User Stories of Erkki Kurenniemi's Electronic Musical Instruments

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User Stories of Erkki Kurenniemi's Electronic Musical Instruments Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki Finland User Stories of Erkki Kurenniemi’s Electronic Musical Instruments, 1961–1978 Mikko Ojanen DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Doctoral dissertation to be presented for public discussion with the permission of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki, in Porthania III, on the 18th of December 2020 at 16 o’clock. Helsinki 2020 Author: Mikko Ojanen; [email protected] ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7833-9659. I wrote this dissertation as a PhD Candidate in the Doctoral Programme for Philosophy, Arts and Society / Musicology / University of Helsinki and in the Finnish Doctoral Programme for Music Research Supervisors: Dr. Kai Lassfolk and Dr. Alfonso Padilla Pre-examiners: Dr. Andrew Bentley and Dr. Trevor Pinch (opponent) Language reviser: Joan Nordlund, MA. Layout: Mikko Ojanen Printed by Unigrafia, Helsinki 2020 The Faculty of Arts uses the Urkund system (plagiarism recognition) to ex- amine all doctoral dissertations. © 2020 by Mikko Ojanen and the copyright holders listed on pages viii–xi; see List of Illustrations and Tables. CC-BY Mikko Ojanen. This work is li- censed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license – excluding the copyrighted photographic content listed on pages viii–xi, if not specifically mentioned otherwise. To view a copy of the license; see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1st Edition – version: 20201127_01 Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Ojanen, Mikko, 1974- author, respondent. User stories of Erkki Kurenniemi’s electronic musical instruments, 1961-1978 / Mikko Ojanen. – Helsinki, 2020 (Helsinki : Unigrafia, 2020). – xxvi, 293 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm Thesis (Ph.D.) – University of Helsinki, 2020. Includes bibliographical references (pages 257-290) URN: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-6394-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4018719 ISBN 978-951-51-6393-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-6394-3 (PDF) 1. Synthesizer (Musical instrument)—Scandinavia—History—20th century. 2. Synthesizer (Musical instrument)—Construction. 3. Synthesizer music— Scandinavia—20th century—History and criticism. 4. Music and technolo- gy—History—20th century. 5. Kurenniemi, Erkki, 1941-2017. GAC: e-fi--- e-sw--- DDC/23: 786.7/419 LCC: ML1092 .O33 2020 UDC: 780.653.36“1961/1978”(480+485)(091)(043)=111 YKL: 64.5409; 78.8809 Abstract The focus in this study is on electroacoustic music and the design of electron- ic musical instruments in Finland during 1961–1978, approached from both a historical and an analytical perspective. There are three main threads: music history (the historical and cultural context in the Nordic countries in the 1960s and 1970s), music technology (the design and use of electronic musical instruments), and electroacoustic music (aesthetics and musical analysis). The study belongs to the domain of music technology research and the scien- tific stance is interdisciplinary. On the one hand, I employ music analysis and the concepts of the modern historiographical paradigm, ethnography and aesthetics theory in my analysis and description of the cultural and historical context of electroacoustic music. On the other hand, I adopt concepts from Science and Technology Studies (STS) in describing the technological devel- opments and social networks. At the core of the study are the musical instruments and music of the Finnish instrument designer and composer Erkki Kurenniemi (1941–2017). At the time when technology dedicated to electronic music production was practically nonexistent and studios accommodating the genre were rare, and expensive to set up, Kurenniemi’s designs enabled and facilitated the work of several composers. In addition to his Finnish collaborators, he worked with many Nordic composers and artists. His visionary ideas and technical exper- tise were influenced by the works of many of his contemporaries – and vice versa. Kurenniemi’s work serves here as a lens through which I observe the broader picture of the cultural and historical circumstances of electroacoustic music – even beyond the Finnish scene. Instead of concentrating on the ca- nonical works and central actors in the field, I focus on the small Helsinki- based community, which had active links to Sweden and Norway as well as frequent connections with Central European studios. The study sheds light on these less commonly studied social connections. Beyond the temporal and the geographical, the works of Kurenniemi and his Nordic collaborators provide overarching perspectives on the interaction between music and technology. For example, static and detailed descriptions of musical instruments do