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Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection

Winter 1969 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 18, No. 2 Robert C. Bucher

Don Yoder

Harry H. Hiller

Henry Glassie

Donald F. Durnbaugh

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Recommended Citation Bucher, Robert C.; Yoder, Don; Hiller, Harry H.; Glassie, Henry; and Durnbaugh, Donald F., "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 18, No. 2" (1969). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 35. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/35

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Contributors to This Issue

ROBERT C. BUCHER, Schwe nksville, R.D., Pennsyl­ vania, whose long-time interest in Pennsylvani a's colonial architecture and its restoration involves him in both Gosch­ enhoppen Historians and HistOric chaefferstOwn, has con­ tributed several major articles to Pemzs')'lvania Folklife, on such varied subj ects as Grain in the Attic, Red Tile Roof­ ing, Irrigated Meadows, and the Continental Central-Chim­ ney Log H ouse. The last-named article has called forth H enty Glassie's article in this issue, while Robert Bucher's article on "The Swiss Bank H ouse in Pennsylvania" brea ks pioneer ground in id entifying a widespread house-type in the Pennsylva nia German Country.

HARRY H . HILLER, H amiltO n, Ontario, is a graduate of the University of Alberta and is at present studying for the Ph.D. in Religious Studies at McMaster University in H amiltOn. \Xfhile at PrincetO n Theological Seminary in the Spring Semes ter of 1968 he prepared for Prof. John A. H ostetler's course in "Religious Communal Settlements in orth America" a paper which we here publish involving psychological interpretation of the Sleeping Preac her Movement among the Amish.

HENRY GLASSIE, Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, is State Folklorist of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Di­ rectOr of the Ethnic Culture Survey of the Pennsylvania HistOr ical and Museum Commission. H e is ed itOr of our sister journal, K eystone Folklore Qttarte1'ly, and his book, Pat/em in Mate1'ial C1tltltt'e in the Eastern United States, is scheduled for winter publication by the University of Pennsylvania Press.

DR. DO ALD F. DUR BAUGH, Oak Brook, Illinois, teaches Church HistOry at the Bethany Theological Sem­ inary at Oak Brook in su burban Chicago. H e received the Ph.D . in HistOry from the U niversity of Pennsylvania. Dr. Durnbaugh is the author of twO now standard source­ books on Brethren histOry, Emopean Origins of the Breth'ren (Elgin, Illinois, ([) 1958), and The Brethren in Colonial America (Elgin, Illinois, ([) 1967). At the present time he is working on a definitive histOry of the Church of the Breth­ ren in the United States. EDITOR: WINTER 1968-1969, Vol. XVIII, No, 2 Dr. Don Yoder

EDITORIA L COMMITTEE: Dr. Earl F. Robacker Dr. J. William Frey Dr. Mac E. Barrick Contents Dr. John A. Hostetl er Dr. Maurice A. Mook Dr. Alta Schrock 2 The Swiss Bank House 111 Pennsylvania Dr. Phil Jack R OBERT C. BUCHER LeRoy Gensler

EDITOR EM ERITUS: 12 Trance-Preaching 111 the United States Dr. Alfred L. hoemaker D ON Y ODER

S UBSCRIPTION R ATES: 19 The Sleeping Preachers : $4.00 a year in the United States An Historical Study of the Role and Canada. Elsewhere fifty cents of Charisma in Amish Society a dditi o n a l for postage. Single H ARRY H. HILLER copies Sl.00. 32 A Centl'al Chimney Continental Log House j'vISS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: H ENRY GLASS IE The Editor will be glad to consider MSS and photOgraphs sent with a 4·0 The Gel'man Journalist and view to publication. When unsu it­ the DWlker Love-Feast able, and if accompanied by renun D ONALD F . D URNBAUGH postage, every care will be exer­ cised tOward their return, although Christmas Customs : no responsibility for their safety is assumed. FOLK-CULTURAL QUESTIONNAIRE No. 1 0 (Imide Back Cover)

PEN S Y L V A N I A FOLKLIFE, Contributors to this Issue Winter 1968, Vol. 18, o. 2, pub­ lished quarterly by the Pennsyl­ (Imide Front Cover) vania Folklife Society, Inc., Lan­ caster, Pennsylvania. Subscriptions and business correspondence: Box COVER: Swiss Bank House. Center: V ertical elevation show­ 1053, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Edi­ ing basic f eatures alld topographical orientation of tOrial correspondence: Dr. Don ty pical mid-78th CC' ntllr.v Swiss Bal1l-.. House in the L ebanoll-Lancaster COllnty areas of Pennsylvania. Yoder, College Hall , Box 36, Uni­ Note that main door enters IIpper (living) level, versi ty of Pennsylva nia, Philadel­ IV hi/e sC'condary cloor C' nlers kitch C' 1I on lower level. phia, Pennsylva nia 19104. Contents Sketch by Arthur Sullivan of Woxall. P C' nnsy lvanill. copyrighted. Upper Right: c/ulC'Uer ROilS C'. Scha C'U C' rstown, L eb­ anon COlli ly, showill g aJ"{·h ed doorway 10 dist.illing Entered as second class matter area in basC' melll. ,"meer L efl: Th C' illal;;; ROllsC', (£ at Lancaster, Pennsy lvania. II"wr e common lal er pal/ern fur Ih e wiss Bank House. Riedl 10[: ballh"/IOL/se bllill ill/ a a sl (>(' p ballk lI'ilf, IIppl'r alld IOlrer cookill[: ar(>(/s alld ollisidl' si olle siai/"l("(/\' ("o ll.lI (Ylill{{ Ih e IIt'o ll'l·pl s. T, o("a l (>(1 II ~ar SI01u·h sbllrg. L eblllloll CO IIII/Y. PPIIIIsyll"alliu. Th (> Srlwef]pr hOllsP bllill by lohn Miley. ("ir(" 11 7736. UlI1eSIOTl I' ('oIlSlrll (" ' liol1 Icilh r (>d IiII' roof originally, filS If, <, \X T e inballC'rIl Iradilioll. Arclr ed doo/"lUly on lefl {I'llds 10 cooh' illg firpplac(', arclr('d c/oor in ga.b l e l eads 10 diMilling area bdLincl fireplo(·e.

Tire almollry al 11r (, Eplrralll Cloisl er , also blLilt by 101111 JUile\". c ir("a 7738. Large arclr ("ellar ill Ihl' b(lI/k. ollisic/(' sloll (' slaincay ( FreiLrcppc) COlIlIl'ctillg main door on IIpp('r l('I,<, 1 10 ('l'lIl1r door on 100 cer [('vel n ear gable <' lid.

The almollry lIlaill 1' 1111"1111 ("(> all upper l l'v(> ShOICill[: I y ,;i('(d' frolll door and slairrva), II auic local('d IIILder oL'(' r//lIIIg ( por("h ) .

2 The Swiss Banl~ House in Pennsylvania

By ROBERT c . BUCHER

How well I remember standing in the meadow of the house" and ro the reason for writing this article on the su b­ Alexander Schaeffer farm in Schaeffersrown in 1960 looking ject. at the tWO wide arched doorways of the 1736 house built In this article I wanr ro tell how the bank house was by John Miley, architect of the Ephrata Cloister buildings. idenrified, how its function and cultural background were Clarence Kulp, Jr., H arry Stauffer, Samuel H eller and I revealed, where it is located geographically and what we were speculating as ro the reason for the two wide doorways know of the folk-culture associated with it. The best known near the western corner of the cellar and Mr. Stauffer sug­ houses will be described and others will be referred ro as gested that it was inrended for use by the old one-horse worthy of study. carr. Some of us thought the width was required for mov­ This work is inrended as a description of the Swiss bank ing large wooden barrels in the processing of distilled house in general, with a menrion of the Swiss W einbauern beverages. house in particular. It is hoped that it will lay the founda­ In eight years of week-end traveling ro phorograph our tion for a definitive study of this European house-type and 18th Cenrury houses and farmsteads in eastern and cenrral will result in future articles covering the Swiss Weinbauern Pennsylvania, Clarence and I had never seen a house like house in America and covering Swiss bank houses as a this one. Harry Stauffer and Mr. H eller began their phoro­ group. It is our hope that folk-cultural studies now active graphy before 1920 and could offer no positive explanation in the Shenandoah Valley, in the Mid-West, in other parts for this unusual and very inreresting structure. of the United States and in Canada, will be assisted in We all agreed on one thing-it was a bank house and idenrifying the Pennsylvania Dutch culture as it spread was built with its gable end in the bank. This was the from Southern Pennsylvania, and will be stimulated to beginning of the study of our Pennsylvania bank houses, report the spread of the culrure and its typical buildings which has led ro the more definitive term "Swiss bank in a more accurate and authenric manner.

LEHIGH / ./ " ,,- --- ...... ~COUNTY / / ...... ' .. .~ / \ """' .,. .. . : / LEBANON. ·· ·· ...... ' ~ / BUCKS .. ,,' " .' : "- \ .. ' CO' . ·u·''''N TY. ••••••• ~~ :.\ 8.all~ ...... COUNTY .\' ...... \ .. ., ~.. " .- \ Lebanon. i "" • e. .... •• " ""- \ •••• • SchaefferstoUJn ...... :,.,... " t MONTGOMERY-- ...... "'-- ...... own ...... COUNTY ./ - ./ L. • Ephratd. • /./ Mannelm· · _~;r-...... ~~:::::::; Litlt3 u;

LANCASTER ; , " YORK CHESTER COUNTY 5 COUNTY • co~tes\lille ( ,/' " ..' _ '(ork WesTchester ,/'/ Philacie.lp ,

Map of conccntmt('d areas of Swiss settlem ent in eastern Pennsy lvanin. Two distinct areas of Swiss selliem('nt a r(' shown on Ih (' 1/UI P a bov('. T h(' small ('as tel'/1 a rca ecnl('rs a round t h(' v illage of Bally H' h('r(' the New Gosch('nh opp(' n Mennonit(' people s('tl led along wilh a small /1/Unb er of Pennsyl­ vania Dutch Ca tholics. Thl' large ar('a runs from R eading Wl's t to the S llsqll ehanna River. Th e hea!;y ('on('enl ration a I'olllld L('ba non is ('nei rded for em p"'asis. Olh (' I' /Wlllly con('('nl rations w('re I he C on­ ('s loga area along Roule 28 w('s! of Elv('t'son, the P(' qlL (' a {{ roup south along R oute 340 and tlr l? area arollnd Manheim. Th ('s(' above (lr ('as are th (' only ()//.('s included in Ih is stlldy, w ilh western Penn­ sylvania, Canadn (lnd olh(' r pariS of the Unilcd StOiC'S slililo be studied.

3 SCHAEFFER HOUSE rKAM~ER./ l

BEDRoOM

LIVING­ ROOM L ~..-..-~'l~,~ STEpS To AmC~ i ,, i , , i , , MAIN ENTRANCE - UFP13!? LEVEL Floor plAin of Sc1wef]cr Srciss \Veinbau e f"ll Bank Honse. ilIain flo or on lIpper living lCL'cl s Tr ows front cloor. tLC O bcdroom s (mel Iil'il1 g room wilTr fircplace. Fir('placc in ccnter. rvid(' gablc to providc /"00111 il1 a llar for distilling process (A rbeitsrallm). R oom arrangemcnt Upper l('vcl of Schaeffer House. Sc"a('ffcrstown. Lebanon County. slightly dif]crent fro 171 Ley and Spangler Pennsylvania. Front cloor is in traditional location. Solid stone wall H Ofl,ses but fllnction is tTr e sa 171 C. area under two sid(> w indorvs marks location of largc arclr ed cellar inside.

We give credit to the following persons for assistance T. J. Wertenbaker, late of PrincetOn University, for his in identifying the Swiss bank house and in preparation of explanation of the Swiss bank buildings and their possible this article-tO Professor Richard Weiss, late of the Uni­ meaning in America; and to H arry Stauffer and Arthur versity of Zurich, for his fi ne book, Hamer ttnd Land­ Sulliva n for encouraging interest in Pennsylvania's Colonial schaften der Schweiz,1 which helped us identify many pre­ buildings. viously unidentified buildings in Pennsylvania and especial. ly to reveal the Alexander Schaeffer house as a true Swiss The Swiss Bank Bam and Bank H ouse W einba1tem house; to Dr. Don Yoder for bringing Prof. Although the S~i s s bank house has received li ttle men­ Weiss' book to our attention and encouraging the publishing tion in American literature, the large bank barns of Penn­ of this article; to Dr. Alfred 1. Shoemaker for stimulating sylvania were described in glowing terms by a number of interest in folk-architecture; to Clarence Kulp, Jr., for sug­ wealthy European travelers through Pennsylvania between gestions in preparing this article and, to our knowledge, 1750 and 1790. They described the barns as being as large being the first person in recent years to use the term "Swiss as castles, while the log houses of these same Pennsylvania Bank House"; to Professor Marion Dexter Learned, Uni­ Dutch were ..called huts by comparison. versity of Pennsylva nia, for describing the Swiss barn and The large bank barns, with their unsupported forebay, houses during his lectures of 1913 and 1914;2 to Professor became known as "Swiss barns" rather early and must have received this designation from the fact that their builders 1 The book referred to, Richard W eiss, Hatuer tm d Landscha/ten der Schweiz (Erlenbach-Ziirich: Eugen Rentsch Verlag, 1959), is emigrated from Switzerland. Certainly, we can testify that at present being translated at the University of Pennsylvania for this cantilever-type structure is found only in those areas an America n ed ition to appea r nex t year. It provides one of the of early settlement occupied by the Swiss people. best available analyses of Haus/orschtm g theory al ong with detailed descriptions of Swiss regional architecrure, which li es in the tran­ I do not recall ever having seen a Swiss barn with its sition zone between Mediterra nean and N orthern Europe.-EDITOR. gable-end built into the bank (the high elevation on a 2 In connection with his American Ethnographical Survey of slope), but the Swiss bank house is always or almost always 1902, the first such p ro ject undertaken in the United States, Dr. Learned describes a distill er's stone-and-log house in Providence so constructed. The front door to the living area, on the Township, Lancaster Counry, which from its description may have high level, is approached at ground level, and is obviously been of the Swiss bank type: "The lower part is constructed of stone and was for a long time used as a still by Peter Miiller. In the main and the formal entrance. The doorway to the this still were distilled whiskey from the corn and rye of the farfTI . cellar is usually near the opposite gable end and enters the In addition to whiskey, other products were distilled, such as cooking, processing and cold stOrage areas at the lower level. apple jack from apples, peach brandy from peaches, cherry bounce from cherries, oil of sassafras from the sassafras root, oil of pepper­ Connecting these twO doorways is a set of stone stairs which mint from the peppermint plant, oil of pennyroyal from the provides access from the processing or work area at the pennyroyal plant" (M. D. Learned and C. F. Brede, editors, "An lower level to the living, sleeping and storage areas on the Old German Midwife's Record," in Marion Dexter Learned, The American Ethnographical Survey: Conestoga Expedition 1902 upper floor and in the garret. Initially we believed there (American Germanica Monographs, University of Pennsylvania, were no stairs from cellar to living areas above but there 1911 ), p. 25. Several articles on this pioneer folklife survey done in the United States will appear in Pennsylvania Folkli/e in is some evidence to the contrary. Our present opinion is Volume XIX.-EDITOR. that the outside stone stairway was used in going from the

4 lower cooking area ro the bedrooms above, but that a H aving used rhese criteria for eleven or more years and small stairway was used ro enter the cellar area, always lead­ covering much of the eastern Pennsylva nia region, the ing to the little hallway or room in front of the large arched typical twO and one-half srory, central fir eplace Germanic wine cellar. This provided easy access from the upper level house from the Rhine Valley was well known ro us, the to procure beverages, fruit or cheese srored in the cool long, low one and one- half srory house of the Low D utch vault below. cou ntries and the T-shaped, gable-fireplace house wirh Before Professor Richard W eiss' book was known ro us kirchen of srone in the rear were all very familiar. we recognized rh e basic plan of this house because there It was during these years from 1960 ro 1964 rhar we were so many good examples left in the Schaeffersrown and became aware of one house-type which we could nOt iden­ MyerstOw n areas of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. In the rify. It had gable fireplaces, like rhe English houses of cellar we find the cooking kitchen on the gable wall Out of Pennsylva nia, and was usually found built into a slope. the bank, and the large arched wi ne cellar at the opposite Its firepl aces were small and rhe house was low, with little end, in rhe bank where mother earth provides the water and li ving area above ground level. The spirir of rhis house low temperature for good srorage of foods. In between the was different, and for a long while we simply said, "It musr tWO gables are areas for srorage and processing of foods be English". Li ttle did we know rhat there were at least like dairy products and beverages. On the upper main floor fi ve disrinct culrures in Swirzerland, each with identifiable we have a li ving area (Stube) and rwo bedrooms, one usuall y characrerisrics. larger than the Other. The living area has a small fireplace After frequent discussions on rhis matter including an for heating purposes, probably not for cooking. The [wo analys is of my own large twO and one-half srory srone bank houses on Tulpehocken Manor, near Myersrown, have a house builr circa 177 0 by Christian H oldeman, Jr., who small hall (die Gang) inside the front door with a stairway was Swiss, and considering thar rhis house has gable fire­ lead ing ro the garret from this hallway. The almonry at places and interior partitions jusr like rhe Germanic houses, Ephrata and the Schaeffer house in Schaeffersrown had a we came ro rhe conclusion that these houses are Swiss and stairway leading ro the garret which was located under the Mr. K ulp firsr put it into words saying, "I believe these wide overhang protecting the front door and upper gable houses are Swiss but I don't know what culture produced wall. The garret provided additional room for sleeping or rhem". srorage of various household articles and fo ods. Our conventional Rhine Valley Germanic house and By the time Professor \'

