POST-MAURYAN(200 BCE – 300 AD)
This period is marked by a shift in political focus from Magadha to north- western India
Economically and culturally vibrant
Rise of many regional kingdoms
North and Central India
Shungas, Kanvas, Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Kushanas and Guptas
Southern and Western India
Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Vakataks Sunga Dynasty
Pushyamitra Sunga
Formerly the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan Army.
He defeated the Bactrian Greek king, Demetrius
Patanjali = contemporary
Mahabhasya Agnimitra Bhagabhadra/Bhagavata
Heliodorus PYQ 2016_1
Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of Sunga dynasty? (a) Swapnavasavadatta (b) Malavikagnimitra (c) Meghadoota (d) Ratnavali
ANS = b) POST-MAURYANS
Indo-Greek Weakness of north-west empire Seleucid Chinese wall They were the first to issue gold coins – 1st attributed to king Coins of sliver, copper, and nickel as well Hellenistic art – not purely Greek Shakas Indo-Synthians Larger area than Greek 5 branches of shakas No resistance from India – except Ujjain 57-58 BC Vikramaditya Vikram Samvat Rudradaamn-1 repairing of Sudarshan Lake Sanskrit PYQ_3 What is the correct chronological order in which the following appeared in India? i. Gold Coins ii. Punch marked silver coins iii. Iron plough iv. Urban culture
Select the correct answer using the codes given: a) iii, iv, i, ii b) iii, iv, ii, i c) iv, iii, i, ii d) iv, iii, ii, i
ANS = d) Post-Mauryans
Parthians Small portion Gondophernes king Kushan Yuechis From steppe Empire – from Khorasan to Patliputra Two capitals – Mathura and Purushpura Kanishka(78AD-120AD)
The Rabatak inscription Founder of Saka Era Buddhism = 4th Council Kundalavana (near Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir) EMINENT PERSONALITIES PATRONIZED BY KANISKA
Ashvagosha =??????
Charaka
father of Ayurveda
Charaksamhita
Wrote encyclopaedia of Buddhist philosophy called Mahavibhasa
Indian Einstein
Prajna Parimata Sutra
Agesilaus
A Greek engineer under whose guidance, it is believed, the great stupa of Purushapura was built Rabatak Inscriptions Kushan
Kushan Empire 1st Century AD Capital = Purushpura and Mathur Practice
Consider the following statements: 1. Kanishka patronized Buddhist scholars Vasumitra, Asvagosha, and Nagarjuna. 2. Nagarjuna is the author of Buddhacharita 3. Kanishka patronized the famous physician of ancient India, Charaka.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANS = b) PYQ 2004
Who among the following presided over the Buddhist Council held during the reign of Kanishka at Kashmir?
a) Parsva
b) Nagarjuna
c) Sudarka
d) Vasumitra
ANS = d) Practice
Arrange the following in the correct chronological order of their arrival in India. 1. Indo-Greeks 2. Kushanas 3. Partians 4. Shakas Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 2-3-4-1 b) 1-4-2-3 c) 1-4-3-2 d) 3-2-1-4
ANC = c) Practice
1. They were a branch of the Yuchi tribe; whose original home was Central Asia.The founder of this dynasty was Kujula Kadphises. They first came to Bactria and then they gradually moved to the Kabul valley and seized the Gandhara region. Which of the following Dynasties fit the description given above? a) Shungas b) Satavahanas c) Kushanas d) Sakas
Ans = c) Calenders
THREE TYPES
1. Solar
2. Lunar
1 month/Lunations = 29.26 to 29.8 which makes 354 days in year
Shukla Paksha
Krishna Paksha
Tithi or Vasara
Further divided
3. Luni-Solar
Year calculated by solar system and months by lunar
Intercalation
Adhik masa
Every 2.5 years
Four yugas INDIAN CALENDARS
Vikram Samvat
56 BC
Adik masa
Saka Samat
King Shalivahan
Both solar and lunar
Zero = vernal equinox of 78 AD
1st day = 22nd March
Hijri
622 A.D.
No relation with cycle of season PYQ 2014_8
Chaitra 1 of the national calendar based on the Saka Era corresponds to which one of the following dates of the Gregorian calendar in a normal year of 365 days? (a) 22nd March (or 21st March) (b)15th May (or 16th May) (c)31st March (or 30th March) (d)21st April (or 20th April)
ANS = a) PYQ_9
Consider the following statements: (i) Islamic calendar is 12 days shorter than the Gregorian calendar. (ii)The Islamic calendar begun in 632 AD. (iii)Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar.
