JOURNAL PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE,�IECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, A WEEKLY OB AND MANUFACTURES.

Vol. LXXXV.-No. $3.00 ABLIBHED 25'J­ 21, 1901. [ 8. CE�TSA A YEAR. COPY. EST 1845. NEW YORK, DEUE'MBEK

GIANT SAND WHEEL FOR THE CALUJlET AND HECLA JUNING COJlPANY.-DUJlETER,66 FEET; WEIGHT,50 TONS; NUJlBER OF BUCKETS, 550.-[8ee page 411.] Scientific American DECEMBER 2t, t901.

will postpone indefinitely, probably forever, the con­ Ten years' measurements show that the average dis­ SCIENTIFIC AMER.ICAN where the Chagres and EST ABLISHED 1845 struction of the much-talked-of bridge or bridges across charge of the Chagres River, the Hudson River. There has never been any question the canal have the same location, has been about 3,400 MUNN &. COo, Editors and Proprietors of the relative economy of tunnels OVEr bridges of the cubic feet a second ; while measurements taken in Published Weekly Juan River show the average mean at magnitude of the North River structure, and if the 1898 in the San No_ 3bl Broa.dwa.y, New York tunnels, as will probably prove, to be the case, are discharge above the mouth of the San Carlos to be expeditiously operated, free from objections in the 25 000 cubic feet a second. Moreover, the total rainfall TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS ' in One copy, one year for T�nited States. Canada. or Mexioo .. . . :. $i).00 way of poor ventilation and from other discomforts, in 1898 was but slightly over 201 inches, whereas Une copy, one year. to anyt,he foreign country. postage prepaId. .lliS. _: ad. .£0 4.lJO we may look to see them adopted exclusively for rail­ 1890 it was 296 inches, 214 for 1891, and 291 for 1892, THE S' 'IENTIFIO MERIOAN PUBLIOATIONS. Chicago or San Francisco, and it may that must pass off is much greater at Nicaragua, and inland sea of Lake Nicaragua. Were the two canal s bring into prominence once more the dream of the must generate more permanent and intense currents both finished and open to traffic, the time of transit late Austin Corbin of a great terminal shipping point than will be the case at Panama, where the great by the 45-mile Panama Canal would be only twelve at Montauk Point for a line of transatlantic passenger floods of the river are of very short duration and do hours, whereas by the 183-mile Nicaragua Canal the veslilels. <;:onstruction of this moreover, The tunnel. not occur at more frequent intervals than three years." time of transit will be thirty-three hours. DECEMBER 21, 1901. Scientific AInerican

AN INTERESTING AUTOMOBILE DAMAGE CASE.. fendant that he had met the plaintiff upon the road vault. 'fhere was no mark nor inscription to indicate several times, that he had seen his horse standing by A short time ago there was trial before a jury in the .resting-place, although h�s memory is perpetuated a the roadside, and that the horse had been frightened. the Supreme Court of this city of a ·suit brought by by such familiar names as Fulton Street, Fulton Ferry "It is to be presumed that those who use the road Dr. George W. A. Collard, of Bridgeport, Conn., against and }<'ulton Market. know the uses to which the road is put, and that we Frederick C. Beach, of Stratford, Conn., owner of a Now, however, the reproach that we do not erect should be aware, we who drive on the road should be Riker electric surrey, illustrated in the SCIENTIFIC memorials to our great men no 10liger obtains, in A�1ERICAN of May 13, 1899, to recover damages esti­ aware that bicycles, that vehicles operated by other this instance, for the American Society of Mechan­ motive power than horse power or oxen use it, and ical Engineers has caused monument to be built, mated at $50,000 for injuries claimed to have been a that we should be upon the alert, reasonably on the received in consequence of the electric vehicle fright­ carrying a medallion portrait of Robert Fulton. The alert, as to what dangers, if any, or surprises, if any, ening the Doctor's horse. The accident occurred about attention of the society was brought to this matter may come to us. three years ago on the main road, thirty-two feet wide, some three years ago by Mr. Albert A. Hopkins, of "Now, if the plaintiff perceived that this vehicle was SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. over which run two trolley tracks connecting ' the town the editorial staff of the The in the road, he was bound to act as would a reasonable, of Stratford, Conn., with the city of Bridgeport. idea was warmly welcomed, and a committee was ap­ prudent man with regard to his own horse, and that Early one morning Mr. Beach's son and coachman, pointed to investigate the proper method to accom­ and the circumstance, if you believe it to be true, while traversing this road in an easterly direction, at plish a' suitable marking of the grave. Its efforts a rate of about nine miles per hour, observed the were heartily met both by the Trinity Corporation Doctor's phaeton going the same way some five or and by members of the family. This monument was six blocks ahead.; the road at the time was free fro m unveiled on December 5, with appropriate exercises. other vehicles. When within three blocks of the At 2 o"clock the members of the society and their phaeton it was seen to stop, and soon thereafter a guests assembled in the Real Estate Exchange ad· commotion occurred as the Doctor ali ghted. He was joining the churchyard. Rear-Admiral Melville, En· observed to be thrown down and dragged along by gineer-in-Chief of the United States Navy, made the the reins on the road about fifty feet before the ani­ opening address, and he was followed by Prof. R. H. Thurston, of Cornell University, who in few simple mal was stopped. At once the Doctor arose and held a his horse, while the electric vehicle, which had been and well-chosen words gave a lucid idea of Fulton's approaching from behind, passed him at a moderate real contribution to civilization. It was not claimed rate of speed and stopped a short distance away. The that Fulton was the actual inventor of the steam­ same animal had passed and seen the vehicle at other boat, but it is claimed that he was the first one to times previous to this occasion, and as no serious put it into commercial form, and that he was re­ damage appeared to have occurred, the electric vehicle sponsible for the proportioning of engine power to proceeded. hull. Mr. Charles H. Haswell, who is now ninety-three Afterward the physical injuries were claimed to be years old, was present. We are carried well back to a slight dislocation of one finger and general nervous 'the beginning of the last century and to the very shock, . disabling the Doctor from attending to his busi­ commencement of marine engineering when we real­ ness. ize that this venerable gentleman and engineer saw One of the puzzling allegations in the complaint was the "Clermont" making its first trip to Albany. Mr. that. the electric vehicle was noiseless in its running Haswell was the. designer of the second steam war qualities, but calc�late9 by its peculiar appearance to THE BRONZE MEDALLION OF ROBERT FULTON. vessel of the United States Navy, as Fulton was of the frighten horses of ordinary gentleness. And it was first. He was also the first engineer in the navy. The procession from the Real Estate Exchange was led claimed by the Doctor that the operator while ap­ that his horse had been frightened by such a vehicle by Admiral Melville and Mr. Haswell. The memhc!"s proaching from behind should ring the signal bell. ,before,'was a circumstance that should be taken by and their guests passed out of the rear door into The evidence failed to sustain any ground of negli­ him into consideration. Trinity Place and through the churchyard into Trinity gence on the part of the driver of the electric vehicle, "Not only have the roadways improved very mu�h Church, where the regular memorial services were and the jury decided, after a short deliberation, in within our experience, but the means of travel have held. The full choir was present, and the addre�s favor of Mr. Beach. improved very much also ; and the fact that the intro­ was made by the Rev. R. F. Crary, D.D., a grandson In charging the jury, Justice Charles F. McLean duction of new means of locomotion may inconvenience of the inventor. Admiral Melville's interesting ad­ made some very excellent remarks concerning high­ others is not usually a reason for inhibiting it. The dress is published in the current issue of the SUPPLE­ ways, their uses and rights of vehicles to travel there­ prejudices of the 'road-driver' (a phrase very familiar MENT. After the services the visitors filed out of the on. He said among other things : to most of us in this town) are not to control the church to the graveyard, where the monument was "A man who brings another into court is bound to means of locomotion to be used by the public.· Much unveiled. The site is next to that of Alexander Ham­ prove the very case he sets out, or fail, whether you has been said about the swiftness of the vehicle and ilton's memorial on the Rector Street side of the yard. 01' I think that he might have proven another case and about its relative freedom from noise. Within limits, The monument stands 12 feet high and is of plain made the defendant liable. The highways are for us freedom from noise is of very great moment to the granite bearing a bronze relief of Fulton. At the foot all ; all can use them, with reasonable regard, to be whole community, not merely to the persons who use of the granite block is a plain inscription : sure, for others who use them. You and I, in our the vehicles, but persons living by the roadside and 1llBJ: MEMORY OF ROBERT FUIlro�. experience, have seen a great change in the highways, the persons who use the road. Within limits, too, the 0TIID TO THE not only in the highways of this town where we live, swiftness with which persons are enabled, by modern Born 1765. Died 1815. but in the highways out of town. They have become vehicles, to go from place to place, is of great mo­ By THE A:ME]UCAN SOOIETY a great deal better, and the great advantage of better­ ment also. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. ing the highways is that people can exer�ise their "If you come to the conclusion that both sides were 1901. right of locomotion more easily and accomplish more; at fault, the plaintiff in the management of his horse, It is po'etic justice that Fulton should continue to that we can go to and fro and have our goods go to or lack of precaution which he took, and the person rest in the spot where he was interred, for at the front and fro much more easily and much more swiftly. who was operating the vehicle, then the verdict must­ of the quaint old burying-ground run the electric cars, "In our experience we have seen vehicles change be for the defendant, because the law will not appor­ at the rear the elev�ted railroad, and ,at the foot of very much, and we see very different vehicles here tion the fault between the two. If a man is at fault Rector Street, the other boundarY,some of the fastest from what we see sometimes when vessels in the bay make their land­ we travel abroad-very much bet­ ings. What more fitting spot could ter vehicles, we think; they are be obtained for the resting-place of also a great advantage to the com­ one whose activities contributed 111 munity, to us all, in that locomo­ so large a degree to the progreEs tion is easier and swifter. whicl1 is so much in evidence im· "The most common motive power mediately around the historic old on the highway is a horse ; but the church?

horse has no paramount exclusive ••• right to the road ; and the mere Recently The Times, London, sent fact that a horse takes fright at a commissioner to Germany to spy . some vehicle run by new and im­ out the land of machine shops, in proved methoqs, and smashes order to ascertain the relative effici­ things, does not give to the injured ency of the workmen therein as party a cause of action. It is true, compared with English workmen. as in other cases, that the mere fact The commissioner seems to have that an accident happens does not been a competent man, for he has make it the fault of someone else touched upon the salient featur'es and make it his duty to pay for it. of the two races. The report states When the highway is not restricted that the latest shops are well ar­ in its deSignation to some particu­ ranged, being light, well ventilated, lar mode or use, it is open to all and with all sanitary convenienc'es.

suitable methods, and it cannot be Prof. Thurston. Engineer,in-Chief Admiral Melville. Rev. The men themselves are cleanly 'in '1'. Wellman, Mr. crilly. ' S. A.B.;M.E. Haswell. person, have steady hands, and tak� assumed that those will be the Pres. same from age to age, or that new THE UNVEILING OF THE FULTON MONUMENT, TRINITY CHURCHYARD. great interest in their work. They means of making th.e way useful begin promptly at bell times and must be excluded, merely because their introductIon (so at fault that he helps bring about an accident) he take no advantage of the foreman's absence; they may tend to the inconvenience or even injury of those cannot recover." are just as ready to start at the proper time as who continue to use the road after the same manner M Adoo was counsel' for' the defendant. English workmen are to leave off. The tools are Mr. William � , as formerly. finely cared for and one man operates several, accord­ • •••• THE ROBERT FULTON MEMORIAL. to the nature of the work. German mach n­ "The case is to be determined upon the issues pre­ ing i sented to you-is to be determined upon the facts as The world at large, and even many o i those who ists are close workers to dimensions, and the cost to whether the plaintiff has acted as would a man of are interested in the history of IIlechanical engineer­ of machining is said to be about oHe-half that of siini­ reasonable prudence under the circumstances in which ing, do not know that the body 'of the great engineer, lar operations in English shops; in time the r�porf.er he was placed. He testified, as I recall, that his horse Robert Fulton, lies in Trinity Churchyard; in New must mean, for no mention is made of the rate "01 family wages, a gentle horse. A witness testified for ' the de- York city, being interred in the Livingston was Scientific American DECEMBER :21, 190r.

THE INTERNATIONAL KEROSENE OIL MOTOR. and is, in energy when Is The Inventive Genius fact. lost the cylinder of Connecticut. The advantages of a motor for power purposes which cooled by water. Enough air is kept stored in the The chosen home of Yankee notions, the State that can be run by kerosene instead of by gasoline, and tanks to enable the air motor to exert as much as 10 takes out more patents than any other in proportion that, too, without the most troublesome feature of en­ horse power for a short time if necessary. This ar­ to population, refiects new luster upon its name in the gines of the latter type-the electric spark-are ap­ rangement does away with the fire, boiler, and visible census manufacturing returns, just published. Though parent. Such an engine can be started with but little exhaust of a steam carriage, while giving all the ad· forty-two States are larger than Connecticut and will continu� to as vantages excellent type. It is adapt twenty-eight have more population, it was tenth on the delay, and, once started, run 10n� of this otherwise ed as the fuel holds out. Common list in the value of its manufac­ kerosene can be obtained at any tures in 1890; the statistics of the country grocery store and is always Twelfth census, when completed, are of a uniform quality. Besides being expected to show that the State thus everywhere obtainable, its holds its relative rank. Slightly lower cost renders it not In 1890, says the New York Sun, ' only a convenient but also a less ex­ to which we are indebted for the pensive fuel for automobile use. article, Connecticut beat all the The inventor of the. International other States in eleven important in­ motor, Mr. H. G. Underwood, aimed dustries. In the last census period to produce an engine for automo­ it has made a great advance in the biles, auto-trucks, cars, and marine production of all these commodities. purposes which should be as simple There is little doubt that it retains ' and practical as possible in con­ its primacy in brass manufactures, struction and operation and at the for example, since it produced same time be much smaller in size, goods in 1900 valued at $48,526,868; lighter in weight, and if possible with a product of only $22,309,894 more compact than any other en­ in 1890 it had more than half the gine on the market. brass manufactures' of the country The engine is constructed on the to its credit. Everybody knows two-cycle principle, and all valves that this alloy of copper and zinc are dispensed with by employing is surpassed only by iron in its the piston to open and close the ex­ gGneral usefulness. It played a haust and inlet ports in the usual KEROSENE OIL MOTOR WITH FRICTION-DISK-TRANSMISSION FOR LIGHT AUTOMOBILES_ humble part in Connecticut, how- manner. In this particular engine ever. in the early days. When the the valve admitting the mixture into the crank case, particularly to heavy wagons, and weighs complete Yankees there turned their attention to metal buttons where it is compressed slightly before passing through 500 pounds. For lighter vehicles the company has an they began to make brass, cutting the sheets up into the transfer pipe or box to the cylinder above, is un­ improved friction disk transmission which transmits buttons. That was the origin ,of the great brass in­ necessary, as the kerosene is fed through a needle power direct from the engine, the latter being in this dustry of the State, Waterbury and other towns in the valve (by gravity or air pressure) into the transfer case controlled by a governor. This transmission has Naugatuck Valley turning out to-day more sheet b,rass pipe just opposite the point where the pipe joins the been in successful operation in boats for some time, ready for manufacturing than all the rest of the cylinder, and is carried directly i'!to the cylinder by and is a di stinct improvement over other power-trans­ Union together. As the country had no need for all the compressed charge of air �rom the crank case. mitting devices of this kind. the buttons Connecticut was able to produce, brass This air enters the crank case through a port uncov­ Judging from its simplicity, economy, and ease of wire was manufactured and worked up into pins ; some ered by the piston when at the top of its stroke, inVentive genius produced an automatic machine and shown open in the sectional view. The for making pins in 1841 and the industry company has also patented a two-cycle motor thrived mightily. The State in 1900 made which does away with the crank case as an $1,761,806 worth of pins and needles, which air chamber, thus making it possible to con­ is probably one-half or more of the country's struct a multicylinder motor without dividing production. partitions in the crank case, which need not The histories of the State tell how Eli Terry, necessarily be inclosed. This is a distinctly Chauncey Jerome, Gideon Roberts and other new feature in two-cycle engine construction. clock-makers, about the beginning of the last The charge enters the cylinder and is de­ century, were accustomed to pack their saddle­ fiected upward by the defiector in the usual bags with clocks and peddle their wares manner. A part of it is caught in the small through the country. The great clock indus· auxiliary cylinder at the end of ·the cylinder try dates from those days of small beginnings, proper when the auxiliary piston enters it after Connecticut now produces about three-fourths the main piston has. traversed about half its of our home-made clocks, the product being stroke_ This small charge is given a sudden, worth $4,545,047 in 1900. We are exporting high compression by the auxiliary piston which now about three times the value of clocks that fires it, owing to the head being in a heated CROSS SECTION OF KEROSENE OIL MOTOR. we import. condition. The fiame passes through a small Eiias Howe, Jr., invented the sewing ma­ hole in the end of the auxiliary cylinder, then at right operating, the kerosene oil motor has a promising chine, establishing his factory at Bridgeport ; the angles through narrow passage communicating with future and will, when its merits become known, be Wilson and other famous machines also originated in a a Eeries of holes leading back to the cylinder proper. used to a great extent for light power purposes. Connecticut, which, in 1900, produced sewing ma­ PaEsing through these holes it fires the charge in chines and attachments valued at $3,170,137. Good­ •.• t. the main cylinder. By using the small piston to fire The first award of the Osiris prize in 1903 will, we year accidentally dropped a piece of rubber powdered the charge, the inventor does away, with the necessity understand, be made by the French Institute. This with sulphur on a red-hot stove and thus discovered of employing a high compression or a hot tube in the prize is awarded to 'one who in the preceding three the art of vulcanizing rubber. He gave the impulse cylinder proper. The parts are sufficiently hot, after years accomphshes the most important work for sci­ that started the rubber factories at Naugatuck, mak­ heating the head with a blow torch for five minutes, ence, industry, or literature, and is worth over $20,000. ing Connecticut one of the great rubber-working to explode the first charge, as a com- States, the product increaSing from $3,- pression three or four times as great as 476,398 in 1890 to $8,246,240 in 1900. Over that in the main cylinder is obtained in a century ago the making of nails and the small one, and after the first explo­ other articles of small hardware was sion the head is maintained in a heated pursued in the State as a household in­ condition by the constant firing of the dustry. These manufactures were long mixture. The engine can be stopped and ago transferred to the factories, which in started again within fifteen minutes with­ 1900 produced hardware valued at $16,- out reheating, but it is about as cheap to 301,198. From a small beginning in keep it running, as it consumes only a Hartford, where the process of electro­ pint an hour per horse power, and can silver plating was invented about 1846, be run all day (a 2% horse power motor) sprang the great plants at Meriden, at a cost of about 25 cents_ Waterbury and other towns that in 1900 The International Power Vehicle Com­ produced $9,538,397 of plated and britan· pany, of Stamford, Ct., who manufacture nia ware. this engine, have constructed an auto­ The total value of manufactured pro· mobile delivery wagon run by compressed ducts in 1900 was $352,824,106, an in· ai r, which is obtained from a small air crease of 42.1 per cent over the produc· compressor driven by one of their en­ tion of 1890. Large capital, abundant lao gines. The air is stored in a tank, from bor and good markets near at hand are which it passes through the jacket of among the advantages of Connecticut ; the motor before being used in the air but the State owes much of its success engines, thus warming the air and cool­ in manufactures to the frugality. indus­ ing the cylinder of the motor without the try and genius of the pioneers who laid use of water. Warming the air increases for it the foundation of industrial great­ its volume and so increases the power ness. obtained from the air engine, while this .' ... method of cooling is better than the A judge has granted an order allow­ usual one, since it dispenses with water ing a referee to take testimony as to and the necessary weight thereof and the defective working of voting ma­ a secures increased power through the pro­ chine in a Buffalo, N. Y., election district. cess of cooling the cylinder, the heat It is alleged that the machine would not from utilized ordinarily, which is not UJtllUI'AtlOlfAL UB081NJil OIL 1I10rOI. register a "split" vote. DECEMBER 21, I90I. Scientific American.