not suffice to depict the impact of technological development on musical aesthetics. To study this aspect further, I examine Kurenniemi’s instruments in the hands of their users. In analyzing the use of his instruments, I show how technological artifacts develop in complex inter- action between the original designer, the users, and the artifact itself rather than in an isolated laboratory with a lonely designer. Kurenniemi’s own musical output, on the other hand, provides an exam- ple of a music-production process in which the works are created in close – and often real-time – interaction with the production technology. In extreme cases, the role of the technology is strongly emphasized and could even be the iii most influential factor in the music-making. This type of technology-driven music production and composition process challenges the traditional concept of a musical work, questions the typical intentions of a composer, and antici- pates many production methods that have emerged, especially in experi- mental productions and popular music. iv Tiivistelmä Väitöstutkimuksessani tarkastelen elektroakustisen musiikin historiaa sekä sähkösoitinsuunnittelua Suomessa vuosina 1961–1978. Tutkimukseni kolme pääteemaa ovat musiikinhistoria (historiallinen ja kulttuurinen konteksti Pohjoismaissa 1960–70-luvuilla), musiikkiteknologia (elektronisten soitin- ten suunnittelu ja käyttö) ja elektroakustinen musiikki (estetiikka ja musiik- kianalyysi). Työni kuuluu musiikkiteknologian tutkimuksen alaan, ja se muodostuu monitieteisistä tutkimusteemoista. Elektronisen musiikin kult- tuurihistorian kuvaukseen ja analyysiin sovellan modernin historiankirjoi- tuksen, etnografian ja esteettisen teorian käsitteitä sekä musiikkianalyysiä. Sosiaalisten verkostojen ja teknologian kehityksen hahmottamiseen hyödyn- nän tieteen ja teknologian tutkimuksessa (Science and Technology Studies, STS) kehitettyjä teorioita ja käsitteitä. Työni keskeinen toimija on soitinsuunnittelija ja säveltäjä Erkki Kuren- niemi (1941–2017). Kurenniemen soittimet mahdollistivat elektronisen mu- siikin tuottamisen Suomessa aikana, jolloin kyseisen musiikkityylin toteut- tamiseen soveltuvat studiot olivat harvinaisia ja teknologia kallista. Suoma- laisten yhteistyökumppaneidensa lisäksi Kurenniemi työskenteli myös mo- nien pohjoismaisten säveltäjien ja taiteilijoiden kanssa. Hänen visionäärinen ideointinsa ja tekninen asiantuntemuksensa vaikutti monien hänen aikalais- tensa töihin – ja päinvastoin. Kurenniemen työ musiikkiteknologian parissa toimii tutkimukseni lähtökohtana ja linssinä, jonka kautta tarkastelen poh- joismaisen elektronisen ja kokeellisen musiikin kulttuurihistoriallista tilan- netta sekä usean säveltäjän ja avantgardetaiteilijan töitä. Kanonisoitujen te- osten ja elektroakustisen musiikin keskeisten toimijoiden tarkastelun sijaan tutkimukseni painopiste on helsinkiläisessä pienessä yhteisössä, jolla oli ak- tiiviset yhteydet Ruotsiin ja Norjaan sekä jopa Keski-Euroopan studioihin. Tutkimukseni yhdeksi keskeiseksi teemaksi muodostuu historiallisten toimi- joiden sosiaalisen verkoston ja yhteistyön kuvaaminen. Työni ajallisen ja maantieteellisen rajauksen ohella Kurenniemen ja hä- nen yhteistyökumppaneidensa tuottama musiikki ja kokeellinen taide luovat pohjan myös musiikin ja teknologian vuorovaikutuksen yleisemmälle tarkas- telulle. Soitinten staattinen ja yksityiskohtainen kuvailu ei yksinään riitä mu- siikin teknisen kehityksen ja musiikin esteettisen muutoksen vuorovaikutuk- sen analysointiin. Tutkiakseni tätä muutosta tarkemmin tarkastelen Kuren- niemen soittimia erityisesti niiden käyttöyhteyksissä. Analysoimalla Kuren- niemen instrumenttien käyttöä osoitan, kuinka teknologiset artefaktit kehit- tyvät pikemminkin alkuperäisen suunnittelijan, käyttäjien ja itse artefaktin välisessä monimutkaisessa vuorovaikutuksessa kuin yksinäisen suunnitteli- jan keksintöinä, muusta maailmasta eristetyssä laboratoriossa. Kurenniemen oma taiteellinen tuotanto tarjoaa esimerkin musiikin tuotantoprosessista, jossa teokset luodaan tiiviissä – usein reaaliaikaisessa – vuorovaikutuksessa v tuotantoteknologian kanssa, mikä on tyypillistä elektroakustisen ja kokeelli- sen musiikin kontekstissa. Äärimmäisessä tapauksessa teknologian rooli ko- rostuu jopa siinä määrin, että siitä muodostuu tärkein musiikin tekemistä ohjaava tekijä. Tällainen musiikintuotantoprosessin muoto haastaa laajen- tamaan perinteistä taideteoksen määritelmää sekä kyseenalaistaa säveltäjän intention luomisprosessin osana. vi List of abbreviations and acronyms ANT Actor Network Theory (a theoretical frame) DIMI [w/suffix] The brand name of Kurenniemi’s DEF period DIgital Mu- sical Instruments DMI Digital musical instrument (a generic term for modern digital music instruments) DEF Digelius Electronics Finland (a company) DN Dagens Nyheter (a newspaper) EMS Elektronmusikstudion (EMS), Stockholm ESS Etelä-Suomen Sanomat (a newspaper) FNG/EKA Finnish
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