Which of the above is/are correct? (a)(i) only (b)(i) and (ii) (c)(i) and (iii) (d)(iii) only
ANS = d) Practice_10
Consider the following statements about Vikram Samvat- (i)It is based on Luni-Solar Calendar. (ii)The zero year is 78 AD. Which of the above statement/statements is/are correct? (a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii) (c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii)
ANS = a) Impact of contact with world
Cultural assimilation Military Knowledge and Equipments:
Better cavalry
Excellent horseman
Use of reins and saddles
Turban, trousers and long coat
Cap, helmet and boots to warrier Impact of contact with world
Trade Rome Silk route Polity Greek introduced military governorship - strategos कॅन्टोन्मᴂट बो셍ड() Satrap system started by Kushan
Feudatory – ‘king of kings’ Ashoak = Kushan = Devanampiya Piyadasi Devputra Divine origin –legitimacy Devputra = Kushan New elements to Indian society – indianised Impact of contact with world
Religious development Vaishnavism Greek ambassador – Heliodorus Kushan dynasty – worshipers of shiva and Buddha Images of both on coins Origin of Mahayan Sci and tech Astronomy Coins Copper coins and gold coins inspired from Romans Charak-Samhita Extensive note on digestion, metabolism and immune system Genetics Sci and tech
Sushruta Samhita Surgery and obstetrics Rhinoplasty (plastic surgery) Ophthalmology Ayurveda to Tibet and China PYQ_11
The practice of military governorship was first introduced in India by the
a) Greeks
b) Shakas
c) Parthians
d) Mughals EVOLUTION OF ART
• Sculpture • Narrative • More become • Human Post- Mauryan Sunga art Kushan Gupta divine part of Symbolic Buddha Gupta Art Art • Jataka feature temple Art • Musculine Art Stories Art • Walls and Pillars ART
Rock cut caves Two types – chaityas and vihars Udaygiri and Khandgiri Kalinga king kharavela 1st BC Hathigumpha inscription auspicious Jain Namokar Mantra and highlight of king kharavela expedition Stupa Larger and more decorative Shunga dynasty introduced torana E.g bharhut and Sanchi Art
GANDHARA SCHOOL
Western frontiers
Bluish-grey sandstone
Later mud and stucco
Greek & Roman Influence
Roman influence
Artistic interpretation - Apolla
Wavy hair
Dresses Gandhara School of Art
Greek influences
depiction of a ‘man-god’
Stucco plaster - Greek art
Greek god as protector
Vajrapani: transformed symbol of Hercules
Intellectual affinity: The halo and bun of Gandhara Buddha signifies intellectual imbibition of Buddha from Greek
Kushana patronage
Spiritual
Half closed eyes = meditative pose
Fewer ornament Practice_12
Consider the following statements regarding Gandhara Art: 1. It is influenced by helenistic art. 2. Main theme of this art was Hinyana Buddhism. 3. Sakas and Kushanas were the main patrons of this school of art. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANS = b) Practice_13
With reference to the Gandhara School of Art, consider the following statements: 1. Sculptures were made using blue-grey schist stone. 2. Sculptures had curly hairs 3. Bull statue on Rampurva Pillar belong to Gandhra School of art
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 ANS = a) Mathura school of art
Local sculpture tradition
Red sandstone
Kushana patronized
Buddha Images on lines of Yaksha
Images of Vaishnava and Shaiva
Images represented by their Ayudhas
But Buddha images in large numbers
Faces are round and Smiling
Softness in surface
Folds of drapery
Halo around Buddha profusely decorated
Kankali tila Practice_14
Consider the following statements regarding the Mathura school of art: 1. The Mathura school of art depicts a transition in theme from Brahmanical to Buddhist themes. 2. The patrons of this school used white spotted red sandstone for carving images. 3. Buddha is depicted in his Abhay Mudra and Padmasana Mudra. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANS = d) SATVAHANAS(100BCE to 200 AD)
Andhra- Purana
Ironshare, paddy, cities and writing created condition for empire
The earliest Satavahana inscriptions = 1st century BCE
Defeated the Kanvas and established = rule over parts of central India
Earliest – Maharashtra
Gautamiputra Satkarmi
Defeated shakas
Expanded from MP to Karnataka SATAVAHANS
Vashishtiputra Satkarmi
Successor pf GS
Set up Capital at Pratishthan
Conflict between Shaka and Satvahana over Konkan
Married the daughter of Rudradaman I.
