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The Cuban Refugee Program by WILLIAM 1. MITCHELL* FOR the first time in its hist,ory t,he United the President.‘s Contingency Fund under the Sbates has become a country of first asylum for Mutual Security Act a.nd partly, at first, from large numbers of displaced persons as thousands private funds. In his fin,al report,, Mr. Voorhe.es of Cuban refugees have found political refuge reported that the refugee problem had assumed here. For the first t,ime, also, the United States proportions requiring national attention and made Government. has found it necessary to develop a several recommendations aimed at its solution. program to help refugees from another nation in this hemisphere. The principal port of entry for these refugees ESTABLISHING THE PROGRAM has been, and is, Miami, and most of them remain Secretary Ribicoff’s report t,o President Ken- in t.he Miami area. Many of t,he refugees quickly nedy reemphasized the need for a comprehensive exhaust any personal resources they may have. program of aid, and on February 3 the President The economic and social problems that they face directed the Secretary to take the following a.nd that they pose for Miami and for all of actions : southern Florida are obvious. State and local 1. Provide all possible assistance to voluntary official and volunt,ary welfare agencies in the area relief agencies in providing d&y necessities for have struggled valiantly with these problems- many of the refugees, for resettling as many of problems of shelter, of food, of employment, of them as possible, and for securing jobs for them. schools, of public health that are too much for 2. Obtain the assistance of both private and any single commdnity to meet.. In keeping, there- governmental agencies to provide useful employ- fore, with the traditional policy of the United ment opportunities for displaced Cubans, con- Stat.es to grant asylum as long as t,hey need it to sistent with the overall employment situation people fleeing from oppression, the Federal prevailing in Florida. Government has stepped in. 3. Provide supplemental funds for the resettle- The national character of t,he problem was ment of refugees in other areas, including trans- recognized by President Kennedy in the first portation and adjustment costs to the new com- month of his administration. In a directive of munities and for their eventual return to Miami January 27, 1961, to the Secretary of Health, for repatriation to their homeland as soon as that Education, and Welfare, he asked Mr. Ribicoff to is again possible. undertake the responsibility, effective February 1, 4. Furnish financial assist,ance to meet, basic “for direct.ing the Cuban refugee act,ivities now maintenance requirements of needy Cuban refugee being conducted by the Executive branch of the families in the Miami area as required in com- Federal Government. and to make an on-the-scene munities of resettlement, administered through investigation of the problem within the next week Federal, State, and local channels and based on as my personal representative. I want you to standards used in the community involved. make concrete my concern and sympathy for those 5. Provide for essential health sem&es through who have been forced from their homes in Cuba, the financial assistance program supplemented by and t.o assure them that we shall seek t.o expedite child health, public health services, and other their voluntary return as soon as condit.ions there arrangements as needed. facilitate that,.” 6. Furnish Federal assistance for loc& pu,blic Earlier, in November 1960, President Eisen- school operating costs related to t,he unforeseen hower had directed Tracy S. Voorhees to look impact of Cuban refugee children on local teach- into the Cuban refugee situation as his repre- ing facilities. sentative. Under t,he direction of Mr. Voorhees, 7. 1nitiat.e needed measures to augment train- a Cuban Refugee Emergency Center was estab- ing a.nd educational opportunities for Cuban libhed in Miami. The Center was financed from refugees, including physicians, teachers, and those * Commissioner of Social Security. with other professional backgrounds. BULLETIN. MARCH 1962 2 8. Provide financial aid for the care and unaccompanied children, and financial assistance. protection of unaccompanied children-the most Maximum use has also been made of the defenseless and troubled group among the refugee resources within t,he Department, of Health, population. Education, and Welfare--the Office of Education 0. Undertake a surplus food distribution pro- and the Public Health Service, as well as the gram to be administered by the county welfare Bureau of Family Services (formerly Bureau of department, with surplus foods distributed by Public Assistance) and the Children’s Bureau of public and voluntary agencies to needy refugees. the Social Security Administration. Matters con- “I hope that these