SAFETY DEVICE FOR ENGINES AND CONDENSERS. The principle underlying this invention can be ap­ feet of water are equal to one pound per square inch, A safety device which is arranged to keep the engine plied for central condensing purposes, or for one air­ and one pound is equal to 2 inches of vacuum, the cylinder completely free from water in case the engine pump used in connection with any number of engines, pump would be relie ved of that much work. Mr. should act as a pump and the condenser is at a stand­ the condensing-chamber suction leading to one main Grieve has subjected his condenser to severe tests, still, is an ingenious invention for which Mr. Thomas suction and thus to the pump. This centralization of and informs us that it works satisfactorily in every Grieve, of Perth Amboy, N. J., recently received a the condensing system by leading the exhaust steam respect. patent. • • • The exhaust of the engine passes to a condenser by IRON MAKING ON THE PACIFIC COAST. means of an inverted U-shaped pipe, the upper portion An event of no small importance is the recommence­ of which is about 34 feet or more above the level of the ment of iron making on the Pacific Coast, whicl, water in the condensing chamber, so that when the will take place shortly at Irondale, some five miles steam is shut off in the engine, and the piston con­ south of Port Townsend, Washington. Here, nearly tinues to move by reason of the momentum of the " one-quarter of a century ago, was erected the first flywheel, causing the engine to act as a pump, the bl st furn�ce on the Pacific Coast. The venture, ' a water contained in the condensing-chamber will not after being in operation for a matter of twelve years, be drawn into the engine by way of the U-shaped proved a failure, and the plant was shut down. After pipe, since the upper end of the pipe is above the suc­ the expenditure of a quarter of a million of dollars in tion height of the pump. The exhaust steam is con­ prospecting and developing iron mines, experimental densed by a jet of water. The condensing-chamber is work with fuels, the installation of new machinery connected with the pump to remove the water, the and the repair of the old plant, the Pacific Steel Com­ steam being instantly condensed and a vacuum pro­ pany, a corporation in which practical iron-makers of duced in the U-shaped pipe. Should the pumps stop Pennsylvania are the principal owners, is now in con­ at any time and a vacuum be produced by the engine, dition to commence work where the defunct Puget the water contained in the condensing-chamber can­ Sound Iron Company abandoned it twelve years ago. not be drawn by way of the U-shaped pipe into the It is a fact that practically every pound of iron and engine for the reaEOns given. steel which the Pacific Coast consumes or sends over In the elbow of the pipe an outlet is arranged, which sea to foreign markets is brought from points east is shown in the detailed view of the accompanying of the Mississippi River ; and it is claimed that at illustrations, and is normally closed by a valve en­ the present time competition with the iron works of gaged by a lever from the free end of which a rope the East is all but impossible, on account of the extends downwardly. When the engineer pulls the necessarily prohibitive freight rates on the raw ma­ rope, the lever will swing the valve off its seat, so that terials. Some three years ago the presen� vice-presi­ the exhaust steam can freely escape through the upper dent of the Pacific Coast Steel Company commenced end of the U-shaped pipe without passing to the con, an investigation of the iron mines on Texada Island, denser. This is done when the steam is not to be B. C., from which the ore used in the abandoned plant condensed, and the valve controlling the passage to THE GRIEVE SAFETY· CONDENSER. had been brought, and also thoroughly examined th3 the condenser is closed. But when the steam is to be coke and charcoal made on Puget Sound. Many to:13 condensed, the valve in the elbow is closed ; and in from each engine to one large exhaust in turn leading of various Pacific Coast coals were sent to McKees­ order firmly to hold the valve to its seat until the to the condenser, is commonly found in very large port, Pa., and there coked side by side with Pennsyl­ desired vacuum is es tablished by the action of the plants. The arrangement necessitates the employ­ vania coals, and the results compared. As a result circulating pump, a second rope is provided, passing ment of large expensive pipes and valves. "With Mr. of these investigations, the vice-president, Mr. Swaney, over a pulley held on a bracket, the upper end of the Grieve's system, the expense of installing this elab­ purchased the abandoned plant of the Puget Sound rope being connected with the lever. When the en­ orate system of piping would be very �aterially re­ Iron. Company, and wor,k was opened up once more gineer pulls upon this second rope, the lever will be duced. Moreover, if the conditions were such that at Irondale. The furnace was relined, the machinery swung upward to press the valve firmly to its seat. the condensing-chamber could be raised above the for crushing and hoisting ore was overhauled, and The va.cuum can be easily broken whenever it may be pump, the space below the condensing-chamber would the steam plant improved with a view to securing more necessary by means of a valve or plug cock. be filled with water by gravity ; and since every 2.3 economical power production, this refitting being car-

Ore-Bunkers oll the Wharf. The Blast Furnace, Showing the Hot-Blast Tuyeres.

Row ot Charcoal B\u'uers. Rear View ot Plant, �110WlJ1g Cnargwg fl,Ul'orm Of furnace anll the Boller 1-'laUL. IKON KAJU!i

En&,loeerlng Note Science Note GIANT SAND WHEEL FOR THE CALt1:MET AND HECLA •• •• The contract for building the largest cantilever The Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia has passed lIUNING COIIPANY. bridge in the world has been awarded by the Wabash a resoiution indorsing the metric system, and a me­ One of the mines of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Railroad. The new structure will span the Mononga· morial will be sent to Congress urging its general Company on Lake Superior is to be equipped with a hela River from the foot of Ferry Street to the south adoption by the government. sand or refuse wheel which will be the largest of its side and will permit the Wabash to enter Pittsburg. 'f he jubilee of the fiftieth anniversary of the scien­ kind in the world. The wheel, which is now being The project of draining the Zuider Zee has been tific debut of M. Pierre Marcelin Berthelot, which took constructed at the plant of the Robert Poole & Son 24, withdrawn from the States-General by the new min· place on November 'almost reached the proportions Company, of Baltimore, has a capacity for carrying 550 istry, thus being disposed of probably for a long of a national affair. The ceremony took place at the sand buckets on the inner surface of its rim, anarch ­ eventually, or with sufficient experience in its man­ this commodity. The success of this enterprise is ade· tectural standpoint. It is the. purpose of the commis­ agement. These factors would raise the efficiencies quately demonstratea by the fact that the increased sion to make this building a center of social attraction, nearly pe cent, and reduce the coal per horse consumption of Indian tea outside British markets be­ thereby appealing to one o! the dominant character­ 50 r power hour to about three-fourths of one pound. tween 1896 and 1900 was over 14,OOO,OO() pounds. istics of the South, namely, hospitality:' 412 Scientific American DECEMBER 21, 1901.

MEASURING THE HEAT OF THE STARS. server at the telescope (T, Fig. 2) read the deflection the radiometer deflection was read. Thus a series of

BY MARY PRUCTOR. of the radiometer suspension in millimeter divisions, "on" and "off" observations were taken and averaged. That the heat of the stars can be measured, has on a reflected scale at S (Fig. 2), behind and above The results were quite uniform, the radiometer vane been proved by Prof. E. F. Nichols, of Dartmouth him at a distance of about 6 feet from the radiometer. showing about the same deflection at each observa· College, who has invented a delicate sensitive instru­ Cords connecting the slow motion on the heliostat tion of the same star, or object under examination. ment known as the radiometer and specially designed were brought to a point within convenient reach of a In this way, Prof. Nichols experimented again and for this purpose. In 1898, Prof. Nichols was invited second observer at the telescope (T', Fig. 2) which was again with the bright stars Arcturus and Vega. The by Prof. George E. Hale to come to the Yerkes Obser­ averaged results were quite uniform, the radiometer vatory and experiment with the radiometer, the fine vane showing nearly the same average deflection in equipment of the observatory being placed at his dis­ each series of observations. posal. The invitation was accepted, and Prof. Nichols In the second' series of observations, made in 1900, sp�nt the two summers of 1898 and 1900 in perfecting the heliostat was replaced by the heavily mounted his invention and testing its capabilities. coelostat, used by the Yerkes Observatory at the total The case of the instrument was made of a block eclipse of the stin, May 28, 1900, at Wadesboro, N. C. of bronze, which was bored out to receive it, the block The coelostat was driven by the clock of the 12·inch being about two inches square and fo�r inches long. Kenwood telescope. The same plane mirror used in The case was perfectly air-tight. The radiometer sus­ 1898 with the heliosta( was resilvered and mounted on pension or torsion pendulum was built up on a thread tlie polar axis of the coelostat. of fine drawn glass 32 millimeters long, to the lower The change to the co.elostat made the use of an addi· end of which was attached a very small plane mirror, tional plane silvered .surface necessary, to direct the 2.2 by 3 millimeters, made by silvering a fragment of beam to 24-inch concave mirror. The position of RADIOMETER VANES. a very thin microscope cover glass. the new vertical plane mirror depended upon the de­ To the upper end of the drawn glass was attached a focused on the sensitive vanes as seen through the clination of the stars observed. In the diagram (Fig. very fine quartz fiber 32 millimeters long, the upper 3) C F rear window. The latter observer could keep the star shows the position of the coelostat, the position end of the fiber being made fast to a bit of steel wire, image constantly in sight, except when it fell upon of the vertical plane mirror when used in observations which passed up through a small hole in the axis of F' one of the · vanes, in which case a very small quantity of Jupiter and Saturn, and its relative position the torsion head (a, Fig. 1). The torsion head which of stray light in the image showed its position. while used in observations of Arcturus. carried the upper end of the suspension was in turn 3) With an observer at each of the telescopes T and T' The remaining parts of the diagram (Fig. cor­ carried on a small square block (b, Fig. 1), free to (Fig. 2) the observer at T watched the motion of respond to that in Fig. 2, with the exception of the slide in a slot in the bridge (c, Fig. 1), permitting the radiometer which was mounted farther back in the suspension to be brought closer to or withdrawn from covered gallery, than in the arrangement made in a fluorite window in the front of the case. 1898. Plate 1. shows the radiometer in this position ( On the axis, two-thirds of the way above the mir­ , and the 24-inch mirror used in measuring the heat 1" 1 � ror, and in plane at right angles to it, a delicate ,cross ":'0; �, a ctJ':': ...N i; rays of the stars and planets. arm of drawn glass was fastened, having on its two , , To test the sensitiveness of the instrument, some ,� ,: s extremities the two blackened radiometer vanes (d d, convenient standard of reference was required, and Fig. 1). The sensitive vanes were circles about 2 Prof. Nichols used a common paraffine candle as a �,L, ' millimeters in diameter, which to secure lightness and :, :, basis for his experiments. The radiometer having uniformity, were stamped out of thin mica, with a ,, ,, been thoroughly tested by means of these experi­ circular steel punch made for the purpose. ,, ,, ments, it was used to measure the heat of the stars The vanes were uniformly. coated with lamp black, : ,: Arcturus and Vega, and the planets Jupiter and Saturn and mounted as symmetrically as possible with refer­ ., , , , with the following results. The quantity of heat sent ence to the axis of rotation (E F, Fig. 1). The dis­ I' from Arcturus was found to be somewhat greater tance between the centers of the vanes was 4.5 milli­ than the heat which would be received at a given '"( 3 ' , meters, and they were placed from 2.5 to millimeters �,..! point from a candle six miles away, if none of the , ' behind the fluorite window. A piece of good plate I ,, ', candle's heat were absorbed by the atmosphere. Ob· , ' glass was cemented over the opening in the side of . , servations on Vega showed that it radiated about one­ the radiometer case, through which the deflections of : \ half the amount of heat received from Arcturus. The the suspension could be read by tlie telescope and scale <, planet Jupiter sends us about twice as much heat as method. Arcturus, while we receive froni Saturn only heat The rays of the star projected from a condensing \ enough to equal the unabsorbed radiation of a candle mirror (F, Fig. 2), entered the radiometer by passing \ ten miles away. through the fluorite window, and could be directed to : •••• • fall on one of the blackened surfaces of the suspen­ : .li., Chinese Sh11)bullder8. sion vanes behind the window. Through a window I @j�F Mr. W. G. Winterburne, who has resided in China in the back of the case, the star image in the radio­ F-fp F� . for many years, recently read a paper before the In­ �. .;. . .2. J. meter and the blackened vanes of the suspension RADIOMETER. HELIOSTAT AND MIRRORS. stitute of Marine Engineers, England, which con­ could be seen at the same time. tained some facts of interest concerning the ability H, hei1ostat; mirror (concave); F, fiat mirror; T, telescope ; T', second of on one of the vanes M. The heat rays the star falling te escope ob.erver; R, radiometer; S, scale; C, coeloBtat; F', plane of the Chinese as shipbuilders and shipwrights, which warm it slightly, and in accordance with a principle mirror.i will serve to dispel previously formed impressions of discovered by Prof. Crookes a surface in a partial many in the direction indicated. In the type of trad­ vacuum so warmed tends to back away from the source the radiometer, and waited for a period of com­ ing vessel built to-day in China there is little or no of heat. The suspension is thus slightly rotated as parative quiet which would bring the image of departure from the practice of thousands of years; ' the fine quartz fiber offers little resistance to any the scale to rest, then signaled to the observer at T' the junk still remains in use for general trade, and force tending to twist it. It was in terms of this twist to throw the star image on the vane or off it, as the is likely to for some ages to come. It answers the of the fiber caused by the different star images that case might be, by means of the cords running to the purpose intended and is good enough to go to sea with the heat sent us by the stars was compared. slow motion of the heliostat. A.fter a suitable time for considerable distances, so Chinese vessel owners The experiments with the do not see any good reason for radiometer were made in the discarding it. It has, however. heliostat room of the Yerkes Ob­ some disadvantages in sailing servatory, which has been pur­ qualities which detract from its posely designed for work of this value; it sails very fast with the kind. The gallery to the left of wind on either quarter, but can­ the double partition is provided not run before the wind, or sail with a movable roof and sides close to it. It has bulkheads which slide back between the (Which the Chinese have used walls of the inclosed room to the for years unknown ) and many right, leaving only a low parapet of them come into harbors after above the level of the floor. The gales with the bows completely 0:11y openings through the double destroyed by heavy seas, but with partition are, a window large their cargoes intact. They are enough to admit the beam from usually handled by one man and the heliostat (at H, Fig. 2) , and his family, the wife steering with a passageway closed by double the aid of a small boy to help run doors. the tiller over, and, clumsy as The beam of starlight from the the junk appears, they are easily heliostat was thrown upon a t:wo­ navigated by this "short-handed foot concave mirror (M. Fig. 2), crew." The rudders have large of 7 feet 9 inches focal length, diamond-shaped apertures in and the converging cone was them which facilitate putting caught on a small 45 deg. flat them over, and do not detract mirror (F, Fig. 2), four by six from their efficiency. The sails inches, and directed thence into are usually of cotton, sometimes the radiometer case (R, Fig. 2), of reed matting, and are so paSSing through the fluorite win­ knocked about that they are dow, the focal point lying in the badly torn, but there is always plane of the vanes. area enough left to handle the The radiometer (R, Fig. 2) vessel. was mounted on wooden table, a In building vessels the Chinese standing on an overhang built follow the rule of thumb, or the out from the long slate pier :RADIO.ETBa AND H-UiOH KlaaOa USED IN MEASUaIN6 THE HEAT OJ!' THE STARS plans of procedure handed down shown In the dla�ram. �n QQ- a�el! are 4Nll P.LANETS. to them from past; they DECEMBER 21, 1901. Scientific American 413 capable of building modern ships from wood, but existence of well-formed rhombohedra of calcite and When it is considered that the factor of safety in steel do not read drawings well, still less are they able cubes of common salt. As regards size, the crystalline bridges is four, or, in other words, that a bridge to be to calculate from them, and all this without as­ particles varied from a minimum of 0.00004 inch to safe must be strong enough to sustain four times the sistance from Europeans_ Most of the vessels are 0_00007 inch mean and 0.002 maximum, while the yel­ sum of its own weight and the live load, the fact that of wood, imported from the Philippine Islands, for low and structureless particles reached 0_00046 inch. the motor cycle is able to carry three times its own China is a treeless country, and the native work­ weight and over, in addition to propelling this load at •••• men understand the handling of these woods better TilE EVOLUTION OF TilE MOTOR CYCLE. a rate of speed prohibited on most bridges, and by vir­ than any other people in the world. BY HROLF WISBY. tue of a comparatively small horse power, we begin to There are plenty of workshops in China where Only a few years ago it would have been impossible appreciate the amount of practical science involved in there is not a single European employed, and the to secure an efficient, safe, and practical motor cycle. the building of the motor cycle. author of the paper says they are very docile, learning It is only within the last two years that this special SOME SPECIAL DEVELOPMENTS. readily the methods pointed out to them, with no pre­ industry has shed its experimental swaddling clothes. When the English Singer motor tricycle was first dilections for trade unions. There are some very It is now at a stage when the standardizing of essen­ introduced, it was ridiculed as a toy of very little prac­ able draughtsmen to be found among them, and but tial features, the interchangeability of parts, and the tical use. Wheelmen jeered at the idea of compriSing rarely, mathematicians. The ship owners themselves comparative unanimity of design has put it on a prac­ the motive power within the front steering wheel, are said to be very easily satisfied and pay no at­ tical mechanical and commercial basis. and automobilists-don't ride motor cycles. It was tention to the construction of their vessels, their su­ France led the way. She was the first to produce a soon found, however, that this unsightly but reliable pervision being wholly confined to seeing that they practical motor tricycle. In England, where the machine would carry its passenger over British roads get the scantlings they pay for. three-wheeler has always been popular, the makers at a twenty-mile clip with no material drawback ex­ It is a mistake, says the author of the paper, to as­ were quick to follow suit. In this country three nota­ cept the liability of the steering wheel to be jerked sume that the Chinese are so conservative they will not ble bicycle manufacturers produced mechanically suc­ from side to side in traversing rough pieces of road. adopt new ideas; they are very ready to do so after the cessful patterns of motor tricycles, which, however, Another quite characteristic, but not so very re­ utility of them has been proved by someone else. They failed to attract the public, doubtless for the reason liable development, is evident in the English Derby are not experimenters, but discover things by accident that the three-wheeler has never been a favorite here. motor bicycle, which transmits power directly to the

The Patee Motor Bicycle (172'H. P.' The Mitchell Motor BiCYCle (2 H. P.) with · Flexible Rawhide Belt.

