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Art and Culture POST-MAURYAN(200 BCE – 300 AD) This period is marked by a shift in political focus from Magadha to north- western India Economically and culturally vibrant Rise of many regional kingdoms North and Central India Shungas, Kanvas, Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Kushanas and Guptas Southern and Western India Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Vakataks Sunga Dynasty Pushyamitra Sunga Formerly the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan Army. He defeated the Bactrian Greek king, Demetrius Patanjali = contemporary Mahabhasya Agnimitra Bhagabhadra/Bhagavata Heliodorus PYQ 2016_1 Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of Sunga dynasty? (a) Swapnavasavadatta (b) Malavikagnimitra (c) Meghadoota (d) Ratnavali ANS = b) POST-MAURYANS Indo-Greek Weakness of north-west empire Seleucid Chinese wall They were the first to issue gold coins – 1st attributed to king Coins of sliver, copper, and nickel as well Hellenistic art – not purely Greek Shakas Indo-Synthians Larger area than Greek 5 branches of shakas No resistance from India – except Ujjain 57-58 BC Vikramaditya Vikram Samvat Rudradaamn-1 repairing of Sudarshan Lake Sanskrit PYQ_3 What is the correct chronological order in which the following appeared in India? i. Gold Coins ii. Punch marked silver coins iii. Iron plough iv. Urban culture Select the correct answer using the codes given: a) iii, iv, i, ii b) iii, iv, ii, i c) iv, iii, i, ii d) iv, iii, ii, i ANS = d) Post-Mauryans Parthians Small portion Gondophernes king Kushan Yuechis From steppe Empire – from Khorasan to Patliputra Two capitals – Mathura and Purushpura Kanishka(78AD-120AD) The Rabatak inscription Founder of Saka Era Buddhism = 4th Council Kundalavana (near Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir) EMINENT PERSONALITIES PATRONIZED BY KANISKA Ashvagosha =?????? Charaka father of Ayurveda Charaksamhita Vasumitra Wrote encyclopaedia of Buddhist philosophy called Mahavibhasa Nagarjuna Indian Einstein Prajna Parimata Sutra Agesilaus A Greek engineer under whose guidance, it is believed, the great stupa of Purushapura was built Rabatak Inscriptions Kushan Kushan Empire 1st Century AD Capital = Purushpura and Mathur Practice Consider the following statements: 1. Kanishka patronized Buddhist scholars Vasumitra, Asvagosha, and Nagarjuna. 2. Nagarjuna is the author of Buddhacharita 3. Kanishka patronized the famous physician of ancient India, Charaka. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 ANS = b) PYQ 2004 Who among the following presided over the Buddhist Council held during the reign of Kanishka at Kashmir? a) Parsva b) Nagarjuna c) Sudarka d) Vasumitra ANS = d) Practice Arrange the following in the correct chronological order of their arrival in India. 1. Indo-Greeks 2. Kushanas 3. Partians 4. Shakas Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 2-3-4-1 b) 1-4-2-3 c) 1-4-3-2 d) 3-2-1-4 ANC = c) Practice 1. They were a branch of the Yuchi tribe; whose original home was Central Asia.The founder of this dynasty was Kujula Kadphises. They first came to Bactria and then they gradually moved to the Kabul valley and seized the Gandhara region. Which of the following Dynasties fit the description given above? a) Shungas b) Satavahanas c) Kushanas d) Sakas Ans = c) Calenders THREE TYPES 1. Solar 2. Lunar 1 month/Lunations = 29.26 to 29.8 which makes 354 days in year Shukla Paksha Krishna Paksha Tithi or Vasara Further divided 3. Luni-Solar Year calculated by solar system and months by lunar Intercalation Adhik masa Every 2.5 years Four yugas INDIAN CALENDARS Vikram Samvat 56 BC Adik masa Saka Samat King Shalivahan Both solar and lunar Zero = vernal equinox of 78 AD 1st day = 22nd March Hijri 622 A.D. No relation with cycle of season PYQ 2014_8 Chaitra 1 of the national calendar based on the Saka Era corresponds to which one of the following dates of the Gregorian calendar in a normal year of 365 days? (a) 22nd March (or 21st March) (b)15th May (or 16th May) (c)31st March (or 30th March) (d)21st April (or 20th April) ANS = a) PYQ_9 Consider the following statements: (i) Islamic calendar is 12 days shorter than the Gregorian calendar. (ii)The Islamic calendar begun in 632 AD. (iii)Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. Which of the above is/are correct? (a)(i) only (b)(i) and (ii) (c)(i) and (iii) (d)(iii) only ANS = d) Practice_10 Consider the following statements about Vikram Samvat- (i)It is based on Luni-Solar Calendar. (ii)The zero year is 78 AD. Which of the above statement/statements is/are