A Joint Monitoring Project of Socio-Economic Effects Of

A JOINT MONITORING PROJECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF COVID 19 BY KENYA TUITAKAYO MOVEMENT AND THE INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY REPORT COVERING 27TH APRIL TO 8TH MAY 2020

Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...... 3 2. Methodology ...... 3 3. Objectives...... 3 3.1. Main objective ...... 3 3.2. Specific objectives ...... 4 4. Research findings ...... 4 4.1. Availability of water ...... 4 4.2. Livelihood ...... 8 4.3. Evictions ...... 9 4.4. Human rights violations as a result of police violence ...... 10 4.4.1. Arrests ...... 10 4.4.2. Police violence ...... 11 4.4.3. Domestic violence ...... 12 4.5. Security ...... 12 4.6. Access to medical services ...... 13 4.7. Government response ...... 16 5. Highlights of the week ...... 18 5.1. Schools...... 18 5.2. Loans ...... 18 5.3. Kiamaiko 3 ...... 18 5.4. Maji protest (Soweto 9)...... 18 5.5. Korogocho demolition and protest...... 19 5.6. Highest recorded COVID 19 cases & lockdown on estates ...... 19 6. Recommendations ...... 19

1. Introduction This survey is a joint project between Kenya Tuitakayo Movement (KTM) and The Institute for Social Accountability (TISA). KTM is a movement that is citizen-led working towards transformative change in Kenya. The work of Kenya Tuitakayo is anchored in a charter that sets out a 10-point agenda the implementation of which, Kenya Tuitakayo Movement believes, will significantly transform the governance situation in Kenya. The Institute for Social Accountability (TISA) is a civil society initiative committed towards the achievement of sound policy and good governance in local development in Kenya, to uplift livelihoods of, especially, the poor and marginalized. TISA has been operational since March 2008 and is a locally registered trust that has engaged with various relevant state and non-state actors in the quest to promote effective local governance in Kenya.

2. Methodology This assessment adopted a survey methodology where questionnaires were deployed on smartphones through an application called KoBo Collect. The data was collected by 41 monitors across the country in 13 counties namely: Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Busia, Migori, Nakuru, Homa Bay, Nyeri, Makueni, Kilifi, Kakamega, Uasin Gishu and Kajiado. This survey adopted a systematic sampling method and the analysis, therefore narrows down to data of sample size 920 household surveys which has been collected in the last 11 days. The following graph shows the sample data distribution. The variance in data collected between Nairobi and other counties, is because Nairobi has been the most affected area since the first confirmed case of COVID 19. There is therefore a need to put more focus in Nairobi.

Data distribution 600 511 500

400

300

200

100 55 72

Numberrespondents of 35 40 35 37 40 35 20 15 20 5 0

Counties

Figure 1:Data distribution

3. Objectives 3.1. Main objective To assess how the COVID 19 pandemic has affected communities in Kenya economically and socially.

3.2. Specific objectives This survey has the following specific objectives in the counties under study. i. Assessing the availability of water ii. Assess the level of change in livelihood as a result of COVID 19 pandemic iii. To monitor the state of evictions iv. To monitor human rights violations as a result of police violence v. To assess the security situation vi. To monitor access to medical services during curfew hours vii. To monitor government response towards the pandemic

4. Research findings 4.1. Availability of water Water sources 35 32.86 30.69 31.89 30 25 20 15

Percentage 10 4.56 5 0 Private water Piped water in Communal water Rain water vendors household points Sources of water

Figure 2:Water sources

The above graph shows documentation of water sources for the households that were interviewed in the counties under study, 32.86% get their water from private water vendors, 30.69% have piped water in their households, 31.89 of the households get their water from communal water points, while only 4.56% use rainwater during the COVID 19 pandemic. However, according to the graph below 67.49% of the respondents say that the availability of water has worsened since the start of the pandemic while only 32.51% said that it has improved.