The Stearns Racer (3;l( lL P.) A French Motor Tandem 10r Pacing. (Combination Gasoline lank and Wind Shields.)

THE EVOLUTION OF THE MOTOR CYCLE.

or evolution, and, so far as the laws of the country per­ The motor bicycle, however, supplies the hitherto rear-wheel tire by means of a spur-gear contact ar­ mit, will use any process or machine that has been "missing link" between the bicycle and the automo­ rangement. demonstrated to be of practical value. bile, between the poor and the rich of the speeding Among other interesting foreign types may be men­

I sport. It makes its owner feel that he is still a wheel­ tioned the Werner, which has a belt-driving motor at­ ••• • man in spite o the snorting motor on his wheel, and Ked Du t Analy"'.... f tached on the steering head and outside the frame ; .. when automobiles of much larger horse power try to the Minerva, of practically the same construction, with Mr. Barac, in the Journal of the Meteorological So­ pass him in vain on the road he is pleasantly reminded a belt-driving motor on the bottom frame tube flush ciety, gives an analysis of a sample of the dust which that he is in it and able to hold his own among the with the crank-hanger; and the Rex, chiefly remark­ he collected at Fiume (Hungary) on the 10th of swift company of the automobilists. That, too, has able for an aluminium bed fixed on the bottom frame March during the red dust-shower known as the "rain something to do with the popularity of the motor bi­ tube, to which the motor is bolted. of blood." The dust analyzed as follows : cycle. It is far cheaper to operate than the smallest SUPERIOR DEVELOPMENTS. Per cent. launch, it is much less liable to get out of order than Silica ...... If we wUI regard these various phases of motor . 49,49 Sesquioxide of iron . ...•. ...._...... 9.96 the most reliable type of horseless vehicle, and it is the Alumina...... cycle construction as forerunners of the distinctly ...... •...... 12.10 Peroxide of mangane.e...... swiftest and most economic vehicle known in propor­ ...... 1.99 superior developments as evidenced in the 1902 models Lime ...... _ ...... ,...... 11.46 tion to weight, carrying capacity and fuel consump­ of the leading American makes, we shall be in a posi­ : : ::::::::::::'::::::. :::::.::::.:::::::" :: g:� ����';,�� ;.Cid: . tion. tion to better appreciate the advance made by our Organic matter . . .. __ ...... 5,48 A SIMPLE COMPARISON. makers. Also traces of soda, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, A motor bicycle weighing only sixty pounds, of nil It is difficult to say which is most popular in this etc. With a microscope of 640 diameters M. Barac horse power, will easily and Eafely carry a man weigh­ country, the chain or the belt-driving motor cycle, found that the principal mass was colorless, with col­ ing 180 pounds across the average kind of country though present indications point to the obvious desir­ ored particles of irregular form partly made up of road at a maintained speed of from twenty to twenty: ability of the belt driver. A round rawhide belt in­ angular fragments of crystals, also mineral particles five miles an hour. The automobile has not been sures a smQoth and much less jerky pull than a chain. and silicious skeletons of micro-org1J,nisms, and lastly built which. weight for weight and proportionate It is considerably cleaner, not quite so liable to break, particles of soot. A further examination showed the power, could come anywhere near· this performance. and permits of alniost instant adjustability. With a· Scientific American DECEMBER 21, 1901. belt drive it is an easy matter to change motor pulleys lifter. The mixer used in connection with the motor The preparation for one of these international con­ from, say 4 inches for hard road work, to a 5-inch or has the merit of not being affected by travel over gresses involves an enormous amount of labor, but 7-inch size when the roads are fine, or for speeding on rough roads, like the ordinary kind of carbureters. since the firlilt congress was held in Antwerp in 1869 the track_ This machine, while not a racer, is powerful enough they have been found to be worth all they cost in the Although the several patterns of American chain­ for all touring purposes. The efficiency of the motor geographic results attained and the opportunities they driven motor cycles differ ostensibly in model, and enables the operator to climb almost any hill, plowing have afforded for social intercourse among the fore· rationally in' various constructive details, they may, through sand, and going against head winds at a fair most workers in this field of knowledge. The Na­ on the whole, with propriety be classed together as be­ rate of speed, while. on good roads upward of thirty­ tional Geographic Society will certainly spare no ef­ longing to the frame-contained motor chain driver, five miles an hour may be negotiated. Fully equipped fort to make the coming congress a success ; we may that is, the motor is invariably placed within, and for touring, with 1%,-inch five-ply tires, the machine look for a very la rg;e convocation of geographers here never without, the frame. The Stearns, the 1902 rac­ weighs 110 pounds. The tank capacity of the reser­ in 1904, says the New York Sun. ing model of which is herewith shown, is a type of voir is seven pints, which is ample fuel for a distance •••• • the chain driver. This odd-looking machine was de­ of 65 to 75 miles. HYPNOSIS IN FROGS. signed especially for speed to replace the motor tan­ The motor cycle industry may as yet be in its in­ Hypnosis in animals is a question that has been very dem in furnishing pace to the racing men. Tile rear fancy, but it is, nevertheless, capable of producing ma­ little studied . At the Fifth International Congress of wheel is very wide, the hub measuring 11 inc.hes in chines like the above which are daily demonstrating Physiology, which recently met at Turin, Mlle. M. width_ This arrangement serves to shield the rider a high degree of efficiency and reliability in practical Stefanowska, of Brussels, read a very interesting paper following the machine against any undue wind pres­ work on the road. upon this subject entitled "The Conditions Favorable sure. In order to get the saddle down as low as pos­ •.e .• and Unfavorable to Hypnosis in Frogs," and of which sible, to further screen the rider, it is clamped directly International Geographical Congreaa. the following is a brief abstract. to the upper frame tubing. The operator sits directly Baron von Richthofen, the fam ous professor of Frogs that have remained in an aquarium during the over the rear wheel, in easy reach of the motor, man­ geography in the University of Berlin, has just in­ . winter afford excellent subjects for the study of hyp­ aging the steering by means of a brace of huge, elon­ formed President Alexander Graham Bell, of the Na­ nosis, at the moment when they are thoroughly e:x:­ gated handle bars. The absence of pedals on this tional Geographic Society of Washington, that the Ex­ hausted by a prolonged fast, that is to say, in spring machine is explained by the fact that they are entirely ecutive Committee of the Seventh .International Geo- and early summer. As soon as they are turned upon superfiuous for racing. The operator does not in . graphical Congress.\:Which was authorized to make ar­ their backs they fall into a hypnotic state which often any way aid the progress of the machine. There are rangements for holding the next meeting!\jl'as accepted reaches that of catalepsy. In a state of profound hyp­ two foot rests or stirrups into which · he is supposed the invitation of the Washington society to meet under nOSis, the action of the organs of the senses is sus­ to put his feet. A De Dion 3%, horse power motor its auspices at our national capital:V" The Congress pended and the kinesthesic sense is greatly blunted, furnishes ample power to send this machine around will not be held till 1904 and there �ill therefore be as is also the sensitiveness to pain. The pupils are al­ tile track at more than fifty miles an hour. The motor plenty of time in which to arrange a progrp.mme of ways contracted, but dilate as soon as the an imal is of the high-speed pattern, making from 600 to 2,000 great interest Rnd value. It will be the first meeting awakens. The cardiac motions slacken and the res­ revolutions a minute, and the gear is 132 inches. The of the International Congress in the Western world pitatory ones are often scarcely perceptible. Such lot weight of this machine, which was recently built to and undoubtedly a large number of the foremost geog­ state may persist for half an hour or more. . pace Jimmy Michael, is 165 pounds. raphers of Europe will be present. Profound hypnOSis is still more marked in winter Among belt-driving motor bicycles, the Mitchell is The society under whose auspices each congress is . frogs when their body has lost much water in con­ undoubtedly the most characteristically American held has charge ' of the arrangements. The National sequence of a stay in a dry place. Such frogs cannot model, being in simplicity of design, ease of handling, Geographic 'Society, accordingly, will have nearly always be awakened at the moment desired. and efficiency of power decidedly superior to any for­ everything to do with the selecting of topics that will Frogs captured in spring undergo hypnosis under the eign machine, and unexcelled by any ' domestic make. be most prominent in the deliberations of the congress. same circumstances, but are more resistant. They I am speaking particularly with reference to tIle 1902 it will select men who are authorities in their special become more and more hypnotizable in measure as Mitchell model, the beautiful lines of which are here­ lines of geographic study to read papers and lead in their fast is more prolonged. This 'fact .accords .with with illustrated. The motor has a 3x3 inch cylinder, the discussions: the observation of Gley that hypnosis is easily pro­ makes 1,800 revolutions per minute, developing an Before the congress meets, the large and handsome duced 'in frogs that have. grown lean. According to actual brake test power of 2 horse power, or, in other home of the National Geographical Society .will have Mlle. Stefanowska, exhaustion, a prolonged fast and words, 3 to 3lh horse power as motors are usually been completed in Washington. The building is named the loss of water appear to be the conditions favorable rated. This power is sufficient to propel ' the machine in honor of the late Gardiner G. Hubbard, the founder to the production of hypnosis and catalepsy in. adult at speeds varying from five to th �rty-five miles in the and first president of the. society, who lived to see frogs. Let us remark further that, according to the hour. The frame is made of heavy-gage seamless steel many hundreds of persons, interested in geographic researches of this author, frogs in 'a state of prof ound tubing, and being only twenty-four inches high is ex­ science in all parts of the country, enrolled among the and prolonged hypnOSis immediately awaken as soon ceedingly convenient. The hanger is dropped 2lh members. as they are surrounded with the vapors of ether, chloro­ inches, and the wheel base is only 45 inches, making a Baron von Richthofen, in his letter accepting the in­ form or alcohol, which act primarily as excitants. The very compact and' strong design with no suggestion of vitation of the Washington society, says: "There is, vapor of ammonia acts in the same way. The abrupt clumsiness. In order' to more perfectly balance the indeed, no place better fitted for geographers to as­ or progressive elevation of temperature always inter· load and secure a long belt pull, the motor has been semble than Washington, which is the great center rupts the state of hypnosis. On the contrary, a lower­ placed within the frame head directly under the of scientific geographical exploration in America and ing of the temperature does not awaken frogs, and rider's control, which position at the same time pre­ the distinguished workshop of a considerable number even appears to be favorable to hypnOSis. The three cludes the possibility 'of "skidding"-a not uncom­ of eminent men." accompanying figures show a few characteristic atti­ mon feature with machines having low-mounted mo­ A conspicuous feature of these congresses has been tudes of frogs in the hypnotic state. Upon looking at tors. a geographical exhibition containing a great variety of them we cannot prevent ourselves from thinking The fuel feed is extremely simple and easy to man­ objects illustrating the world's progress in topographic of the attitudes of hysterical persons plunged into a ipulate. It is of the so-called "drip feed" system, and geodetic surveying, map, globe and relief-map hypnotic sleep. The frogs present nearly the same ' which does away with the troublesome carbureting making, the productIOn of text books and other school spasmodic positions as do those hypnotized stibjects devices so common on foreign-built machines. Instead appliances and so on. This feature was omitted in the christened so picturesquely by Fere as "laboratory of the ordinary surface carbureter, a feed pipe is led last congress, held in Berlin, but it will be an im­ frogs." The difference resid'es in the suppleness of the direct from the gasoline tank into a small vaporizer. portant additional attraction if. such an exhibition attitudes, which are purely muscular and general in 'l'he quantity of fuel administered in this way is regu­ is held in connection with the Washington meeting. frogs, but more delicate and at the same time .more lated by means of a small thumbscrew with a pointer It . would certainly be helpful to the geographical in­ expressive' in hysteriCS. It .is true that the .animal on an index dial indicating the amount of gasoline fed terest of this country if such a collection should be scale embraces many types of vertebrate from the ner­ to the vaporizer. The air inlet is fixed, the volunie of formed in Washington and permanently ml1intained vous frog, which also has its hysterical individuals (as air taken into the vaporizer being gaged by the work­ . there under the auspices of the National Geographic De Tarchanoff has recently demonstrated ), up to the ing piston. Instead of the usual throttle valve be­ Society. noble hysteric belonging to the last round of bio­ tween the carbureter and the engine, a drip feed of The society has had the assurance from the other organic evolution. gasoline is introduced through the vaporizer into the geographical societies of the country of their hearty We dwell upon the researches of Mlle. Stefanowska, engine by the suction stroke. There could be no more co-operation in making the meeting of the congress a aside from the importance of the question in itself, direct and simple form of liquid fuel feed. After fill­ success. The geographers of Washington express the because we too have made some experiments upon hypo ing the fuel tank with ordinary gasoline, and the lu­ hope that it may be found practicable to hold sessions nosis in frogs and especially upon the species known bricating tank with engine oil, the operation of the of the congress in a few other cities in conjunction as Rana temporaria. We shall here sketch the princi­ motor is effected by opening the valves of these re­ with their geographical societies. Such a meeting pal facts of such researches in a brief manner, it being spective tanks, besides the compression cock. The should certainly be he�il, if possible, in this city, where our intention to return to the subject in a general machine may now be mounted. After .a few revolu­ the American Geographical Society is about to open work on hypnosiS in animals. In fact, we have experi- tions of the pedals, simultaneous with turning the left its new building on West Eighty-first Street. The edi­ . mented, and are continuing to experiment, upon dogs, grip, which serves as a switch, to the right, three or fice which this society has just completed is .believed cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens and snakes. To our four sharp explosions are sure to follow, whereupon the to be the most commodious and attractive structure knowledge, no work has been unde rtaken upon so compression cock should be closed, and the motor occupied by any geographical society. It is a fitting numerous varieties of animals. At present, we shall will now carry the machine along at a slow, steady home for the fine library which represents a half cen­ occupy ourselves with hypnOSis in frogs solely. pace. Speed is increased by moving the handle of the tury of book collecting;. and it offers facilities for Gley makes a correct observation in remarking that "sparker" forward ; speed is decreased by moving the reading and work that were not available in the hypnosis is particularly favorl1ble in half-starved frogs. handle backward ; to slow down temporarily the smaller house so long occupied on West Twenty-ninth The fact is true, and our 9bservations agree with those swi tch may be turned off, and to stop the machine Street. Boston is the home of the Appalachian Club, of .Mlle. Stefanowska. Our frogR, .emaciated or fasting, altogether the current is shut off by turning the left Philadelphia of the Philadelphia Geographical Society, were easily hypnotized, and a goodly number of them grip toward the left and at the same time applying and Chicago, San Francisco and Seattle also have their entered into a cataleptic state. Their sensitiveness was the coaster brake by pressure on the pedals. On com­ geographical societies. almost abolished, their pupils punctiform, and thelr ing to a stop the sparking plug is taken out, the gaso­ Excursions are always a prominent feature of thesfl circulation slow ; and their respiration became so much line and the lubricating oil valves are turned off, and congresses. The Washington society expects to offer the more superficial in proportion as the hypnosis be­ the compression cock is opened. These movements are its guests an attractive series of excursions to pOints came more profound, and that, too, with a crisis of in­ exceedingly simple and elementary, and after practis­ of geographic interest. Washington is centrally situ­ ternal respiration corresponding to a marked accelera­ ing the rudiments of operation a few times any ordi­ ated In respect of natural features that appeal to geo­ tion of the heart. What IS new in' our experiments is nary wheelman will find himself in reassuring control graphic students. Niagara Falls, the Natural Bridge the hypnotizing of frogs by looking them in the eye, of the machine. Among the improvements in the 1902 of Virginia, Luray and Mammoth Caves are within and aside from any fasting. We made the experiment Mitchell is a ball bearing idler, speed device easy reach. . a It is probable that one of the excursions in summer, taking care to feed the animals in an aquar· placed conveniently for manipulatIOn, and a valve will be to the Pacific Coast. ium in which they were living immersed in water. DECEMBER 21, 1901. Scientific American The frogs were therefore in the best of conditions of A RARE FISH. lng to the account, the discoverer first saw the fish C. F. vitality and in a state sensibly near that of their nOr­ BY HOLDER. alive in the surf and hauled it ashore. Being ignor­ mal life. From a zoological point of view the island of Santa ant of its value he cut it up, bringing in a part of In one selies of experiments, we tried to hypnotize Catalina, which lies eighteen miles off the coast of the scarlet fins and a slice of the flesh. This he the frog by holding it in the hands and turned upon Los Angelel;l County, Southern California, is very showed to some men, and led the way to where lay its back. It is extremely difficult to get the gaze of interesting, many rare anim-als being found there. the mutilated reniains of one of the finest oar or the frog. The color of the skin and eyes and the ab­ Every winter the dwellers of the island find num­ ribbon fishes ever seen. The specimen was twenty­ sence of expression in the look render the fixation of bers of Argonaut shells and several living specimens one feet in length, and its weight estimated at five the latter difficult. It is necessary to perform the have been secured, one for a time living in the hundred pounds. The finder had so mutilated L experiment as far as possible under conditions of unl­ aquarium which is maintained here for the benefit of that the fish was ruined for almost any purpose. If form light. We experimented with both daylight and students and the entertainment of visitors. A num­ he had packed it in salt the specimen would have artificial light. This often constitutes a source of ber of rare and interesting fishes wander inShore returned him the equivalent of ' several months' labor. error in acting as an element of fatigue. Some pre­ from time to time. Several years ago I found various Apparently the man had cut it up in wanton amuse· cautions have to. be taken by the experimenter for Scopeloid fishes, which up to that time had been ment. holding the frog in the hands. It gesticulates, as it considered rare, and during the past few years I have This recalls a similar incident. I was on one were, its heart beats rapidly and its body easily occasion excavating at San Clemente Island, slips between the fingers, and these are so many and had remarked that it was a singular fact coefficients that have an influence upon the suc­ that all the fine stone ollas were broken. cess of the experiments. The frogs go to sleep "Nothing strange about that," said a half­ quite easily after some resistance. We have breed, one of the party. "I used to herd sheep had frogs in our hands that we could not put to here, and we smashed mortars and ollas to sleep until the end of an hour, and others that pass away time." we could put into merely a slight slumber. The One of the most interesting visitors to Cata­ gaze, therefore, acted, as in human subjects, lina came ashore at what is called the Isthmus. outside of any special experimental condition. It was somewhat mutilated, as shown in the In second series of researches we tried to a accompanying illustration, and was entirely produce sleep in frogs in a state of liberty, and new to the fishermen, some of whom were that, too, under two different conditions. The Venetians. The fish was evidently allied to frog was placed upon the laboratory table or the mackerels, and when found displayed eVi­ was swimming in a sufficiently deep glass ves­ dences of great beauty of coloring, at its best sel in which we could observe it at our ease. undoubtedly being an active and beautiful .fish. The hypnosis then became more difficult, that is In response to a photograph sent to Dr. C. W. to say, it too.k a longer time to effect it. As is Gilbert, of Stanford University, he wrote ; well known, frogs in a state of rest have an atti­ "It was not until recently that I have had tude quite well adapted for hypnosis. They look opportunity to examine carefully the photo- upwardly and the head reminds one of ali atti- DIFFERENT ATTITUDES OF HYPNOTIZED FROGS. graph, which obviously represented no species tude of ecstasy or admiration. I have succeeded known to the Californian coast. I find now experimentally in putting them to ' sleep upon the seen one oarfish (Rellalecus russelli ) alive, while that it represents an undoubted specimen of a form spot and in 'piercing their skin with a needle or hot another was brought to me dead. From reports I hitherto know� only from the Mediterranean and iron without their manifesting the least reaction. The judge that a number of these very rare fishes have neighboring waters-Luvarus imperiali8. It is said to hypnosis, although profound, does not last long. It been observed here. The. first was of small size, not be rare in its home waters, and is yet unreported from is short, in fact, and the animal often awakens, mak­ over two feet in length, and was discovered swimming our Atlantic coast." Ing an abrupt leap. in shallow water along the beach of Avalon Bay. I This wanderer was injured in some way, possibly Hypnosis is likewise possible when the animals had an opportunity to observe the radiant creature cast up by a winter storm. According to Goode and are swimming in a glass crystallizing pan, but it re­ before it died. Its "topknot"-it can be compared Bean, "Oceanic Ichthyology," the type specimen was quires time and a dexterity that experiment alone to nothing else-was a vivid red or scarlet mass of about two feet long, observed by Rafinesque at Solanto, can give. It is quite a characteristic fact that, al­ seeming plumes-the dorsal fins, which merged into Sicily, June 15, '1808. It is a rare fish, but has been though able to hypnotize frogs, we never could suc­ long dorsal fin, extending to the tail. The color of a seen at Nice, at Malta, Elba and at Cette, and a fine ceed in making them jump into the water. The hyp­ the body was a brilliant silver sheen splashed with specimen can be seen in the Museo Civico at Genoa ; nosis was not profound, although the sensitiveness equally vivid black zebra-like stripes, which gave but so far as known none of the American or any became obtuse ; it seemed as if the animal was auto­ the fish a most striking appearance. of the other museums of Europe have specimens. The matically master of its kinesthesic attitude. The The fish was a fragile and delicate creature, a fish has been observed at Madeira, both old and young, changes of position were delicate, although possible, very ghost of a fish, which swam along where the according to the same authorities, and Steindachner ' and were incapable of extending to changes of the water gently lapped the sands, with an undulatory reported it from the coast of Spain. In 1866 a small whole body. What characterized the profoundest state motion, looking like one of its names-the ribbon specimen came ashore on the Cornish coast, and from of hypnosis that we were able to obtain was a Slight fish. The fortu{iate finder of this specimen could not this Day made the figure to be found in "Fishes of plunge into the water with a few "cat-naps," generally be persuaded to give it up or sell it, and it was its Great Britain and Ireland." Giglioli has pointed out followed by an awakening. If the water was slightly fate to be pasted upon a piece of board, dried in the · the interesting series of metamorphoses by which heated, the hypnosis was inttlrrupted ; but Mlle. Ste­ sun as a "curio," where, as if in retaliation at the Astrodermu8 and Diana develop into AU80nia �nd . fanowska has, on the contrary, observed this fact in desecration of so rare a specimen, it soon disap­ Luvaru8. But one species and a single genus are other states. When the temperature lowered progres­ peared. known. sively it appeared as if the frogs ceased, in a certain This apparently was the first oarfish ever seen in the