The Swiss l'(/ einbauem H O1tse In the Schaefferstown area of Lebanon County there was an unusual concentration of Swiss people who follow­ ing the distilling tradition, producing mostly applejack and Gehllll/ll /lIIIISI' I'(/sl l'rll n"rh's ('111111 1\'. 11 (,"1' Se;slw/I ;:;· rye whiskey of fin e quality. l· i[[l'. 1AlrW' SII;II (' 11/1(/ I ll;! bllllk h l/lls~ ' leilh IIpper {/Ild rmc(' r [in'(lllI n 's 1/11 !r)/("I'r ;!lIbl". Olllsid(' sl o ll e slllirs slil/ This limesrone soil is watered with the finest spring '1//111('( '1 Ih(' Ilrl/ [(,I 'l'ls. Th('rl' 111'(' IH'["('rlll bllllk hOl/sl's water and produces beverages recognized as superior from /11 Ih l' fllrlllSl l'lI rl IIf Ihis S,ciss f'l/llily. Th (' sl Ull e plllio Colonial times. This cu lture, which we believe ro be pro­ cilh "r("h,,£1 doors i s III/I II ()(Irl of Ih (' origillll[ hOllse. perly described as Swiss l'(/einbattem culrure, has been

5 Cooking fireplace at w<'s l end of 10IVer gable of L ey H Ollse. N ot v isible is the large Irough carry ­ ing fr('s h spring waler to cool Ih (' mil":, buller and olh er foods. Ley H Oll se on Tulpelwck en 1llanor, 1Il yerstown , L ebanon COllnl y, P" nnsyft 'ania. V " ry similar in appearance 10 Scha('Uer H ouse and aITl/onr)'. bUI w ilh lilli/StUll arch ed (' lIlry Icay through enlire H'idlh of buildillg. enlerillg arc/ucay Ih e door 10 Ih " rool cellar is 10 Ihe /(' fl. in Ih (' ballk. (1I1d Ih <' door 10 lir e larg<' cooking kitclr en {ire­ "llIce is 10 the right. out of Ih e ballk. Lar"e spring discharges Ihrough Ihe 1' 001 cellar and kitch clI alollg for IUlli. Olilside sloll c slairway leads froTl/ arch ed IIre(l 10 frolll d oor Oil upper lcr;el. R ed sandslon e quoins 1//ar'" addilion of full second slory, circa 1850.

The Alexander Schaeffer H ouse, built in 1736, is the only house of this kind we have ever heard of that had twO POt stills in the cellar. This house has a large arched central fir eplace which had twO stills attached at the rear, with openings in the front to fir e the stills and to control the draft around them. The two large arched doors pro­ vide access for the transporting of cider barrels to the cellar working area (A1'beitsramn) and fermenting area. A large door near the arched wine cellar in the rear pro­ OUlside slon(> slairway from upper le"el of vided space for the loading of containers of fi nished bever­ Ley House. Tn sid(> the ordI way are found Ihe ground c('llar (left ) (lnd tIL(' large cook­ ages. \Xfater was conducted through the cellar from a ditch ing fir eplace on Ih e righl. Tir e spring pro­ in the meadow above the house. The two coils from the v id<,s It'al (> r in all thr(>e ceilar areas. stills were housed in large wooden tubs which received this water continuall y to provide the cooling required for the distilling of whiskey or applejack. SchaefferstOwn may have been the cradle of the distill­ identified by observing the unus ual house structure and ing indus try in America and was an important inland tOwn later comparing these buildings to the Swiss tvei1Zb attem in the 18th Century. It had eleven taverns in 1790 and a houses described in Professor Weiss' book. In making this prosperous trade with Philadelphia. I would like to men­ comparison we have found the cellar floor areas to be laid ti on here that we collected the Pennsylva nia D utch term Out precisely as described by the late Professor \'<1e iss. for the fi rst distillate from fermented applejack from the These durable stOne houses with their red clay tile roofs, \'<1ebers near New Tripoli and from someone in the Schaef­ less steep in pitch than many continental roofs, are origin­ ferstOwn area. It was called "die Leiteri1Zg," and this crude ally of Roman origin, a cultural remnant of the weal thy product was served to the workers and hired help, wh il e Roman wine-producers who moved north into Switzerland rhe ow ner and his guests consumed rhe pure re-distilled where their 2,OOO- yea r- old tradition continues into our applejack. One company still produces pure pot-sri II modern day. whiskey in SchaefferstOwn.

6 ;PANGLfR HOUSE LEY(LEI) HOUSE I I

BEDROOM BEDROOM BEDROOM BEDROOM

-')---+-- /.. " I ( LIVING- ...

RooM I ( .,. ,A ..:J L ~ ,J •• ~ MAIN eNTRANCC' M"l/N cNrI?ANCc.J - tiPPER LEVEL - UPPER LEVEL Floor plan of L ey and S panglN H Oll ses on Tulpeh ock en l11anor, llIy (' rsloH'n. '-,(' ban on Co/WI)', Pen nsy lvania. ;lInin floor O il II p per /(, I,('l s h olf'in ~ fronl door. hall, living room and /tco bNlroom s. Fire plac(' local(' d un ~ab l(' C' nds lc ilh b(' droolll s ol'!' r /h (' /arg(' cooking kilch en fir eplace bdolC.

Spall gl(' r H Oll se lVi th IlIlfIll eT(,d gabll' (' TI d an d p(' nt-ell ves ov('r urigill al frunl cluor ( lefl ) . T his ph otograph is best port ra y al of origill(ll g(l ble end on lI[1 per l(, !lei. Ollt of Ih e bank.

We will now describe briefly each of the fi ve bank houses in this area:- The Alexander Schaeffer House is probably the earliest, and is the most distinctive of these buildings. Built by John Miley in 1736, it embodies the same spirit as the almonry on the Ephrata Cloister grounds. John Miley became the architect of the Ephrata Cloister buildings after sell ing this house to Durst Thommen of Basel in 1736. Thus both the Schaeffer House and the Almonry are believed to have been buil t by Miley. Both buildings had over-hanging gables on the upper level as shown on the photograph of the restored almonry, S pall gler H Oll s('. alm ost a copy of /h (' L('y HOll se. located both had stairs to the garret under this overhang and both 800 feel from Ih l' L('Y H Oll se all d b llill i nlo th e same had outside stone stairs (ffeitreppe). In 1771 we believe stl'l'P ba ll k aloll g /h e T lI lpeh ock en Cr('(' k. Sketch es of Captain H enry Schaeffer added the newer section to the fluor plan sh ou; sim ilarity of Ih e Spangler and L ey Schaeffer H ouse, containing a large 12-foot fi replace and Hous('s. ('xce pl for m ain duoru;ay all d room s ori(' nled 10 bake-oven still is the newer kitchen . /h(' I'a st in the Spllngl!' r l/Oll S(,' all d 10 Ih e wesl in Ih e The Schaeffer H ouse is distinctively W einbauem in func­ [, ey HOlls e. O utside slon e s l lI i nUl), from arch 10 llpper tion, while the almonry was built as a very special com­ level is slill ill li se. munity baking establishment; thus they are very different, but-of the same spirit or culture. The wide variation in the building dimension and window opening size are The Swiss Bank H ouses of the Lebanon-Lancaster Area testimony to their difference, while the eye of the scholar The great concentration of the Swiss settlers came into needs only a glance to see that their lines speak of the same Lancaster and Lebanon Counties in the early and middle spirit. 18th Century, forming some settlements of almost solid Although different in dimensions and room layout, the Swiss population. One such area was around MyerstOwn almonry and Schaeffer H ouse certainly had red tile roofs and SchaefferstOwn, with many others extending South originall y and were almost identical in their upper level and well into what is now Lancaster County. overhang and outside stairs to the garret; in their arched It is in the Schaefferstown area that the most distinctive, cellars in the bank; in their stOne stairways leading to the most European and possibly the most uniform type of wide cellar doorways at the lower level and in their roo f and bank house is found, and particularly noteworthy is the building lines. generous use of the arch in these buildings. The cellar ar­ The rwo unusual houses on Tulpehocken Manor just ra ngement of cooking fire place at the gable end outside west of MyerstOwn may or may not have been built by John the bank and of large arched wine cellar at the opposite Miley, a matter which should be studied to reach a conclu­ end is quite standard for these buildings. sIOn. These rwo houses are extremely interesting because

7 U lrir h B e itler H Oll se lI (' or R erk-!IIoll t u o/l7('rY C Ollllt \· lill (,. fif1'y lIlilcs ('ost of th e L (' boll oll C Oll llt y " ~ II .~ ('S . . Tvp icoi st Oll l' con ­ st rll ct ioll /c ith g flb ll' fi re f!l! /(" es. Lorf!(, rllT h r('lIar ill th (' bon k ( r ig ht sid e) I(,ith doo,.,t'o\· II N /r "able at lOlc(' r le l' (' l l('(ld ill f! t o /org <, cook illg ki(('h ell fi rc ploce, S prill f! 1('ot er flolVs th roll !!" Loo king into orr'h e el cellar of n eitler l roll gh fl lllllf! re fl r Ivo ll of h O/l M' f ro"l II ppl'r le cel 0 11 right t o H Oll se. Troll g" at r('or o f this room carries /owcr let,ei olld t r(l/l1 !,oo/ III/ /ef l. j ll st b e /rill' th" h Oll s(' (lef t ). sp rill f! It'at (' r for coolillg milk oll d o tTter .Vo t (' sim ilar ity of fl'lI e:) t rot ioll an d doo,.,cays ill B e it lc r oll d food . Spang ler f-I o ll ses.

of the large 7-foot archways separating kitchen and root This house has a central fireplace, like the Rhine Valley cellar on the lower level. They are very similar in all houses, but we believe it belongs in this article as a defi nite respects, varying only in width across the gable, the ley Swiss bank house allied closely with the other stO ne and house being 25 feet, 2 inches wide, wh ile the slightly stOne and log buildings. H owever, it is different in archi­ smaller Spangler house is 24 feet wide. tecture, in spirit and, to some extent, in cultural origin, The kitchen and cellar areas are almost original in these twO houses, are almost alike in design and a real joy T he Swiss H ouses of Eastern Be1·ks County to see. The "P1'eitreppelJ lead from the upper level to In the Butter Valley (Blttterthal) near Bally, where Berks, the large archway under the house-there one fi nds the Montgomery and l ehigh Counties meet, is a Swiss settle­ kitchen on the right and the rOOt cellar on the left in the ment almost as distinctive as those of l ebanon-l ancaster. bank. A large spring flows through the entire area pro­ H ere the Swiss settled after moving north beyond the viding water for drinking and cooking, and for stOrage earlier settlements of the Holland D utch Mennonites and at food products. Entering the kitc hen area one fin ds a K refelders in lower and central Montgomery County, and fi ne old brick fl oor in front of the large IO- foot fi replace into the area of the early Catholic settlement at Ball y, and at the fa r end a two-feet-wide stO ne-lined trough carry­ where both groups gO t along famously. ing cold water through the room. Everything is conveni ­ The stO ne of this area is a medium brown color and ent, water, cooking facili ties and food storage areas all are very attractive, but quite diffe rent in appearance from the within a distance of four or five steps. rich gray-white of the l ebanon limestOne. Color and On the higher level main floor there is a five -foot fi re­ style of the houses are slightly diffe rent in the two areas place in the livi ng room area (Sllfbe) on the gable opposite but function and layout are identical. the kitchen fl ue. Inside the fr Ont door is a small hall way. For a number of years after knowing the Swiss houses Aside of the li ving room and behind are rwo or three of lebanon-l ancaster it was believed there were no such bedrooms, as can be seen on the floo r plans of these Sw iss buildings in the Upper Montgomery County area, buildings. nor in any other areas in eastern Pennsylva nia. During Near StOuchsburg is located the old Reed homestead these years Mr. Kulp and I looked for these houses during with its circa-1745 stOne Germanic house and the old our travels and found none until one day I found the Ulrich Reed (Riedt) log bank house. This fi ne log house has a Beitler house, one mile East of Ball y. cooking fireplace upstairs and another downstairs Out of This bank house is almost origi nal, even to the traditional the bank. It has the usual stOne stairs connecting the upper red paint on the outside doors and on the interior wood­ and lower levels, but like most of the original log houses, work. It is such a perfect duplication of the l ebanon does not have an arch-cellar in the bank. houses, in function and room arrangement, that I would

8 ~ay it shows that this pattern of building was well estab­ with most original features intact. The cellar and first floor lished as a distinct house type in Switzerland before 1730, are stOne and the second stOry of log, with a high garret and logically covered a wide range of culrures and geo­ making is a very tall house in contrast to the low, rec­ graphic areas in that country. tangular houses listed above. It has the usual cellar cook­ As illustrated in the diagrams of the Beitler and ley ing fireplace in the proper location, a full cellar with a cellars, the layout of these buildings is the same and fol­ fairly large fireplace above in the same flue as the cellar lows a rather rigid pattern. As one enters the wide cellar fireplace. This may also be considered as representing doorway near the corner of the house Out of the bank we an "upper" and "lower" cooking fireplace. find the large arch-cellar built into the bank, with a wide doorway providing entrance through a solid stOne wall The Ole), Vaile'), wiss Bank H ouses partition which separates the arch-cellar from the re­ Shown on one of this photographs is the Bieber house mainder of the cellar. Opposite is the fireplace (Feie1·he·rd), located in the wiss part of ' the western area of the Oley built into a corner inside the lower gable, which occupies Valley. This house is quite unusual for our country and about sixty percent of that gable wall area. Between the may be of French Swiss origin. It has the fireplace and arch-cellar at one end and the cooking fireplace at the arch cellar and other characteristics of these buildings, other, is a large open area for working or processing of with well defined "F1"eit1·eppe" or outside stairs to the foods (Arbeitsrattm). upper living area. The stone construction, tile roof and Spring water flows through the cellar in a channel or rectangular lay -our are very characteristic of the Swiss built-in stOne trough about twO fe et wide and equally deep. bank houses. It enters through the upper level arch-cellar, flows along \X!e have not determined the cultural backgrou nd that the wall oppos ite the main cellar door and leaves through produced this type of house and have theorized that it may a hole in the wall at the lower level alongside the fire­ be classified as a " lVohmpeicher". place. The water flows from the spring above the house Another house almost identical to the Bieber house is and empties into the trOut pool, with its water-cress bed, located near the well-known DeBenneviIle house about just below the house. tWO miles South of the Bieber house. There are probably As described in the Fisher family wills, near the New a number of other worthy houses in the rich Oley Valley Goschenhoppen Church, this house may have been con­ that compare to the style described in this article. sidered to have an "upper" and "lower" kitchen. The upper Other Swiss Bank H omes firepl ace is smaller than the cellar cooking fireplace but One mile west of the Routes 501 and 422 interseCtion large enough to be used for some cooking on the upper at Myerstown and lying north of Route 422 is an inter­ level. This is a cultural practice that needs further study esting, large stone bank house with the upper level arched and relating to family structure and growth. . area opening located in the front wall of the house, and The Gehman house is located near Seisholzville on a entered directly from outside at ground level. Swiss farmstead that has two of these traditional bank­ This house is longer than most others of its type and houses, one of stOne and one of stone and log construction. is different in its cellar plan only in that the three tradi­ The early homestead is a unique and attractive structure tional areas are separated by partitions, which defin es the

1(I1(fbb-Ri('b('r ROilSI'. 0/1')" V{(lle" . B e rh's CO lln/~" , P(,11I1:>dc{(lIi{(. B{(lIk hllIlSf' 1)'1)(" nil" ,.ooking firf'pZII("e, IIr,.1! (" ('flor {(nel spring in t,l/t'er I('/"e l. "Frcilrf'rpC," Ih e oillsid" slolI(' sl{(inc(I), 10 I1pper l cvel lo("(ll ed on 1('/1 in phologr(lph. U pper l CI'ei hos lil'il1 g {(nd sl eeping or('os . Tile roo! is Ir(ldili0I1(11.

