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Women's Empowerment and Decision-Making at the Household Level Neema, Murembe

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Women's Empowerment and Decision-Making at the Household Level Neema, Murembe Tilburg University Women's empowerment and decision-making at the household level Neema, Murembe Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Neema, M. (2015). Women's empowerment and decision-making at the household level: A case study of Ankore families in Uganda. Tilburg University. 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Download date: 26. sep. 2021 Women’s empowerment and decision-making at the household level Women’s empowerment and decision-making at the household level A case study of Ankore families in Uganda PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. E.H.L. Aarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de Ruth First zaal van de Universiteit op woensdag 6 oktober 2015 om 16.15 uur door Clementia Murembe Neema, geboren op 2 oktober 1961 te Ishaka, Oeganda Promotor: prof. dr. Sjaak Kroon Copromotores: dr. Veerle Draulans dr. Jef Van der Aa Overige leden van de promotiecommissie: prof. dr. Joy Kwesiga prof. dr. Wouter van Beek prof. dr. Mirjam van Reisen dr. Marloes van Engen dr. Bertha Vallejo Carlos Cover drawing by Charles Murembe Cover design and layout by Carine Zebedee © Clementia Murembe Neema, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission of the author. Table of contents Preface 1 1 Gender inequality and women’s empowerment 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Gender inequality 5 1.3 Women’s empowerment and plan of action 10 1.4 Empowerment defined 12 1.5 Decision-making defined 17 1.6 Problem statement and research questions 20 1.7 Conclusion 21 2 Gender inequality and women’s empowerment in Uganda 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Background information on Uganda 23 2.3 Traditional Ankore family practices 26 2.3.1 Marriage practices in traditional Ankore family relations 29 2.3.2 Education systems and gender relations in pre-colonial and colonial times 34 2.3.3 Production, resources and power relations in pre-colonial and colonial times 36 2.3.4 Mechanisms of family conflict resolution in pre-colonial and colonial times 41 2.4 Women’s empowerment in Uganda since 1986 44 2.4.1 Women’s empowerment in education 44 2.4.2 Women’s empowerment in economy 48 2.4.3 Women’s empowerment in policy 52 2.4.3.1 The constitution of Uganda and gender relations 53 2.4.3.2 Uganda’s political quota system and gender relations 55 2.4.3.3 The Domestic Relations Bill 58 vi Women’s empowerment and decision-making at the household level 2.4.4 Legal institutions and the management of gender-based violence 62 2.4.5 Religious institutions and the status of women in family relations 67 2.4.6 The role of NGOs and other actors in women’s empowerment 68 2.5 Conclusions 73 3 Methodology 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Mixed methods 80 3.3 Ethnographic approach: People’s own voices 81 3.4 Field sites, participants and methods of participation 82 3.5 Quantitative methods 86 3.6 Qualitative methods 89 3.6.1 Focus group discussions 91 3.6.2 Interviews 93 3.6.3 Observations 94 3.7 Setup of results chapters: Topical analysis 95 4 Women’s position in changing marriage practices 97 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 General characteristics of marriage practices 98 4.2.1 Age 98 4.2.2 Level of education 100 4.2.3 Polygamous practices 101 4.2.4 Family headship 104 4.2.5 Place of residence 106 4.2.6 Number of children 107 4.3 Traditional marriage practices in motion 110 4.3.1 Types of marriage 110 4.3.2 Initiation of marriage 116 4.3.3 The practice of enjugano 121 4.3.4 Venues of marriage celebrations 126 4.4 Conclusions 128 5 Women’s economic empowerment and decision-making in the family 131 5.1 Introduction 131 Table of Contents vii 5.2 Different types of IGA/Ps and implications for women’s decision-making 133 5.2.1 Government programs 133 5.2.2 Socially initiated programs 138 5.2.3 Individual initiatives 140 5.2.4 Couples’ self-realization projects 147 5.3 Women’s empowerment in Ankore families: Reality or rhetoric? 