measure, to be master of their position in the water. United States, so at least Dr. G. Brown Goode wrote The Curre ll t SUPI.lement. These facts, similar to those observed by Mlle. me at the ti me that it had not been reported. In The front page article of the current SUPPLEMENT, Stefanowska, but of the comf)lete details of which 1899 another oarfish was brought to me, evidently No. 1355, describes both verbally and graphically the we are ignorant, and especially to those observed by having been washed in after a storm and found progress of the work on the Simplon Tunnel, one of Gley, speak peremptorily in the most stupendous engineer­ favor of the possibility of ing works of our time. An­ hypnosis in frogs, and dem­ the engineering article, o I' onstrate once more the ames­ both timely and interesting, thetic power, so to speak, of is a comparison between the the human gaze, that com­ proposed Nicaragua and Pan­ plex factor which seems to ama canals, in which the synthetize our whole dynam­ former is shown to be dis· ic cerebrality when it is in tinctly inferior to the latter. action. It must be concluded, A simple form of differential then, that such gaze acts not gear for bicycles in use in only upon man, but upon France is described and illus­ frogs. There are here some trated. Rear-Admiral George imp<.>rtant psycho-physiologi­ W. Melville's address at the cal approximations that make unveiling of the monument us reflect upon the nature of to Robert Fulton, erected in that mysterious force which New York, is published in slips through the windows of A VERY RARE FISH-LUVARUS IMPERIALIS. full. "The Economic Position our psycho-organic life and of Japan;' chronicles the prog­ acts as true amesthetic in ress made by the most enter­ a. The first specimen ever seen in America, found at Santa Catalina, Cal. fixing the attitude of animals prising of Eastern peoples like those of man and paralyzing all cerebral life.­ within few yards of the former at Avalon. The during the short period of its modern commercial a This description was written by N. Va�chide, in La discoverer of this specimen also refused to allow it existence. The director of the Blue Hill Meteorological Nature. to be properly preserved, or to donate or sell it to Observatory, A. Lawrence Rotch, discourses instruc­ any one who would have sent it to some museum, tively on the use of kites in obtaining meteorologIcal H.M. Consul-General reports that it has recently but, believing it valuable as a curio, also impaled 'it, observations, supplementing his written work by illus­ been stated that the German government has con­ the delicate creature evaporating under the strong trations of rare value. Among the technological tributed a certain sum toward the costs of experiments heat of the semi tropic sun. articles will be found a treatise on the "Enameline which are being made in Germany for providing fishing This, as stated, was the second fish discovered, and Process-Etching on Zinc;' WhICh contains informa­ (sailing) vessels with auxiliary screw propellers during the past winter (1900) a fine large specimen tion that, probably, cannot be obtained in any of the worked by petroleum as motive power. Such an ar­ came in at Newport Beach, being reported by H. J. books on process engraving. Something new about rangement would, it. is thought, be of great advantage, Forgy, of Santa Ana. The newspapers announced Carthage, city whose historical interest is rivaled a ' for the fishing vessels would thus be able to fish during that a Mexican had found a young sea serpent at only by that of Rome, is told in a fully illustrated complete calm, and, while earning more in this way, Newport, and investigation showed that, as in hun­ article bearing the title "The True Carthage." A would also be able to convey their catch more quickly dreds of similar instances, tha man had found a concise and thorough resume of "Batrachia and Rep­ than at present to market. valuable prize without being aware of it. Accord- tilia" will prove of interest to our zoolOgIcal readers. Scientific American DECEMBER 21, 1901.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. LINTEL.-WILLIAM FELTON, 1125 Broad­ l!'. way, Manhattan, New York city. "The Pelton Mechanical Devices. Buslnt$$ and Ptrsonal Wants. INDEX OF INVENTIONS patent steel tension lintel" will probably re­ For which Letters Patent of the MECHAN ICAL TOY.-CHARLES H. SCHOLL, ceive the approval of every architect and READ THIS COLUMN CAREFULLY, You find inquiries for certain classes of articles- United States were Issued Reading, Pa. The toy is a car propelled partly builder ; for the old-fashioned cast-iron struc­ wiH numbered in consecutive order. If you manu­ for the Week Ending by gravity and partly by a motor along a con­ ture is discarded. The upper member of the facture these goods write us at once lind we will tinuous send you the name and of the party desir track having various inclines. The toy lintel is a compression member, the bottom address ing the mformatlon. In every ease it is neces­­ December 10, 1901, will be found very amusing, especially to chil­ member a tension member, each good for 16,000 sary to give the number of the Inquiry. dren, since the cars are sufficiently large to pounds per square inch sectional area, giving MUNN & CO. AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. hold dolls and the like. a factor of safety of to 5. The end skew­ 1 lSee note at end abont copies of these patents.] BOLT.-JOHN SPEIRS, Jersey City, backs take up the strain on the arch. The in­ Marine Iron Works. Chicago. Catalogue free. of list N. J. vention is noticeable for the fact that it ap­ The bolt can be applied to a door, either right IlIquh'y No. "�8.-For mannfacturers of nut- e1 Acid, apparatus for making sulphuric, or left, and acts to lock and automatically plies well-recognized engineering principles. cracking machin ry. T. 688,538 to Meyer ...... ••....••..0 • •••••••••••••• 688,520 prevent the door from being opened beyond a FOLDING BRACE.-LEWIS B. JE]'FCOTT, Metal substitute. Crane Bros., Westfield,Mass. Air compressor, E. Hill .•••••••.•••.•....•• 688,608 Air compressor, G. Donges .•.•.•...•...••• certain distance until purposely unlatched Manhattan, New York city. The folding brace Inquiry No. 1" ..9.-For manufactnrers of lathes 688.453 Air or liquid forCing device, A. T. Welch .•• for drilling small holes in sheus, etc from the inside. The bolt is simple and is to be used for the support of shelves and . te 688,288 688,584 S " Metal POlish. ana l S e e �i.� R:. H strong and can be attached to the the like. It is arranged readily Indi po is. pl s fr e. moldings to lock itself ., L. .. am !��Alarms, �� etc.,%. apparatus BO��::� :�for: ::::::: operating,:::::::: F. or door-jambs. in an extended position when the thing sup­ �qu ry No. 1 "60. For dealers in jewelers' find- Grinnell ...... 688,304 688,305 i 888,604 in� . - Albumen, producing blood, Dietrich Langer ported is swung into an active posi MECHANICAL GEARING.-LEONARD S. tion, and Alkali, making caustic, H. A. Frasch& ,463 WATER WHEELS. Alcott & Co., Mt Holly N. J. .•.••• automatically to unlock itself . Amalgamating machine, G. C. Scott . 688,439 I"LECKENSTEIN, Easton, Md. The inventor and fold up by ..... 688 has , ...... 688,802 the operator's swinging No. 1 "61. For manufacturers of electric Amalgamator, S. A. West.' . devised an effective substitute for cog, friction the article a little far­ Iuqnit·y 688,770 motor modeJs. - Animal trap, self setting, M. J. Cannon .••• ther up and then releasing it to allow the 688,524 or belt gearing for operating machinery, in Aspbalt repairing machine, E. W. Jewett .. Stencil Machines. A. Bradley, 101 Beekman St. N.Y. Bags, means for locking and sealing money, brace to fold and the article to swing into a J. which some parts have a continuous and others - E. Nason ...... 688,671 Inquiry No. "62. For a machine for taking up folded position. BaleH. tie making machine, F. L. Webster . 688,564 have an intermittent rotation. Combined with the lost motion 1on bUJjfgy- axles, etc. , cutting the . ret,hreading as it cuts. Ball players, body protector for base, E. . . t�o parallel end shafts and two p;"irs of point and 01I L. 688,694 Rogers ...... sprocket-wheels thereon S Tnrner Brass Works, Bandage or compress, Sonneborn Beigel . 688,354 are an intermediate Horseshoes. Gasolme Lamps and ystems. •• Bath. See Vapor or hot air bath.& shaft and two loosely-mounted sprocket-wheels. Chicago. 'HORSESHOE-PAD.-DANIEL W. MALONEY Battery tray or case, storage, E. A. Sperry . 688,749 A sprocket-wheel is keyed on the intermediate IIrms in Illinois In the reo Bearing lubricator, L. Depireux ...... 688,396 and JAMES ! H. WELSH, White Plains, N. Y. A r IY shaft a'nd is arranged between the loose olN'?iN !u�in!s��a.-1for Belt for variable speed gearing, drive, G. F. wheels. 688,718 rubber pad and a shoe are so combined Connor ...... • that Spoke Mchy. Ober Co Bell St., A double or two-part chain runs over all the Handle & Mfg. . Bicycle driving gear, A. Johnson 688,525 the shoe practically becomes a portion 10 ...... •... of the Chagrin Ii'aHs, O. . 688,419 sprocket-wheels except the keyed wheel of the Bicycle frame, R. M. Keating ...... pad. The inner face of the pad conform s with Bicycle match safe attachment, J. L. Held . 688,517 Inqniry No. intermediate shaft. By this construction of 1"64.-For manufacturers of com­ Bicycle seat, G. W. Manson ...... 688,659 the bottom of the ho of. affording an equal pressed air carpet-cleaning machinery . sprocket chain and sprocket-wheels continu­ . Bit holder bracket, S. Land ...... 688,473 bearing to the foot and preventing the pad Bolt anchor, J. Cook ...... 688,719 ous and intermittent Sawmill machinery and outfits manufactured by the rotation of shafting Is Bookcase, sectional,H. P. W. Casler ...... 688,390 from shifting and dirt from collecting under Lane Mfg. Co .. Box 13, Montpelier, Vt. . obtained in the most economical manner. Bottle, J. O'Connor ...... 688,542 the pad and shoe. At the heel portion on the Inquiry No. 1 76�.-For manufactnrers of imita· Bott { as in i zi C i WINDOW-SHADE MACHINE.-FRANK upper ion leat er iSScl 5ar:'� ..� �� . ��... �� . . 688,740 L. face of the pad are transverse ribs ar­ t n . ��: Box f covering: machine,� H.� ��B. Blackinton .. 688,285 FISHER, Cumberland, Md. By means of the ranged � to enter the frog and the spaces be­ Rigs that Run. Hydrocarbon system. Write St. F. 688,351 Brake, R. Skidmore ...•'.' ...... •...... novel construction forming the subject of this 688,386 tween the side walls of the hoof and the frog. Louis Motor Carriage Co., St. Louis, Mo. Brake mechanism, T. Carney ...... Brake mechanism, W. Smith 688,444 invention the shade can be trimmed off on its The ...•...... ribs serve to brace the pad and prevent IlIquiry No. 1 "66. For dealers in belting of vari­ I. 688,361 Brush making tool, N. Stow ...... side edges to any desired width and can be cut ous kinds. - 688,376 its shifting. Bubble blower, soap, C. E. Ahart ...... 688,684 off at any length. The ends are creased so as Sheet metal, any kind, cut, formed. any shape. Prompt Bucket elevator, C. PIez ...... •.....•.... HORSESHOE.-JOHN L. F. C. KOBER, Cin­ 688,555 N. Buckle, E. T. Specht ...... to form a guide for folding over the strip to work, Metal Stamping Co. Niagara Falls. 688,654 Cinnati, O. The horseshoe is Y. Buckle, Langdon Rydman ...•...... provided with re­ & bar at the free end of the curtain. The hem Illquil'Y No. ac n y f r the manu­ Buckle and shIeld, harness, G. A. Paddock .. 688,677 movable m hi ar o calks, by which construction the calks 1'-fi7.-For Bunsen burner, C. M. Kemp ...... 688,314 can therefore be produced re facture of wood alcohOl. . gularly and uni­ 688,454 can be repaired frequently without necessitat­ Cable tension device, A. Wilson ...... formly as desired. Ten days' trial given on Daus' Tip Top Duplicator' Calipers and depth-gage,D. combined, A. ing the removal of the shoe from the horse's 688,347 Felix Daus Duplicator Co. , Hanover St., N. Schuler ...... hoof. 5 Y. city. Cam milling machine,, H. J. Schmick:...... 688,344 . Inquiry No. 1 "6S.-For a !tood patent for steel Camera tripod, J. SatteL •...... 688,489 Hallway Contrivances. baskets. Can heading and crimping machine, C. E. Forry ...... , ...... 688,622 IUlscellaneous Inventions. CANS.-� pint and % pint tin cans are manufactured ...... SEAL-LOCK.-HENRY A. RODERMUND, Mon- Cane and 1;able, combined, Paterson Re- by Nat n Write for p ce io al Cement Co., Toledo, O. ri s. ford ...... & 688,482 tague, Cal. This WRENCH.-HENRY T_ NEFF, 512 North 12th ...... lock and seal for railway-car 688,409 No. 1 769.-E'or a /}-inch oil separator and Cane loading machine, Gregg Wolf ...... doors is so arranged that Street, St. J oseph, Mo_ The fixed jaw is & 688,1522 the seal is impressed coInquntrivai1'Ynce for condensin/l exhaust steam by COOling Cane transporting system, A. Horner ...... or formed on a blank during the operation of widened �o as to project beyond the opposite with mine water, or otherwise. Car bodies, extension side for railway, J. M. 688,777 Hansen ...... closing the car-door. Upon unlocking and sides of the handle and to provide ways along­ Machine Work of every description. Jobbing and re­ Car, center dump ballast, J. M. Hansen ... . 688,809 C 149 688,526 opening the door the seal will fa ll into a re- side the handle for the arms of the sliding pairIng. The Garvin Machine o. , Var ck, cor. Car coupling, W. H. Keen .•...... i Car coupling, M. Welch ...... 688,763 jaw. Projecting �rom the rear side Spring Sts., N. . ceptacte and be saved for future melting and of the Y. Car door aprons, linkI. hinge for grain, A. No. 1 770.-For 688,663 use, thus resulting in a saving of lead usually sliding jaw are parallel side arms which fit Inquiry an evaporator and con- Miller ...... t c n e t i e w te t il se 688,729 denser o o v r m n a r o bo er u . Car, shipping railway, E. Haas ...... thrown away or lost. within the ways provided above the fixture and 688,490 Car spring, T. A. Shea ...... alongside the shank, the free extremities being Manufacturers of patent articles, dies, stamping, 688,727 SWITCH-SIGNAL.-BERTIS H_ URSCHEL and Car tipple, Geske Miller ...... tools, light machinery. Quadriga Manufacturing Com· & widened to project above the handle shank. Cars, means for electrically connecting rail- EDMUND P. THOMAS, Sugar Bridge, O. The 688,337 pany, South Canal Street, l"hicago. way, E. B. W. Reichel...... A bar connects the arms at their free ends and 18 688,408 contrivance relates to signals for single-track Carbureter, M. Gohler ...... ••..• 7 0 eventing 688,776 extends beueath the handle-shank. A pawl is Carbureter, C. V. Greenamyer ...... electrIc roads, such as are used in country dis- .... ?di t L o;;- � tr:6�� � :. Carpet fabric, ingrain, W. B. Keefer, reissue 11,955 supported between the widened ends of the t1!e·� �!rJg � � t� i� � ';;MJ' tricts and in which turnout switches are placed Constructor and operator of wood chemical plants, Carpet renovators, dust arresting bag for jaw-arms and engages a ratchet on the handle- pneumatiC, J. S. Thurman ...... 688,559 at suitable distances .. . . apart- The object is to including refineries .. nd by-product apparatuo_ O. A. Carriage water gage, horseless, J. C. Blevney 688,287 shank. Over the handle-shank and the arms of prov Mye , West Fourth Street, Cincinnati Oh o Carrier. See J? all rope carrier. ide a signal mechanism to be operated by rs 6'J6 . the slhling jaw a cuff fits which is secured to , i Cash register, T. Carroll ...... 688,502 a moving car in such manner as to leave a Inquiry No. 1"'Z.-�·or manufacturers of a cety 688,735 a the fixed jaw. ela p Cbain link, L. C. Howe ...... signal light at one switch and at the same time len m s. ­ Chair and table, convertible, K. A. Rue- Oil thin . .. . , .... ',' ...... 688, 341 turn on a light at the next switch ahead, and C HURN.-ELI R- DEMING, Detroit. Mich_ The celebrated " Hornsby-Akroyd" Patent Safety . .. Chart, adjustable, T. J. Goodwin 688,:100 t ...... upon passing the latter · Air is constantly supplied to the cream during I£ujline is built by the De La VerlIDeRef rigera ing Ma­ 688,437 switch to turn out Chuck, W. Robinson ...... h ne 138th Street, New York. both former lamps and turn on another lamp the churning, the dash-stem and dash-blades Chucl, for tool machines, centering, M. c i Company. Foot of East ...... F. 688,373 Xo. 1 Wilcox mediums Inquiry "" . F or an ice mannfacturing at the second switch and one at the next or serving as conducting for the air. - Cigarette packages, machine for forming, of ' per d ay. plant with a capacny a . 688,284 third switch. This turning off of lamps Any economic form of driving mechanism is 25 tons Bilgram Scbehl ...... on and & ' The best book for elect,riCians nda begmners in elec­ Circuit making and breaking device, J. F. is effected throughout the length of the line, empioyed. The internal operative portions of ...... 688,-554 Skirrow ..•...... c ty is rimental S cience," by G eo. M. Hopkins. f tr i Expe . 688,588 thus prevent ng possible collisions, between the churn are o such construction that they Cleaner, trunk, D. T. Brown ...... i i . .. pu i hers 361 Broadway By mail Munn & Co.• J s Clock marking device, watchman's, A. New- switches, of cars moving in a same or oppo- can be readily disconnected from the body and 14. b . . N. Y. r ' f S ot man ...... the driving mechanism, rendering it possible to 688,688,326418 site directions. r ��e f�� i r ';i g a�f� � g �:�f to p� r � Clothes wringer, M. P. Janisch ...... ,\' A. 688, <;44 clean each part of the churn which is brought a�W��t r �;�!erat�e pump giving� to gal�lonst Clutch, P. Houghtaling ...... SAFETY APPLIANCE FOR TRAINS.-JA- �� .;': � �� �� a S 6 688,309 : i t Clutch, friction, C. C. Jacobs-...... in contact with the cream. �t!� CINTO V. 'V]jlLASCO, Key West, Fla. Mr. Velasco Coach door handle, O. H. Scranton ...... 688.702 SALE AT A BARGAIN.-l00 tons lb. steel gird- Coal saving composition, T. Hillery ...... 688.782 HOLDER FOR C UPS OR .- 66 . has invented a new safety appliance for trains PLATES ELEON- FOR high· A. 688,21l0 er relaying rails. feet len!ttbs. Wheelock twin Coal unloading apparatus, E. Brown .... . ORE 30 to prevent a train from r unning off a track, K. HALLENBERG, Alford Building, Louis- pressure engines, cy linders, Al condition. M. Cock adjuster for air brakes, angle, W. S.-' 3 2� x 48 De Camp ...... 688,602 especially when rounding turns or traversing ville, Ky. The invention provides an improved Braudy & Sons, Grand Rapids, Mich. 688,362 Coffee mill, J. S. Tarr ...... pict A. switches. The appliance comprises a central- holder for cups. pla:tes, or ures and is par- Inquiry No. 1 """.-E·or a centrifugal e tractor of Collar blanks, etc., machine :t;'or folding, x D. Fen,vick ...... : ...... 688,460 ticularly adapted for suspension from a shelf gold ores. track guideway in which a shoe is arranged to 688.603 Column, W. De Walt ...... travel. A support is mounted to slide ver- ' and to assume a position in which the cup and ANTED.-Kxperienced draughtsman on mill ma­ CombinationJ. furnace, J. K. Stewart ...... 688.358 W . Commutator brush holder, H. J. W. Lloyd . 688,423 tically in a bearing on the car truck, the shoe plates are. projected forward so that they are chinery Jlnd machine tools. Permanent employment . Compound engine, T. F. Flinn ...... 688, 61 9 being to tu rn at the e exhibited to the best advantage. The inven­ assured to rapid and accurate draug-btsman. Beth� 688,-175 mounted lower nd of the Conveyer, Miller Dickinson ...... I , lehem Steel Company. South Bethlehem, Pa. Conveyers, discharge& device for belt, Cook- support. 'l'he shoe cannot leave its guideway at tion further includes a movable device to en- man Neall ...... 688,597 gage plates or pictures of different diameters ' 7"6.-�·or dealers In spring steel 3 the crossing. � Copy holder.& E . Pittman . .. . 688,B32 7 :�Jlt � rb��: 1 x ...... and to serve as a support for cups that are to i Corn shock compressor,�'. H. L. Ferris ...... 688, 61 8 CAR.-BENJAMIN Bl'LKLEL]]Y, Marion, Iowa. . Corn shocking machine, H. Gernand 688,680 be exhibited with plates. The holder is made Partner with capital to manufacture latest improved ...• The car is of the hopper bottom type. A new Corset, A. A. Morand W. 688,664 motor cycle. Explosive motor with minimum vibration ...... •...... •..• with a tripod, one of the legs being hinged so Corset, J. Sly . . 688,707 is o e l ...... bottom-door provided m r especial y de- and weight. No IDumer required and no nOise, giving 688,545 as to fold or lie between the others when re­ Counting machine, Porter Abbott .•...... signed for ballast-cars carrying crushed stone S. Strickland, South Bound A. & 688,781 increased economy. E. Crane cut out, G. Hassel .....••...•..•. quired for use. 688,600 or other material. The door can be easily Brook, N. Crate, collapsible, R. E. L. Crosby ...... J. Current motor, alternating, E. Wilson . 688,805 ...... opened to drop the contents of the car in sep- WIRE FENCE.-ERNEST L. EWBANK, Hen­ Inquiry No. 1. " " e l g net 688,425 .-For r vo vin mag s for Curtain pole hanger, G. Loewenstein ...... se arating iron from" other metals urate piles in the road-bed. The arrangement dersonville, N. The posts used are made of :p . Cutlery, apparatus for smithing and draw C. tempering, G. E. Smith ...... 688,492 permits the quick closing of the door to sto metal with dovetailed notches along the edges. The Excelsior Machinery Co., of Whltecross Street, p 25 Cutting edges, machine for serrating, C. C. and are London. England, proprietors of inventions in special ,...... 688,384 the discharge of the material whenever desir- The wires are located in the notches Brooks .... held in place by flat wedges corresponding in machinery. are prepared to develop. exp10it and nego. Cyanids, making, Rossiter Crowther. able. & 688,793, 688,794 tiate the sale of patented inventions. protected in Gr�at shape with the notches. On its inner face Dandy roll, F. W. Gowrie 688,638 Britain and Europe, also open to undertake the exhibit .•.•...•...... each wedge has a longitudinal groove to form Dental cavities with cement, instrument for aud sale class 688,553 any of machinery ; having spacious filling. E. Siqveland ...... Hulldlng ApplIances. a wire,seat. The wedges are to be manufac­ of 1. 688,6\)6 warehouse gnd showroom accommodation with power, Desk, hotel register, G. P. Rose, Jr ...... Domestic boiler, T. F. McEvilly . 688,669 tured by number after the manner of ordinary etc. . .._ ...... FLUSH-BOLT.-HENRY G. KARRENBERG, 688,750 Door, spring stop, J. W. Stake ...... nails. Wedges having a groove larger than the 688,595 Manhattan, New York city. The flush-bolt is Inquiry No. 1""8.-�'or revolv ng barrels for Door track cover, sliding, E. G. Coe ...... i 688,685 eircumference of the wire used can be placed washing metal with water. . Draft equalizer, S. D. Poole ...... of such construction tha t it can be effectually 688,:m8 Dredging apparatus, hydraulic, E. Risley ... in alternate posts in order to permit the wires Send for new an complet� catalogue of -ScienUHc 688,766 locked in an open or closed position. The bolt d Drill centering tool, L. Williams ...... to yield if a weight. such as a tree, should fall anda:r other Books for sale by Munn Co . 361 Broadway, Drilling - machinery, A. Gang . .... 688,508 cannot be moved from either position without & ...... on the fence, and in order to permit the wire New York. Free on application. Dropper. See Liquid dropper.H. opening a key-operated lid forming a part of Dust guard, J. Timms ...... 6RR.560 to return to its position after the weight has Inqlliry No. 1""9.-For machines for knitting' 688,478 the bolt-casing. Should the lid be unlocked Dye and making same, black, O. Mueller . . been removed. hosiery and under ear. Dye and producing same, black sulfur, P. the operating medium of the bolt will be pro­ ';t 688,646 Julius ...... Designers and builders of automatic and special 688,641 tected and concealed while the lid remains CLIP.-THO�lAS K. DAVISON, St. Albans. Dye, brown red azo, P. Julius ...... machines of all kinds. Inventions perfected. 'l' he W. Dye of the anthracene series and making closed. Va. The clip is especially useful for hold­ 688,645 W. ilson Machine Company, Rochester, N. same, M. H. Isler ...... W . ing curtains and portieres. The construction A. Y. Dye of the anthracene series, green, O. CORNER-POST AND JOINT.-JAMES E. and No. 1 . Inquiry " or manufactnrers of motor ...... 688,576 of the device is such that it can be effectively ,",O F Bally ...... buses for carry�ng 1 pa-ssengers. . 688,742 CHAUNCEY B. BROWN, Bradford, Pa. The cor­ 2 Dyeing. Laag et al ...... used without in any way injuring the fabric, H. ner-post forms improved joint for use in Parties to manufacture and place on the market a Dynamo machinf's, mechanism for transmit-. 688,382 an however delicate it may be. ting power to. Bohm ...... carpentry, furniture, vehicle bodies, and the Grain Drill specially adapted to the great wheat belt O. 688,754 Dust guard, H. C. Tazewell ...... 688,388 like. The corner-post is provided with dove­ FIRE-ESCAPE.·-HENRY O. CEASE, Louisa, of th e North and West : has been tried for two seasons Educational appliance, W. H. Cartwright .•.. F. 688,657 t Egg beater, LE'll ...... • tail Ky. A novel construction of car. together with in he sticky soil of the valley of the Red River of tbe tongues having angular, integral feathers. Electric battery, Frazier...... 688,403 North, and pronounced by the farmers of that country G. W. 688,364 The tongues and feathers extend in the longi­ guiding, supporting and operating devices Electric furnacE', R. Taylor ...... •..•.... to be the best Grain they have ever seen. Patents Fl...... 688,�93 therefor, is provided, whereby the car can be Electric furnace, R. C. Contardo tudinal direction of the post. A number of DriB 688,583 have just been issued for United States and Canada. Electric knife switch. W. F. Bossert ...... panels engage the post, the panels having readily raised to any suitable height and can Electric machine, direct current dynamo, New model just completed has never been offered for A. be lowered under the control of the occupants Rotth ...... •. 688,340 grooves to receive the tongues and feathers. manu acture . f . Electric machine winding, B. .... 68S,317 The inventors state that the only way to sep­ of the car or of persons on the ground. THOMAS CARNEY, G. Lamme Electric storage battery or accumulator. ,. 411 Brown St" Dayton O hio. W. arate the post from either of the panels is to NOTE.-Copies of any of these patents will be Buckley ...... 688,291 . ElectricJ. switch, C. A. Bergstrom 6R8,282 tear asunder the parts. Mere chipping off of Inquiry No. I"SI.· - For manufacturers of steel .•...... furmshed by unn Co. for ten cents each. Electric switch, J. Jones, Jr ...... 688,738 M & balls. J. & a smail portion of wood wia not effect sever- Please state the name of the patentee, title of Electrical apparatus, J. E. Everett .•...... 68R,401 a Inquiry No. 1 "S2.-For wholesale dealers In h ge Electrical circuits, circuit breaking ap- ance. tile inventIOn, and date of this paper. quant ties of J.a or 94i n h lead tubini· .. . . paratus tor, B. StillwelL . . . . . i Q L. .. . . 688,359 DECEM:BE'R 21, 1901. Scientific American.