9 lll(f( :; FarmstNld. ll'l'stl'rll 8 l'r/'- s COll llt,·. Pl'lIl1sd,.al1ia. N lIl11 l'rOIl S alld Il'id('spread ty /J(' of 5';'iss ballh' ' 1/I1ISI' leith a IIl1i forl/l architectllral paffern datill[{ fro/IL abollt 7770. A 2 !/t stor,v Ir oll se with gable! fir(' plu('('s. bllt 110 firel'l(f('l's or urr'hl'd (',,[[ars ill thl' ('(' /lar a 1'(,(1 alld 110 orltsidl' stairs. Coo/'-ill [{ fire!plu('e is Oil IIpp C' r gable of first floor alld bedroo/1/ firC'plo('(' Oil sC'('ol1cl floor on ZOlc l' r gubll' elld. t/III S botlr fireplacC's arC' raisC'd 0111' story ulld s,uitd,('d to tll C' opposit C' gable!. F(,lIel'd gu rdell . grrt l'C'S alld frllit trC'C's ur(' ill trrtditiorlflllo('a tioll s. f)oor O il left is lI ot orip·lIal.

center work or processing area (Al·beitsrallm) as a distinct and separate area in the center between cooking and arch­ celJ ar areas. One still unknown cu ltural and functional area of this house, and several oc hers in the SchaefferstOw n area, is the second stOry area marked by a wide doorway without steps leading to ir and wirhour evidence ir was ever used bv people to enter rhe second stOry. The doorway, about 5 feet from rhe ground, has a large stO ne sill, like those in many of our mills, and we can now only speculare thar grain was stOred in this particular section of the house. The Matz H ow e-Most N umerous T)'pe in America Recrangular in ourline, 2 Y;z -stOry in heighr, usuall y of stOne consrrucrion and locared over a broad area of Penn­ sylvania and ocher srares is rhe rarher conventional looking Swiss bank house, such as rhe Marz house, pictured on one of rh e photOgraphs and locared along Route 222 be­ rween Reading and Ephrara. The P'rimitive Httntspe1'ger H ouse­ This house has a frOnt porch along irs entire front, wirh St. Cleme1ZS, Ontario, Canada the cellar door under rh e porch ar rhe lower level ar which During a brief visir with the G ingrich family near St. point rhe porch floor is rarher high above ground. Jacobs in Ontario during 1963, I asked wherher there were The main door usuall y enters rhe kirchen near rhe upper any houses wirh arrached barns in Canada and our hosrs gable end on rhe upper level and rhe rooc or ground cellar suggesred rh e Huntsperger home near Sr. Clemens. is often locared under rhe front porch. This style of house We sropped ar this place on our rerum to Pennsylva nia is remarkably uniform in fl oor plan over a wide area of and found a most interesring half-timber bank house wirh Montgomery County and in ocher counties. It is a pro­ an attached frame bank barn. H ouse and barn were almost duct, no doubt, of a different Swiss culture, bur one of original, with every original function sr ill available for study. wide disrriburion, fhe cooking fireplace in rhe cellar is in the center of the Ir has no cooking fireplace and no arch-cellar in the room, which area is entered from ourside on the lower cellar area and usually no partitioned areas here. In some level. The main floor is like the similar area in the Penn­ cases small rooms indicare special stOrage areas, possibly sylvania bank houses (Schaeffer, ley, etc.) and rhe garret relared to rhe Swiss cheese-making rradirion. area also is similar. Somehow we soon had rhe feeling

BASIC DIMENSIONS OF SWISS BANK HOUSES U pper Level Archway Length Width (Gable) Heighf:' Windows Width Height Width H eight THE ALMONRY 32 ft. 19 ft.- 3 in. 18 ft. 30 in. 45 in. SCHAEFFER HOUSE 27 ft.-3 in . 31 ft.-5 in . 20 ft.-2 in. 39 in. 67 in. LEY HOUSE 40 ft.A in . 25 ft.-2 in . 17ft.-7in. 37 in. 68 in. 7 ft. 7 ft. SPANGLER HOUSE 40 ft.-2 in. 24 ft. 17 ft.-4 in . 38~ in. 66 in. 6 ft. 7 ft. RIEDT HOUSE 23 ft.-7 in. 17 ft.- 6 in. 17 ft.-8 in. 27 in. 34 in.

BEITLER HOUSE 30 f L-2 in . 20 ft.-2 in. 14 ft.-9 111. 35 in. 50 in. GEHMAN HOUSE 35 fL- 3 in. 27 ft. -3 in. MATZ HOUSE 36 ft. 24 ft.

':' Height .5 measured from ground level to the square-on lower level

10 HllnlSper"l'r House-Barn Unit. 51. Clem I' ll . Olliario. Callada. a combinalioll /wlf-limbl'r house 11:il" fra/111' bllllk barll. buill inlo III(' bank (lIId facill g SOlllh. Cl'n­ Inri fireplace I("il" cookillg ar(,(1 in 1" 1' (·I' 1/ar. co rries Ill/H·h of Ih e ~ spiril of Ih l' Sdw (>Uer HOll se in S(·ha (> jJerSI()/Cll . P (, lll1 syll·ania. NO /l,isibZe on IJ, I' phologmph i I h I' frolll bar,., fOlllldll1 iOll wall of IO-ill ch diaTl/eler Irl'es dllg illio Ih (' groulld. (lIIcL forming (( I)(> rli('a/. closely fillillg I("all. Kllown as " Uillucrhau" in EII­ rope', Ihis "rilllili1"(> conslrllc­ lion is si1l1i/ar lu 1" 1' ollisidp barricades of Ollr early forls in A,nerica.

that this house was more like the Alexander Schaeffer agent, was asked whether he sold any applejack. H e re­ Weinbaue,m house than any other building we had ever plied, "Nee, ich ka1?:.n net gemmk mache far mich seiwert." seen in either the United States or Canada. No, I cannot even make enough for our own use in the But it was the barn that may be most noteworthy and family. should be reported here. At first glance what appeared The grandparents of the late Reverend Thomas R . co be an ordinary frame bank barn was a building with Brendle, sleeping on the upper level of the Schaeffer house, unusual primitive features. The catrIe pens, the horse had their own system for rousing the farm family at an early srable, the partition (in the barn) for pigs and the rOOt hour each morning. Being strong adherents of the Reformed cellar were all in their original and traditional positions Church they were very religious people. At 5 o'clock in with practically no changes. the morning they would rise and have their early prayers, The rear scone foundation wall rising co ground level and not tOO quierI y. :l If this had no effect on the sleeping in the bank continued along the gable end ro the point family, they would then start sing ing German hymns and where the slope fell sharply ro the lower level, about half­ the family was soon awake. Needless to say this practice way across the gable end. From this point ro the front was not roo popular with the later risers bur it was effec­ corner of the barn Out of the bank and abour two-thirds ti ve. When the grandfather (Daniel Brendle) passed away of the way from this corner across the front of the barn the Schaeffersrown people sa id , "War dtttt nau beede far this strucrure was supported by vertical 10 ro 12 inch trees die R efarmirde?"-Who will pray for the Reformed people with bark removed and imbedded in the ground, now that Daniel Brendle has passed away? These trees set close rogether, similar ro outer wall con­ The traditions of the cellar, of the pig sty, of the chicken struction on our early American forts, form the su ppOrt roost and the chores of the housewife as they fit into the for the front parr of the barn strcuture. Thus abour five life of the farmstead are interesting and need further feet of these round legs are exposed, and they are in good study, Future articles describing the Pennsylvania Dutch condition, with no evidence of rorting at the ground level. farmstead, and differentiating between the three main cul­ We believe this primitive building method, referred ro tural patterns of our farms, will cover these traditions and by Professor Weiss as Stiinderbatt, may be unique in this practices. country and Western Europe and it is our opinion that this In closing I want ro say that the number "]" played a building should be preserved for future study. leading role in tE e early life of the Alexander Schaeffer farmstead in Schaeffersrown. This number was used ro Lore of the Swiss Bank H ome protect the bake-oven and its contents and ro protect the In the realm of folk-culture several srories have come ro wine-cellar from undesirable intrusions. We do not know our attention relating ro Swiss bank house life, from a where this protective system had its limits in the life of rather broad geographical area of Pennsylvania. First, the these people. Is it possible that even the chickens roosting chore of the housewife at dusk when the chickens went ro on the mas h barrels in the cellar were counted, that exactly roOSt on the rims of the barrels of fermenting mash in the seven c:hickens were allowed ro roost on each barrel, their cellar. She would "turn the chickens around" so that all heads, of course, facing inward ? heads faced roward the center of the barrels, never the 3 N ote that this is one of two references in this issue to other way. family worship at 5 a.m., when the working day began in many farm and peasant cultures . The other reference is in the article In Lehigh (Lecha) County where the strong tradition of on trance-preaching, and refers to 5 a.m. as the "ordinary time applejack-making still li ves in the minds of the older ~e.si­ of morning praye r in pious rural families" among the Lutherans dents, there were numerous conflicts with the aurhormes in Finland. Will readers with reminiscences of the earlier prac­ tices associated with fami ly worship please send such materials during the Prohibition Period from 1918 ro 1932. One to the Editor for the University of Pennsy lvania Folklife Archive. farmer near New Tripoli, when approached by a Revenue -EDITOR.

11 TRANCE-PREACHING In the United States

By DON YODER

Having worked for some years on the problem of trance­ backs, bm I had simply not been attracted to what amounts preaching in the United States apart from its existence in to a popular cu lt of Edgar Cayce. Since then I have seen the Old Order Amish communities of Iowa, Oregon, Illinois, copies being read on trains, even on Philadelphia's Paoli Michigan, Somh Carolina, and Pennsylvania, where I first Loca l. heard of the phenomenon, I was delighted one Spring day The factOr that most of the writers on this subject have in 1968 at PrincetOn Theological Seminary when I lectured nOt realized, is that the sleeping preacher or the sleeping before Dr. John A. Hostetler's class in Religious Com­ prophet follows a common histOrical pattern, and repre­ munal Societies in North America, to learn that one of sents the current mimesis, for whatever functional purpose Professor H ostetler's seminar students was working on the the phenomenon can serve in our society and in the life Sleeping Preacher Movement among the Amish for his of the practitioner, of the worldwide phenomenon of semester paper. We are glad to take this opportunity to shaman, medicine man, oracle, sybil, prophet, and visionary. present to our readers Harry H. Hiller's valuable psycho­ Whether the phenomenon is found in Western or non­ logical analysis of this phenomenon among the Amish, Western cu lture, in primitive or modern society, the com­ while my paper will serve as a general histOrical introduc­ mon trait of tl~e practitioner of the phenomenon is that he tion to the subject. 1 speaks or advises or prophesies from a trance-state. A "sleeping preacher" or a "trance-preacher"-both tenns When we look for the immediate background of the have been used histOricall y2- can be defined as a person Amish Sleeping Preacher movement, we are immediately who preaches, prophesies, or addresses a public aud ience struck with the fact that in Iowa Cou nty, Iowa, immediately while "sleeping," i.e., in a trance state. In most cases the adjoining Johnson County, Iowa, where the first Sleeping phenomenon is connected with religion, that is, the prac­ Preacher among the Amish, Noah Troyer (183 1-1889) titioner is regarded, because of his charismatic "gift," as a arose, there existed at the time the principal American leader whose words are "inspired," in Christian context, establishment of the religious community group known in by the Holy Spirit. Hence "congregations" of followers Germany as the 11ZSpirirten and in Iowa as the Amana Com­ gather, and in the case of the Amish, an Amish sect, the munity. This in turn was a direct product of a French Sleeping Preacher Church, arose and still exists in five Protestant movement known as the Camisards, which we states.3 shall discuss shortly. It was the "Inspired" prophets who In other cases, the phenomenon of trance-speaking is had been the principal spreaders of the idea of trance­ related to hea ling or "prophecy." This aspect has reached preaching throughom the Pietist Protestant areas of Ger­ the drugstOre paperback counters in the last few years, many, Switzerland , and Scandinav ia in the 18th Century, with the curious books telling the life and work of the and had emigrated to the United States finally in 1842, "Sleeping Prophet," Edgar Cayce,'l whom I must admit, settling at first near Buffalo, N ew York, and in 1854 settling some of my students, in their search for the bizarre, came on communal property in Iowa County, Iowa. Like the upon first and called my attention to. I do read paper- Amish, they were German-speaking and a religious com­ munity, bm unlike their Amish neighbors they were com­ munitarians, i. e., they did not live on separate family-owned I My thanks to Professor H ostetler and to H arry H. Hiller for the use of the seminar paper; especial thanks also to Dr. Melvin farms but rather held land in common as a community or Gingerich, Director, Mennonite Arcpives, Goshen College, Gos hen, communal settlement. Indiana, who during my visit to the Archi ves in 1966 g raciously Let us look at other examples of trance-preaching in the all owed me to copy materials from his fi le on the Amish leeping Preacher Movement, consisting of clippings and rypesc ripts of United States, cases which are not connected with the jou mal articles. Troyer-Kauffman movement, but which may indeed be " The term "sleeping preacher" would seem to be the commoner term ; "trance-preacher" was used at least as earl y as 1880 offspring of the 18th Century Inspired Prophet movement (I-Jerald 0/ Truth, January, 1880) . Some of the practitioners of France and Germany. themselves prefer the term "spirit-preaching," since they insist Professor Archibald Alexander (1 772-1851), long profes­ that it is the H oly Spirit preaching rather than the man, who is only the "instrument" of the Spirit. sor of theology at PrincetOn Theological Seminary, in fact " For a brief introduction to the leeping Preacher Movement the founder of the seminary in 1812, has left us an account among the Amish, see Melvin Gingerich, "Sleeping Preacher Churches," The M ennonite Encyciopedirl, IV, 543-5 44. of a sleeping preacher, a young girl named Susanna Oren­ I See Thomas Su grue, There is a River: The Story 0/ Edgar dorf, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. It is significant that this Cayce, rev. ed. (N ew York : Henry H olt, 1957) ; Jess Stearn, again is a case of the phenomenon among ethnic German Edgar Cayce - The Sleeping Prophet (N ew York: D oubleday and Company, 1967) ; and Nicholas Langley, Edgar Cayce on settlers, although they had evidently become part of the R eincarnation (N ew York: Paperback Library Edition, 1967). Methodist movement. The date of the description is June,

12 natural. The perso n was a young woman of the neigh­ bourhood, who every day at a certain hour seemed to fall into a trance, and uttered wonderful things. "We pushed hard," says the narrative, "ro get to the house by the hour of her paroxysm, which was one o'clock. Her name was Susannah Orendorf, and she was the daughter of a farmer near Sharpsburg. The young woman was reclining on a bed, very pale, and clad in wh ite. She was attended by an older sister, who with the parents agreed in asserting that she had eaten nothing for five or six months, and that the only thing which entered her lips was a sip of sweetened water, of which a rumbler stood near her on the table. This was considered miraculous by many, and the Methodists preached about Susannah, and related her sayi ngs in their sermons. Multirudes came to see her; some above a hundred miles; so that there would some­ times be two hundred people there at one time. After coming Out of one of her epileptic fits, she would tell those around her what she had seen in heaven; and so credulous were some that they came ro ask whether she had seen certain friends of theirs who had lately died. On this point, however, she could give no satis­ factory information. Some wished to know which religious denomination was most approved in heaven. The girl answered more discreetly than could have been expected from her education-for she was very igno­ rant-saying, 'In the other world people are not judged of by their professions, but the sincerity of their hearts, and the goodness of their cond uct.' Some very noisy 6 persons came from N ewtown ro see her; and as a great company was collected they engaged in devotional exercises. One of their number, John Hill, a man of great muscular power and a stentorian voice, exerted hImself to the utmost in praying, keeping time with one of his feet and both his hands. When he was done, Susannah asked him, 'Why do you speak so loud? Do you think the Almighty is hard of hearing?'7 Professor Archibald A lexander (7772-7 851), who d e­ "At nearly the same hour every day, after a little scribed (( ('ase of tr((nce-preaching from M((ryl((nd in convulsive agitation she seemed to fall down in a th e year 1791. swoon, ceased to breathe, and lay calm and motionless as a corpse. As she recovered herself a sou nd was heard, as if issuing from her breas t, and she commonly awoke singing. We asked her some account of what 1791, on a trip which the young Mr. Alexander was making she had seen in her last visit. Without hesitation she from his home in Virginia ro Philadelphia: began a narrative of her journey to heaven, which It was now the month of June, and as the weather greatly resembled some of Mohammed's descriptions. was extremely hot and the roads were dusty, the little She went over a very high and beautiful bridge, which party determined ro lie by during the day and travel appeared ro be made of ivory. She entered paradise, by night. They crossed the Blue Ridge at Black's Gap, ~ h ere she beheld the angels flying about in all direc­ by the light of the moon, which was then near the full. tlO~ S , and heard companies of them singing. On her But after midnight they began ro feel sleepy, and hav­ arrival she was presented with bread as white as snow lllg cleared the mountain sought for some lodging­ and exceedingly delicious, which she ate every day, place. Part of the company found a house on the right; and by which she was nouri hed, so as ro have no need Mr. Graham and his young companion went further, nor appetite for earthly food. The most remarkable and rurned into a farm-clearing on the lefr. It was a occurrence was that a beautiful and majestic person, log house and the family were asleep in bed. But in whom she rook ro be our Saviour, came to her and conformity with the hospitable cusroms of the land , gave her a white flower, which she took to be a token the mountaineer arose and admitted them, and rook of his lo~e. On being requested ro sing one of the charge of their horses. The guests were shown up tunes whIch she had learnt in heaven, she complied stairs, or rather up a ladder, ro a loft under the roof. WIthout reluctance; uttering in a soft and somewhat Here they were made acquainted with the German melod ious voice a strain, which however consisted of fashion of sleeping under a bed, in lieu of other cover­ only a few notes continually repeated. Being then ing. 5 The next day Dr. H all proposed to introduce accustomed to learn runes by ear, I caught up this them ro a case of somnambulism or irregular mental • The te ~m "nois( has a specific meaning in connection with action, which carried some appearance of the super- early. Ametlcan r e ll ~ lOn. It meant given to vocal expression of relIgIOn, I.e. , s ~outln g , ranting, etc., in the attempt to express , An extremely valuabl e reference ro the continental cu sro m outwardly th ~ , Inw~:d feelIngs of assurance of salvation. For of sleeping under a feather-bed, practi ced by Pennsylvania Germans ex.amples of nOIsy Method ists in early Pennsylvania and ad­ and other ethnic German-Swiss settl ers in earl y Ameri ca. Some JOInIng states, see Don Yoder, Pennsylvania Spirituals (Lancaster other Ameri cans slept on feather-beds rather than IIn der them. PennsylvanIa: PennsylvanIa Folklife ociety 1961) pp 26 57' See Folk-Cultural Ques ti onnaire N o. 6: "Feather Beds and Chaff 87-94, 135- 140. ' , . , ' Bags," Pennsylvania Folkli/e, XVII:2 (Winter 1967-1 968). 7 Perhaps a mimetic echo of I Kings, 18 :27.