150 5.3.1 Women, public work environment and empowerment implications 151 5.3.2 Women’s additional obligations and empowerment implications 155 5.3.3 Women’s market economy participation and empowerment implications 161 5.3.4 Women’s incomes valued as means to other goals 163 5.3.5 Women’s empowerment: Exploitation and manipulation effects 167 5.4 Conclusions 171 6 Women’s position in traditional and contemporary causes and resolutions of family conflicts 175 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Married couples and serious conflicts 176 6.3 Traditional causes of family conflict 177 6.3.1 Lack of basic life necessities 178 6.3.2 Childlessness 179 6.3.3 Hereditary diseases or habits and solution mechanisms 182 6.3.4 Problems of drunkenness and solution mechanisms 183 6.3.5 Wife-beating and its solution mechanisms 184 6.4 Traditional mechanisms for family conflict resolution 186 6.4.1 Temporary separation and kinsmen involvement 186 6.4.2 Traditional arbitration processes 187 6.4.3 Beating up the brother-in-law to defend the sister 188 6.4.4 Silence: Women’s strategy against open violence 189 6.4.5 Consultations with diviners and herbalists 190 6.4.6 Divorce and sustainability of family relations 195 6.5 Contemporary causes of family conflict 198 6.5.1 Monetary economy, financial constraints and poverty 198 6.5.2 Affluence and its challenges 199 6.5.3 Power struggle and control of family resources 200 viii Women’s empowerment and decision-making at the household level 6.5.4 Multiple activities and conjugal obligations 201 6.5.5 Drunkenness 204 6.5.6 Poor communication systems 204 6.6 Contemporary mechanisms for family conflict resolution 204 6.6.1 Resilient traditional methods 205 6.6.2 Legal institutions and mechanisms 208 6.6.3 Recommended mechanisms 217 6.7 Conclusions 218 7 Discussion and conclusion 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Discussion of results 221 7.3 Limitations 226 7.4 Implications 228 7.5 Final conclusion 230 References 233 Summary 251 Tilburg Dissertations in Culture Studies 255 Preface Research on women and family relations in Africa is a complex matter. It involves obtaining married people’s own viewpoints and those of several other stakeholders in order to respond to persistent gender inequalities. It was not easy to put together women’s empowerment policies and married women’s possibilities to make decisions on use, control and ownership of family re- sources relative to their husbands’ power. This work involved several stake- holders and approaches, which I must say, I had underestimated at first. I had delays, needed rearrangement and an entirely new planning for a better write- up management. Therefore, this research deserved more time and focused attention than I originally envisaged. It is imperative and necessary to remem- ber the process I have gone through and therefore, thank and appreciate the efforts of several people that guided, supported and encouraged me to move on, and most important those that created the environment in which completion of this intellectual journey became a reality. To begin with, I thank God for his mighty plans and all that I have been able to sail through to date. I am greatly indebted to Mbarara University of Science and Technology for its continued willpower, including financial, physical and psychological support towards my doctoral studies for which I registered in 2004. Sincere thanks go to Dr. Pamela Mbabazi and the NUFFIC three-month support at the University of Antwerp (Belgium) in 2008. The three months were more or less the beginnings of having a consolidated period of write-up with scholarly guidelines of Professor Marysse Stefaan of the Institute of Management-IOB and Dr. Danielle de Lame from the African Museum in Brussels. I cannot forget Professor F.B. Kayanja’s astute discussions and decisions, which kept me strong-minded and committed to this research process. Mr. Steven Bazirake, thanks for your parental encouragement and for being a friend. In an entirely different but equally worthwhile measure, I must sincerely acknowledge the amount of work and input of my first internal supervisor, 2 Women’s empowerment and decision-making at the household level Professor Peter Kanyandago, Deputy Vice Chancellor of Uganda Martyrs University.
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