Yajna sri Satkarmi
Lover of trade and navigation
Ships on coins SATAVAHAN
Material and Economic apects Fusion of Local and North Hoes, sickles etc Gold from Kolar & iron from Warangal Most coins of lead Other – copper and bronze Rice in Krishna and Godavari Technique of Transplantaion Cotton Deccan Pliny aacount Practice_15
Consider the following statements regarding the Satavahanas: 1. They ruled over central India and many parts of northern India. 2. Satavahana rulers were identified through names derived from that of the mother. 3. Many Satavahana rulers also adopted the title devaputra, or “son of god”. correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans-B SATAVAHANAS
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Seems = Tribe of Deccan
Satavahanas = brahmins
Matrilineal
ADMINISTRATION
Upholder of dharma
Representing authority of Rama, Krishna
Divine origin
3 grades of feudatories
Raja – right to strike coin
Mahabhoja
Senapati
First = Tax free villages to Bramins + Buddhist Monks EVOLUTION OF ART
• Sculpture • Narrative • More become • Human Post- Mauryan Sunga art Kushan Gupta divine part of Symbolic Buddha Gupta Art Art • Jataka feature temple Art • Musculine Art Stories Art • Walls and Pillars Art and Artchitecture
Chaitya and Viharas
AMARAVATI SCHOOL
Indigenously developed
White marble
Mainly Buddhist influence
Narrative art
Nashik caves
Inscriptions of Mother Gautami about son Satkarmi
Pandav leni
Hinyana and Mahayana
Water management system
Literature
Gatha Sattasai by King Hala MEGALITHS
People known by graves
Beginning = 1000 bc
Skeleton + pottery + iron objects
Pottery = black and red ware prominent, red
Iron tools – tridents, hoes, sickles
Agri tools + fighting tools
Late megalith = Chola, Pandya and chera
Paddy and ragi CIVALISATION IN SOUTH
Megaliths = from upland to delta
Contact with north = 4th BC
Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism = earliest influence of heterodox sects
Ashokan inscription
“Dear to god” from Tamil land
Flourishing trade = formation states
Why??? = Hippalus
Percolation of iron technology
Chola, Pandya and chera
Megasthenes mentions Practice_17
With reference to the Chalcolithic age, consider the following statements: 1. Megalith burial is characterized by Chalcolithic age . 2. The Harappan culture is considered as a part of Iron age culture Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANS = d) Sources
Sangam age
Sangam = Tamil form of sanskrit ‘Sangha’
TimeLine: 3st century BC to 3nd Century AD in the kingdom of Pandyas.
Madurai
Two groups – Narrative and Didactic
Melkannaku and Kelkanakku
Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar: combination of Dharmashastra, Arthashastra and Kamasutra and commentary on aspect of life and religion
133 chapters grouped into 3 sections
1.Aram 2.Porul 3.Inbam or Kamam
Tolkappiyam byTolkappiar
Textbook on Tamil Grammar
Social-Political life => Tolkappiyam refers to four castes Sources
(i) Silappadikaram(The jewelled Anklet)
Earliest and greatest epics of Sangam age
Supposedly written by Illango Adigal
It is a love story of a Merchant-Kovalan and Dancer Madhavi
Kannagi cult
Social and Historical information about sangam age. (ii) Manimegalai by Poet Sattanar
Buddhist supplement to Silappadikaram
Depicts development of the fine arts in Sangam Age. (iii) Sivaga Cindamani by Jain monk Tiruttakkadēva
Sivaga-Superman who excels in every field Practice_1
Consider the following statements: 1. Tolkappiyam is an ancient Tamil grammar text and the oldest surviving work of Tamil literature. 2. Silappatikaram was written by Satthanar who was a Buddhist. 3. Manimekalai was written by Ilango Adigal who was a Jaina follower. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 2 and 3 only d) None of the above
ANS = A) Practice_2 Consider the following pairs:
Paleolithic Age Site State
1. Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh 2. Hunsgi Karnataka 3. Daojali Hading Arunachal Pradesh 4. Chirand Uttar Pradesh
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 3 and 4 only d) 2 and 4 only
Ans = a) Practice
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Tolkappiyam: 1. It was authored by Tolkappiyar. 2. It is a supernatural fantasy story of a prince who is the perfect master of all arts. 3. It provides information on the political and socio-economic conditions of the Sangam period. Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 3 only ANS = c) SANGAM AGE
Suggest social evolution Pastoral Agriculture Cattle raids
Hero dies – reduced piece of stone