measures will be understood,” cerning employment, distribution of surplus com- the President said, “as an immediate expression modities, and the certification of the status of the of the firm desire of the people of the United refugees have been handled by the U.S. Employ- States to be of tangible assistance to the refugees ment Service in t.he Department of Labor, the unt,il such time as better circumstances enable Surplus Food Distribut.ion Branch of the Depart- them to return t,o their permanent homes in ment of ,Qgriculture, and the Immigration and health, in confidence, and wi-ith unimpaired pride.” Naturalization Service of the Department of Overall responsibilit,y for the emergency pro- Justice. gram was assigned to Secret.ary Ribicoff, who At the State level the Florida Department of delegated to the Commissioner of Social Security Public Welfare acts as the agent of the Federal the responsibility for organizing and coordinating Government in administering financial assistance the necessary services. The sum of $2 million was and welfare services for needy refugees and for allocated from the President’s Contingency Fund unaccompanied children. It also distributes sur- for operation of the program in t.he fiscal year plus commodities. The Florida State Board of 1960-61.1 Health aided in establishing the health program. The definition of refugee, for the purposes of The Dade County school system has provided the program, is somewhat broader than t,hat used elementary and high school education and summer by the Immigrat,ion and Naturalization Service. day camps for refugee children and an education Under the basic immigra.tion law, when a person program for adults. The Dade County Health becomes technically deportable-after his tem- Depart.ment has extended many of its health porary permit expires-he is ordinarily given a services to provide for refugee needs. short period of time in which to leave t.he count.ry. The voluntary agencies that have provided con- This is “voluntary departure.” If the person tinuing service under the Federal Government’s overstays that time, a warrant of arrest and direction include the National Catholic Welfare deportation proceedings is served. For the Cuban Conference, the Church World Service, the refugees “indefinite voluntary departure” is au- United Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, and the thorized with no time limitation, and consequently International Rescue Committee. These agencies no deportation proceedings are initiated. administer the resettlement service. Other voluntary agencies-sectarian and non- sectarian, as well as institutions and individual DEVELOPING THE PROGRAM citizens (many of them Cuban) have and are playing an effective role in all aspects of the In keeping with the wishes of t,he President, program but particularly in the operation of the the program for the Cuban refugees has from the Cuban Refugee Emergency Center and in the beginning been designed to make full use of the resettlement program. resourm 0: existir-g Federal, St&e, and local nsld private-and particularly ~?UCWS with experience in working with The MaI pi includes aid to SETTING PROGRAM POLICY ~&I&Z S&C&S in the Miami area, health services, The organization and development of the pro- etanpmt gervicq resettlement, foster care for gram have been guided by certain definite policies. From the beginning the refugees have been con- ‘dQbftssrta1 allocations from the President’s Contin- sidered not as intruders but as friends. Efforts r Ermd have been made during the flscal year 1961- in their behalf have been regarded not as burdens 4 SOCIAL SECURITY but as opportunities for service to fellow Refugee Center. More than 16,000 persons have Americans, to be given with understanding and been resettled through the program; another generosity. Every effort is made to leave the 16,000 have relocated on their own initiative or refugees free to choose their own destiny and the with t,he help of friends. Even with the sub- place in which to work it out. At the proper stantial numbers leaving the area, t,he refugee time, they will be helped to return home if that population in the Dade County area-more t’han is their desire. To relieve the pressure on Miami’s 55,000 persons at the end of the year-continues overburdened resources, however, and to reduce to groi. the need for continuing financial aid, the emphasis There are, of course, many refugees who do not has been placed on the desirability of resettlement register at the Center, and not all of those who in other sections of the country and overseas. apply for registration qualify for the status of For those who find resettlement impractical refugee. Most of them do arrive in a state of and who, for one reason or another, cannot sup- destitution, but not all need or qualify for cash port themselves, provision is made for furnishing assistance.
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