Availability of water 80 67.49 70

40 32.51

Percentage 30

0 Worsened Improved

Figure 3: Availability of water

The data collected revealed that the availability of water has worsened in the following areas,

County Sub-county Ward Busia Matayos Burumba Busia Nambale Township Busia Butula Marachi North Busia Butula Lugulu Homa Bay Mbita Mfangano Kajiado Kajiado West Iloodokilani Kakamega Malava East Kabras Kakamega Malava West Kabras Kasarani Njiru Njiru Kisumu Nyando Eastkano /Wawidhi Kisumu Muhoroni Masogo Nyangoma Kisumu Muhoroni Ombeyi Kisumu County Nyando Awasi-onjiko Kisumu kisumu Muhoroni Wawidhi Makueni Mbooni Kako/Waia Migori Suna East Wasweta 1 Migori Suna West Ragana Oruba Mombasa Changamwe Chaani Mombasa Changamwe Portreitz Mombasa Changamwe Kipevu Mombasa Changamwe Airport Mombasa Nyali Kazandani Mombasa Nyali Freetown Mombasa Nyali Ziwa la Ngombe Nairobi Kamukunji Eastleigh South

Nairobi Kamukunji Eastleigh Airbase Nairobi Dagoretti Kawangware 46 Nairobi Dagoretti North Kawangware 56 Nairobi Starehe Central Nairobi Mathare Kiamaiko Nairobi Mathare Huruma Nairobi Mathare Kosovo Nairobi Mathare Hospital Nairobi Mathare Mlango kubwa Nairobi Mathare Mabatini Nairobi Starehe Central Nairobi Roysambu Githurai 44 Nairobi Kibra Sarang'ombe Nairobi Kibra Sarang'ombe Nairobi Kibra Lindi Nairobi Kibra Makina Nairobi Langata Mugumoini Nairobi Makadara Harambee Nairobi Makadara Hamza maringo Nairobi Makadara Harambee Nairobi Makadara Viwandani Nairobi Embakasi South Mukuru kwa Njenga Nairobi Embakasi South Imara Daima Nairobi Embakasi central Komarock Nairobi Embakasi North Kariobangi North Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 1 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 2 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 3 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 4 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 5 Nairobi Embakasi West Kariobangi South Nairobi Embakasi central Komarock Nairobi Embakasi South Imara Daima Nairobi Embakasi East Mihang'o Nairobi Embakasi East Embakasi Nairobi Embakasi Savannah Nairobi Kasarani Korogocho Nairobi Kasarani Njiru Nairobi Kasarani Mwiki Nairobi Ruaraka Utalii Nairobi Ruaraka Lucky Summer Nakuru Nakuru town east Kivumbini

Nyeri Othaya Karima Nyeri Mukurweini West Nyeri Mukurweini Rugi Nyeri Mukurweini Central Uasin Gishu Turbo Huruma Uasin Gishu Turbo Kiplombe Uasin Gishu Soy Kapsuswa/Kuinet Uasin Gishu Kapseret Langas Uasin Gishu Turbo Kapsaos

Narrowing down to those with piped water in their households, only 21.62% can be able to access running water on a daily basis.

Availabilty of piped water 25 21.24 21.62 20 17.67 17.86

10 8.46 7.7 Percentage 5.45 5

0 3 days a 2 days a Everyday 1 day a 4 days a 5 days a 6 days a week week week week week week Number of days

Figure 4: Availability of piped water

4.2. Livelihood Livelihoods affected by COVID 19 120

100 Yes, 95.43

Percentage 40

20 No, 4.57 0 Yes No

Figure 5: Livelihood

According to figure 5, 95.43% of the respondents who were interviewed, said that their livelihoods/jobs/businesses were affected due to the following reasons: i. Many companies have either scaled down their operations or shut down completely leading to loss of jobs. This has mostly affected casual labourers. An example is the hospitality sector which heavily depends on tourism which is at a halt. ii. Those who were previously working as house managers have lost their work opportunities. This is because their employers cannot risk exposure to the Coronavirus. iii. Many small-scale businesses have also lost customers, forcing them to shut down and eventually leading to loss of income. iv. Hawking which employs a huge population has been prohibited, leading to loss of income. v. Teachers who work in private schools have also lost their income because schools are closed. vi. Those who depended on car wash businesses can no longer wash cars at night because of the curfew and as a result, they have lost their income. vii. Prices of essential commodities and services have also increased.

4.3. Evictions Cases of evictions 70 61.13 60

50 38.87 40

30 Percentage 20

0 Yes No

Figure 6: Evictions

Figure 6 shows that 38.87% of the respondents have witnessed cases of eviction, while 61.13% have not witnessed any case of eviction. Figure 7 below therefore, shows other measures that landlords are taking if they do not evict tenants due to non-payment of rent.