13 · , X+Y=Z;

on THE SLEEPING PREACHER

o.

NORTH ALABAMA.

CONTAINING AN AOCOUNT OF HOST WQNDEllFUL UYSTERIOUB MENTAL PHENOMENA, BULLY AUTHENTICATED BY LIVING WITNESSES.

BY REV. G. W. MITOHELL.

PBIN T ED FOB THE .oil U T HOB .

NEW YORK: W . O . SMITH, M JOHN STREET. ):II'}(I)\lf

t) j: .' 'll .\ }. / \. 'I .\ n \ :\ 1,1 :l :1;\;1 {

Constantine Sanders, Pres byterian clergyman frO/it A labama, achieved wiele notoriety as a "sleeping preacher" in the 19th Century.

strain, and could repeat it, but have long since for­ University in 'the 20th Century), but could tell time while gotten it. This was no doubt a case of epilepsy, which asleep.ll This type of phenomenon, again, not strictly continued for more than a year, and then gradually follow ing the "sleeping preacher" pattern, was siezed upon left her; but she did not live long after her recovery."8 by the Spiritualists and the historians of Spiritualism who The pattern here is slightly different in that the instru­ arose in mid and late 19th Century, whose books culled his­ ment spoke after recovering from her trance. tOry for such seemingly "Spirit-led" or "Spirit-induced" ac­ Among American Quakers, who were noted in the 17th tions to justify their own religious world view which even­ and 18th Centuries for a highly developed psychic depart­ ruated in several religious cults which are still operating ment in their religion which involved elaborate visions, in the United States.1 2 prophecies, telepathy and other parapsychological phenom­ The best example of this approach is Eugene Crowell, ena;n we also hear of the sleeping preacher phenomenon. M . D ., T he Identity of Primitive Christianity and Modem On 6th Mo. 7, 1815, Miers Fi sher, an upper-class Quaker Spiritttalism (New York: G. W. CarletOn & Company, in the Philadelphia area, wrote of hearing of "Rachel Baker Publishers, 1874). H e cites "an accou nt of a case of trance­ the Somnolent preacher of New York," whose work he speaking" from the IV est em Star, August 1872, based on ascribed to "hallu cinations."lo the original account in the Hartford Review, May 17, 1833. In 1834 in Massachusetts there was the case of Jane C. It involves the "Saybrook Girl," aged about 11, who "at Rider, the "Springfield Somnambulist," who not onl y sang certain irregular times, when the impulse is upon her . .. in her sleep, sewed in her sleep, and could read with her breaks out into powerful connected and fini shed exhorta­ eyes closed, identifying cards held before her closed eyes tions, and discourses generally on religious topics." When (shades of the parapsychological experimentation at Duke she comes out of her "fits of srupor," she closes her eyes • James W . Al exa nder, The Li/e 0/ Archibald Alexander, D. D . and commences, but ". ..when the inspiration is gone, she (New York: Charles Scribner, 1854), pp. 101-104. recollects not a word of what she has been saying... "13 o See Rufus M. Jones, The Later Periods 0/ Q1Iakerism (l ondon: Macmillan and Company, ltd., 1921) , J, 92-93, for description of One would have thought that among American Meth­ the psychic element in ea rly Ameri ca n Quakerism, particu larly od ists, whose emotional outbreaks, failings, shoutings, and among the "Public Friends" or Quaker ministers. 10 Diaries 0/ Miers Fisher, Manuscript Collections, Friends His­ " For Spirirualism as a religious cu lt in the United States, see corical library, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsy lvania. Alice Felt T yler, Freedom's Ferment (Minneapoli s: University of 11 "Jane C. Rider, The Springfield Somnambulist," T be People's Minnesota Press, 1944) ; and Charl es S. Braden, These Also Be­ Magazine, 1834, PP. 11-12. H er memoir by Dr. Belden was lieve: A Study 0/ Modem American CIIlts and Minority R eligiofls published by G. and C. Merriam, but I have not had an oppor­ Movements (New York, 1949). tunity co examine this book. 1" Crowell, II, 69-70.

14 o sooner was he restOred to the favor of God than he began to preach again in his sleep. But preaching in the posture of a sleeper, with his heavy voice and vehemem manner, injured his health, and his sister used to awaken him when he began to preachYl The minister then describes in detai l a sermon whi ch he personall y heard, based on a biblical text and a hymn which Anderson could not cite next morning when he had awaken­ ed, groaning and looking tired, "like one who had worked hard during the night." At the minisrer's request, who tO ld him that "if he would onl y preac h when he was awake perhaps the l ord wou ld nor require him to preac h in his sleep," he accepted a license to preac h, but unforrunately died during the conference year. One of the most widely publicized sleeping preacher cases in the United States was that of a Presbyterian clerg y­ man of Northern Alabama named C. B. Sanders, known as "X + Y = Z." Constantine Blackmon Sanders (183 1- 1887) was born near H unrsville, Alabama, son of a Georgian father and a Virginian mother. During his trances, which sometimes lasted for weeks, he walked, wrote, spoke, preach­ ed, conversed on religion, wrOte down writings in English and oc her languages, and displayed the gift of "second sight." Many claimed to have been converted by him in his trance state, when his eloquence is said to have moved many to tears.1 5 COlls /all/ine Blarkmon Sa lld(' rs. /h e Sl('('pill g Preach"r 0/ Nor/h A labama. /ro//1 a photograph " /aken w h (, 11 ill The European Backgrou,nd his pecnliar sleep. by C. C. Ciers, N ash ville. T ellll .. While the ultimate background of the Amish sleeping A pril 27. 1876." preacher lies in the almost universal shaman- oracle type of religious leader, the more immediate precedent came in a movemem which broke our among the persecuted French ocher "exercises" were a prominem though not a cenrral Protestants of the Cevennes in Southern France immediately phase of their camp-meetings and revival system, numerous after the revocation of the Edict of Names in 1685. Known cases of sleeping preacherism would have been reported. as the "prophet movement," the "French Prophets," or I have acrually found only one case additional to the Oren­ eventuall y as the "Camisards," they spread their new gospel dorf case cited above, that of Gilbert Anderson of Wilson, of direct inspiration by missionary effort to England in New York. There is a description of his work by the 1706; and to Switzerland and \'Q est Germany in 1716 where Reverend William D . Buck of the Genesee Conference of rh ey tOok the name "Truly Inspired" (Wahre Inspi1·i1·ten); the Methodist Episcopal Church, who met Anderson while and fi nall y to Scandinavia.1 6 serving the l ewistOn Circuit in New York State in 1837. What type of phenomenon was involved in the early Anderson had moved from Vermonr to Wilso n, where, it stages of the movement? The 19th Cemury histOrian appears, he was re-converted in 1837 in a winter revival Baird describes the preaching as follows: meeting held by Buck and became the "class-leader" of the Respecting the physical manifestations, there is little discrepancy between the accounrs of friend and converts. Buck has left this description of Anderson's foe. The persons affected were men and women, the trance-preaching, based on materials furnished by Ander­ old and the young. Very many were children, boys son's sister: and g irls of nine or ten years of age. They were H e used to preach every night in his sleep! People sprung from the people - their enemies said, from the from all parts, within twenty miles, came and crowded to the house hear him preach in his sleep. Many were 11 F. W . Conable, H istory 0/ the Genesee Annllal Conference awakened under his sermons, who soon gave their 0/ the MethodISt EpIscopal Church (N ew York' N elson & Phillips heartS to God. After preaching he usually held a class­ 1876), pp. 423·426. . , meeting, which he led in his sleep. H e always had " G. W. Mitchell , X + y =Z; or The Sleeping Preacher 0/ North Alabama. Containing an Account 0/ lHost W onder/Ill M ys· something appropriate to say to each one speaking. tenoltS M ental Phenomena, Fl~lly Attthenticated by Living Wit· For the purpose of testing him some would advance nesses (New. York: W . C. Smah, 11) 1876), 202pp. Reissued by an erroneous sentiment, but he always refuted it, and rh ~o Unl ve rSlfY of Alabama Press (Tuscaloosa, 1937). For a bflef I11troducflon to th e movement, see Bertha M . H . left not a vestige of the error unscathed. God spoke Shambaugh, "Amana Society," Encyclopedia 0/ R eligion and through the sleeper as though he were awake, and his Ethics, r,. 358-3.69 ; also "Inspirationsgemeinden," D ie R eligion class-meetings were times of refreshing. 'And,' said m Geschlchte lind Gegenwart, III, 782-783 ; and John M'Clintock his sister, 'some of the happiest class-meetings I ever and James trong, Cyclopaedia 0/ Biblical T heological and Ec­ clesiastical Literattlre, "Camisa rds," II, 55; "French Prophets" attended were led by Gilbert while he was asleep.' 1If, 661-662 ; and "Inspired," IV, 616-6 17. For the most co~­ Moving from Vermont into the neighborhood where plete history .of [he m ov~me nt, see Max Goebel, "Geschi chte der I met him, there being no meeting there, and no wahren Insplraflonsgemelnden von 1688-1854" Zeitschri/t /iir Christian society, he wandered from God,- and ceased historische T heologie, XXI (1854), XXII (1855), XXV (1857) ; also Max Goebel, Geschlchte des chmtL!chen Lebens in der rhein· to preach in his sleep. But in our glori'ous revival he ISch·westphfillSchen evangelischell Kirche, ed. Theodor Link III came Out bright and clear in the grace of God, and (Cobl enz, 1860), "Johann Friedrich Rock (1 687-1749) und die was a gifted and efficient leader of the new class. Inspirirten (1714-185 7) ," pp. 126-165.

15 dregs of the people - ignorant and uncultured; for the most part unable to read or write, and speaking in THE every-day life the patois of the province with which alone they were conversant. Such persons would suddenly fall backward, and, while extended at full length on the ground, undergo strange and apparentl y involuntary contOrtions; their chests would seem to ov heave, their stOmachs to inflate. On coming gradually out of this condit~on, they appeared instantly to re­ gain the power of speech. Beginning often in a ISAAC CHILD· voice interrupted by sobs, they soon poured forth a tOrrent of words - cries for mercy, call s to repentance, WITH exhortations to the bystand ers to cease frequenting the mass, denunciations of the cburcb of Rome, prophecies EXPLANATORY NOTES, of coming judgment. From the mouths of those that From another hand. were li ttle more than babes came texts of Scripture, and discourses in good and intelligible French, such as they never used in their conscious hours. When tbe trance ceased, tbey declared that tbey remembered TO willen IS P1!EI'1XED, nothing of what had occurred, or of what they had said. In rare cases they retained a genera l and vague A BIOGRAPHIOAL SKETOH

impression, but notbing more. There was no appear­ OF ance of deceit or collu sion, and no indication that in uttering their predictions respecting coming events tbey had any tbougbt of prudence, or doubts as to the truth of what they foretOld17 Obviously tbey and their auditOrs thought they were in­ spired by the H oly Spirit. This rise of "prophecy" quick­ PDIL.!JDELPDI.II , ened the religious li fe, Baird continues, and since the }'t:IlLL~nED AND SoLD BY ] o n:« SHIMONS, churches had been des troyed and Protes tantism officiall y S. W. corner of Third 8< Tammany streets. forbidden, they worshiped in the woods, in secret. Before i8.t6. the actual outbreak of prophetism, tbere were in the area many reported cases of hearing "songs and voices . .. in the Isa(lC' Child (7734-1769) of Pillms/ead, BLicks Count)', air," generall y around 8 or 9 in the evening. These "voices C' xpC' riell(' C'd (In extraordinarv v ision in his harvest in the air" were heard near the demolished churches, and fi eld in I7S7- Lt'hich sOl11e Pe'nnsyh'ania/1 s illterprC' /ecl the astO nish d aud itOrs recog nized the singing of the Re­ (IS a prediction of th C' R evolulivlI. Early A m('ricall formed version of the psalms, although "rarely could the Qlw/rC' ri:;m f/(fd a highlv d eveloped psychic sidC' which Sl)('('i(l li:::;e d in sll ch phenomcl1a. words be caught." This was called "the singing of angels." This appears to have been the prelude to the outbreak of "prophecy" inspiration among the people, which came in the yea r 16881 8 The American colonies were influenced by tbe Inspired Another description g ives us added detail s: Movement from several directions. One of the leaders of the English "French Prop hers" secr, formed in England by They remained a while in trances, and, corning Out of them, declared that they saw the heavens open, the the Camisards in 1706, was Samuel Keimer. He later be­ angels, paradise, and hell. Those who were just on came a Quaker, and wrote a curious tracr, A Brand matched the point of receiving the spirit of propbecy, dropped j-ronz the Bzt'Y1Zing, which professes to give an account of down, not only in the assemblies, but in the field s, and the French Prophets "by one of themselves." H e came to in their own houses, crying Out Meny. America, where he was one of Philadelphia's earliest print­ The hills resou nded wirh their loud cries for mercy, ers.21 and with impreca rions against the priests, the pope, Another indirect influence of the French Prophet sect and his anti-C1uistian dominion, with predictions of of the British Isles on American culture was the Shaker the approac hing fall of popery.In Movement, brought to rhe colonies in rhe 1770's. The In Germany the Prophets mingled with groups of Separa­ communitarian settl ements of Shakers, diffused widely from tists and established congregations in various places. Among N ew England to Kentucky, believed in direct inspiration, rhe early leaders were Eberhard Ludwig Gruber (1665 - and influenced in turn the larer Spiritualist Movement. 1728) at Himbach near H anan, A. Gross at Frankfurt, J. H ochmann von H ohenall had influenced the Schwarz­ F. Rock, a saddler ar Himbach, and the Separati st Ernst enau Pietists, among them the nucleus of the Church of the ChristOp h H ochmann von H ohenau (1670-1 721) at Brethren, which would be so important a contingent among 2o Schwarzenau. the Pennsylvania Germans.22 Gruber's son Johann Adam emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1722, bringing a number of 17 H enry M. Baird, The Hllguenots and the Revocati01I 0/ the former members of the sect, among them Gleim, Mackinet Edict 0/ Nantes (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895), 1I , 186- 187. and other Separatists. They setried in Germantown, Penn- ,. Op. cit., II, 179- 184. 10 M 'Clintock and trong, op. cit. , "Camisards," II, 55. "' For the cu rious ca ree r of Samuel Keimer ( 1688-ca. 17 39), !.'O In addition to the standard wo rks by Goebel (d. note 16, see Dictionary 0/ American Biography, X, 288-289; see also the supra), there has recently appeared a valuable description of th e accou nt of Keimer in Franklin's Autobiography. "invasion" of the Inspirirren into the Zweibrucken area of the "" For Hochmann von I-Iochenau's influence n the Pennsylvania Palatinate in 17 16, Walter Koch, "Der Pi eti smus im H erzogtum Brethren, see Donald F. D urnbaugh, European Origins 0/ the Pfalz-Zweibrucken in der ersten Hiilfte des 18. Jahrhunderts," Brethren: A So/t/'ce Book 011 the Beginnings 0/ the Church 0/ Blatter /iir P/iilzische Kirchellgeschichte It11d Religiose Volksklmrle, the Brethren in the Early Eighteenth Century (Elgin, Illinois, XXXIV (1967), 1-1 59. ~" 1958).