Later = Virarkal
Idea of state formation
Trade and economic activities = attested by Romans
Towns
Puhar
Didactic text
Code for social groups and kings
Agri and Megalith state
Pastoral Practice_4
With reference to the ‘Sangam age literature’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Sangam age literature was composed only by male poets. 2. There were three Sangam assemblies held under the patronage of Cholas. 3. Manimegalai provides valuable information on the Sangam polity and society. Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans = c) The Three Early Kingdoms
Pandya
Megasthenes – mentioned Pandya
Pearls
Woman rulers
Roman trade Kingdom Capital Emblem Sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus The Pandyas Chola (covers modern Tirunelveli, Madurai Fish Madurai, Ramnad districts Cholamandalam andsouth Travancore) Efficient navy = SL Conqured The Cholas Uraiyur – cotton trade (covers modern Tanjore Uraiyur => Tiger Karaikal – famous and Trichinopoly district Puhar of Tamil Nadu) Puhar – Kaveripattanam
Dock The Cheras (covers mostly Kerala Vanji/Karuvur Bow 160 km embankment on kaveri coast) Encouraged growth of Agriculture, Built dam called Kallanai across river Kaveri
Declined The Three Early Kingdoms
Chera
Natural boundaries
Roman trade - Muziris
Spices Especially pepper- great demand, ivory
Muslin and silk
Rice, ginger etc Greek names from Ind
Great producer of sugarcane, turmeric, grains
Monsoon in 1st AD
Another imp port Thondi
Conti fight with other two
Greatest – Senguttuvam
North expansion
Pepper Practice_5
With reference to the Sangam period, consider the following statements: 1. Tiger was the royal emblem for the Cholas. 2. Fish was the royal emblem for the Cheras. 3. The bow was the royal emblem for the Pandyas
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANS = b) Practice_6
Consider the following pairs:
Dynasty Important Ports 1. Cheras Musiri 2. Cholas Korkai 3. Pandyas Puhar
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? a) 2 and 3 only b) 1 only c) 1 and 2 only d) 3 only ANS = b) PYQ 2019
India maintained its early cultural contacts and trade links with Southeast Asia across the Bay of Bengal. For this pre-eminence of early maritime history of Bay of Bengal, which of the following could be the most convincing explanation /explanations? (a) As compared to other countries, India had a better ship-building technology in ancient and medieval times. (b) The rulers of southern India always patronized traders, Brahmin priests and Buddhist monks in this context. (c) Monsoon winds across the Bay of Bengal facilitated sea voyages. (d) Both a and b are convincing explanations in this context
ANS = c) Gupta timeline
Srigupta
Ghatotkacha Gupta
Chandra Gupta I (320-325 A.D.)
Samudra Gupta (325-375 A.D.)
Chandra Gupta II (375-415 A.D.)
Kumara Gupta (415-454 A.D.)
Skanda Gupta (454-467 A.D.) Gupta empire Gupta empire: Sources
Literary Accounts
Accounts written by foreign travelers
Fa-hien(399AD-411AD): Earliest Chinese pilgrim visited India during Chandragupta II
Although people were wealthy, they led simple lives, generally obeserving Buddhist rules of conduct.
Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism existed in society
There was mildness in Administration Practice_8
Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT regarding the religious, social and economic condition of the Gupta empire as described by Fa Hien? a) The economic condition of the empire was prosperous. b) Buddhism was in a flourishing condition in northwestern India. c) There was a well-developed spy system. d) The roads were largely safe for travelers, and there was no fear of thieves.
ANS =c) Gupta empire: Sources
Kalidasa: Greatest poet and Playwright, India has ever produced
Subject matter of Kalidasa’s work is love, nature and beauty
However they also give information about the government, Society and religion
Poetic work: Ritusamhara, Meghduta, Raghuvamsa and Kumarasambhava
Dramatic work:
Malavikagnimitram,
Abhijanshakuntalam,
Vikramaurvashi Gupta age
Chnadragupta-I (AD320-325):
Adopted title Maharajadhiraj
Started Gupta era in 320 AD
Extended empire through matrimonial alliances by marrying a Lichchhavi princess Samudragupta:
Information from Allahabad Pillar
Chnadragupta-I chosen Samudragupta over others
It is because of his bravery and generalship he is known as “Napoleon of India”
He defeated many powerful rulers
But he did not annex southern territories => southern kings to accept his authority and allowed them to rule.