Other measures 80 73.07 70 60 50 40 24.59 30 22.25 20 12.18 11.94 Percentage 4.92 10 2.34 0

Axis Title

Figure 7: Other measures

According to the findings, 73.07% of the respondents have witnessed landlords locking out tenants who have not paid rent, 24.59% have witnessed the taking of household items, 12.18% removal of doors, 11.94% removal of a section of the roof, 22.25% disconnections of electricity, 4.92% disconnection of running water and 2.34% removal of windows. The measures taken by the landlords are independent variables and it is, therefore, possible that more than one measure can be taken on the same household.

4.4. Human rights violations as a result of police violence 4.4.1. Arrests Are arrest continuing? 80

70 Yes, 67.04

40 No, 32.96

Percentage 30

0 Yes No

Figure 8: Arrests

According to figure 8, 67.04% of the respondents said that arrests are still continuing in their areas. The data collected also shows that 84.11% of those arrested were released on police cash bail and only 13.3% were detained in police cells as shown in figure 9 below. In the last four days, information collected from the respondents shows that a total of 3460 people were arrested in their areas.

What happened to those arrested? Released on bail, 90 84.11

40 Percentage 30

20 Detained, 15.89

0 Released on bail Detained

Figure 9: Fate of those arrested

The data also further shows that 75.24% of those arrested were released on police cash bail within 24hrs and 24.76% of those detained were released after 24hrs, as shown in figure 10 below. Those who were released on cash bail paid amounts ranging from 500 to30,000 shillings.

Duration of releasing those detained 80 75.24

Percentage 30 24.76

0 Within 24 hrs After 24 hrs

Figure 10: Duration of detainment

4.4.2. Police violence The respondents also recorded 60 incidents of using live ammunition and 58 incidents of damage to property by the police, when enforcing curfew regulations. The respondents also reported 22 incidents of sexual harassment where the police grabbed people’s private parts and genitals. According to figure 11 below, 8.87% of the respondents witnessed the police confiscating property from ordinary citizens, for the following reasons: i. Failure to pay bribes. ii. Operating during curfew hours. iii. Walking during curfew hours. iv. Operating against government regulations, like opening bars against the regulations. v. To show seriousness. vi. Crowded business premises.

Confication of property 100 91.13 90 80 70 60 50 40

Percentage 30 20 8.87 10 0 Yes No

Figure 11: Confiscation of property

4.4.3. Domestic violence Domestic violence 80 69.43 70

40 30.57

Percentage 30

0 Yes No

Figure 12: Domestic violence

According to figure 12, 30.57% of the respondents witnessed domestic violence. They then gave the following reasons for domestic violence in their areas: i. The majority of the domestic violence cases have been contributed to by the fact that many households have lost their livelihoods, income or jobs as a result of the pandemic. The inability of husbands mostly to provide for their families, breeds quarrels then violence characterized by wife battery. ii. Infidelity. iii. Rise in drug and substance abuse because many people are confined at home and are therefore indulging in alcohol abuse every day and have no time to spend and provide for their families. iv. Abusive husbands. v. Family disagreements. 4.5. Security State of security 70 59.44 60

50 40.56 40

30 Percentage 20

0 Improved Worsened

Figure 13:Security

Figure 13 shows that 59.44% of the respondent felt that security has improved while 40.56% of the respondents felt that security has worsened for the following reasons: Improved Worsened i. The number of police patrols day and i. The number of break-ins and theft in night have increased and have reduced shops has increased during curfew hours. crime rates. ii. It is difficult to distinguish between ii. People get to their houses during police officers and thugs during curfew daylight and this has reduced cases of hours because some thugs disguise muggings (“kupigwa ngeta”) themselves as police officers and steal from people. iii. Most people are not willing to go out during curfew hours and thieves are taking advantage of the situation to steal from people without their neighbours knowing. iv. People claiming to be from “Nyumba kumi” committees are breaking into people’s houses. v. The police have focused on curfew violators and have forgotten about runaway criminals. vi. Theft has increased during the day. vii. Unemployment.