16 sylvania's first center of Pietist sectarianism, where some short, it was a good sermon in the old Lutheran style. became Brethren and others later Moravians. 23 It was not at all intolerant but had rather some pasroral With the dying out of the direct inspiration in the 18th wisdom. From the point of view of dogma it seemed Century, the movement settled down ro sectarian existence. fully orthodox, as far as I could judge, and from my In Max W eber's terminology, the immediate charisma of age I had rather developed religious conceptions. the original prophets was routinized into church office and Her work begun at the age of nine, with a vision call in printed cripture. A flurry of activity under Michael wh ich "the Lamb" gave her a great book written in golden Krauserr and others in Wi.irrtemberg in 1816 led ro the letters, and ordered her ro preac h "the gospel of peace." em igration of a group of Inspired in 1842, settling fir st at In the next sixty years she preached some 20,000 sermons. the communal settlement called Ebenezer near Buffa lo The earl y hour of 5 a. m., which was throughout her li fe­ from whence they migrated ro Canada and' some in 1854 time Karolina Utriainen's daily hour for preaching, was to Iowa Cou nty, Iowa, where they are still operating then the "ordinary time of morning prayer in pious rural as the Amana Community.24 families." In beginning her trance-sermon her cusrom was V 011;io's Analysis of Scandinavian Trance-Preaching ro moisten the fin gers of her right hand with her lips and The strangest of all outbreaks of sleeping preacher ism with that hand ro make symbolically "a grea t arc jus t as if is reporred from Scandinavia in the 18th and 19th Centuries. she were turning a page in a very large book." Then she The most important treatise on the movement thus far began ro speak, "in a voice loud enough ro fill a medium­ ro appear is based on two Finnish doCtoral dissertations sized church." The book symbolism continued until 1913 one in psychology and the other in theology, by Aarni when she had a premonirory vision "that only fourteen Voipio. 25 Part I gives detailed analysis of six sleeping leaves were left in her sermon book." One morning, soon preachers: Karolina Utriainen (1843-1 929), Helena Kont­ after that vision, "ro the great regret of Karolina herself tinen (1871-1916), Saara Malinen (1861-1923), Mama as well as her numerous faithful friends," "the expected ~ asa n e n (1897-1 9%), Hilda Hotti (born 1879), and Maria phys ical and mental signs did not appear, and her preaching Akerblom (born 1898). All of these "peasant ecstatics," came ro an end." Some of her sermons were based on the or "preac hers in sleep," as Dr. Voipio calls them, he knew Lutheran Sunday gospels readings, and follow the form of personally and over relatively long periods of time. Lurheran sermon collections, although there is no evidence of plagiarism. The movement hisrorically reached Scandinavia with the Voipio's analytic section, Part II, deals with the hisrory 18th and 19th Century "revivals" involving the Inspired of the movement, citing some sporadic examples from Movement, German Pietism, and Moravianism. In some Germany in the 16th and 17th Centuries in volving child cases the outbreaks of peasant ecstaticism reached epidemic preachers. H e cites fwO additional American examples, proportions; in Finland in the 1770's one parish had 87 one from Justinus Kerner's Magikon, I-V (Stuttgarc, 1840- sleeping preachers. In 1841-1 844 there was an epidemic 1853), of an American lady who "was said to preach in of "Crying Voices" in Smaland, South Sweden, where sleep and perform the whole Presbyterian service, from thousands of ecstatics during the time of revival, "cried" hymns ro the benediction," and another of a German and sang on their beds. The clergy in their attempt ro emigrant's wife in South Brazil in the years 1872-1874, stOp the outbreaks, called it the "preaching-disease," had depicted in a novel by the Jesu it Ambros Schupp entitled the "preachers" arrested and compelled them ro medical Die Mucker (Paderborn, 1918). treatment; the listeners (congregations) were fin ed. Voipio describes the first sleeping preacher he heard, in Voipio's approach ro the movement is psychological. The 1906, in a community in South Finland where his family "spiritualist" explanation, that the preachers are med iums used ro spend summer vacations. for the voices of deceased preachers, he rejects. Is it simply A famous preacher-in-sleep, the only one known mimetic, "a gramophone-like rotation of previ ously heard there at that time, was ro speak in a farm-house in the sermons"? This he also rejects, for no actual plagiarisms vicinity at 5 a.m. In spite of the unusual hour the have been found, and nearly all the sermons "have the service was well attended. I had ro remain in the d.istinctive marks of extemporized addresses". Is it onl y doorway, and was afforded only brief glimpses of the Simulation) This theory may be valid in some cases ro old peasant woman who was the speaker. She lay, some extent, although there are others where it is not valid. fully dressed, on a bed, and gave a real sermon with -:: sep.arate chapter (X) . deals with "the hyp notic analogy." all the mannerisms of a professional clergyman. It was somewhat old-fashioned, but very impressive. H er . All silent or Involuntarily expressed wishes from the group voice was firm, but feminine. In whl ~ h a ~ ecstatic preacher is working are of apparent She spoke in her sleep, that is, she fell asleep before sugge~ tiv e slgn.lficance for his performances and his develop­ beginning to preach, and when she awoke after her ment. But In the case of the ecstatic, autosuggestion sermon she did not remember anything of what had rather than heterosuggestion is the predominant facror. passed. What she said had the character of an im­ But this is onl y a partial solution. provised but very consistent and edifying address. In Chapter XI. deals with "the hysterical background." Why does suggestion affect these particular persons? What '" For Gruber in Pennsylvania, see (he highl y important article explains their suggestibility? H ysteria appears to be the by Donald F. D urnbaugh, "Johann Adam Gruber: Pennsylvania­ German Prophet and Poe t," The PellllSylvania Magazine of History best scientific explanation of this as of the religious geniuses and Biography, LXXXIII:4 (October 1959), 382-408 ; also John of the world. In the hisrorical examples have appeared Joseph Stoudt, Pennsylvania Cerman Poetry, 1685-1830, The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, XX (1955), pp. lxiii, 30- 35. relat.ed facrors-.~ h oc k ,. pers.ecution, exciting mass meetings 21 For the Amana Community, see the 19th Century description (revi vals~, etc. The l.ndlVldual and the society, hereditary In Charles ordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United constitutlon and envlfonmental influences combine as States (New York, 1875), now available in a Schocken Book ediEion with a prefatory essay by Dr. Franklin H . Littell. effic i e ~t c a~ ses and provoke here a solitary preacher, there . ~ ~arni Voipio, Sleeping Prettchers: A Study in Ecstatic Re­ an e ~ld em lc or gro~lP movement of preachers . . . ." lt~t OSt ty (Helsinki, 1951), Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fen­ l eepl~g preac hers, like hysterics in general, play several ~Icae, Series B, Volume 75: I, 86 pp. My description in the foll ow­ Ing paragraphs is drawn entirely from this unique work. of their roles at the sa me time - sleeping and speaking.

17 'The second, or perhaps a third role, is mea nwhile usurping the Church's and the Bible's own framework of preach ­ the preacher and disc harging suggestions on him." H e ing, witness ing, and revelation. The Bible especially comes therefore to the co nclusion that "the suggestibility, stresses the privilege and obligation of witnessing. "In actuall y autosuggestibility, of the preachers is based on many and various ways God spoke of old ro our fathers by psychical co nditi ns ca ll ed hysteria." the prophets" (H ebrews 1: 1). This "golden verse" Dr. The fact that most of the sleeping preachers were women, Voipio calls "the charter of the sleeping prophets." This involves, says Voipio, self-assertion, referring generall y to and other Biblical pas ages suggest an ideal whose attraction Alfred Adler's "mascu line protest" as the common cause "is felt onl y too strongly by the ecstatics." The "calling of hysteria; and specifica ll y to the fact that women were visions" of the ecstatics sometimes bear surprising re­ banned fr om Lutheran pulp its. In addi tion to th e possibil­ semblance ro the biblical "call s." The trance represents ity of the "thirst for attention and power" as motivation for the surrender in the sour s struggle again st witness ing. sleeping-preac herism, in some cases there may also have "There is an incontestabl e ve in of what has been called been present the simulation of disease to escape reali ty. prophetic or personality mysticism in all of our litrle Sexual theori es of motivation are however played dow n. preaching prophets." "But in compariso n with many well-known historical as The comparative study of the trance-preac hing phenome­ well as modern religious sects, hideously ta inted with non is of interest ro the hisrorian of religion, the psychol­ abnormal sexuality, the sleeping preachers, with some ogist of reli gion, the sociologist of religion, and ro the exceptions, constitute a fam il y of saints." folklife sc holar. The Editor will appreciate receiving Yet with all these naturalistic explanations, Voipio feels from our readers add itional examples of trance-preachers strongly that the sleeping preachers were stimulated by from the United States and Canada.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

H enry M . Baird, T he Hllguenots and the R et'ocittioll 0/ the ]. C. M6rikofer, Geschichte der evangelischen Flitchttinge in Edict 0/ Nantes (New York : Charl es Scribner's Sons, 1895), 2 der Schweiz (Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel, 1876), 437 pp.; see volumes. pp. 360-366, for the French Prophets in witze rland. Jaco b Christner, Kauffman's Sermons (Tampico, Illinois: Tornado Julius Fried ri ch Sachse, T he German Sectarians 0/ Pennsylvania, Print, n.d.). 24 pp. First ed ition, 1915; second ed ition, 1948. 1708-1742: A Critical and Legendary History 0/ the Ephrata F. \'fl. Conabl e, History 0/ the Genesee Annllal Conference 0/ Cloister and the Dlmkers (Philadelphia, 1899), 506 pp. the Methodist Episcopal Church (N ew York: N elson & Phillips, William J. Shrock, A T imely l17arninl( Or. The Midnight Cry 1876), 736 pp. from H eaven (Jerome, Michi gan, [l946}), 32 pp. An anthology Eugene Crowell , T he Identity 0/ Primitive Christimlity and of spirit preaching, with the articles of faith of the Sleeping Preach­ Modern Spiritllalism (New York: G. W. Carleton & Company, er Grou p. Publishers, 1874 ), 2 volumes. William]. Shrock. A T imely l17arning or, The Midnight Cr) D onald F. Durnbaugh, "Johann Ad am Gruber: Pennsy lva ni a­ Fr om H eaven (n.p., n.d.). [26} pp. German Prophet and Poe t," T he Pennsylz'ania Magazine 0/ His­ William ]. Shrock. T hird Addition to "A Timel;- 117 aming, or tory and Biography, LXXXlll:4 (October ,1959), 382-408. The M id1~igh t Cry From Heaven" (n.p., n.d.) . 32 pp. "Edi to rial on Bro[ther}. Noah T royer," Herald 0/ Truth, Jan­ Bertha M. H . Shambaugh, "Amana Society," Encyclopedia of uary, 1880. Religion and Ethics, 1, 358-369. Melvin Gingeri ch, The M e111101lites in Iowa (Iowa City, Iowa: A Sketch 0/ the Wonders in These Last Days (n.p.,n.d. ). 4 pp. The State Historica l Society of Iowa, 1939), 419pp. Jess Stea rn , Edgar Cayce-The Sleeping Prophet (New York : Melvin Gingerich, "Reminisce nces of Noah Troyer, Trance Doubleday and Company, 1967) . Preacher: Speaks for Three H ou rs While in Trance at Joseph John Joseph Stoudt, Pennsylvania German Poetr)', 1685 -1830, Mast H ome in 1879," The lY/ ayland News, W ayland, Iowa, The Pennsy lvania German Folklore Sociery, XX (1955) , 274 pp. XXXV:14, April 2l, 193 1. [Stutzman}. T he R evelation 0/ Barbara Stutzman, D eceased T o Melvin Gingeri ch, "Sleeping Preacher Churches," The Mennonite All Mankind (n.p., n.d.). 4 pp. Enc),ctopedia, IV, 543-544. Max Goebel, "Geschic hte der wa hren Inspiratil nsgemeinden Thomas Sugrue, T here is a River: The Story 0/ Edgar Cayce, vo n 1688-1854," Zeitschri/t /iit historische Theologie, XXI (1854), rev. ed . (N ew York: H enry H olt, 1957), originally published 1945. XXII (1855), XXV (1857). [Troyer}. Predigten., vorgetragen durch Noah T royer, ein Gtied Max Goebel, Geschichte ,des christlichen Lebem i1t dey 1'I?ein­ der Amisc!?en Jli fennoniten Gemeinde in l ohnson Co ., Iowa. isch-westphalischen evangelischen Kirche, ed. Theodo r Lin k, III wahrend er i1' einem Stand der Unbew1lSstheit war, nebst einel (Cobl enz, 1860), "Johann Friedrich Rock (1687-1 749) und die k1trzen Beschreib1mg seines Lebens. Uebersetzt aM dem Englischen lnspirirren ( 1714-1 857)," pp. 126-1 65 . dftrch John F. F1Ink. Verbesserte Il11d vermehrte Auf/age. Elkhart, Indiana: Mennonite Publishing Company, 1880. 76 pp. Johann Jakob H amm, D ie Gemeimcha/tsbeweg1mg in der Platz: [Troyer} . Sermons D elivered by Noah Troyer, the Noted Ein Beitrag Z It del' Geschichte des PietismttS (Ei senberg/Pfalz, [1928} ), [37 1} pp. See especially Chapter III, "Der Spenersche Amishman, While in an UnconsciOltS State, l17ith a Brie/ Bio­ graphical Sketch His Li/e (Iowa City, Iowa: Daily Republican Pietismus und die lnspirirten in der Pfalz," pp. 26-104. 0/ "Inspirati onsgemeinden," D ie Religion in Geschichte 1md Job Print, 1879), 40 pp. [Troyer} . Sermons. Delivered by Noah Troyer, A M ember 0/ GegenllJart, JII, 782-781. the Amish Menn011ite Church, 0/ Johnson Co., Iowa, while in an Pius H ostetl er, Li/e, Preaching and Labors 0/ John D. Kauffman: A short sketch 0/ the life, preachil1g and labors 0/ Jolm D. Uncomcio1tS State. Second Book. Containing Six Serm01lS not be/ore Published, together with Several Articles fr om Other l~riters Kauffman (S helby ville, lliinois: Published by Pius H os tetl er, n.d. ), 36 pp. "Written in love and defence of th e truth, February, 1915 . Elkhart, Indiana: Mennonite Publishing Company, 1880), 103 pp. [Troyer}. P" edigten, vorget-ragen durch Noah Troyer, einem P. H os tetl er. " Karl Knorrz, Die wahre Inspiratiomgemeinde i1t Iowa (Leipzig, Gliede der A mischen Mennoniten Gemeinde in Johnson Co ., 1896). Iowa, wahrend er in einem Stande der Unbewusstheit war. Zweites W alter Koch, "D er Pi eti smus im H erzogtum Pfalz-Zweibrucken Buch. Enthaltend sechs noch nie gedmckte P'redigten, n ebst etlichen in der erstcn Halfte des 18. Jahrhunderrs ," Blatter fiiy P/iilzische von A ndern geschriebenen Au/satzen. Uebersetzt a/ts dem Eng­ Kirchengeschichte 1md Religiose V olkskunrie, XXXIV (1967), lischen (Elkhart, Indiana: Mennonite Publishing Company, 1880), 1-159. 120 pp. N. Langley, Edgar Cayce on R eil1carnation (New York: Paper­ Aarni Voipio, Sleeping Preachers: A Study i1t Ecstatic Religiosity back Library Edi ti on, 1967). (Helsinki, 195 1), Annales Academiae Sci entia rum Fennicae, Series B, Volume 75: 1, 86 pp. John M'Clintock and James Strong, Cyclopaedia 0/ Biblical, H arry F. W eber, Centennial H istory 0/ the M ennonites 0/ T heological, and Ecclesiasticat Literatllre, "Cami sa rd s," 1I, 55 ; IUinois, 1829-1929 (Scottdale, Pennsylva nia: Published by the "French Prophets," III, 661-662 ; "Inspired," IV, 616-61 7. Mennonite Historica l Society, Gos hen Coll ege, Goshen, Indiana, G . W. Mitchell , X+Y=Z; or T he Sleeping Preach er 0/ North 1931) ; see index for "The Sl eeping Preacher Group." Alabama. Containing all A CCOlll1 t 0/ Most ilY/ onder/Ill lvlysterioltS Barthinius L. Wick, The A mish Mennonites. A Sketch 0/ their Mel/tat Ph enomena, F"lly Altlhellticated by Living lY/itnesses Origin, and 0/ T heir Settlement in Iowa, W ith Their Creed In an (New York: W. C. Smith, ID 1876) , 202 pp. Reissued by the A ppendix (Iowa City, Iowa: Published by the State Historical Universi ty of Al abama Press (Tuscaloosa, 1937). Soc iety, 1894), 60 pp.