Title of Kaviraja
“Parakramah”, “Apratirthah” Allahabad pillar
Prayag Prashasti
Composed by Harisena
Ashoka, SG and Jahangir
SG = Harisena
Explains extend of control over Indian subcontinent
Four categories of opponent
Called as “Anukampavan” Gupta age
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya
Title given was “Sakari” or conqueror of Sakas of Malwa
Sea trade and Ujjain as second Capital
Direct commerce with Europe through Egypt
Matrimonial alliance = Policy
Doughter Prabhadevi + Rudrasena II
Helped him to establish control in the Deccan
Mehrauli Pillar and Coins depicts title Vikramaditya
Fa-Hien visit
His court had Navratna: Nine gems
Amarsimha
Amarkosh Gupta age
Varahamihira
Mathematician and astrologer
3 books
Panchasidhantika
Brihat Samhita – movements of planets, eclipse, growth of crops, manufacturing of perfumes
Brihat Jataka – astrology
Dhanvantari Gupta age
Kumargupta(415AD to 455AD):
Founded Nalanda
Invasion Hunas(Whit Huns/ Ye tha) - tribe of central Asia invaded India for the first time
Defeated Hunas
Junagarh Inscription – Sudarshan lake repaired Practice_9
In his famous Dakshinapatha expedition he defeated twelve South Indian rulers. After his military victories against the North and South Indian rulers, he performed the asvamedha sacrifice. He issued gold and silver coins with the legend ‘restorer of the asvamedha’. The Allahabad Pillar inscription speaks of his magnanimity to his foes, his polished intellect, his poetic skill and his proficiency in music. Identify the Gupta ruler. a) Chandragupta I b) Samudragupta c) Chandragupta II d) Skandagupta
ANS = b) Decline of The guptas
Hun Invasion
Later gupta could not defend
Hun chief Toraman expended up to Bhopal
Feudatories
Yashodharman of Malwa
Gradual decline of economic prosperity
Loss of Deccan Regn of gupta
System of administration Title – Parmeshwara Maharajadhiraja
Feudalisation Land taxes increased => का??? => आत्मनिर्भर रोम अनर्याि Vishti Civil and criminal laws codified
Guild – own laws Not elaborate admin like Mauryans
Bhukti – Uparika
Vishayas – vishayapati
Vithis Villages – important
Admin to UP, Bihar, and Bengal => feudatories Priests = land Less officials PYQ 2019_10
With refence to forced labour (Vishti) in India during the Gupta period, which one of the following statements is correct? (a) It was considered a source of income for the State, a sort of tax paid by the people. (b) It was totally absent in the Madhya Pradesh and Kathiawar region of the Gupta Empire. (c) The forced labourer was entitled to weekly wages. (d) The eldest son of the labourer was sent as the forced lab
ANS = a) Reign of gupta
Gupta trade
Gold coins – dinar, silver and copper
Silk weaving art to Romans by Chinese
Ruralisation Social developments
Numerous sub-castes
Foreigners – conquerors
Tribal
Shudras improved
Chandals deteriorated
Untouchability
Women – subordinate and dependent, lacked property right
No purdah system
Sati evidence in 510 AD
Banbhatta Literature
Purana
Kalidas
Shudraka –
Amarsimha
Bhasa – 13 plays
Vishnu Sharma Practice Forum_11
Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
Play/Drama Written by 1. Abhijanshakuntalam Kalidas 2. Panchtantra Vishnusharma 3. Amarkosha Amarasimha 4. Mudrarakshash Dandin
Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 and 2 only b) 1, 2 and 3 only c) 4 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
ANS = b) Art and architecture
Temple Architecture: Beginning of Free standing temple architecture Basic form of The Hindu Temple
(i) A cave like sanctum(garbhagriha) : main icon which is itself the focus of much ritual attention
(ii) The entrance to the temple that incorporates space for a large number of worshippers i.e. Mandapa
(iii) temple to have a mountain like spire which can take the shape of a curving i.e. Shikara in North India and Vimana in south India
(iv) Vahan
The placement of an image in a temple is carefully planned
Entrance – north or East
Mithun etc
Subsidiary shrines
Panchayatan temple PYQ 2014_12
With reference to the cultural history of India, the term "Panchayatan" refers to (a) an assembly of village elders (b) a religious sect (c) a style of temple construction (d) an administrative functionary
ANS = c) Temple – Nagara
Upraised platform
No boundary walls or gateways
Earliest temples had just one shikara, later temples had several.