4.6. Access to medical services Are community health centres open during curfew hours? 54 52.85 53 52 51 50 49 48

Percentage 47.15 47 46 45 44 Yes No

Figure 14:Community health centres

According to figure 14, only 47.15% of the respondents recorded that community health centres were open during curfew hours in their areas while 52.85% of the respondents said they were not open in the following areas, County Sub-county Ward Busia Teso south Amukura central Busia Teso south Angorom Busia Butula Marachi North Kakamega Malava Chimche Kakamega Malava West Kabras Kilifi Malindi Ganda Kilifi Malindi Malindi Town Kilifi Magarini Sabaki Kilifi Kilifi North Watamu Kisumu Nyando Awasi-onjiko Kisumu Nyando Eastkano/Wawidhi Kisumu Kisumu Central Kondele Kisumu Kisumu Central Manyatta B Kisumu Muhoroni Masogo Nyangoma Kisumu Muhoroni Ombeyi Makueni Mbooni Kako/Waia Mombasa Changamwe Chaani Mombasa Nyali Freretown Mombasa Nyali Kazandani Mombasa Changamwe Kipevu Mombasa Changamwe Portreitz Mombasa Nyali Ziwa la Ng'ombe Nairobi Starehe Central Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 1 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 2 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 3 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 4 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 5 Nairobi Kamukunji Eastleigh South Nairobi Embakasi East Embakasi Nairobi Roysambu Githurai 44 Nairobi Roysambu Githurai 45 Nairobi Makadara Hamza maringo Nairobi Makadara Harambee Nairobi Mathare Hospital Nairobi Embakasi South Imara Daima Nairobi Dagoreti Kabiro Nairobi Embakasi North Kariobangi North Nairobi Embakasi West Kariobangi South

Nairobi Dagoretti North Kawangware 46 Nairobi Dagoretti North Kawangware 56 Nairobi Mathare kiamaiko Nairobi Kibra Kibra Nairobi Embakasi central Komarock Nairobi Ruaraka Korogocho Nairobi Mathare Kosovo Nairobi Kibra Lindi Nairobi Mathare Mabatini Nairobi Kibra Makina Nairobi Embakasi Matopeni/ spring valley Nairobi Embakasi East Mihang'o Nairobi Mathare Mlango kubwa Nairobi Langata Mugumoini Nairobi Embakasi South Mukuru kwa Njenga Nairobi Dagoreti south Ngando Nairobi Kamukunji Pumwani Nairobi Kibra Sarang'ombe Nairobi Embakasi east Savannah Nairobi Embakasi west Umoja Nairobi Ruaraka Utalii Nairobi Makadara Viwandani Nakuru Nakuru Town east Biashara Nakuru Nakuru town west Flamingo Nakuru Nakuru town west Kapkures Nakuru Nakuru Town east Kivumbini Nalrobl Mathere Huruma Nyeri Othaya Karima Nyeri Mukurweini Rugi Nyeri Mukurweini West Uasin Gishu Turbo Kapsaos Uasin Gishu Soy Kapsuswa/Kuinet Uasin Gishu Turbo Kiplombe Uasin Gishu Kapseret Langas Uasin Gishu Turbo Turbo

Figure 15 below, further shows that only 47.5% of the respondents are able to access emergency medical services during curfew hours in their areas, due to the following reasons: i. There are no community health centres open during curfew hours and there is also no transport to other hospitals at that time. ii. Police harassment. iii. Fear of police violence. iv. Emergency response teams are afraid of going to some areas at night.

v. There are no community health centres in some areas. vi. Some people cannot afford to pay for emergency medical services. vii. Doctors respond reluctantly to patients and most community health centres lack medicine. viii. Most people cannot access “Nyumba kumi” officials during curfew hours.

Are you able to access emergency medical services during curfew hours?

56 54.3 54 52 50 48 45.7

46 Percentage 44 42 40 Yes No

Figure 15:Emergency medical services 4.7. Government response Evidence of government response 80

70 67.28

40 32.71

Percentage 30

0 Yes No

Figure 16: Government response

Figure 16 records that 32.71% of the respondents interviewed have witnessed government response in fighting the COVID 19 pandemic in their areas, as shown in figure 17 below.