18 The SLEEPING PREACHERS: An Historical Study of the Role of Charisma in Amish Society

By HARRY H. HILLER

lntrodttction appeared because of the intense conviction and identification The restraining nature of Amish society, steeped in tradi­ of the followers to accept the d ivine reality of this phenom­ tional folkways and mores, and enmeshed in the tightly enon. Therefore, the concern of these writers was to present drawn threads of a rigid theocratic belief system, prohibits the sleeping preachers in as favorable a light as possible, to and resists innovation and change. In unique fashion, the establish their credibil ity that they might be undersrood and sleeping preachers enjoin spontaneous creativity with dy­ believed. Almost all of the sources maintain a positive or namic exhortation to suppOrt and maintain this restrictive curious intepretati on of the preachers while very little has hisrorical stance while at the same time introducing threat­ been written in strong opposition to their work. It is evi­ ening and disturbing directives of new revelation. Under dent, nevertheless, through sermons and descriptions, that the guise of divine empowerment, the sleeping preachers the struggle for acceptance even within the Amish commu­ re ndered scintillating sermons to large hosts of people while nity was always a major concern. in an unconscious state. The uniqueness of the phenomena 1. fostered the growth of much publicity and debate as to its A Dcsc ripti\'e Analysis in H iqorical P erspecti\'c au thenticity. Central to any acceptance or rejection was The twO sleeping preachers who form the obj ect of our the priority assigned to the charismatic elements of the per­ study are oah Troyer and John D. Kauffman. Noah sonages that elucidated a particular intepretation. The Troyer preceded Kauffman in date of birth, the commence­ nature of their methodology and message tended to evoke ment of preaching in an unconscious state, and in death. the ascription of prophetic qualities to the preachers for The elements of similarity between the twO are far more some people, while to others they were never really taken striking than minor differences. T royer began hi s "min­ seriously. istry" . in Johnso n County, Iowa, and Kauffman in Elkhart This paper seeks ro formulate all. accurate description of County, Indiana. No biographical information has been the sleeping preachers through histOrical analys is by uniting uncovered as to any contact between the twO of them but fragmented references to their lives and work into a cog­ it is highly likely that Kauffman was quite familiar with nitive whole. The first section of the paper provides the Troyer's message and methodology through word of mouth biographical base from which perspective can be gained for and newspaper accounts, and poss ibl y even through per­ psycho-social analysis. The second section deals with the sonal confrontation for T royer had drawn considerable pub­ role the sleeping preachers assumed in the Amish commu­ lic attention. nity and the status ascribed to them by their peers. A study Noah Troyer of the role of charisma in the light of the theory of Max Early Y ears. N oah Troyer was born on January 10,1831, Weber enables us to understand the genesis of reaction and in H olmes County, Ohio, to typical Amish parents. Few response of the community to them and their message. The details are available as to his early life but it is known that third section cautiously attempts a psychological explanation his education was minimal. Sources point to the fact that of the causation of these unique experiences. Troyer never really was a healthy person for already in his At this point, it is important that the author acknowledge boyhood severe attacks of "sick headaches" and cramps over­ a number of difficulties in interpretation. The conclusion rook him twO or three times per week to the extent of of a published collection of sermons by Noah Troyer con­ unconsciousness. His formative yea rs were marked by tains a statement that the sermons are not exactly presented several moves with his family ; to Knox County, Ohio, in as originally given but have been edited where errors have 1838 at seven yea rs of age, and to Champaign County, Ohio, been found. It is stated that some Biblical concepts and in 1847 at sixteen years of age. \'(i'hen Troyer was 26, he details were incorrect, misused, or possibly even not in married Fannie Mast of H olmes County on March 19, 1857. harmony with the gospel, and therefore have been corrected Several frequent changes of residence of short duration or deleted. To what extent such editing misleads our followed. In 1862, he moved to l aGrange County, Indiana, analysis we cannot say. The attempt has been made, but stayed only one year before moving to St. Joseph's though, to cross-reference sources ro achieve a reasonable County in Michigan in 1863 where he and his family re­ accuracy. The premise on which this study stands is that mained four and one-half yea rs. At the age of 36, Troyer even though many details are unclear or contradicrory, the was still not settl ed and returned to LaGrange County, Indi­ over-all message and methodology of the sleepi ng preachers ana, in 1867. A brother-in-law of N oah Troyer, John P. can be lucidly extracted. It is significant to note as well Kinig, wrote that on N ovember 15, 1874, N oah and his that most of the eye-witness sources that are available have wife Veronica united with the church in l aGrange County

19 as a member in good stand ing. An histOr ical vacuum ex­ and contained variati on from time to time. It is important ists here as to whether Troyer possibly remarried for the to note that the attacks occurred regardless of particular lo­ evidence is not clear. Since no further clues can be ex­ cation or who was there. Ie did not matter if Troyer was at tracted from the sources and since Kinig, a brother-in-law, home or away or whether strangers were present. The only uses the appellation Veronica in the same source that a requisite was that someone watch him once the attack biography appears mentioning his marriage to Fannie Mast, occurred for he would not be in control of his rational there is a good poss ibility that both names were used to faculties or motOr impulses. The sequence of the entire indicate the same person. '*' On the other side of the ledger process ca n be explicated. is the question as to why T royer and his wife united with 1. In the late afternoon, after a regular day's work, the church in LaGrange County at such a late date after cramps began to overtake Troyer about three or four o'clock, having resided there for six and one-half years. A remar­ and he became sick and started to bloat. Convulsions riage may have provided the occasion for a membership ceremonial at this particular point. Troyer is sa id to have had a family of six children born to him by Fannie Mast. In 1875, Noah Troyer transferred his residence for the final time to a permanent settl ement on a farm in Johnson 3'~~ . ~-<- v=::=a; ~ ~ . -B'V- - - County, Iowa. H e purchased 160 acres in Sharon T ownsh ip and was an adequate farmer. His stOck, crops, fences, and machinery were always in good order and he was relatively prosperous. As a man, his dealings with other people were acknowledged as fair by the community and he appeared to I.~ig~!en, be "sociable and accommodating". Even though afflicted with phys ical difficulties, his prosperous farm attested to his ability and eagerness to work. t~'¥... """",,, ,,,. Health. T o what extend Troyer suffered from infir­ mities or repeated convulsions before his preaching days is . t ~ ~((tt~ ~1t'~aj~1r~ not known. The negative nacure of his health is somehow evident in any references to his physical status as a person ein @lieb ller mmildlen 9.Jlennoniten @emeinbe in ~obnfoll ~o., in general. His height and build was that of a medium­ ~oroa, roabrenb er in eincm iStanb ller Unberou\JtQeit roar, sized man. In March of 1876, he became ill for several days and exhibited marked signs of nervousness. Mrs. Troyer was alarmed when one night he talked at length in his sleep. Little was openl y sa id , except to a few neighbors, bur when she confronted oah with what happened, he would not believe her. Somewhat later in the spring he had an­ other attack which was not quite as severe and he also talked Ue~trid)t Qu8 oem ~nll(jidJen for a short while. Nothing unusual occurred following this for about one year. Then the sick spells returned, at first bu,~ at light and irregular intervals. Coupled with the cramping and bloating of his stOmach, he began to resume talking as the attacks became more severe and regular. By mid-April, 1878, severe attacks would occur every evening, unless he \lJerb,(fcr/, IInb ."n"~t!. ~tu!I.B" had been sick throughour the day, and thus a routine had been faidy well establi shed. Troyer's career as a sleeping preacher began in 1878 ELKHAItT, IND. while he was attendi ng an Amish meeting. T his was at the age of 47. While attending the service, Troyer was stricken with his regular attack and talked at some length in an un­ conscious state. Word rapidly disseminated throughour Th e fi rsl I'ollllll e of .YO(l" T roy(> r's SerIllOIlS. p"blis" (> c/ the community and curious people began to congregate in b ,' th e illellnolliles. 1{'(l S lr(lllsl(/l ec! by johll F'. fllllk. anticipation of this unique exp erience. The June 13, 1878, Jlj el1n ollil e pllblisher ()f I,idi(/II(/. (I ' IIl1lire Pelllls),l. issue of the l o-wa CitJI Republican was the turning point, V(I 11111 II . though, for a reporter wrote a column concerning the sleep­ ing preacher that caused widespread interest. A full de­ scription of Troyer's methodology was provided and from would foll ow as things got worse until he was in an un· this point on, hundreds of people came from great dis­ conscious state. Often, he then slept for an hour or so, tances to see and hear him. Though many came as curious though his limbs would show spas modic involuntary motion observers, it was inevitable that there were to emerge some as they became rigid and stiff. to dedicated disciples or beli eving adherents to his message. 2. From this unconscious state he would begin talk MethodologJI. A definite pattern or sequence of the very slowly. Sometimes he sat up in bed first, bur whether attacks and preaching can be determined from the numerous lying down or sitting up, his arms would be outstretched descriptions collected. This pattern was not rigidly followed straight up in the air "as if in supplication". His general practice would be to urter some type of exhortation in *"Fannie" is histori ca ll y a common substirute for the more this position, at times for as long as ten or fifteen minures. formal, old-fashioned, and Europea n name "Veronica" among 3. T royer would then kneel in prayer on the floor. The Mennonites and other groups of Pennsylvania Dutch extraction. -EDITOR, prayer was usually brief bur fervent, and in English, al·

20 though, on occasion, ir lasted ten ro fifteen minutes. The of water. Through trial and error, Mrs. Troyer learned depth and sincerity of these prayers asroni shed the hea rers. that whenever her husband broke into a strange language The prayers varied in conrenr and usuall y stressed the co n­ rh at no one unders rood, a glass of water would usually rrast between the mercy and might of God as opposed ro the cease this babbling. Some of these strange phrases were weakness of men, parricularl y of him who was pray ing. An "Walla sea Mattralama," "W allasema jVallasema," " LValla unusual persistenr petition was a prayer for the sick. Men­ sea Trellama." Troyer talked very rapidly and loud while rion also was usually made of concern for sinners and min­ preach ing and never perspired or seemed ro be exhausted. isters. Many times Troyer prayed for people in attendance The frequency of this preaching follows no distinct pat­ he had not greeted before ass uming the unco nscious state. tern. At fir st, he spoke in this unconscious condition This prayer was routinely concluded with the Lord's Prayer. every night and then the general opinion was that he aver­ An interesred German dOCtor once stuck a needle inro his aged four times per week. A table of the frequency and length of his sermons were kept by his family during the year 1879.1 Early in that year, four times per week is fairly accurate but by the fall of the year, Troyer increased the occas ions for his preaching. From mid- ovember ro December 9, Troyer preached 26 days in a row and at no ~€C ~ ·<>--+-+<-~, .. o~ . _ . _., ____ occas ion less than tWO full hours. Usuall y, however, his sermons lasted from one ro three and one-half hours, and while he spoke the earlier bloating and sickness appeared ro leave him. 5. Before kneeling in a fin al prayer, Troyer would ask f.~_~cn, all ministers present ro testify in German or English as ro the truth of the gospel he preached. It was ev ident that f+¥... '''.,.,.'' .". this was an attempt ro establish credibility with the listen­ ers. Often at this time Troyer would also announce when ;( mlD~U; ~trlOa,tr, he would speak again. "I will be before you Sabbath night -I can see that far." No evidence is given ro indicate einem (!jliebe bet \llmifd)en !mennoniten

~ntQalten'o fed)a nod) nie gebrudte jpreblgten, neb~ eHilf1en a couch. The congregation would usually be si nging a von Wnbern geflf1riebenen \llufiii~en. hymn he suggested or left up ro them ro determine, bur while they were singing, he would hold up his hand. H e would remain in this rigid helpless condition though periodic convulsions would overrake him for awhile until Uc&etfcCit au~ 'oem 6!nglifd)cn. he rested comforrably. Then he would sleep until morn­ ing, being unconscious approximately eleven Out of twenty-four hours. His wife reporred that during one year he only slept twice in his own bed. Charisma and Credibilit') ,. The gestures, freedom, and ELKHART IN D. MENNONITE PUBLISHING COMPANY. dynamic of Troyer's oration was apparenrly something ro 1880. behold. H is voice conveyed aurhority and it was often that his hearers testified of being moved to rears or to great conviction. A correspondenr of the Cincinnati Times, himself a native of Vistula, Indiana, g ives this wirness ro Troyer's preaching on November 20, 1879, "Whatever Th e> S('('ond Book of Troye> r's S('rmOTls. may be said for or againsr this new departure in preach­ ing the gospel, the fact remains that Troyer is doing a good work. He has already converted many of the hardest cases who only came ro scoff ar religion in general and the leg one and one-half inches while he was praying and Noah 'sleeping preacher' in parricular. No one can hear him did not flinch, and he could not understand a soreness there and remain unmoved, and whoever hears him once is the next day. eager ro hear him again."2 4. Troyer would usuall y require assistance ro stand up Since these attacks usually began at home, the preaching in an erect position and then he would begin ro preach. also was conducted there. Large numbers of people gath­ From the genesis of the unconscious state ro the conclusion, ered in the home and when the house was packed, bleacher­ his eyes were always closed. Thus, attendants had ro keep type seats were constructed Outside the windows. Particu­ at he might nor rouch the hot srove, close watch on him th larly on Sundays, p ople already began ro congregate at kerosene lamps, or fall over things. Even though his back­ noon to be sure of getting in. Records indicate that an ground, education, and religious training was in German, he usually began speaking in English. In 1879, Troyer 'Noah Troyer, Sermons, Book 2 (Elkhart, Indiana: Mennonite began using English and German interchangeably. The PublishIng Company, 1880, pp: 91-92. 'This article is found incorporated i~ N oah Troyer, Sermons, fWO languages were usually separated by a prayer or drink Book 1 (Iowa CIty, Iowa: DaIly Republica n Job Prine, 1879).

21 arrendance of fifry in rhe home was nor unusual. As his fame increased, ir W8.S sa id rh ar "rhe houses could nor have conrained one-half of rhem". Somerime in 1879 while in Indiana, Troyer was persuaded ro go ro a meering-house where everyone mig hr be accommodared. The onl y con­ dirion he mainrained was rhar rhey carry him rhere if rhey wished him co go, for apparenrly the whole idea was nor SERMONS co his liking. They rook a lounging chair along for him co li e on and afrer he preached someone srayed wirh him Delivered by rhrough rhe nig hr ar rhe meering- house where he followed rhe same procedure as ar home. Crowds conrinued co increase and reports indicate rillr up co 900-1000 were NOAH TROYER, present. Good order was usuall y kepr excepr when the crowds became roo large. The nature of the sources available make it obvious rhar A Member of tbe Amish Mennonite Chll1'ch, of Johnson 00_, rhere were borh posirive and negative interpretations of Iowa, while in an Unconscious l:)t:lle. his preaching. \Vhile ir is srated openly and implied that Troyer was accused of fraud and deceir, ir appears rhar some of hi s grearesr supporrers were his closest fri ends and rela­ - , .~ .. - tives. Ar the beg inning of Troyer's flr sr book of sermons, a testimony of six Amish citize ns of Johnson County, Iowa, SECOND BOOIe. indicates rhe need co verify rhe trurh of rhis phenomenon and rhe facr rhar Troyer was really unconscious. Ir is inrer­ esring CO nore rhar rheir resrimony contains no clause as co Containing Six Sermons not before Published, together With wherher Troyer or his message was considered of God or Several Art icles from Other Writers. of any rheological signifi ca nce. The uniqueness of rh e experience lenr irself co widespread rumors which necessi­ rared resrimonials by believers such as, "Troyer in his spiri r ca n see rhings rhe narural eye ca nnor perceive". Seldom, bur on occasion, Troyer also pled his aurhoriry wirh re­ marks like, "r sra nd berween God and man". The%g')'. Ir is nor cl ear as CO how Troyer viewed him­ ELKHART, INDLl.NA. self for he always claimed rhar he had no recollecrion of MENNONITE PUBLISHING COMPANY. whar had rranspired while he was unconscious. However, 1880. rhere seems co be no doubr rhar he considered himself a divine messenger. \Vherher rhe Spirir of God had enrered into him, as his foll owers claimed, or wherher he was purely TrO\'('r 's S('rl1l()ns /{ '(' r (' pllblish(' d in b()I" excolling a Biblical message rhar was on his heart in purely I~ n ,!.{lish a/ld C (' ,.,//1111. H I' IIs('d bOI II irlllgIHlg('S. human fashion is a moor quesrion. The cenrral facr re­ mains rhar Troye r considered himself empowered co speak by God. His prime !hrusr was aimed ar repentance before rhe forthcoming end, judgment, fire and brimsrone. His orrah, rhe crearion, the Good hepherd, Abraham's sacrifice propheric rask and continual emphasis is contained in of Isaac, Lazarus, the cross event, Jonah and rhe whale, and rhis oft-repeared phrase, "I musr warn yo u rhar rhe rime baprism. Interestingly enough, Troyer's second most im­ will come when rhe door will be shur and you w ill be cut portant theme ro repentence was love. H e preached off ". oah was rhe key analogical reference Troyer used, against divisions and denominari ons, arguments about the for as in rhe days of Noah, man has been g ive n 120 years mode of baprism, fussing and quarrelling in the church, co repenr because rhe people of roday are as evil as before and the easy way of earthly riches. Troyer also revealed rhe flood. Troyer often paraphrased Bible verses bur sel­ rhings rhe Bible did not say as why Moses had ro tap the dom srared where rhey were found. H e preached rhe whole rock rwice, how the blood of Chrisr fl owed down his legs Bible in every sermon, from rhe accounr of crear ion co rhe ang baprized rhe posrs of the cross, and how Michael and end of R evelarion, conrinuall y jumping back and forth rhe angels fought against rhe dragon in a war in heaven. from sco ry co srory wirh lireral applicarions. For instance, Generall y, rhough, Noah Troyer's theology was tradition­ man was likened ro rhe colr rhar was ri ed co rhe p osr (rhe ally correcr even if details and srories were twisted or colr on which Jesus was ro make his triumphal entry inro supplemented. The pin-pointed question found consis­ Jerusalem) which represented man's si ns, and as Jesus sent renrly several rimes in every sermon was, "D ear friend, rhe disciples ro ger rhe colr loose so we need someone ro where do you srand?" . All rheological and Biblical ma­ unloose us from rhe shackles of sin (our posr) . rerial was gathered around rhis thrust. Though Troyer ofren began hi s sermon wirh a rexr some­ Deal h. Afrer eight years of preaching, Troyer met his where near rhe beginning of hi s orarion, he wandered aim­ dearh accidenrly while on his own farm. A gang of car­ lessly in his rhought. Repenrance, rhough, was definirely penters were presenr ro build a home for his son and clear, and rhe realiry of heaven and hell and rhe devil, as strangely, Troyer rook a gun ro shoor a chicken for dinner. well as rhe uncertainry abour romorrow were key conceprs. Apparenrly the musker exploded and the firing pin hit The graphic image of rhe broad and narrow road lenr ir­ him in the eye and wenr through ro his brain. Thus, ar self ro repeared reference. His favorire Bible srories cen­ rhe age of SS in 1886, Noah Troyer ended a colorful bur rered around Noah, Lor's wife, wicked Sodom and Gom- dynamic career as a unique preacher.