Garbhagriha is always located directly under tallest tower. Many sub- division of Nagara temples depending on shape of shikhara. (i) Rekha-prasada/Latina type of shikhara (ii) Phamsana – phamsana design is used for the mandapas while main garbhagriha is housed in latina (iii)Valabhi – usually called wagon-vaulted buildings Practice_13
Which of the following is/are the features of Nagara temple architecture? 1. The entire temple is built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. 2. Entry to the temple is led through huge and elaborate gateways. 3. The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans =c) Temple architecture- central India
In U.P, M.P- most visible – made up of sandstone During Gupta period temple is in Panchayatana style of architecture- Main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth Khajuraho – 10th CE
Both exterior and interior decorated
Lakshmana temple dedicated to Vishnu is the grandest temple of Khajuraho, built in 954 by the Chandela king
Rekha Prasad shikhar
Erotic images from Vastyayans kamsutra
Kandariya Mahadeo temple dedicated to Lord Shiva
Jain temple TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE- WEST INDIA
Exterior no carving
Interior - carving
In Gujrat, Rajasthan and western Madhya Pradesh
Sandstone is commonest along with grey and black basalt
Marble after 11th century
Mount Abu and Ranakpur
Sun temple
hundred and eight miniature shrines are carved in between the steps inside the tank.
East facing PYQ 2015_14
Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples? 1. Arasavalli 2. Amarkantak 3. Omkareshwar Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANS = a) TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE-EAST INDIA
North-East, Bengal, Odisha
Terracotta- main medium of construction
Assam-Ahom style
Kamakhya temple
Bengal- Pala style
Patronized many Buddhist monastic sites
Odantanpuri
Vikramshila
Nalanda TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE-EAST INDIA Odisha- main features into three classification
Rekhapida , Pidhadeul, Khakra
Boundary wall
Sub-style of Nagara
Exterior lavishly decorated
Sikhara-Deul
Mandapa-Jagmohana
Main sites- Puri
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE-EAST INDIA
Black Pagoda
Exterior – lavish
No pillars
Sun temple-1240AD
Shikhara height of 70m
12 pairs wheels of Sun god
Chariot driven by 8 horses Practice_15
Which of the following features is/are associated with the ‘Deul’ style of temple? 1. Khakra 2. Only pyramidal Shikharas used 3. Boundary walls 4. Erotic Images on the interior as well as exterior walls of Konark Sun Temples Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1, 2 and 3 only b) 1, 3 and 4 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 2, 3 and 4
ANS = c) Dravida
Gompound wall
Gateway – Gopuram
Main temple tower – Vimana
Stepped Pyramid
Top – shikhar
Dwarpal
Tank
Antarala Dravida
No multiple shikharas
Garbagriha – smallest tower
Population increased – new compound
Srirangam temple in Tiruchirapally – 7 concentric layers
Temples became rich administrative centres, controlling vast areas of land
These are basically of five different shapes:
Kuta – square
Shala – rectangular
Vritta – circular
Gaja-prishta or vrittayata (elephant backed) –elliptic
Ashtasra – octagonal Dravida
Mahabalipuram
Shore temple – shiva
Ananthashayna Vishnu
Ratha temple
Rock cut caves
Open air rock relief
Shiva temple of Thanjavur - Rajarajeswara or Brihadiswara temple
Completed around 1009 by Rajaraja Chola
Hundreds of stucco figures Chola sculpture
Nataraja
Earlist at Ravana Pahadi = Aihole
Four hands significances
On a small dwarf
River Ganga
Ardhanarishwara
Snake
Circle of light Practice_16
The terms ayatasra, kuta and vritta are related to (a) Subdivisions of dravida temples based on shape. (b) Tamil texts composed by Nayanars. (c) Folk compositions of Hindustani music. (d) Type of mural paintings discovered in Central India.