Electrical controUer attnchmmt, G. L. 'Fair- Mast arm for Incandescent street lights, Ii " Foot and I Syringe, W: H. Pumphrey ...... 68S,6S8 brother ...... 688,506 ' R. J. Patterson ...... 688.431) Power Table self-waiting attachment, E. R. Storrs 688,7G3 Electrical distribution system, .J. L. Creve- I Measure, tailOl" s, S. M. Griffen...... •.... 688,3:13 S Screw Cutting rr unk heater, 1I. 1.,1. }I'erris .... . 0 ••• ••••••• 0 68�,617 ling ...... 688,294 I' Measuring" electrical energy, apparatus for, ar 'l'Ullk hvatpr, Loy & Carhart...... 688,6{)8 . . . . t Electrical machine winding, B. G. Lamme .. 688: 318 R. Kennedy ...... 688,G50 Tunning hiues ot' skins, H. CarmichaeL ... 688,294 Elevator, J. C. Dean ...... 688,601 Meat tl'ee, P. Oebmen ...... •...... 688,674 Telepbone, "V . S. Paca ...... 0 •••••' •••••• 688,670 }iJlevator bucket, J. WeIde ...... 68.�t565 . Metal perforatillg macbiues, adjustable gage 1'l'lel)hone E'xchange system, H. G. Webster. 688,452 End gate, D. D. Burwell ...... 688,292 attachment tor, I·'. NatheI' ...... 688, '1 I:! Lathes Tl'll'phoue I'ec'eiver, F. J. Orr ...... 688,433 C l · l 'l'\'levholle system, C. North ...... 688,673 :f.ab�/�·ii����l;: �g:�i� Send {or Catalogue B. , H. f�:�e� iI�g . ��;��l, 'N'ippi;l'&. 'i�i�rr: �\�oel��ll�: T('lephony, G. A. Cardwell ...... 688,293 ��3 ::�:' &�:��8 1 �:�:f ::��Vl�l:,' �.' ... CO. Engine speed regulator, explosive, G. Amoll- ... Metals, pl"�ducing, Greene & WahL .. .. 688,510 SENECA FALLS MFG. Theater stage appilauce, L. J. Carter ...... 688,387 sen ...... 688, 3.7 I Metallic product, M. Ruthellburg ...... 688,699 (IllS . .. .. 688,370 I Water Street, Thill coupliug, H .. P. Wells ...... Engine supporting trame, C. B. Rumsey .. 688,342 · Milling machil1t:'", Leibert & Von Philp ...... 688,"22 A. '1'hlll sup!lort, W. I. Schryver ...... 688,438 Engine vapori�er, gasoline, G. E. Tregurtha. 688,367 ' Money receptacle, J. Waltisch ...... 688,761 SeaecaFalls, N. Y., U. S. Threshing machine, Pickerel & McCutchan. 68S,331 Engine vaporizing device, explosive, :scott & Mop wringer, L. Evans ...... ft S,(:1 3 Threshing machine feeder and separator, H. S MACHINE. SHOP OuT.ITS , Bonney ...... 688,349 Mortising machine, W. L. Holman ...... 688,415 G. E. Wadleigh ...... 688,760 . . 1 . . . AND l! :! Envelop, G. E. Bilderback ...... 688,582 Motor apparatus, J. E. Tyler ...... 688,757 TOOLS SUPPLlES,'l:,'ff"' Ticket holder, D. B. Metcalf ...... 68 , 22 Exercising device, W. G. BelL ...... 688,499 Movement cure apparatus, E. F. Goransson. 68S,165 �E NGINE.&'FOOT) CO'�?����m,�,;. THe, rooting, G. P. Heinz ...... 688,641 . SEBASTIAN lATHl ExpansloJl bolt, J. W. Tripp ...... 688.• 66 Mucilage, E. I. Root ...... 388,792 AT HEs. Tire protectors, making, W. G. .Ford ...... 68�,G21 Eyeglass fitting, C. Schmidt ...... 688,550 Music box with exchangeable note-sheets,. 688,319 J. and Tnrret Latlie,!> Plan­ Tire, rubb�r, Litchfield & Chambel'lain .... Eye-glasses or specta'cles, stud attachment J. Natterer ...... •.... 688,:H1 Foot Power ers� S1!ru>ers,and Orill Pre.ses. Tire setting machine, rublJer, Darnell& Dun- 688,428 . . . . . 688,356 and for rimless, C. L. Merry ...... Music leat turner, M. R. Stapp ...... SHEPARD LATHE CO., 133 W. 2d St., Cincinnati, O. can ...... 688,504 . . . Eyelet, �'. G. Neubert ...... 688,431 Musical Instrument and treating same, E. Tires, etc., valve and inHater connection Eyelet, covered, E. P. Linch ...... 688,786 Gable ...... 688,628 for pneumu tic, P. Rnpp ...... 688,698 Fabric clamping and cutting device, J. D. Nail receptacle, Hinds 688,731 688,585 ;T...... WALWORTH Tobacco hook, A. H. Bruinerd ...... Berger ...... 688,457 Nipple threading machine, G. ;T. O'Doherty. 688,327 Tool operating machine,. ��. Lambert ...... 688,653 Fall rope carrier and means for .operating Nut lock, J. E. Hunsaker. 0 •••••••••••••••• 688,308 Tooth, artificial, R . Brewster ...... 688,501 , same, T. S. Miller ...... 688, 176 Nut lock, Davis & Bailey ...... 688,395 Tooth crown, porcelain, W. B. Miller ...... 688,661 Fastener, separable, G. E. Adams ...... 6..Q8,278 Nut lock, J. M. Sigafus ...... 688,706 Tooth crowns, tool for manufacturing, W. P. Feather boa, A. Wurzburger ...... 688,455 Nut lock, G. P. Buchanan ...... 688, 715 PIPEare the Heaviest VISE and S Scott ...... 688,440 Feed buckets or bags from barness, device Ore concentrator, V. 'Villits...... ' . 688,567 Top, spinning, R. A. Langermari . . .. 0 •••••• fol' supporting, D. J. Bole ...... 688,714 Ore l'Qaster and smeltel', combined, P. Kirk 688,651 Strongest vises made. 'rower, observation, L. Bercuvicy ...... �rs:�� Feed regulator, boiler, W. H. Edmonson .. 688,773 Ore separator, A. A. Allen ...... 688,279 Toy, C. Weber ...... 688,762 Feed water and 'steam beater for steam boil- Oven shelves, automatic means for operat- RENEWABLE STEEL JAWS. 'l'oy ttgures, making hollow. . bodies employed ers, M. N. Forney ...... 688,402 lng, P. D. Harton ...... 688,639 WALWORTH MFC. CO., in the manufacture of, W. Heincke . . .. 688,640 Feed water heater and purifier, E. Smith . . 6S8.353 Packing, J. M. Harper ...... 688,730 Toy, locomotive, M. U. Loree ...... 688,7�7 . . 128 136 �'eeder, automatic boller, C. Cummings ... 688,295 Packing, metallic rod, A. W. & A. D. Morris 688,790 TO FEDERAL STREET, Transformer, thermo-electl'odyn�mic, P. K. a r C I k . Stern .., ...... 688,494 P����ble�· Ii� 'K�ee ' ..��� ����: j �:� ���te�:��°f'o/b �i�b���: B�y'l��;:: �g:g� Animal �� :��:�' : : : : : :: :�g:¥�� a Y.· J: Tl·Up. See tral). }i'ence tool, wire, R. Porter ...... 688,:}33 Paddle wheel, self feathering, D. W. Hor- Treads, p�vements, etc., machine for making Fertilizer distributer, J. E. Harper ...... 688,�07 ton ...... 688,643 non-slipping, F. W. Huestis ...... 688,736 Filing and canceling checks, etc., apparatus Paper box, J. S. !{eys ...... 0 •••0., 688,421 Trolley, F. W. Garrett...... 688;509 for, S. T. Young ...... 688,769 Paper pall, D. Thatcher ...... 688,365 . . 688,568 . . H. Trolley, M. J. Wilson ...... Filing cabinet, S. T. young .:...... 688,768 Partition, sliding and folding, W. D. Butter- Trolley contact pole, Robertson & Dole ...... 6&!,4S6 Film holder, magazine, E. D. Bartlett ...... 688,em) field ...... 688,590 Trolley pole tor electriC cars, P. Scholtes. 688,346 Fire escape, H. H. Boren ...... 688, 2,�!) Peanuts or green peus, machine. for. stem- are remarkable for Trolley guard, E. W. Gailey ...... 688,62\1 e . n SIMPLICITY wheela . e:�::c:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: ��:�gg peda'ri�: �:ct a�?s�:11' . H� ��:��::: and ECONOMY �����: c� r�' C� '�' : : : �:�� �. c!��h�r%k: : . �� : : : :: m:m Prices : p����ll.l�:::. .: : ::::::: �:�sg Fire escape, W. Foreman ...... 688,726 ' Phonographic recording apparatus, To A. Wri te flYl' . Truss, hernial, L. Ropers ...... 688,695 �'Ire escape, W. B. Wood ...... 688,767 i Edison ...... •...... 688,610 Olds Motor Works, Truss, hernial, G. V. House ...,...... 68M,7a4 Fireproof buildings, floor and ceiling sup- Piano box, folding, F. Barnes ..... 0 •••0 0 • •• 688,078 68�,429 f 1328J elf. Ave .. Tube expander and beader, D. S. Monroe .. port tor, C. H. Scammell ...... 688,700 Picker stick operating mechanism, B. F. S. DetrOit, -- Mich. Tube mortising machine clamp, M. F. Wil- . . Flue cleaner, C. W. Enos ...... Austin ...... 688,573 CO" ...... 688,374 . 68S,GI2 1 . . . Fly catcher, A. L. Clark ...... 6R8.Il 7 Pipes, mechanism for banding wooden, M. Tuhe8 out ot bore holes, apparatus for C le x . 688,372 "WOLVERINE" pulling, V. Petit ...... 688,543 ��h·, H�·L��� �: ::: ::: ��:� Pist�: s!���� D."A: R'icc�: :::::::::::::::: 688,548 Twine making . & . . 688,7M9 'jhd�:: : : i line Engines machine, MOllahan I( leren ��l�i�� : : ...... •....• Gaso }t'llel economizer, Hovey & Gleason ...... 688,417 Piston, J. Morrissett 688,665 Gas and l 688,759 t a ne D n . 688,206 i 688,635 STATIONARY and MARINE. ';'ac�int�� P. ' M��h��," '"'' ! : ��g: ::ftY;';g ���n;�� 1dio� ��� ;O;�t1�g, c;� �: ' 'l g ';:I��d? J�'c� SDiX�r 688,445 ··Wolverine·' is the only reversible 688,666, 688,744 Br d �: �::���!: ���:�:.....::::::•.•.... : : water .... · ...0 ••••••••••••••• •• • •• • •• 68�.::;87 ' Plastet', gum, H. F. Stempel, Jr 688,446 MarlneG1l8Engine on the market. Umbrella tip cup, U. G. Fry ...... 688,627 Oarment and fabric supporter, E. Snedeker. 68Q,709 I Plaster of paris mixing machine, E. A. i8 the llllhtest engine for its Vah'e, W. O. Foss ...... 688,298 1 ...... ••..•.. It Requires . Garment supporter, F. G. Dietz ... 688,605, 68S,606 Taylor 688,363 power. no licensedMfd. en , Valve, ;T. C. Meloon ...... 688,427 Gas analYSiS, apparatus for, C. C. Tutwiler. 688,449 I Plow suhsoll attachment, D. E. Selby .... . 688,551 gineer. AbsoluW,l/sa!•. hy Vabe 'actuating device, R. L. Shalnwald, Gas burner, incandescent, H. W. RoyaL ... 68S,G97 Pneumatic separator, .A. Raymond ...•.•.... 688,810 WOLVERINE MOTOR WORKS, ;Jr...... •...... •... 688,705 Gas engine, C. L. Mayhew ...... • 688,426 Polishing wheel, F. D. Fry ...... ••.... 688,775 12 Valve, compressor, H. V. Conrad ...... 688,aU2 Gas engine, W. G. Marr ...... • 68S.536 Port light, marine craft, R. J. Victor .•.... 688,758 Jluron Street, alv e r k , . 688 .366 . .... 0 ••••••• 688,302 __.....: G=r:a::n:.:d:...:R=a::p::i::.d::8.:..,..:1l::.r::i.:Ch=. v :eaJf� e �� �lll��� :: 688,2n9 Gas generator, acetylene, E. S. Titus ..... , Poster, sheet, J. Grether . . . . . ������=�� g ����, al������ Gas generator, acetylene, H. Eldridge ... . 68S,6U Primary battery, H. I. Lurye ...... 688,788 frost proof stop and waste, W. H. . "TANDEM" and "PEERLESS" Valve, Gas generator, acetylene, L. S. Flatau . . ... 688,725 Printer and cutter, wrapping paper, H. C. Osborn ...... 688,329 ...... Gate. See End gate. Kestel ...... 688,784 Vapbr burning apparatus, G. W. White ..:. 688,765 •••••••••• • Gas & Gasoline Engines . Gate, E. Capps .....0 •••••••� •• 688,385 Printing machine bed motion, cylinder, G. Vapor or hot air bath, G. W. Weaver ... .. 6�,563 Gear and signal system, automatic satety, �'. Read ...... 688,547, 688,689 to 688,691 Writ. for particulars Vehicle, R. A. Morton...... 6S8,743 ...... •...••...... • 681!,745 Printing press card cutting attachment, W. ri W. W. Murch . Gearing, changeable, Harris ...... 688, oJ6 Speight ...... •...... • 688,556 Northern Engineering Works, ��� 2 gouV:t':��::::::::::::: M. A. �'. 00 Glass engraving machine, W. Moulton ..... 688,791 Propelling ships, means for, R. Richards .. 688,692 Atwater St., Detroit, Mich. Vehicle���t�l� ::�:ehrake,, B, W. Scott...... ��:���688,7\15 Gluten, drying fresh, G. Amthor. 0 •••••••••• 688, 711 Pump or motor, rotary, A. Ferguson ...... 688,616 d o r Grain conveyer for separators, E. C. Young. 688,806 Pump, spray, F. R. Hardie ...•.•..••...... 688,306 �;��f. �:{;e� � k�b.!ii...... • . _� ���i�l�, . . ..������: =:!�� Grain drill, J. L. Ashurst. 688,808 Puzzle, J. M. Rodgers ...... 688,339 Vehicle, motor, G. W. Cary ...... 688,591 Grain drill seed cup, C. H. Pelton ...... 688,679 Puzzle, F. Yolk, Jr ...... ,.0." " ',.,." 688,561 DON3T Vehicle wheel, Ellis & Davis ...... 688,399 Graphite lubricator, F. GIelow, Sr ...... 688,"e2 Rack. See Hat rack. �._."''''I-''''''����M����1b��� o���� Vessel, marine, W. Niemeyer ...... 688,672 Grinding or polishing machine, ;T. Sowle .... 688,355 Radiator vent, '1'. Gledhill .•••••••••...• 688,631 Vise, W. E. Eckard...... 688,772 H. to you at such an extreme­ pipe, . Grinding or polishing machine' gearing, D. P. Rail jOint, T. W. Devore ...... •....••...•• 688,722 ly low price that It Is lack- Voting machine, S. Loe . . 688,424, 688,533, 688,534 Deibler ...... 689,505 Railway, electric, F. �1. Ashley" ,.,'0.' •• 0 688,572 Wagon, dumping, L. W. Statler ...... 688,357 Guarantee plates, means for removing, Ott I Railway frog, D. MacPherson '0 •• ' ,' ,', , •• 688,321 �'U' �'?t �����. p�fn1': ����� Wagon gate and step combined, J. Thomp- . . & Entwisle ...... 688,481 Railway rail joint, E. M. McCleary .•.•...• 688,430 8 to make It capablea g of son ...... 688,448 . . . l, je n 688,797 :fl l :! ��� Wagon jack, Butcher & Browder ...... 68S,589 A� ��:�g� ::n;:� ss:i\�h; ' :.n,,�:O:tk �lat? Wagon skein, E. H. Dewes ...... 688,723 g�� ����� ati�ctin;�t �. 'CO;y':::::::: ei!�i���'ec��n�;:f��t��'a'ti� for. . �o:Et� . . Gun, Gopher, O. L. Maxfield...... •.. 688,660 street, W. ;T. Bell ...... •... 688,456 looking Wagon, weight registering coal cliute, C. P. Gun, magazine, C. C. Brooks ...... ," 688,383 Railways, electric signaling device for, W. MASSACHUSETTS TOOL COMPANY, Harvey ....•.•...... 688,779 Gun, magazine, G. W. Gruver ...... •... 688,636 A. Farrell ...... , ..... 0 ••••" •••• , ••• 688,724 . 60 Wells Greenfield, Mass. Washing machine, L. C. Baird ...... 68!!,281 51., Hammock, J. M. Waddel...... 688,3G8 Receptacle, non-refillable, H. W. Avery .... . 688,574 Washing machine, E. Wagner ...... 688,a69 Harrow, riding, C. Shaw ...... , ...•.. 68S,412 Reclining chair, G. B. Siccardl. •...•...... 688,443 Washing machine, T. E. Blanchard ...... 688,381 Harvester, ;T. A. Peek ...... •.. 688,330 Recording device, J. D. Keiley ...•••...... 688,783 Washing machine, G. Chamberlain ...... 688,5\13 Harvester, beet, Kemp & Scott ...... 689,521 Refrigerating package, H. I. Hix .." ....o. 688,521 Washing machine gearing, W. Ruthven .... 6S!!,:l43 !' Harvester, corn; M. E. Sewalt ...... 689,704 Refrigerator, J. D. Pennington. 0 ••••' ••••• 688,680 Washtub, A. Ferber ...... 68!>,461 152 PURCHASE STREElj, BOSTON, MASS. . . Harvesting machine grain lifting attach- Registering lock, V. ;T. Van Horn .•..•.•... 688,495 ·-e Water hack safety attachment, G. Traxel 6�,755 taGGWi)A H. ment, C. H. Miles ...... : .. 688,3112 Regulator, A. R.· Everest. 0' 0 •••••••••••'00. 668,614 SEND FOR K S cATALOCUE Water closet tank, Cooper & Dorricott ..... 6&:>,720 Hasp, safety, J. A. McMillen ...... 688,747 Rein handle, driving, W. B. Snyder ...... 688,710 Water, purifyiug, A. Dervaux ...... 6M8,721 Hat rack, collapSible, L. Lovegran ...... 688,:-:20 Rolling mill, J. Stevenson, Jr . . . ,., ....•.. , 688,751 Weaner, animal, J. W. Chamberlain ...... 6S8,UU4 Hay rake, adjustable, W. �'. Reed ...... 688,3a6 Rope clamp, J. B. Stone ...... •.....•.. 688,360 THE EUREKA CLIP Weigher, grain, E. C. young ...... 68t!,S07 Heat between liquids or fluids, apparatus I Rope coupling, R. A. Hhmmond ...... 0" 688,513 10rThe most useful article ever invented Weighing machine, �'. �'. Meyer...... 688,537 for etrecting of, C. W. Ram- Rotary engine, C. Herr ...... 0 0 • 688, 618 the purpose. Indispensable to Law­ '" Window, A: O. H. Lehmann ...... exchange H. yers. Editors, Student,s, Bankers, Insur­ . 68t!,5a2 stedt ...... 68S,546 Rotary explosive engine, J. H. Reed ...... 688,335 ance Companies and business men gen­ Window, E. B. Jacques ...... 688, 737 Heaters, air chamber for hot air, W. Eo Rotary explosive engine, S. M. Williams ..o. 688,566 erally. Book marker a.nd paper clip. '";; Window looking bolt, C. C. Sigler ...... 688,491 Goodwin ....· ...... · ...... ". 0 ••••• 688,�01 Rubber or gutta-percha and making same, Does not mutilate the paper. Can be Z Wire stretcher, J. Murray ...... 688,746 Hinge, P. B. Baker ...... 688, 717 substltnte tor India, Sherwin & Mathle- e e t 9 I Wrappers, apparatus for applying adhesive Hitching device, safety, M. S. Cross., .•. , . 688,503 sen ...... •0 •••• 0 ••0 688,350 �,� 'l,� �'i.� �1IJii �::o��!���! �I�W�:-n�'; � material to paper, A. E. Stinehour .... 688,752 Hoisting mechanism brake, R. Paxson . 0 •• ' 688,67S Sad iron handle, G. H. Ober ... 0 •••• 0 • • • o' 688,432 or by machine, Rose ...... 688,488 . and notion dealers.card. mall on receipt Wrapping H. . . Hook and eye, D. Floerckey ...... 688,'1'!0 Sad Iron, self-heating, T. D. Pierce ...... 688,748 of price. Sample bf man, free. Man- Wrench, F. Searle ...... 688,796 Horseshoeing device, W. McQuade ...... • 688,325 Sale and delivery mechanism, prepayment, t Writing machine, E. B. Hess ...... 688,642 Hose and stand pipe nozzle, J. T. & P. F. J. Grihbel .... . ; ...... 688,466  �':.� Vo xC8L''ifl��::a:ld�'tf�y. X·ra, apparatus, stereoscopic, E. W. Cald- Glazier ...... •.... 689,407 Sand board wear plate, L. J. Murphy . .... 688,667 w . 688,458 . f � Hose coupling, E. E. Hanna ..... 0 •••••••• , 688,51-1 Sand separating apparatus, C. H. Steb� I You Want tite Best -L a-t h- e-and--- YOlk : a '��d' �gg"ope�e�,"w . Drill �� •••••••.�io� •.....•..•..••..•••..••••:A:'K ��: Ho.e .. upporter, E. A. Eastman ...... •..... 688,600 bins' ...... 688,493 drlck 688,3111 . . .. . Hose ,supporter, M. H. Eiseman ...... 688,77-1 Sandpapering machine, Hall & Stuart, Hot air furnace, R. Rust ...... 688,� tn M. . 688,511, 688,512 GHUGKS Hot air furnace, H. Senacac, Sr ...... 688,703 I Sausage linker, M. B. Steyermark ...... 688,447 HOllslng apparatus, Gray & Horton ...... 688,634 Sawmill lumber gage attachment, R. C. Red- DESIGNS. Ignition tube, E. Thomson ...... 688,558 path ...... 688,334 '' . . . or similar article, C. 35,406 Irulian club, J. Creelman ...... 688,599 1 Scaffold support, S. S. Forry ...... 688,623 Bad,e M. Robhlns...... Belt, J. Stember ...... 35,438 Injector, W. Hague ...... 68g, !, 2 Scale bearing,· E. Finn ...... •.. 688,507 Boiler sectioll, watel' and steam, . J. L. Insf>ct destroyer, J. A. Roberson ...... 68S,4Q7 Scissors or shears, T. J. Aurand ...... ,. 688,280 . . . Gobeille ...... 35,4�2 Insulating board, tile, or slab, G. Kelly .... 688, 120 Screw driver, P. K. Stern ...... 688,799 · 35,430 Insulating material, M. Frank ...... 6S8, G�� Screws, etc., automatic machine for making Boiler, water and steam, J. L. Gobellle. ... . Brush back, etc., W. B. Kerr...... 35,409 llou or steel, manufacturIng, B. Talbot .... (188,;)57 metal G. }' . Bailey .0 ••••••, _ • • , • 0 •••• 688,498 ' Brush holder, tooth, Knowlton & Cheever .. 35,411 Ironing hoard attachment, E. E. Myers ..... 688,668 Scythe brace, F. S. Kretslnger ...... 688,529 Burner, liquid fuel and all', A. J. 35,428 Jar covers, means for fastening, S. B. Hop- Seal W. Orb ...... , .... , ...... 688,675 Fowler. ... lock, . or jar, W. A. Lorenz .. ..' ... 35,412 to 35, 414 ...... 688,7�!l 1 heater, self-feeding, W. S. Can klns . lOeCtiOnal Mc- or thread package, S. W.. Wardwell.... 35,423 Joint lock, R. H. I{nlght ...... 688,7.�5 Mullan ...... 688,324 Cop Killl:. for burning cement, Irme, etc., i Separator. See Ore separator.. Em'elop blank, D. F. Dougherty...... 35,416 . H. ... ' Ferrule, J. W. Carson...... 35,420 h 688,v45 Sew g C in i ent, K. Knn�� :���s 't'e'�pe��t��� 1 tco l\To� r� �. ::���:�� .�� .�������. . . . .�: Heater, steam or water, J. L. Gobielle.... 85,4:n · f��' i�di�aii'ng 't'h� A. A. Pope...... H5,4:l!l .of, Watkins ...... 68R,5r.2 Sewing machine stitch separating mechan- Hub band, H. . " Knitted fabric, ribbed, C. Lowrey...... I. A. . 688,3QO . Rau de Cologne Fabriek Voorbeen Avpry ...... Strainer, O. H. Jewp.ll...... 688, 31 2 schnp . . . . . :: g��b�:i��:��t.p�':.t�:���tb��� J. C. Bolrloot ...... 37,451 Lubricating F. W. Parsons ...... �8,4:l4 Strainer, L. Des Isles ...... 688,397 its own electricity or devic�, H. gaa. Brighter tha.n Fire Fire Engine Co ... . 37,4111 Magnetic friction brake, J. McGeorge ...... 688,G70 Stuhhle (ll,,!!er. C. P. A. Friberg ...... 688,625 engin()s. American . . h ha J. H. 37,460 Mantel, C. L. Weyant ...... f)88,71l� Stubble digger digger head, C. P. A. Friberg 688,626 �?�Yl:��r:!�C ::���;. o:e�f=�:yl:: Fire extinguisher, dry powder, Miller. support, W. M...... 088,712 Sulfuric anhydl'id, apparatus tOl thp manu- LIghted lnstantl, with & match. Every Food products, condiments and re1ishes, Mantp\ HOE'rle . . ' lamp ".n a E"lJWhere. hE'rmptically spaled, l{app & 37,447 Mantel support carrier, G. D. Scott...... 688,348 tacture of, R. I{nletsch .... . 688,469 to 688,472 warranted.' t WlDt.d Gums, pastes, starch, and Street.Ara ..... craft, mE'nns nltpring the trim Rusppnsor.v, G. A. Wieland ...... 68 8,371, 688,804 sizings, otIs, Marlnp for Co ...... 37,448 of, W. A. Dodge ...... 688,19R Swimming pool 8atety J. R. THE .. BEST " LIGHT- co. Mfg. applilDce,i , . bol . O. •••••••• 688,581 ...... , •••••••.•; •••• MasBage Instrument, Blhlmater youree . 688,600 87 t. Itb atr. t, CAITOR, OHIO, (001'ltinue!t on page 418) 4lS Scientific Am.erican DECEMBER �1, 1901.