22 Jo/m D. KauDmall began a prolonged period of great pain and discomfort Life and Health. John D . Kauffman was born on July for in being confined ro his bed, he de\'eloped bed sores. 7, 1847, in Logan Coumy, Ohio. At a you ng age, he moved, \'(fhen he would lie do\yn, Kauffman gOt ctamps in his with his parems, ro Elkharr Coumy, Indiana, where he limbs and often screamed for pain so that he only slept became a member of an Ami h Mennonite church. Records five minutes per night. Prior ro the gangrene problem, do not indicate when he was married ro ara Sturzman or he spoke regularly in spite of the paralysis, bur in his final how many children were born of that union. Prior ro the days, unconscious pre3.ching ;: lmo r completely subsided. death of oah Troyer, Kauffman began preaching in an One testimony confirms that in the fina l year of Kauf[ m3.n 's unconscious state in June of 1880. Evidence: shows that life when pain became \' ry severe, the church fasted and Troye r had been ro Elkhan Coumy ro visit his relatives prayed for him and he indicated that he felt some relief. late in the previous year and while he was there had H e inrerprercd his suffering in manyr fashion claiming rh at preached in his usual method ro large crowds. Some type he was suffering for the church and it appeared that this of comacr between Kauffman and Troye r is then probable. drew hi congregation rogether and as one person wit­ It was also publicly recognized that Kauffman was nor a nessed, "As we th in k of his suffering from time ro time, p:micularly hea lthy person as suggested by th is statemenr­ it gives us more boldness ro stand up for his work for God". "Perhaps some are weaker than others and he may have On Ocrober 22,1913, Kauffman died at helbyville, Illinois, been one of the weaker ones." Repon edly, Kauffman used at the age of 66 years, three monrhs, and fifteen days, pre­ both alcohol and robacco at the advice of his docror for sumably as a result of the gangrene infecrion. his health's sake. Soon after he began ro preach, a stroke Methodology. The sequence of procedure was almost of paralys is alfecred the left side of his face so that it be­ identical \v ith tlllt of Troyer. The attack began with a came dry and numb and hindered his speech and sig ht. feel ing of sicknes s and co nvu lsions. K auffman then lay The alcohol was used as a stimulanr ro soften his face and down and hi s body and limbs became perfec rl y stiff. His made his talk plainer. To get the best results, Kauffman hands were generall y clenched tig htl y for approximately had ro use enough so that it affecred his mind as well as fifteen m inutes, and time elapsed while he rested. During his body. \X!hen he found that alcohol was roo strong, he this time it seemed ro the witnesses that his spirit left sw itched ro beer. His followers indicate that he tried ro him and the Spirit of God entered inro his body. During be temperate bur admit that he did consume roo much at the singing of a hymn, he lifted hi s hands straig ht up in times. It was also claimed th3.t he used ro bacco for health the air, with his fin gers outstretched, while three hym ns reasons, and because he advised young people against using were sung which lasted three quarters of an hour or more. it, he later quit himself. K auffman was affi icred with The stamina involved in this feat amazed the people. In erysipelas so that his face became swollen fiv e differenr low rones, Kauffman would then pray and conclude with rimes in his life. In 1912, gangrene set in his foar due to the Lord's Prayer. H is attendants would help him ro his an infecrion in his roe. The roe was taken off bur the feet at this poi nt and still with arms extended, he would wound did nor heal. The orher roes then turned black and spea k loudly. The introducrory words were almost always, were amputated so that only a stub foot remain ed. This "I hear thy voice," which he repeated several times. \''

W illi(f lll J. Sh nw/'- of .I ero III 1' . •1I ich i /!lI l1 . (III (Id­ Europe bur he refused. The sources indicate great difficul­ h er elll of Ih e , l l'l'l lill f£ l'rl'(l('h er (;rollli II",OII /! ty in putting his dynamic delivery down on paper for it Ih" I",ish . IlIIs III/blis h I'd 1111 (f llllllli op' of was very charismatic and alone commanded authority. One I r(f ' II'('-l l r e(1(' hi" 1£. testimony reflected the attitude of many people. "]u t as

23 we do nOt understand all the Scriptures, so li kewise we As with Troyer, it is obvious that Kauffman tOO had do not claim to understand all about this man and his the warmest of friends as well as the bitterest of enemies. wonderful preaching." At one point Kauffman claimed Since K au ffm an lived much longer as a sleeping preacher, to be the angel Gabriel. umerous ministers witnessed lines of opposition became more entrenched and persecu­ to the fact that he did preach the Word of God for "If tion was inev itable. Kauffman likened himself to the this were a fa lse or deceiving teacher, why would he have Apostl e Paul and other martyrs who were cast aside be­ preached the same doctrine as our forefathers, the martyrs, cause they preached the truth. By 1907, general opinion and Menno Simons taught?" or "If God saw fit to send was so negative aga inst the spirit preaching that the local him, what is man that he questions why' Should not man bishop forsook Kauffman and in the fall he and several be afraid of God, to thus question his workings?" other families moved to Shelby Cou nty in Southern Illinois. A strange combination of numbers combined to make His fo llowers from Oregon, Ohio, Michigan, M issouri, an interesti ng pictute of Kauffman's role. H e was born Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Illinois came to this rela­ on the seventh day of the seventh month of the forty­ tively central place to settle with him. There they were seventh yea r. H is followers indicated that in the Bible given an opportunity to buy small tracts of land and a the number seven denotes completeness or fu ll ness. There­ fa ir chance to rent a number of fa rms. Above all, Kauff­ fore, just as Christ came in the fu ll ness of time, so Kauff­ man knew that this was a place where people would nO t man also came in ·the fu llness of time. H e began preach­ go if making money was a priority. Against the warning ing at the age of 33 and preached for a tOta l of 33 years. of Other ministers, Bishop John R .Zook of Lawrence Coun­ The number similarity to the li fe of Christ lent itself to ty, Pennsylvania, came to Shelby for communion and bap­ slcred interpretations. The year in which Kauffman com­ tism and ordained Peter Zimmerman as bishop in Wood­ menced preaching was 1880. Noah was given 120 years fo rd County, Illinois. T he desire for a bishop who was fo r the people to repent before the flood. Since the m is­ still closer gave the people occasion to urge Kauffman to sion of Noah and Kauffman were similar in purpose, the become bishop. Against his will, but at the instruction of 120 year scheme fit evenly into an interpretation for Kauff­ the Spirit, he consented and thus an unordained man be­ man. 120 years from 1880 would be exactly the year 2000, came bishop in the spring of 1911. From this time on, at which time judgment would fa ll upon man. It was he preached only during daylight hours on Sundays and these three combinations of numbers that provided an­ the sources d iffe r as to whether the preaching lacked its Other source of authority for Kauffman. original eff('(vescence. T hough the number of followers

II l11 tl lllllllll llltl llllllllllll tl lllllllllll ltl llllllllllll tl llllllllllll tl lllllIIIIIII Ullllllllllli tlII lI Foreword to the Reader tiou in the old meeting house to serve the Lc abominable modern lunes, "God be with ~ As I did nol h ave tbe opportunity of reading the revelation df Barhara other like tu nes. You s ha ll make man.ifesl Stutzman u ntil Ma r ch 3, A. D. 1935, I thought it migh t be en: our agi ng\ to m y a nd it you do not do so, you shall not die happ in ha ppiness. For all men mus t be sincere. Christian fri ends and fellow t r a velers toward a never-ending eternity to know from your houses, as for instance lhe gaudy stl bo m ething of the outcome, or ending , of the so-called lr3nce preacher, J ohu D. pets are a ll right, as are a lso tbe plain clothes Ka uffman. ,As I ha ve a fair lulowledge of the close of his life a nd labor s, I are idolat.ry and an abomination beU'ore the La bOlle it may prove a benefit to the reader and an honor to the H eavenly Father property. dut men have los t their trust in GO( love and fait'h abates, and injus tice prevails." T h (> d (' lf l hbed prop h (>( 'y nf and our Lord and Saviou r J esus Christ. from whom all gOod and perfect g ifts come. !A II this she told wilh great earnestness t Rlfrbll,." 5 1111 ;:' /IIlf ll _ dlf l (' d admonished he-r own s ister, that s he sh ould pu 1888_ d ('f(,lI d s Ih e 5 l('(' pillf!, thi ng s howy and unbecoming and s uch as mig: fol/o lr- have tbought that you read more than 1. And To All Mankind to him, saying: "Ever ything is shown to me :l 1I1 f!. 1)If {U'S IIr(' pr<'sl'lI (ed : a nd you a ll can be sa,-ed." HE following is a tru.e s tory df a widow who died in tbe beginning of July, (7 ) " ," Jliolh (' r 's J'isi o ll ," T A. D. 1888. Her nanle was 'Barba.ra Stutzman, and she \\'as the widow o·l Then she had one of her neighbors called Peter Stutzma n, d eceased. She was about 42 years old and had fo ur chi:­ f r o /ll Ih (' Hr l' l hr (, lI I II "You are 'talse a nd covetous', too." and s he toll dren three of whom s urvived her, and She resid ed about foul' miles east of he then made things rig ht witb her. Later one (:hris/. i l ll'nl t'i ll f!. h (, l1 /ill f!" Gosh'en, Clinton Township, El khart County, Indiana. She was a s ister in ~ n sh e spoke to him, saying: " You are coming t, IIlId (2) '- ," 5 /-.- 1' /(·h of Ih (> Amish Congregation a nd had been a widow for years. ) eu to not make k nown to the people, what yo 1 will tell now \vhat s h e said On h er d eathbed, after s h e had been s ick sev­ s ince it is time yet." Then s he said: "My A' IFo" der s of T h esl' Llfsl e!'al weeks. 'Vhen she was lying very low, so that th e people thought sh e will \follow me soon." And, indeed, he died soon was dying. they put bel' arms s tra igh Lway a longsid e ber body !B ut she sat .uP Oll rs," ill (' [ lI d i 11 f!. [' i s i O il H ere at this place (Goshen) lives the prea [dl d exclaimed : "0 Lord in H ~a \'e n , how g reat is the g lory!" Then s h e saId: the "sleeping p reacher," who preaches in an u 1Il('-l erill ls Iflso lllld(' r sr-n rill f!. "There, is my mamma, a nd my husband Pit, and my daughter Betzs ie, a.nd my entranced, like as Noah Troyer in I owa prea( sister cpolly; a nd there also is my .brother Jacob, and P it's a unty, o ld R os i n~, deceased a testimony, that she had to testify t plll i 1111 I'SS. T h ('51' po /11 ph­ a ll with m e in eternity ; a nd there are many more, whom you cannot see, unlll fore she died sbe said: "People say that Kauiff I l'l s Ifr(' f r o III I h e Coller- l i oll you get to the place youl'self." Then she exh orted the people a nd said to a n eigh· bJessed is this Ka uffman, if he only perseveres bor woman: "There you come with your deceit1(ul eyes! You have dealt dev­ souls who des pise him !" of f)r, jo/rll A. n os l l'li(' r of ilish with the old lady. your mother ; but still you may r epent ." Then an­ The ~ister of thE' deceased, who attended hi e ther woman cam e in, to wbom shp s poke: " There you come, you ~potte d Telllpl (' U lli l'(>f' sil y , devil! You h ave incited my children and l1 elped them to destructIon . . Is m a n'-s aft.erwa rds, and he stood up for her in should not conceal anything and s hould make your :'busband coming too? I thought, that h e was a pi ous ma n ; bu~ h.e Ilrts fa llen beC.:1.use he l{ eepS g r a nd mus ic at his house. Ther efore a cur se IS tn tha The sick sister Barbara with g r eat force con h ouse: not a blessing. But you may repent. yet, if you desist and s it,l no .1I1 0re. same. And her daughter declared: " Mamma h f. he was well, a nd yet she was so n~r to her And ther e i ~your son and his wife; you are on the r oad to damnatIon, If you strong as her tongue was able to utter. rpeople do not tu rn back; but you may all turn ibackt yet." they thoug ht Sh e mig ht get too tired; but sh, T hen s h e told the people: "Should you s peak thus, it would bring you wl~at I am saying. F or I must talk thus by the inlo damnation. With me it is no sin ; I mus t s peak thus by the power of Al­ made manifes t through the wbole world.' She mig hty God, that it may become manifes t unto all the world!" r a!sed in the 'fear of God, and the women must Then sh e commenced t.o speak about h er congregation, that they were on what is ndt right. And the Old IA mish are near est. the road to bell that they bad s trayed away from t.he righ t path throu gh their right: Then sh e said to h er children: 'Here injustice, and th at. their Suuday School does not accomplis h any good. She can r ead all and may talk with God and J esus; s aid : '''As you conduct it now, you lead your children into damnation. un leHs of the devil. Children, do what is right; t ~ through, from the beginning to the end, and if you keep t. h em st.raigh t. And now you build a new meeting house which is an right. path and may be saved: And when she wa abomina tion befor e tbe Lord. How nicely could you have kept t. he congrega-

24 remained relarively consrant, this became the point' of Joseph Shrock's numerous articles stress one phrase repeat­ reversal in his unconscious preaching for ir gradually edly rhar he attributes ro Kauffman, ro "come back and diminished. Kauffman ar one time expressed his concern down in every way". It is interesting that Kauffman did over rhis bur his people assured him rhar he had done not call for a return ro early Christianity but ro rhe way his part. things were fift y or one hundred years ago. A partial lisr TheologJl. The rheology of Troyer and Kauffman was of some of these ethical precepts are listed below because much rh e same wirh one exception. Kauffman became they form rhe framework around which the Biblical ma­ more explicit and detailed in his admonishments and terial is garhered : preached a strict traditional Amish ethic. It is as though l. non-resistance, non-conformity, non-sweari ng, foot­ Kauffman adopted Troyer's whole system and carried it washing, importa nce of mother ro ngue, observi ng all one step further. Whereas Troyer was often vague and the ordinances of forefarhers. spoke in generalities, Kauffman built on Troyer's theology 2. against photographs, insurance, m us ical instruments, and became more specific. For instance, he became con­ drunkenness and gluttony. Did not preach against vinced of his prophetic role of preaching repentance in robacco or strong drink because it would nOt har­ line wirh oah as Troyer did, but he carried this further moni ze with the Bible (he used both). ro determine thar rime was divided into rhree dispensa­ 3. read at least one chapter in the Bible daily, family tions. The firsr one was when Noah preached before the prayers, prayer before and after meals. fl ood, the second when John preached repentance ro open 4. "going the road like lightning ." "W ould Christ ride the way for Christ, and the third was the repentance preach­ in a ca r?" Trucks, auros, tracrors considered idols. ing of Kauffman and Troyer in preparation for the return 5. Sunday schools, Bible sc hools, Bible meetings, and of Christ. As oa h not only preached but built, so minis­ yeaily conferences bring roo much human honor with ters roday must preach and build a house that will not them. burn when the great fire comes for which God will give Kauffman strongly advocared the "avoidance" and onl y rhem instructions. Bible srories were similar ro the ones rhat which would lead to humility would be rolerared. Troyer used and agai n supplementary versions of details Repentance, ro Kauffman, was humility, and humility was not included in the Bible were revealed. Repentance was achieved by denying worldly conformity, and remaining Kauffman's theme as well, but it was more related ro pro­ close ro the earth. Such sincere repentance and obedience hibitions of what ought ro be done by true Christians. promises heaven for the sa ved and wretched wickedness