Type of government response

35 30.45 28.06 27.46 30 25.37 25.97 25 19.4 20 15.52 15 8.96 Percentage 10 5 1.79 0

Figure 17:Type of government response

In the counties under survey, 1.79% of the respondents said that the government has improved access to emergency medical care in their areas. 27.46% of the data collected also reveals that the government distributed food in the following areas,

County Sub-county Ward Kajiado Kajiado West Iloodokilani Kakamega Malava Chimche Kilifi Malindi Shella Kisumu Nyando East Kano Kisumu Kisumu Central Kondele Makueni Mbooni Kako/Wala Nairobi Dagoretti Kawangware Nairobi Ruaraka Korogocho Nairobi Ruaraka Utalii Nairobi Embakasi East Embakasi Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 2 Nairobi Embakasi North Dandora 4 Nairobi Embakasi Central Komarock Nairobi Embakasi South Mukuru Kwa Njenga Nairobi Kamkunji Pumwani Nairobi Kamkunji Eastleigh South Nairobi Kamkunji Eastleigh Airbase Nairobi Kibra Makina Nairobi Kibra Sarang’ombe Nairobi Kasarani Clay City Nairobi Kasarani Njiru Nairobi Dagoretti Kawangware

Nairobi Mathare Kiamaiko Nakuru Nakuru Town West Kapkures Nakuru Subukia Kabazi Nyeri Mukurweini Rugi Uasin Gishu Turbo Kapsaos

The variables in figure 17 are independent and there is, therefore, a possibility that more than one response was issued in a given area. Aside from the responses captured in figure 17 the government has also responded in other ways as follows: i. There is a visible increase in the number of police officers patrolling day and night. ii. There are education programs to teach people how to wash their hands and wear masks.

The respondents also had the following concerns: i. Those distributing government help are only doing it to the people they know. ii. NGO’s are doing more work to help people than the government iii. Households were mapped out for food relief a month ago but to date, they have not received any food iv. The help that the government is issuing is only heard of or seen in media platforms but not on the ground.

5. Highlights of the week

5.1. Schools. Schools remain closed after the education Cabinet Secretary George Magoha, told the parliamentary committee that school going kids will stay at home until COVID 19 pandemic is put under control. Magoha further explained to the national assembly’s education committee that his ministry had rolled out virtual learning programs to learners despite the fact that many learners live in very remote areas without basic electronics like radio. 5.2. Loans On May 29th, the world bank approved Ksh75bn Kenya loan, causing an outrage amongst Kenyans who went online to express their sentiments on the ever growing public debt and the government’s insatiable appetite for loans. The terms of borrowing the loan still remain unknown 5.3. Kiamaiko 3 The search for the lost activist and his two counterparts still went on for the third week since their disappearance. However, on the 8th of May 2020, the Pangani police station OCS in a meeting with Kiamaiko Social Justice Centre representatives said that, the police need more time for the search. 5.4. Maji protest (Soweto 9) Earlier in the week human rights defenders from the social justice centers and other civil rights groups took charge and went to county water and sewerage company Eastland branch and protested against the perennial water shortage in eastlands. Sadly, nine of those who were protesting were arrested and taken to Soweto police station where they were released on a cash bail of ksh.5000 each.

5.5. Korogocho demolition and protest. The Nairobi water and sewerage company demolished homes and shops of residents in korogocho built on land that belongs to the company, leaving thousands homeless. The demolitions led to a protest on Friday 8th of May, where the police reportedly engaged the participants of riot using water cannons, teargas and live ammunition with the aim of ending the riot. Civil society groups have mulled on the government’s timing on the forced evictions and use of excessive force. 5.6. Highest recorded COVID 19 cases & lockdown on estates On Tuesday, the ministry of health reported 45 new cases of COVID 19 infections in a single day, the biggest spike in numbers since the first case was reported 8 weeks ago. To curb the infection from spreading, the government went on to impose a lockdown in Eastleigh estate and Old town in Mombasa, marking these neighborhoods as hotspots with the highest rate of community transmission.

6. Recommendations i. The government should improve water supply to households. ii. The government should regulate the use of alcohol during the pandemic. iii. Police activity should be monitored continuously during and after the pandemic, in order to reduce or eliminate human rights violations as a result of police violence. iv. The government should issue masks to people who cannot afford them instead of arresting them. v. Landlords should be advised to reduce rent as long as the pandemic lasts because many people have lost their job or businesses and might therefore not afford to pay rent. vi. Police officers should wear their uniform during curfew hours to help get rid of the thugs who disguise themselves as police officers. vii. The government should improve access to medical health care during curfew hours. viii. The government should also focus on the provision of psychosocial services to families. This will aid in the reduction of overconsumption of alcohol and marital conflict within the households.