Hair and ooard preparations, except soap, 37,�2 J. B. Williams Co ...... 37,433 Hats, felt and other, H. H. Roelofs Co ..... Important Announcement 0/ a Mo numental Wo rk Ualuablt " BOOkS ! Insect destroyiug compOSition, Snite- man ...... •..••.•...•.•V. V. 37,457 ��� Melal polish, C. Ulrich Co ...... 37,449 Mineral water and carbonated& beverages, REVISED and ENLARGED EDI'l'ION of 1901 natural, Boonville Mineral -Spring Co ... 37,444 Paper, Levey Bros Co 37,432 & ...... • Remedies. certaIn named proprietary. Stuth's The Scientific American 37,�4 Specific Co...... Harper's Encyclopaedia Remedy for certain named di'seases, F. P. 37,455 Bailey ...... Remedy for certain named diseases, German 37,456 tyclopedia Medicine Co...... 37,438 �::;E.';;�Ribbons, National Ribbon Co ...... •; ...... 37,437 15.000 R.eceipts. 734 Pages. e t H� �� �e�n�g��!�::::::::: 37,462 37,434 Sblrts,:��!\ Elias����' Bros. Co ...... •...•.... of United States History Price, $11.00 in Cloth. $6.00 in Sheep. $6.110 & Soap, N. K. }' airbank Co ...... •..•...•.. 37,450 . in Half Morocco. Post Free. Tablets for Internal administration, W. F. IN TE N VO L.U MES · Jackson ...... 37,453 e . to Every Amerlce..n Tbis work has b en Watch movements, Hampden Watch Co ..••• 37,439 From 458 1902 Event '· l� IIJstory vised and enlarged, re­ 900 New Formulas. LABELS.

