTEMPORARY ARTS/ no. 17, 1998, p.66-71. Higham, Charles. ARTS, MALAYSIAN Turner, Caroline. "Origins: unearthing the "Asian modernisms." Art of civilization." Sawasdee, Asia Pacific, no. 17,1998, p.20-21. vol.26, no.12, December 1997, ARTS, ASIAN-MODERNISMS p.46-51. THAILAND-ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES-THAILAND

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SOURCES Dance Reasearch Journal National Geographic Published twice a year by the Published monthly by the Archaeology. A bi-monthly University of Hawaii and distrib- National Geographic Society, journal, issued by the Archaeo- uted by the New York Office of 1145 17th ST. N.W., Washing- logical Institute of America, 15 CORD, Departemnt of Dance, ton, D.C. 20036-4688. Park Row, New York, NY 10038 State University of New York, ISSN 0027-9358 ISSN 0003-8113 College at Brockpart, NY 14420. Restaurator Art AsiaPacific. A quarterly Discover India International Journal for the journal, published by Fine Arts A monthly magazine, published preservation of library and Press Limited, 112 Talavera by Media Transasia Ltd, 19th archival material is published Road, North Ryde NSW 2113, floor, Tai Sang Commercial quarterly by Munksgaard Inter- Australia Building 23-24 Hennessy Road, national Publisher Ltd., 35 Norre ISSN 1039-3625 Hong Kong. Sogade, P.O.Box 2148, DK- 1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Asian Perspectives. A journal Museum International. A ISSN 0034-5806 of archaeology and prehistory of quarterly journal, published for Asia and the Pacific, published the United Nations Educational, Sawasdee. A monthly maga- by the University of Hawaii Scientific and Cultural Organiza- zine, published by Thai Airways Press, Journal Department, 2840 tion by Blackwell Publishers, International Public Company Kolowalu Dtreet, Honolulu, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 Limited, produced by Time Inc. Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. 1JF, UK. Asia ISSN 0066-8435 ISSN 1350-0775 505-508 Westlands Centre 20 Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Canadian Theatre Review Newsletter National Museum Hong Kong. Tel. 2516-1000, A quarterly journal, published by Volunteers. A newsletter Fax. 2561-3454, E-mail: University of Toronto Press, published by National Museum [email protected] 5201 Dufferin Street, Volunteers, P.O.Box 1305 Nana ISSN 0251-7418 Downsview, Ontario, Canada Post Office, Bangkok 10112 M3H 5T8 Thailand ISSN 0315-0836

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