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Interethnic Relations in Russian Central Asia (19Th – Early 20Th Centuries)

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Interethnic Relations in Russian Central Asia (19Th – Early 20Th Centuries) Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 12 (2018 11) 1968-1990 ~ ~ ~ УДК 323.11(574)“18/19” Interethnic Relations in Russian Central Asia (19th – Early 20th Centuries) Eduard G. Kolesnik, Michael G. Tarasov, Denis N. Gergilev and Nikolai R. Novoseltsev* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 02.09.2018, received in revised form 24.10.2018, accepted 07.11.2018 The article views the interethnic relations in Semirechye, one of the regions of the Russian Central Asia. During the first half of the 19th century, this territory became part of the Russian Empire. These were the Cossacks who played the main role in its accession and colonization. Initially, the government strongly encouraged the Cossacks and, thus, ensured the growth of their number both by creating favorable conditions for life and service and by including the representatives of other social groups (peasants and soldiers) in the Cossack population. The conquest of Semirechye being over, economic objectives but not military and police ones became prioritized for the region’s Russian-speaking population. The Cossacks were unable to solve these tasks due to the congestion with the official duties. This led to the situation when in their colonization policy the authorities began to give preference to the peasants of the region, deterioration of the Cossacks’ socio-economic situation and strengthening of the indigenous population’s position being the consequence. The result of this policy was the aggravation of inter-ethnic relations in the region. This culminated in the Turkestan uprising of 1916, which led to numerous victims among all ethnic groups in the region. The research is based on the historical-and-genetic method, which was used to consider the development of the relations between the indigenous population of the region with the Semirechye Cossacks, and the historical-and-systematic method, which revealed a set of factors that influenced this process. The scientific novelty of the research is in identification of a multidimensional role of the Semirechye Cossacks not only as a colonization element aiming at the region’s economic development but also a military one. Ignoring the military component by the Russian authorities caused the increased tension in the relations with the local population at the beginning of the 20th century. Keywords: Central Asia, Semirechye, interethnic relations, the Cossacks, colonization, the Islamic peoples, the Turkestan uprising. © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). – 1968 – Eduard G. Kolesnik, Michael G. Tarasov,.. Interethnic Relations in Russian Central Asia (19th – Early 20th Centuries) Research area: national history. Citation: Kolesnik, E.G., Tarasov, M.G., Gergilev, D.N., Novoseltsev, N.R. (2018). Interethnic relations in Russian Central Asia (19th – early 20th centuries). J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Humanit. soc. sci., 11(12), 1968-1990. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0348. Introduction Semirechye, which became part of Russia during the 1st half – mid 19th century, was a territory inhabited by Muslim peoples – the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uzbeks. Later, Chinese Muslims – the Uighurs and Dungans, who moved from Xinjiang, – joined them. Under these conditions, the region’s Russian (mostly Cossack) population was forced to build a special mechanism of interaction with the local Muslim population. Problem Statement Interaction of the Cossacks and Muslim peoples of Semirechye in the 19th – early 20th centuries is of particular interest nowadays, the research providing more information about the relations of the Muslim and Christian communities in one of the historical regions of Central Asia. Historiography The history of relations between the Russian population of Central Asia and the indigenous people of the region has traditionally been among the priorities for the Russian scientists. The historians’ particular attention was paid to the relationship of the main part of the Russian population in southern Kazakhstan, the Semirechye Cossacks, with the Turkic peoples, the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. This problem was reflected in A.S. Elagin’s “Kazachestvo i kazach’i voiska v Kazakhstane” (The Cossacks and the Cossack Troops in Kazakhstan) (Elagin, 1993), E.N. Leshchev’s “Okhrana gosudarstvennoi granitsy Rossiiskoi imperii Semirechenskim kazach’im voiskom (1867–1917)) (Protection of the Russian Empire’s State Border by the Semirechye Cossack Army (1867-1917)) (Leshchev, 2004), D.A. Sapunov’s “Uchastie kazachestva Urala