so arranJ!"ed ItActon, " for perfume, A. A. Le Fevre 8,841 The workof u is o •••••• as to be se not nly to "Aman's Private Stock," for whIsky, speCialist, but to th S. the r e e Aman ...... ••• 8,835 ra ����e �8����. 41Best Value Coffee," for coffee, Weideman ���: � Co 8,833 home and workshop...... • A "Classmate," for shoes, Tucker Hagen .. 8,831 circul r contalnlIl>< full & a "Eclipse, " for shoes, Byck Bros. Co 8,830 Table of Contents will & ....•. be sent on a.pplication. "Gentiallella and Valeriana Celebrated Pain Those who already have Cure," for a med�cine, M. Esposito .... 8,842 HGoid Brick Scouring Soap, " for a scouring the Cyclopedia may obtain 8,838 the soap. P. N . Nelson ...... 1901 "Heliobas, " for a foot powder, M. Ball. . 8,839 APPENDIX. R. o c o . . '"Imperial Violet Cream," for a toilet. pre- Price,b und In l th fLOO 8,840 postpaid. paration, C. E. Shean ...... UKeystone Food Preservative," for a food 8,832 preserva tlve, J. A. Zibell ...... • "Lexington Club Cocktail, " for a beverage, W. P. Strader ...... 8,834 The Progress of Invention "McKee's VaccIne,'.' for vaccine for cattle, 8,844 G. W. Spencer ...... In the Nineteenth Century "Nathan Hale, " for Cigars, M. Blaskower EDWARD BYRN. Co...... 8,836 By W. '& A.M. hScott's Iodoform Emulsion, " for iodoform Large Octavo, P "'" . 8,843 Imlllustratwns. Pr480ice 8 .00 emulsion, Dawson Pharmacal Co ...... iRea "Suit Savings Account, " for books of ac­ I1u 8,829 ____-.._ ..-. MorMaocco.U. Postp lllid.Top8 E 00. count, C. A. Sweetland •..•...... A Few Facts About this Wonderful Achievement 4. 8,837 GUt Gavel, " for cigars, B. Lyon .•••••...•. THE most Important , book "The IT IS THE ONLY ENCYCLOPlEDIAOF U. S. HISTORY IN EXISTENCE. Nearlll ever publisbed on Invention great American historian alive to-dall bas a i sted In editorial capacity or as a cuntrlbutor. and discovery. It is as read­ PRINTS. every'IT COVERS ENTIREL¥ EVERY PHASESS OF LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT OF able as a ov l. beingwr i te n e t n THE UNITED STATES from tbe 6arliest times to the present. "Ideal, " for playing cards, New York Con. S A O E s a most com- solldated Card Co...... 435 A .t:lifl lil'i;'1' E,.t cIfM*lil1kJ'Sk'l�f�i� N/u £L� it iD�E�prehenf!liveha�k :r!�·Sand C Oh re c- "Prin:trose, " for evaporated cream, Bertram- e nt a covers"!I� every event from 458 to 1902, tn 1§R �1>��tiHlll'1 Bryan Co...... , ...... 434 the most reada.blemanner. . is printed from type, cast 1001, and r �:t��s��: "The New York and Hudson River Souvenir It Jarge, Dew in neve before used. of i vetgi�:;on�tSe .':"� I� re more than 3,000 llIustratioDs. en age n nti ," result­ Playing Cards, " for playing cards, E. There a with ten colored plates. in . There 4, 0110 bi grap ic l sketches. portr its of every historical person e. industrial ,and commer­ Mitchell ...... 433 iUJi!" m ...... are mor" than o h a with a ag cial develop ent wbich Is H. The pictorial features aione the story of rise of t ou precedent. A chrono- R tell the the United States from before Columbus to wi h Of President oosev l . t f the firstmessage e t a A printed copy of the specification and drawing It contains a comprehensive blstory of every State Territory In i��:�� �� and tbe Union. ':, ;n�: ��� of any patent in the foregoing list, or any patem co U. S. a l s Important features of It ntains tables sbowlng every step of our ational pro�ress, Census statistiCS, the b tt e tbe in print issued since 1863, · Will be furnished from fought by the m rica people on land and sea. etc.,n etc. book, enabling the reader to 10 A e n refer at a glance 1m portant this office for cents, provided the name and It contaiR8 an unbiased history of every political party which has ever existed here. tos overies of number of the patent desired and the 'date u inventions and di c ·361 be I i l any pal tlcul r given. Address Munn Co. , Broadwuy, New �� ��:Si:;::�r�a ��� l��li�l1�:' �Tl!���'a��l�ei ri.: :ic�?t��::�ar� �;lrl�� ' a year. The book & Cub; i & Is printed with large type. on York. by theacgd Onalit authorities���fo�1��, on each subject by such writers as ,fine paper. Is elaborately may now be obtained by the In­ Canadian patent. •��..I!IIII!!!� Illustrated byand e gr in s ventors for any of the inventions named in the fore­ e a I 1m n av g i1�� :JSlf.EH1W�?1>��;�� �}�t!�:��� ftt�t"o�� '��\'i;.��dUniversity and s attractively bound. going list. For terms and further particulars WOOD ROW WI I,SON, Professor of Politics at Princeton iv rsi y address Munn Co., Broadway, New York. Un e t & 361 BOURNE. Professor of History at Yale University EDWARD G. of ago Umv lty .fA:�r�f:B 6�e�ldent Chic ers },!l kklt-;'t s t NEW BOOKS, ETC. ��n��I�:�y.7U':.t��r�ynited States .. EXPERlMENTGEORGE AL HOPKINS. SCI ENCE. f�t����.fri'� r:� l By M. ��rcltr.O,\·THEIL R!jr¥;�ie���hci'[rofeS80r of Semitic guag s. Columbia UIl{versity �.°k.R. J. H. il Lan e TH[S is a book fullof STARS. A Study of the Universe. �ii �R'l��LiItrN1iI 1���8�rr.�.sf�:;;.se����ta��f�a�fo!;a'\'i�����lcaI 80clety i teres and value for HON. HENR Y CABOS LODG enator from Massachusetts n t By Simon Newcomb. Illustrated. United States S Teachers, Students, T ProfessorFl. of American Hi ory t Co n ll U iversity, etc., etc. MOSES COlT TYLER, st a r e n and o h s New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons. t er who desire for the Special 32-Page Illustrated Book (liv"" a d.t.ailed account 01 the 1IJork. ana a o ta a to impart or b in 1901. Octavo. Pp 333. Price $2. Send BEFORE PUBLICAwMch TION Offer-8ent free contains practical knowledge of Physics. This splendid The name of ,the author of this latest addi­ u tion to the "Science Series'" Is in Itself work' gives yo ng and a � � old something worthy suffiCient guarantee of scholarly and accu­ HARPER t&l BR.OTHERS New York of thought. It has in­ rate work.-\--In his preface Prof. Newcomb as­ fluenced thousands of sures us t at the problem of presenting men in the choice' of a 'h a will giveany­ scientific explanation of stellar phenomena to �"'reer, It one, young or old, in­ the lay reader without unduly confusing him r ts and Th ir A(tions for at o that will fe men e m i n en­ by the use of technical terms offered difficulties High Greade Instrumenansts withit s the an Latestd ImprLevovements.els able him compre Ou en Tr to ­ almost Insuperable. Although technical phrases 160 page En- 2�0 pag., hend the great im­ - BY - Math- provements of the day, must, of necessity, be employed in a work of it CARL OFFENHEIMER furnishes sugges­ this character, Prof. Newcomb has endeavored THE QUEEN for hours of �;�r��g�I I t�t���a� tions in. .111111111111111111111111111 ENGINEERS' AND DRAFTSMEN'S SUPPLIES. st.ructive recreation. to define them as he proceeds, wherever It may d , 914 OPtical and Scientific 20th e ition itevised and enlarged. p.�es. be necessary. The work as a whole Is a pop­ Translated C_ AINSWORTH MITCHELL EleS(antly boun po820st­ by � Instrument Works, iPns. d in cloth. Price, by mali, ular and 'thoroughly scientific treatise on stars. QUEEN & 00 I, p;dd. $4.00, Half MoroccO. 83.00. UIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 69 Fifth Ave., New York. Chestnut St., Phila. The Appendix contains a list of the names ot 1010 An aut ori ve. arr certain stars, of parallaxes and large proper h tati clear and well anged Stage illusions and Scientific Diver­ work for all Interested In cb emlstry of ���������������������������. motions, and of spectroscoplo binary systems, ferme lf c s r sions, inciuding Trick Photography. ntation and its e e t . Indexed. �e� J�:"�I:���: MAGIC all of which should prove of assistance to the : Adjustable Scriber. ':. : h a s student. oll ��d ,;�:m, �ft� a;8 Cloth. ofHliWii' • it Is one of the most at­ $2.50 netl �: to hold :..de- � : f iugc end tractive bollaay books o THE TECHNOLOGY OF PETROLEUM. The Oil � vice at ea � the year. he illus o s dilferent • h i n tools. In in. and 12 le gths. Price of • lIIust. atTed Fields of the World. By Henry Neu­ � Made 8 In. n ar� r by the � either slze, Knife point for pattern makers, � e I a berger and Henri Noalhat. Trans­ 500.IT Ca�e of free. r� :� �J ��� �ip�� � �f J. B. � 150. extra. Flu TooIB J. LIPPINCOTT CO. • the tricks are. in many lated by Geddes McIntosh.. Lon­ PHILADELPHIA � I 2.9i3. .• t don : Scott, Greenwood & Co. 1901. ������0�������.������������.l.H8� STARRET Athol. t'.AI.'k :���Idl� e s· i lb ::.� 8vo. Pp. 634. Price $10. :r�: IlI���ri':. �ri_�� BABBITT METALS.-SIX IMPORTANT .jng, s w () - l ow This portly volume with Its many illustra­ r d swa l � formulas. SCIENTIFIC ..ERWAN SUPPLEMENT 1 123. ventrlloquism me ntaii tions and plates Is a remarkable addition to Buyers for Farms A . or otbe real be found 10 ce . by Co_ and ne s_ m a g· l c, ancl ent mSllic, Cash r estate may Price nts For sale Munn & all w automata. curious technical literature, dealing as It does with through me, no whe located. dealers. Send for cat lo ue. toys, e a mattera reu a '( p O the fields of the world, their history, geog­ d r�"::c'k� ���d r6' t:��� 011 :��J f"o";td'�:R�J!"6:�ye ���C\�� J� bs ��l�'6��,,! of m vi p o o- raphy, geology, annual production, and develop­ American lIuilding. Philadelphia. Pa. FOR LIGHT AND MEDIUM WORK tlon o ng! h t : North a this new 14 Inch a::d Ylh���a�: ment, oil-well drilling, explosives and the use 'f��akilb��Ill!" ahand�ome VOl­ of the .torpedo, transport of petroleum by sea m t Is t astefull y USE ume. I and by land, storage of petroleum, various GRINDSTONES o 80 we can you. l eP "-- B. F. BARNES bb ��e problems, etc. The Illustrated plates arc: [f and SUPPlY AU S z B E�g;T:d:�� mounted unmounted, always t m�%ee fesswn to be tfi'eIStand- trg: kept in stOCk. R9member, we make SUbsta'?�[!fl!.!WI��M����� ����. r numerous and excellent, and give a good idea specialtyof selectinjZ"stones for all spe­8 stron..: and positive-the HOPKINS. page8� & CI l purposes. or Ask catalo(l1U, driving power I By A. A. 668 of the Interesting features of the industry. It a gs e �::.k�W'::ll�o. The CLEVELAND STONEfO'r CO. ��g:;. t'l�i��� ci,a;(�I'i.�t�P'fl::d- Is an eminently practical book for all who are lng!i:tR matte r on request. in any way Interested in It is the most 011. 2d Floor. Wilshire. Cleveland, O. B. F. BARNES COMPANY, Rockford , III. A Complete Electrical Library. comprehensive treatise on the subject which we By PROF. T. O'CONOR SLOANE. have seen, and it Is very gratifying to know such an excellent addition to the literature of An inexpensive library books petroleum Is now made available to Engllsh­ NO'W' READY. of the best on Electricity. Put up In speaking readers. I g • �h"o� gJt� student.�g the amateur,F��xiI�: the LESSONS IN PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY. Prin­ worksbop. the electrical ciples, Experiments, and Arith­ engin.eer, schools and co le s Comprl.lng l ge . five metical Problems. An Elementary COO1.pressed Air ooks as follo ..s: b . Textbook. By C. Walton Swoope. Arithmetic of ElectriCity ITS PRODUCTION. USES A�D APPLICATIONS. $1.00 New York: D. Van Nostrand Com­ 138 pages, ••. By GARDNER D. HISCOX, · M. E. kl pany. :1901. l2mo. Pp. 462. Price $2. E :0; �� "l� AUTHOR OF "MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS." �'::;'� . The demand for the book arose from two to Suc- LA RGE 8VO. 820 PAGES. 547 ILLUSTRATIONS. How BecomeEle r cl a facts : First, the classes at Spring Garden Insti­ �i�S:�l c: � �,lfil Half Morocco. . tute being composed of young men engaged In PRICE. bound in Cloth. $5.00. $6.50. Stanaard Electricale Dic- various occupations who desired to obtain pag s, $3.00 , a A complete treatise on the subject of Compressed Air, cQmprising its physical and operative tionary. 682 beginner's knowledge of tbe principles and Simplille . lilve 'OOlumeB, 1.,tfOO properties from a vacuum to its .1iqui� for�. t erm?dyn�mics, compression. �ransmiS&ion, expan­ Electricity d 1158 pages, . Its h pages. . . •. .00 and illiu8traLion8. arithmetic of applied electricity were very . � over /,150 sion, and Its uses for power purposes In mInIng and engtneenng work ; pneumatic motors, shop tools, valuable ana indispensable lilmt"ll. evehi air blasts. for cl�anin� and painting. The !?and Blas , a�r lifts, pumJ.>ing of water • a<;i s and. oils ; A addJiUon to large ; second, an unsuccessful attempt was t . d punficatlon of water supply railway propulSion, pneumatic tube transmlSslon, refngera­ t n made to obtain a book thoroughly supplement­ aeration and j th���o�ert!'v"e v��c:�t�f:.r,;;;� �o':t�h�� gl.f:�fo�g tion. The Au Brake, and numerous appliances- in which compressed air is a most convenient and with silver lettering. and inclosed In a neat folding box, Ing a combined course of lectures and ,Individual economical vehicle for work-with air tables of compression, expansion and physical properties. shown t e illustration, Special Rednceo In at the laboratory work prepared from necessity rather most comprehensive work on the subject of Compressed Air. as[',,,ice of $3.00h for tbe complete set. The regular A I'rice of the five volumes is ,7.00. than from any desire to Increase the already � A special illnstrated circular of this boo,," ___ large number of books on the subject. The ..... will be sent to any address on application. � l!'uU aucnpUve cw-culan 01 tJl/()W &:r"free upon appUcaUon. books 'WIll beIn/1Uea volume will not fall to assist other collab­ orators In the same ' field. The diagrams are MUNN a. CO., Publ ishers, . numerous ,and there ' are a number of tables MUNN &- co.� Publishers of the Scientific American, 361 86 1 BROADWAY NEW YORK. and a larliJ:e number of plalnl, stated rules. proach.fall. Nel1f York. Scientific American