Ans-A VESARA
Hoysalas(1050 to 1300 AD)
Belur, Halebid and Somnathpuram, sringeri
Stellate
Soapstone
Intricate carvings
Decoration through sculpture
Hoysaleswara Temple
Large mandapa Vijaynagar (1335 to 1565 AD)
Combination of chola, Hoysala and Chalukyas
Also influenced by indo-Islamic style of Bijapure
Walls decorated with carving, geometrical patterns and paintings
Earlier single gopuram but later on all sides
Monolithic rock pillars
Pillars with mythological Horse called Yali
Central mandap called as Kalyan Mandap
e.g – Lotus Mahal, Vitthal Swami Temple, Virupaksha Temple at Hampi, Raghunath Temple, Rock Idol of Narsimha on Dance forms
Significance of dance in Indian culture
Complete art – culmination of all art forms
Bharat’s – Natya Shastra (200 BCE to 200 AD)
Fifth Veda
Amalgamation all vedas
Two aspects
Lasya – grace, rasa bhava
Tandava - rhythm and movement
Abhinay Darpan – Nandikeswara
Nritta- basic dance
Natya – dramatic representation => story
Nritya- emotions
8 classical dance forms Navarasas Bharatnatyam
Oldest among all Dashiattam noted in the ancient Tamil epic Silappatikaram E. Krishana Iyer revived Both male and female Features Alarippu Jatiswaram - pure Nritta movements Shabdam – Natya => glory of god Varnam – Nritya component Thillana – rapid movements Fire dance Mudras Ekcharya Lasyam – One dancer many roles Equal emphasis on T and L Rukmini Devi Arundale Kuchipudi
Origin – kuchelapuram village
Bhagavat Puran – main theme
Bhagavathalus
Balasaraswati and Ragini Devi
Features
Team
Dominance of Shringar Ras
Daaru
Tarangam
Jala Chitra nrityam
Manduk Shabdam
Carnatic music PYQ 2013_17
How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam dances? 1. Dancers occasionally speaking dialogues is found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatnatyam. 2. Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet on its edges is a feature of Bharatnatyam but Kuchipudi dance does not have such a form of movements. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 ANS = a) Kathakali
Origin
Closely related to Koodiyattam
Revived by V N Menon under patronage of Mukunada Raja
Features
All male
Facial make up
Colours
Conflict
Ballad of East
Stories
Language – Manipravalam
Eye movements
Open theatre
Symbolise - sky Mohiniatatm
Solo by woman
V N menon and Kalyani Amma
Feminine dance of vishnu
Lasya
White costume, leather strap with Bells
Symbolises - air Odissi
Udaygiri-Khandgiri = Kharvela
Practiced by Maharis
Int – Charles Fabri and Indrani Rehman
Tribhnaga
Lower body largely static
Geometrical shapes = Mobile Sculpture
Elements
Mangalcharan
Tharijham – Nritta => before conclusion
Hindustani music
Elaborate hairstyle, Long necklace and silver jwellery
Water
Gita Govinda PYQ_18 In the context of cultural history of India, a pose in dance and dramatics called ‘Tribhanga’ has been a favourite of Indian artists from ancient times till today. Which one of the following statements best describes this pose? (a) One leg is bent and the body is slightly but oppositely curved at waist and neck. (b)Facial expressions, hand gestures and make-up are combined to symbolize certain epic or historic characters. (c)Movements of body, face and hands are used to express oneself or to tell a story. (d) A little smile, slightly curved waist and certain hand gestures are emphasized to express the feelings of love or eroticism.
ANS = a) Practice_19
Consider the following statements regarding Bharatnatyam and Odissi dances: 1. While Bharatnatyam is completely based on Hindustani music, Odissi dance is based completely on carnatic music. 2. Tribhanga posture and hand mudras are found in Bharatnatyam and not in Odissi. 3. While Bharatnatyam originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu, Odissi dance had roots in village folk traditions. correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None
Ans-D Manipuri
Origin
Lai Haroaba
Vaishanavism – Krisha
Generally females
Raja bhag Chandra in 18th century and then Tagore
Thin veil
Lesser important to hand gestures but more to foot movement
T and L
Nag Bandha Mudra
Ras Leela theme
Pung, flute, khartal(wood clapper) dhol etc
Thang ta and sankirtana Kathak
Kathika
Lady Leela Sokhey
Gharana
Elements
Ananda – introductory item