i Sibiri v prisoedinenii Srednei Azii k Rossii (40–90 gg. 19th v.)” (The Ural and Siberian Cossacks’ Participation in Accession of Central Asia to Russia (the 40s-90s of the 19th century)) (Sapunov, 2001). Ethnic composition of the Russian population in Central Asia, particularly the Cossacks, and external factors that influenced its formation are considered in A.I. Kortunov’s article “Orenburgskie frantsuzy: sud’ba voennoplennykh Velikoi armii Napoleona priniavshikh russkoe – 1969 – Eduard G. Kolesnik, Michael G. Tarasov,.. Interethnic Relations in Russian Central Asia (19th – Early 20th Centuries) poddanstvo i ostavshikhsia na poselenii v Orenburgskoi gubernii (1814–1836 gody)” (The Orenburg Frenchmen: the Life of War Prisoners of Napoleon’s Grand Army Who Became Russian Citizens and Settled in Orenburg Guberniia (1814–1836 years)) (Kortunov, 2015). In his works “D.A. Miliutin i kazaki” (D.A. Miliutin and the Cossacks) (Volvenko, 2016) a0n21d “Vremennyi komitet po peresmotru kazach’ikh zakonopolozhenii: organizatsiia, sostav, deiatel’nost’ (1865–1872)” (The Interim Committee on the Revision of the Cossack Statutes: Organization, Structure, Activities (1865–1872)) (Volvenko, 2018) A.A. Volvenko examines the authorities’ policy towards the Cossacks in the middle of the 19TH century, the policy determining the change in their number in Central Asia and their place in the system of interethnic relations. The beginning of the Russians’ penetration to Central Asia in the XVIII century, formation of the Cossack population and their relations with the Turkic population is considered by V.D. Puzanov in his work “Formirovanie i sluzhby vypisnykh kazakov Sibiri v 18th v.” (The Siberian Cossacks’ Formation and Discharge Service Cossacks in the 18th Century) (Puzanov, 2017). The policy of the official authorities in the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe, the Cossacks’ participation in its implementation, interethnic relations of the Russian and Kazakh population in the northern regions of Central Asia are viewed by G.B. Izbasarova in “Institut popechitelei v Kazakhskoi stepi 19th v.” (The Institute of Trustees in the Kazakh Steppe of the 19th Century: Legal Status and Job Descriptions) (Izbasarova, 2017). Methods The research is based on historical-and-genetic and historical-and-systematic methods. The former was used to study the process of formation of the indigenous population’s relations with the Semirechye Cossacks throughout the considered period of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The latter made it possible to analyze the problem in a historical context when taking into account a complex of factors affecting the Cossacks’ place in the system of interethnic relations on the territory of Semirechye. Discussion Semirechye became a place of the Russian merchants’ interest as it was a transit country for trade with China from the beginning of the 19th century. In 1811–1812, accompanied by the Cossacks the first Russian trade caravans passed through Semirechye to China. In 1812, two delegates from the Kyrgyz – Kazybek and Jakup – arrived in Tobolsk with the Cossack convoy to ask for the Russian “protection”. During – 1970 – Eduard G. Kolesnik, Michael G. Tarasov,.. Interethnic Relations in Russian Central Asia (19th – Early 20th Centuries) this period, strong trade relations were established between Russia and Semirechye (Leshchev, 2004: 48–49). With the start of regular trade, there arose the issue of the trade routes protection. The preferred option for this was the Cossacks who required less money for their maintenance than the regular units and could effectively interact with the Turkic population due to their experience and knowledge of the nomadic peoples’ language and customs. These were also the reasons why the Cossacks were a valuable colonization element to consolidate the Russian presence in the region. In this regard, the government sought to increase their number by different methods (Kortunov, 2015; Puzanov, 2017). In 1822, in the course of the reform of managing Siberia M.M. Speransky published “The Charter on the Siberian Kyrgyz”. According to the Charter eight external districts were established for managing the Kazakh population, three of them – Ayaguz, Kokpekty and Uch-Bulak – were located in Semirechye (Polnoe sobranie, 1830). In 1825, the first Cossack fortifications were built on the lands of the Karatal river to protect the Kazakhs, who had taken Russian citizenship, from the people of Khiva and the Chinese. It was the same year, 1825, when the cornet T. Niukhalov’s detachment visited the lands of the Kyrgyz while accompanying the ambassadors of the bugu tribe to the places of their nomads who appealed to the Russian authorities for citizenship. The bugu tribe representative’s request was accepted (Leshchev,
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