HENRY CAREY BA IRD &; CO., JNlJUSTRIAL PUBLISH �HS.nOOKSEl,LER8 & 1M POI"tTEUS. 810 Walnut St., l'hiladelphill, J·a •• U. S. A. lIT O"r NIYW and RevisedGatalog'", of Practical and Scientific BooklJ, 92 pages, &vo; It Gata.Logue of BooklJ on Me tallur(1lJ, Minino, p.rospeePing, M",.mlooy, Geology, Assayin/}, Analysis, .te.; a Gatalo(rUl> of BooKS on Steam and th� Stoo:rn. Enqi.ne. Macll.inery, etc : (J,'atatogue 0/ every:;: �":1�'�t�n�t:t��c,;: branch 0/ Science applied� gf:c to�rs�tflt the Arts,e��t!' sent ��v�J!'ree HTN'l'S TO CORRESPONDENTS. postMe to any one in an1l part of the world whoand tree oj address. Names and Address must accompany all letters or will furnish Ms Indispensable for workshop. Is AS essen· no attention wlil be paid tbereto. Tbls is tor 'IIm��� tial toa kit of toolsas hammer �rl':.';.� g �e: in� a�y Il���s�� se �� ?:;� � the attraction of two bodies, of unequal pampblet��� giving fu particulars. �� wlU No. 6. ll If you read it you order at once; it is so useful j so cbeap. weight, the same for each other ? Tbat is, is THE CONSOLIDAT ED SCHOOLS, &; CO., Brida-eport, Conn., U.S.A. __ F. G. FOWLER not the attraction of 5·pound weigbt for a ______Embracing tbe United Correspondence Schools, a --.:. ___ 1'be Institute for Home Study of Engineerln�, p h o h a e � I lIers· l s J and the Correspondence School of 'l'echnology, �:� ���I�C7i�! !f �b� �;��� n� !:��� t ��I \�� E::� f Pe�)tf�� ���Wg:i�E';:}��H�:n'f�.s , :�� E LEeT RICI T Y R8�Ifl'TtE� � 154, 156, 158 Fifth Ave., N. Y_ ow s 5·ponnd ? A. No ; of course not. 1 5 pounds "'pech. 1 illachl" ·y Mnuufnctured. ... 1II0dels, 1 te� ; .Jg :l: �� �in t�� e � ��s �g�'ir � will' att;·act three times as much as 5 pounds. Experimental work. Special manufacturln� OJobe Ma· Dynamos,:� 111.00, $2.75.�r: '8.00. ! � � � : _'! � cblne& Stamplng Company, Cleveland. 972 amilton BUBIER I'UB. B See any textbook of pbysics under gravitation. ,N. CO., ox 109, Lynn, lIIa88. 3. Is the acceleration of a pendulum, in the Asbesto­ WORK quadrant, unlformiy accelerated motion ? That LIGHT MANUFACTURING &lXPlRIM£NTAL 5HEETMlTAL5TAMPING is, from a to b and back is tbe acceleration - - PUNGHES & 01E5. TYPEiWHEEL8. M·O�DELS &.EXPERIMENTALWOHK.IMAU. 'MKHIMRY UTOMOBILESAND rOR SAME. NovnnE8 IIr. E.TC. NEW 1.D STEnCIL WORKS 100 "":"A.U � N ..' . Metallic uniform eacb way ? · WilI you explain A PA RTS SPECIAL MA CHINE.RY. INQUIRltS why ? A. Yes. Gravity produces the motion SOLICITE.D I a y g s 45 MICHIGAN a OTTO KONIC..sLOW- 5T GLtVUAND,O AGE NTS.- l le� �e b �� �y ��b��I ��iiiM' of a pendulum. A pendulum is a failing body, �1 i ::,aM D2r 60, � 408 � 'i!:� SHEETING, GASKETS, A E PISTONPacki PACKINGS,ngs and physician. Sayers & Co., 81ive St. Louis, Mo. T P and and all failing bodies have a uniformly acceler­ e e e a r ated velocity, · because gravity is a constant MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK. in e n ur � �� n n l ;r;� f: "o;� �b ��Ir:�:U;:�';. � �� Electrical and lIIechanical Instruments. 5mBll �r :f. �ii3: � y�t: force. Can you refer me to some reliable lllach'y MFG.::� Cd!m: CO., 899�; Clinton �1�� Street,:: Milwaukeeg Wis.� C. W. TRAINER MFG. CO., (Est. 1874), 88 Pearl St .. BostOD,U, S. A 4. EDWARD KLEINSCHMIDT, 122 Fulton St., New York, I C E works on hypnotism ? If possible give -me the EXPERIMENTAL WORK. & MORAN FLEXIBLE JOINT names of reasonably cheap books and where I NOVELTIES & PATENTED ARTICLES MODE. LS lnventlonjl developed. Special Machinery fOl" or can obtain them. A. We can furnish Moil's E. Fox .. Franklin Square, New York. Steam. Ail' Liquids. Manufactured by Contract. Puncblng Dies, Spe ial IIIIl­ V. BAILLARD, Bldg C lIIade in all sizes to stand any desired "Hypnotism" by mail for $1.50. 5. Is there cblnery. E. Konlgslow & Bro.. 181 Seneca St. Cleveland,O. pressure. I Moran Flexible Steam Joint Co., Inc'd, some substance I can use for a filling or R MODELr W KS LOUISVILLE, VOLNEY W. MASON CO !CHIC'19 EAG MAODISoN S CHICAOGO IL L 3d Ky. , LS w" r� '01< C,\'A ('C>L;� 149 Ellst St., sizing oi:. cotton (or other cloth) whIch & , ESMODETABLISHED 1867 OF "'('O(L SI.�P'L! (S· would make it tigbt enougb for a gas Friction Pulleys, Clutches& Elevators bag under low pressure ? A. Varnish is PROVIDENCE, R. I. the most suitable. 6. What can I mix to· & gether to make a r�tort of? SomethIng wh·ich Gir,Exped: rim••• entalWm. G rdam &Mo Son.45-51del Rose Wo St" N.rk Y. INVENTIONS PERFECTED. "dvie.tr a will not melt. Is there any way of making Accurate Model and Tool Work. Write for Cir cular. W. E. & WEED, 129·131 West 31st ilI ATCH FACTORY ilI ACHINEB,Y. plumbago stay hi shape? A. Retorts are made PARSELL St" New York. W".LTA MS, Mfr.,IOOlMonadnock Block, Chicago, U. S.A. of glass. Crucibles are made of fire clay or plumbago. Tbey can be purcbased from deal· IF WE KNEW ers in chemical materials. 20TH CENTURY��n� o�d"'::ll""""==" · ELE1120CTRlf� o� �t�l�lfs"llpPLY CO_,� you ou,m tha'CATALOG asks : a certain num· REAL ESTATE TRUST BLDG., yetthl8 in . A book wtllcnable (8476 ) R. D. If ." 10U toget ornthe beatg l m your heDs. PHILADELPHIA , PA . resa tafro ber of cells are used to operate a coil of size l y a ELECTRIC FOUN n TAINS � fb:S �=\a�� � �h:t �� ��: described in SUPPLEMENT 160, what the out­ been years!t tD acqairinl{. Addre8&, I£UABLE IICUBATOR & BROODER CO •• put will be, if I know the voltage of each cell �B lO� QIIiD" . 1Il1D0ia. that is used, and the number of amperes, if any ? A. An induction coil raises the voltage AN D of a c rrent in the ratio of the number of INCUBATORBEST HOTS WATERBROODE PIPE SYSTERSM. turns In tbe primary and secondary windings. Simple, durable, economical and safe, Haich· stronger and more chickens from 100 eggs The length of spark is, however, a better guide . to a judgment of the number of volts in the secondary discbarge. To throw a spark one inch tbrough dry air requires from 27,000 PATENT GIVES you an exclusive right to your to 30,000 volts, depending upon the form and D L HOLDEN size of the terminals. invention for a term of seventeen years. You can REAL ESTATE TRUST BLDG PflILA.• PA asks: have a pound sell, lease, mortgage it, (8477) E. D. I A assign portions of it, and and a half of No. 30 S. copper �ire, and S[[ ftRST PA t 5(I(.Nlln<. AMERICAN SlPT. 2 189� B. & grant licenses to manufacture under it. Our Patent RSE C"EALED ICE MACHINES I wish to make an induction coil, using this for the secOndary coil. Will you please tell system is responsible for much of our industrial progress CONTROL OF FIRE.-VALUABLE PA- me wbat size and bo� much wire I should use per on fire extinguishment. SCIENTIFlO AMERICAN and our success in competing in the markets of the world. PPL E T Price 10 cen�s. For sale by in tbe primary if I wisb to get the largest lIIunnSU &ll MCo.N and11 all:U newsd. ealers. possible spark ? A. No. 30 wire is not adapted The value of a successful Patent is in no degree commen­ for the secondary of an induction coil. It is L E � surate with the almost nominal cost of FOOL 'EM. w t e or ��� e �: too coarse. ·No. 36 is the coarsest which is obtaining it. In By mall cents t� �Box�: � uffal".f :; t: 10 silver. 848. � N. Y. used for this purpose. Also tell me about how order to obtain a Patent it is necessary to employ a Patent M large a spark the coil ougbt to give If wound O. K. t � �'t properly. A. Perbaps an eighth of an inch. Attorney to prepare the specifications and draw the claims. stamp forli:!�!; particularsfo�'w to 'r!f! :�J'�8. f 8:!�s � Wind the primary with two layers of No. 12 i!;r:loyt';�trfett�Jialo. N, Y. This is a special branch of the legal wire. profession which can ROTARY ENGINES.-ARTICLES ON W. asks : good bat- only be conducted successfully by experts. For nearly this t.ype of enldne, "Ivlng ma.ny details and ilInstra­ (8478) H. G. 1. A tions, are contained tn SUPPLEi\1J:o� N1' Nos. 11:18, tery solution for the gailon size of .iEtna Bun· sIxty years we have and Price 10 cents each. For acted as solicitors for thousands of sale1186, oy Munn1193 & Co. and1309. all newsdAIllers. sen battery. Please ·give one tbat will give heavy current and will not require the with­ clients in all parts of the world. Our vast experience en­ drawal of the zinc. A. A Bunsen battery uses .ables us to prepare and prosecute Patent cases and either nitric acid or ·bichromate of potash so­ Trade CANTON lution on tbe carbon and dilute sulphuric acid Marks at a minimum of expense. Our Inc.... d•• c.nt G.. oUn . Lampa work is of one give most light for least on the zinc. The zincs are not lifted out of money. They vaporize gaso­ the solution, since · the' Bunsen is a ·closed· quality and the rates are the same to rich and poor. Our line and burn the vapor mixed with air, using an incandescent circu\t battery. 2. Please tell how I can find unbiased opinion mantle, · freely given. We are happy to consult and produce 100 to the .number of Qhms a magnet is wound fo!· 600 candle power for burner The light is steadyeach witbout an obmmeter. A. From the sIze and with you in person or by letter as to .the probable patent­ and strong,. and perfectly safe. length of wire on a magnet you can find by Aver&ge use COlt. 3e. per ability of your invention. week. Handsome fixtures fr om means of a wire table the approximatl;l reo '3.50 upward. sistance of the coils. Everything in gasoline lamps for in·door and out-door use. In the answer to Query We have II One match " and (8479) 8466 Hand Book on Patents, Trade Marks, Etc.; Sent Free on Application. also alcohol lighting burners.in a typographical error occurs. The resistance both overhead and under gen. erators . . Ask for catalo�tle N. llml���;llr:t of No. 36 wire is one ohm for each 2.414 ft. Canton Incandelcent The number given in our reply Is one thousand . n. . tJght cci.� Canton, Ohio. MUNN &. CO., Solicitors of Patents, times too large. A period should appear In Branch Office, ill ain Office, P Street. IIlace of the comma. 625 WUhinI(toD. D. C. 361 BR.OADWA Y. NEW YO�K 4�C Scientific ·American DECEMBER 2t, 1901.

in Suitable for your handwriting from a sample card of leading num­ A Chemically Pure Metbyl Alcobol. Price bbls. SELECT12 A and }llbbls . . $1 50 pel' galion. Columbian �pirit cannot bers for correspondence, sent postpaid on receipt of 6 cents in stamps. be taken 111tel'llu.lly\ but, fol' manul'acturing purposes IS the equal of alcoho . It is a water wbite spirit testllng 99pel' cent. of pleasant odor and free from impurities. SPENCfRIA N PfN CO. MANH ATTAN SPIRIT CO. Sole IU u.nufactul.·ers. BUFFALO, N. 349 Broadway, New York. Y. S SENSITIVE LABORATORY BALANCE. yrWeoR teaeh BUSINES Book. a Limited Number of Guaranteed 7 per keepiDp:.OftleeWorTUD .. We offer ,lhUlln� By N. Monroe Hopkins. l'bis "built-up" laboratory cen!. Bearing and Profit Sharing S.'urm_,Penlllaashlp,Commer.. balance will wei�h up to one Ji,0 und and will turn with a Interest ela' Law, ho t and, Letter. a r s a Writing,O H and Ch'U Seniee g� ��� �!fe�asr aS� IT����' tb:���gf�arttcle�o�:�aea i��Y� English courses work as well $125 ba.]ance. 'rhe nIs accom- lla8 tyourown HOMrh I thoroughly by MA MoneyeE ora'our EducMEWe tion.give Salarieduseful , SUu-S 1/ ...... r.. �l? l�r������i����:��:� rn v College.i a �ta�:� J>lt::t:�:: Sac��� our Studeats. J 10 a n obtained by � Tn'IC AM.ERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1184. Price atlonll & Co .• 361 47llk g Nation. -.. cents. For sale by MUNN Broadway, New reput.,tion.YEARS' ItSOCCESS, will pay you. Try York City. or any bookReller or newsdealer. Gold Bonds .' it. CAtalog free. Trial lesson lOc. Works'You bo

ACCOUNTANTS who use the Comptometer Electrical Scientific Novelties Models of Railways. Motors. Locomotives. have no trouble with their trial balance. Has it ever oc· Dynam.os, Minia.ture La.m.ps, Etc. unsolicited testimonials to prove that are safe, curred to you that by getting Thousandspractical, 01 durable. and the mOll3t amusing and iRstructivethey one you might save lots of articles ever invented. Prices from '3.00 up. time, avoid nlistakes and not Illustrated Booklet tells &11 Sent tree�"\Don't make • ruin your nerves ? mistake of waiting until Write for Pamphlet. se&Rotf.. Send now. .. CO. THE CARLISLE � FINCH . Ave., Cincinnati, O. ,ILT TARRANT MFG Maker. DC in the World . • a-...... , ... ,. aT ., CHIOAGO.