Thaat - soft and varied movement
Jugalbandi
Tarana – similar to Thillana
Kramalaya – concluding piece with intricate and fast foot work
Birju Maharaj, Lachchu Maharaj Sttriya
Shakardev
Monasteries – sattras
Amalgamation of ojapali and devdasi
Devotion to Vishnu and stories of Vishnu
Include Nritta, Nritya and Natya
Group – Bhokots
On “Borgeets”
Kohl(Drum), cymbals(Manjira) and Flute
Male costumes – Dhoti and Turban
Female Costumes – Ghuri and Chador made of silk
Ankia Nat – type of Sattriya involves play or Musical Drama also called as Bhaona Chhau
Origin – Chhaya
Mask
Martial movement
3 types
Seraikella – Jh
Mayurbhanj – Od
No Masks
Purulia - WB Paintings
Bhimbetaka - V S Wakankar Mural painting
Jogimara Caves(Chattisgarh) All 3 religions Ajanta
Mural and Fresco
Jataka stories
Padmapani (Avalokiteshwara)
Dying princess (cave 16)
Shibi jataka
Emotions to animals
Unique hairstyle Ellora
Kailash temple
3 religions Paintings
Bagh caves Sittanavasal cave(7TH century)
Jain
On ceiling and pillars
Samvasarana scene
Lotus pond Ravan chaya (7th Century)
Odisha
Royal hunting lodge Badami caves(7th )
Similar to Ajanta and Bagh
Hindu
3 religions Lepakshi (15th )
Vijaynagar Paintings
Latin word ‘minium’ 25 suare inch 1/6th size of objects
Indian miniature - side profile Mughal miniature
Persian influence
From god to glorifying ruler
Foreshortening technique Akbar
Department – Tasvir Khanna
Invited artist from other rulers
3 d
Calligraphy
Daswant, basawan and Kesu
Tutinama, Hamzanama, Gulistan of Sadi miniature
Jahngir
Naturalist
decorated margins
Zebra and Cock
Ustaad Mansoor
Ayar-i-Danish
Shah Jahan
Artificial
European influence
Aurangzeb paintings Paintings
Mewar Earlier version was Apabramansa (jaina and Vaishnava ) Sahibdin Ramayana and Bhagwat Puran Later – Tamasha Painting Subtype - Nathdwara Paintings Pichhwai paintings
Pushtimarg devotional tradition Kishangarh Sawant Singh and Bani Thani Nihal Chand Other themes – Radha and Krishna Bundi Hadoti and Kota Krishna Bhakti Local vegetation Sky in different colours drawing of the faces and an element of naturalism in the treatment of the trees(Mughal Influence) Pahari school
Pahari
Basholi (Jammu and Kashmir)
Expressive faces
Big eyes
intricate geometrical designs, monochrome background, gloss finishes and dramatic compositions with imposing figures with decorative attire
Primary colours
Patronage - Raja Kripal Pal
Mughal technique of painting on clothings
Devi Das famous painter
Kangra
Raja Sansar Chand
Themes – Gita Govinda , Bhagwat Puran and Nal Damayanti, Satsai of Biharilal
Ragmala
Kullu, Chamba, and Mandi Ragmala
Art , poetry and classical music
Many schools
Raga – colour
Deities attached
Miniature of south India
Tanjore Paintings
Heavy use of gold and brilliant colours
Maratha Rulers patronised
On glass and boards
Patronised by Sarfoji Maharaj
Mysore Paintings
Multiple figures but one figure dominate others
Gesso paintings – Zinc Oxide and Arabic Gum Modern
Raja Ravi Verma
Raphael Of east
Ravana kidnapping Sita, Mother India, Saraswati, Lady in Moonlight
Rang Rasiya
Bengal school
Simple colours
Abanindranath Tagore
Arabian Nights
Bharat Mata Painting
Nandala Bose
Rabindranath Tagore
Small paintings linked to poems Cubist
Reassemble
Abtrstact
“Personification Of Romance” Folk
Madhubani
Mithila
Symbolic
On occasion
No gaps
Traditionally on wall but on Papers
2 d
No shading
2 line border
Mostly – women
Jagdamba Devi
GI Folk paintongs
Pattachitra
On cloths
Mix of classical and tribal paintings
No pencil – rather brush
Natural colours made from 100% natural materials
Background and borders with foliage
Coatings of Lacquer
Jaganath
Pattachitra on palm leaf – talapattachitra Patua Paintigs
Stories
On scrolls now also on paper Paitkar
Ma Mansa
What happened in next life Paintings
Warli
Wall
Geometric shapes
Only white pigments
Ritualistic
Gum and rice powder
Kalamkari
Name from – Kalam(Sharp pointed bamboo)
Pen is soaked on in Jaggery
On fabric/textile
Wall hangings Paintings
Thangka
Sikkim, HP, Ladakh and ArP
Buddhism
Cotton canvas
Colour significance
Red – intense love or hatred
Golden - life or birth
Manjusha
Bhagalpur Bihar
Also called Angika Art
Snake painting
On boxes Paintings
Saura
Odisha tribe
Similar to warli
Geometrical shape