correct? (a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii) (c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii) ANS = a) Impact of contact with world Cultural assimilation Military Knowledge and Equipments: Better cavalry Excellent horseman Use of reins and saddles Turban, trousers and long coat Cap, helmet and boots to warrier Impact of contact with world Trade Rome Silk route Polity Greek introduced military governorship - strategos कॅन्टोन्मᴂट बो셍ड() Satrap system started by Kushan Feudatory – ‘king of kings’ Ashoak = Kushan = Devanampiya Piyadasi Devputra Divine origin –legitimacy Devputra = Kushan New elements to Indian society – indianised Impact of contact with world Religious development Vaishnavism Greek ambassador – Heliodorus Kushan dynasty – worshipers of shiva and Buddha Images of both on coins Origin of Mahayan Sci and tech Astronomy Coins Copper coins and gold coins inspired from Romans Charak-Samhita Extensive note on digestion, metabolism and immune system Genetics Sci and tech Sushruta Samhita Surgery and obstetrics Rhinoplasty (plastic surgery) Ophthalmology Ayurveda to Tibet and China PYQ_11 The practice of military governorship was first introduced in India by the a) Greeks b) Shakas c) Parthians d) Mughals EVOLUTION OF ART • Sculpture • Narrative • More become • Human Post- Mauryan Sunga art Kushan Gupta divine part of Symbolic Buddha Gupta Art Art • Jataka feature temple Art • Musculine Art Stories Art • Walls and Pillars ART Rock cut caves Two types – chaityas and vihars Udaygiri and Khandgiri Kalinga king kharavela 1st BC Hathigumpha inscription auspicious Jain Namokar Mantra and highlight of king kharavela expedition Stupa Larger and more decorative Shunga dynasty introduced torana E.g bharhut and Sanchi Art GANDHARA SCHOOL Western frontiers Bluish-grey sandstone Later mud and stucco Greek & Roman Influence Roman influence Artistic interpretation - Apolla Wavy hair Dresses Gandhara School of Art Greek influences depiction of a ‘man-god’ Stucco plaster - Greek art Greek god as protector Vajrapani: transformed symbol of Hercules Intellectual affinity: The halo and bun of Gandhara Buddha signifies intellectual imbibition of Buddha from Greek Kushana patronage Spiritual Half closed eyes = meditative pose Fewer ornament Practice_12 Consider the following statements regarding Gandhara Art: 1. It is influenced by helenistic art. 2. Main theme of this art was Hinyana Buddhism. 3. Sakas and Kushanas were the main patrons of this school of art. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 ANS = b) Practice_13 With reference to the Gandhara School of Art, consider the following statements: 1. Sculptures were made using blue-grey schist stone. 2. Sculptures had curly hairs 3. Bull statue on Rampurva Pillar belong to Gandhra School of art Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 ANS = a) Mathura school of art Local sculpture tradition Red sandstone Kushana patronized Buddha Images on lines of Yaksha Images of Vaishnava and Shaiva Images represented by their Ayudhas But Buddha images in large numbers Faces are round and Smiling Softness in surface Folds of drapery Halo around Buddha profusely decorated Kankali tila Practice_14 Consider the following statements regarding the Mathura school of art: 1. The Mathura school of art depicts a transition in theme from Brahmanical to Buddhist themes. 2. The patrons of this school used white spotted red sandstone for carving images. 3. Buddha is depicted in his Abhay Mudra and Padmasana Mudra. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 ANS = d) SATVAHANAS(100BCE to 200 AD) Andhra- Purana Ironshare, paddy, cities and writing created condition for empire The earliest Satavahana inscriptions = 1st century BCE Defeated the Kanvas and established = rule over parts of central India Earliest – Maharashtra Gautamiputra Satkarmi Defeated shakas Expanded from MP to Karnataka SATAVAHANS Vashishtiputra Satkarmi Successor pf GS Set up Capital at Pratishthan Conflict between Shaka and Satvahana over Konkan Married the daughter of Rudradaman I. Yajna sri Satkarmi Lover of trade and navigation Ships on coins SATAVAHAN Material and Economic apects Fusion of Local and North Hoes, sickles etc Gold from Kolar & iron from Warangal Most coins of lead Other – copper and bronze Rice in Krishna and Godavari Technique of Transplantaion Cotton Deccan Pliny aacount Practice_15 Consider the following statements regarding the Satavahanas: 1. They ruled over central India and many parts of northern India. 2. Satavahana rulers were identified through names derived from that of the mother. 3. Many Satavahana rulers also adopted the title devaputra, or “son of god”.
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