IIIIICl1IlIlIlIIlI UlltllIIllIlIOlIIlII1 lItllOlllllllllllltlllllll1llllltll1l1ll11l11l[)IIIIIIIIIIII Ulllllllllllltllllllllllllltl1IIIIIIIIIII tJIIIIIIIIIIIIU llllllllllllEJIIIII IIIIIIIUlllllllllllltlillilllllllltllllillI ll1ll tlllllllllllllUlIlIIlIllIlIUlllllllllllltllllllllllllltlllllllllllllt Jllillllllllltli1IIlIllllIIt.l llllllllllllUlllllllllllltllllllllllllltllllllllllllltlllllllllllllOIllIllI m you Sing t.hose gle, ~ h e said : 'i\"ow I have such a great j oy a nd glory in my hE¥lrt. I feel !;o Then an a ngel of the L ord appeared to him as he was out near the barn anrl meet again," and good, indeed, better than I have felt before during my whole life. lAnd I nevp.!" told him to accept t he office. H e then asked the angel to go to the !lom~ have toM yOU, knew that a person could feel so happy in the L ord.' And she ortell da id: ";here Sarah , his wire, was, but the a ngel aorter telling h im the ~h ock would be l do, you shaH die· '0 the Glory of God is so great!' And when the end came, she said : '1 am too great /for her vanished out of sight.. Sarah told this to t h e writer anrl re­ . all sho\vy things btill in the Glory. ,but I have to die and must pass through death. 0, if cnly (It='sted him to keep it secret until after her death, which he did. bu t the plain t.:ar- ti.le time would come, when you will put my coffin here and put me in it; then This took place about twO years before the death of Kauffman. W'b Fl n ce 5 and photographs I would be in Glory: 0, the Glory!' Then she said: 'Just thin:k of it, e'·el'v was on h i stbed of affliction h e said "Ob, w hat this churCh must go throllgh ; it right to in su r ~ evening my motber goes with all the pious WOmen a nd people to Jacob's well y unbelieving, and to drink of the fresh water." with yet ." And on Sunday morning after her last struggle, two neighbors came into Now the writer of thi~ sk etch was born about. si x year s after K auffman the h ouse and sat down in the rOOm and called Preacher Kauffman a seducer, began preaching, and two years (before the Ifor egoing articl e of Bal'bal'a Stutz · nning. T heil she :l1an was written. H e heard Kauffman preach quite regularly f r om childhood a false preacher, and other things. Then the sick sister said, they shouill or­ her house every_ and had a fair ,knowledge of w hat took place during the time of his preach i ng:. der them out or else they shou ld keep quiet; for she could not stand such talk. and haughtiness; [lcd at the hour of Kauffman's death in a viSi on about nille o'cl ock in the mOl':t­ T hen they left and went away. y house a:1d ourn i ng. was permitted to see his spirit entering into an eternal weight 01' G!ory . e do it not, moth- And to a neighbor woman, who had attended to her occasionally, She said : Not that the writer was worthy of the same, oh! no, but God in his great mercy " T here my brown si ster comes (brown, on account of wearing brown, phLin had not forgotten a prayer th at had been offered 3tbou t ten years before th t:? 'e ssed as follows: clothes); but you better g i ve up you.r bad habits." And then she confessed, death df Kauffman, al t hough the writer had forgotten the prayp.r until the thatinher single days she had done something that was not right, forshe then had It above me; YO u v.sion had vanished. The writer remembered of being alone in the COrn fielrl "'led his thougb ts ber "likeness" or picture taken. And after the death of her husband sht! had plowing corn over 300 miles away when he offered this prayer. TOW our H eav­ lI er property insured. She stated, that \firi ends talked her i nto it, and that this er.lyFather had not if'orgotten to send us the calling w h ich the Apostle said ~ sun. Do better, matter had troubled her greatly. : h at God wou ld se nd, I Thessal onians 5:23-24, and al so ful fills Rev. 11-8- fol' The minister was expected to make everything known in his funeral ser­ how easy is i t to crUCify the mind of Christ through the modern highways of e to him saying: mon. But instead he merely said: "She had to fight a bard baUle; she had Jiving. The A pos tle sa id he that has not t he mind of Christ i s none of his, So, ere be stOOd, and cone something wrong in her single days, and al so after her husband's death." the r ea der may see that the Spirit of hrist can be crucified Iby disobedience to \\ hat the spirit through Kauffman taught. which was a sent message and warn­ lers came in, and T hat was all he said, and that did not satisfy the cbildren, because her deceased ing from the Father, through our Lord and Saviour Jesu s Christ to warn all JO, are false, and mother had said that they should make manifest unto all the world what zhe ('enominaUons a nd all families and all individual s to turn back from w h ellC'e YOu may repent, had said. = is a cripple, he t:'eyal'e fal l en away from t he meekness and humility of Jes us into the world's The sister of the deceased heard her say all those sayings, and she wished, was 14 years Old. high ways of living. There could be much mOre w ritten of w hat the spirit that all the preachers and all the people were present and would be listening said throl1g1h parables ctt what i s yet to take p l ace, but h e said every th in;..; is lITman, knOwn as to such important words. The si ster states: "It is a great joy for me to hear fulfilled far enough t hat we may l ook for J esus any moment. So much i s writ­ te, as if he were the revelation of such divine power. II bas brought. me to earn\'st refle c tio~1. ten that the re?der m~ y believe and do works worthy of repentance, and may mffman gave the And I have put away dr om my house all that my deceased sister ord~red kr..ow that God s warllmg has a lrea dy been accomplished and i t i s l eft to us wer 01 GOd. IBe­ me to do, and I have burnt two stovesfull of unnecessary things-likenesses, as a peopl e to believe and ?bey, and turn ,f r om Our vanities unto t he true God, ld a seducer' Lut pictures, and other things." through our L ord and SavIOur Jesus Christ, as taught t h rough Kau ffman But woe t~ the '\lllOsoever will take t he above to heart, may l earn something and gather when h e said, " It takes a t.rue, honest per SO n to become a Child of God bu t lie up something faT their eternal sah'alion. cannot be such ~nles s he does God's will." H e al so said, "he came' not to It, went to Kauff­ fh.a nge t he sCTl pture, but to [ulfill; so the reader can see t.h at K auffman h:)s nd told her sbe falth[ully I? e r s~ve l' e d to the en d, as you read in the foregOing articl e, and was The1'or eg01ng articl e was wri tten in the year of 1888, ei ght years after tWn to the world sflen en ~ e Tln g Into an unspeaJ

25 in hell for orhers. Generally speaking, Kauffman makes having rOOts in the sleepi ng preacher movement. everal many more additions co the Biblied message, such as the isolated individuals still are li ving who have firm convIc­ rhoughts at ara when Abraham was going to sacrifi ce tions regarding the work and prophecies of the sleeping lsaac, and the depth of the water being only hand-breadth preachers. Among them are P. ]. Boyd of Alma, Wis­ deep where Jesus was baptizcd. In making these additions, consin. The six cong regations that still ex ist all have their his conclusions hawed great divergences from T royer' fou ndations in the work of J ohn Kauffman. They are the teachings. fo llowing: There were twO phrases u ed to descri be these twO men. 1. Mt. l-i ermon, Illinois-at helbyv ille, which was the It appears that those who beli eved in the divine revelation orig inal church, English is now used and li trle is said about of their preaching ca ll ed them "spiri t preachers". Shrock the sleeping preachers. The member hip there in 1957 ohen writes many pages withour using Kauffman's name was 4 1. bur instead says, "the spirit sa id ", The general publi c chose 2. Linn TOWI/sbip, Illinois-also helbyv ille, organi zed a more irreverenr appeiation, "th sleeping preachers", by P ter Zimmerman. In 1954, the membership there was \\(f ithin thi conrext, Kauffman spoke Ou t vehemenrly l69 members. against the ministers who, he thought, were at the roar of 3. Fairfield, Illinois-broke away from Mt. H ermon in his being d isregard d fo r they did nOt recogni ze him as a 1938. Formed in H enry Counry, this church is the most vehicle o f the Spirit o f God. "1 am o f above". faithful to Kauffman and the sleeping preacher tradition. ReSlilts, In conrrast to Troye r, hrock testifies that Kauff­ In still using G erman, this congregation is the most con­ man preached for thirey-t hree years and nor one sou l came servati ve of the six churches. Fell owship with the above t repentance, i.e., n co nversions. Some who were be­ twO churches is kept at a minimum. In 1953, this church g inning to backslide were apparenrl y restored through hi s had 144 members. preaching. O ne lady recogni zed her sin whil e K auffman 4. H cl rrisbltrg, Oregon-Family relationsh ips ti e this was preaching and made up her mind she would yield. church to the Illinois congregations but it no longer con­ As this transpired in her mind, Kauffman sa id his hea n siders itself within the sleeping preacher tradition. Thei r felt I ig hter. In another incident, Barbara Stutzman re­ Engli sh servic sand acrivity pattern is similar to those of ceived a revelati on on her death bed in July, 1888, in Elk­ the Conservative M ennonite Conference. In 1955, there hart County, Ind iana, that served to confirm the work o f were 110 mem bers. Kauffman. Even though no outsiders were conven ed, he 5. Pleasant Valle), Oregon- Y onca ll a, Oregon. This did attracr a foll owing from Amish-Mennonite churches, church emerged as a split from the H arrisburg church. 23 most o f whom relocated in Shelby Counry. Though Shrock members were listed in 1957. po inrs Out the unique love manifested among the brother­ 6. A llellc/Clle, OlftiJ Caroli17ct-The conservative group of hood in that church and the unity o f m ind they exhibited, the P leasanr Vall ey church split off and moved here. Often twenry yea rs later twO ministers arose and divided the referred to as "Pilg rims". They are srrivi ng to recapture churcll. similar strength and the conse rvative p olicy ev idenced by The M ennonite Enc)clopeclia li sts six unaffiliated the Fairfield congregation. The membership in 1957 was churches with a membership o f 540 in 1957 that still exist composed o f 13 members.

A SKETCH OF THE WONDERS IN THESE LAST DAYS Mr ~ Fred Bosset from Fen wick Ca. (A thing He ash.ed her. She said a t your com­ member of the B rethern in Ch rist Church) mand I will do it, then He told her it will be only a little while until He wou ld come As God's word says iu H ebrews 1:1, that God at sundry limes had a real vision of heaven. She was sick in divers manners sl)ake in times past unto th e fathers through a nd given up to die a nd on Monday afternoon :Jfter her. l)rOI)helS, and as it is written has made his will known through hla \\ hich time is passed nearly two thousand years, so God In these He gave h I' a message for her family, f01" June 7, 1948 she gave her family good-bye days has made known his will through great wonders to all .8 nd gave instructions f OI" her funeral when the church and especiall y for the preachel' have seen and heard of it; namely, through the spirit ot God pre ing through a man by the name at Noah Troyer, who was ovcrlf she had ,g iven the last good-bye, she passed Tell them to preach more about the blood, Ly convulsions and while in an unconscious condition (or tra) out and had a vision. that the time is very short and the churches talked 01" preached for several bours at a time. This began in I tha t have stopped preaching the blood are Then in 18 0, the same ullconscious condition (trance) came L She ascended up, up, up until the earth another brother, Joh n D. Kauffman, in LaGrange county, I ndiana. lost. 1 I'cached every evening at first. and later ollly on Sunday and \1 looked far below, then she saw heaven, first ,:esday evenings, excepting when he was away from home. The I He then tolr) her to go back to earth and at a far distant, but it cam closer and closer, vu lsloll S (or trances) overtook him every evening. Thts trance prel call her loca l minister and be a noi nted and lng continued for 36 years in full ha rmony with the Scripture3 until she stood only about 10 feet from the showed that the churches are drifting into a fallen condition; a he would heal her from her sickness. r wa nt beautiful gate, only a small river of death I~ \Hilten, 11 Thessalonians 2:3, that the coming or our Lord you to wi tness for then he brought her down not be until after the railing away. After Kauffman had prea( bel w en., about 30 years he c3tabllshed a chu rch with rules and order aec to the earth. ing a ll that leads to humility and rejecting all that does not leal J esus then ca me out a nd stood beside her She woke up still lying on h er bed sc humility, and in the same performing all Christian duties. l' when his labors were !drawing to an end he said other chur( a nd poured some blood upon her, her robe sick tha t she cou ld hardly raise her hand. locked him out at their meeling houses, aDd this people has became as white as snoW'. Thru the gate she She told the family what she had seen. By enough prcached unto them -so it was left to the church to be ob ent or not. But in his la<)l sermons he said. "Shortly arter my saw her fa ther and mother, both had died this time it was Tuesday morning, they called rarture this church will make a great tall," and also ga\'e to and gone to glory years before, She a lso for the minister, he came and anointed her derstand the old order denomination is nearest right and sai d, I should become more like unto tbem." H e told us to look back 51 saw an older brother who had died as a child, She hadn't slept for 4 days but now she 100 years and <;ee how the churches then stood; always polntlnll before she was born. She saw Abraham a nd toward humility and meekness. H e said, " I... et each one try to be turned o\'er, fell asleep and slept until 1;00 first to come down and not be conrormed to the world, but as i some others. She says she needed no instruc­ P. M. When she woke up she realized that written, transformed by the renewing ot our mlnds.-Romans 1 tions, she knew everybody at sight she said I Ie a1-;0 showed liS how people are getting discontented by sa! she was healed. She got up, dressed herself peo pl e used to he contented to gather their harvest with many slro: heaven was so beautiful. and went down stairs without any help. hut now lhey want to do it all with one stroke. Thus he pointe< l oward meekness. humility and contentment. sayin~ the Apostlo No one across the river talk ed to her ex­ She saw many more things and is now not mean riding hO I'sehack or walking when be said be not. high m cept one from her congregation that had died traveling from church to chu rch giving her cd: that everything r emains in God's order excepting men and" men put out of God's order, thus showing thal the modern I some months before and sent a message by Vision. She said she would never get tired ways of 1I\'Ing are an abomination in the Sight at Gad. But sho her for her husba nd, when she saw her moth­ of tel1ing her visi(m. She was dressed very atter his admonition ceased, which came with g reat power of sl1irit of God through the unconsclou~ man, who was not conse er sh~ was going to make one leap across the plain in a nice long black dress and wears of what he was saying but was wholly under the power ot the 51 river into her mother's arms but Jesus told her ('overing day and night. She said Heaven (If God, thIs church received the command that what I< down to IllImility Is to be tolerated and what. doe .. not lead to mt hel' not to do it. is so beauliful, al! sparkling and no words ness and humilitv Is not to be tolerated, The first love and aim more like it than glory. Its so big and there not La bring anvthing of tile new, modern high ways or Jlvlnr: J esus asked her if. she was w ill ing to go the ch urch, but to the contrar v become more like the older order back to earth, she made one long sigh, then is room for a ll. cilurrh('s ~tood years a~o without .S unday school or anv or the 1 She said these children will n ot get old organized gatherings only having a plain church every two wee'k~ she remembered how tha t, years ago she they were years ago. But as he sai d, shortly after the spi rit had promised God that she would do any- and that his second coming is soon at hand. ended his teaching, the ch urch drifted Into worldly high ways IIvin:; and then contentions be~Qn, which hrought rorth hatred, 26 II. high plane on which rh is definirion places charisma ind i­ C ha ri ' llla in the Sleeping- P reacher, cues irs sKral characrerisrics in comrasr co rhe mund:l ne 111 the Li g- ht of the T heor) of :\la x " 'e her and rhe proLlne. \V hereas rarional and rradirional aurhor­ iry seek srabiliry and comrol , ch:lrismaric aurhorir y is nor The orig inarion of p arri cular leadersh ip in a sociery IS bound co any rules and rhus is req uired co ac hi eve irs sacral nor always fully explainable. Ir is rrue rhar rhe leader legirimacy wirhin ir elf, as long as rh is chari maric inspira­ musr, in some specific manner, speak co rhe felr needs or rion cominues. In \'

)rders, and tinally caused a divsion in the church. as the spirit get any of the riches. The second will say, I Illust walk closer than T he fo ll owing Is a letter wrlUen by the sister who saw t he visiy ll Ireac hing warned and said, "where a church will not remain in God's the fir,;t did or I will not get any of the riches. So the thi rd one will mentioned in th is article, a nd was written by the l'e(fUest of a. neigh­ Irde r, it will soon become conru~ed" Thus the church seemed to be come along and say, I will Slay away from the fire as fa r as I can, hor: eft in a miser able and un healable condition 20 years after the spirit so he will not get any of the riches, but he (the trance preacher) !reachlng ceased. said he was the one who was doing the right thing. Now, if God DEAR BROTH ER AND S IST ER I N TH E LORD : ha,; war ned and we do not give heed will he give heed when we will But God in his loving kindness has given another calling untu cry in lime of need? As you requested that I should write what. was revealed to me in cpentance through \'ery sick an'l dying sisters. my sickne;;s, I will try, by God's hel p, to lell you a s nearly as 1 can, Jesus did not receive the I;'lory ot the cross until he carried it to but words cannot express it as plainly as I saw it. It stood right be­ The first was in Oregon telling them what ther should do l.() get Lhe top of Mount Calvary, and then thc cross carried him thl'Qugh fore my eyes-I could n't have seen it plainer . My son had stopped o Heaven. The second was ill the Shelbyville hospital, but a few the valley and shadow of death. Then he received the g lory of the and a ll the others went ou t to talk with him. Then I heard my SOil (ays before the sister died. She called her mother, others of the u·oss. So we mu~t first crucify our ca.rnal will and carry the cross say something about commu nion. Then I began to wonder in what hurch and some relatives and asked them whether t hey wou ldn't come cn top of Mount Zion. which is higher than the hi ll s.-Jsaiah 2:2. condition the church was ill by this time-it it was in sha pe to par­ o the cross and fast, saying there is glory at the cross. She said it "I'hen the cross will carry us through the dark valley and shadow of take of the sacred emblems again. I s u re hoped it was, but in a mo· vuld be seen at the fortnight (two weeks t ime). At the same time death. A<; the apostle Paul says, "T hen we shaIJ a PI>ca r with Christ men t I had to see " The Church is standing in a great u ntruth," Then here was another sister lying very sick and struggling for life and in Glory"; the glory at the cros,!" as the dyi ng sister said. I was shown why: " Because we had renewed ou r vow and signed n such a miserable condition that she despised to touch her own ou r names to build the chu rch as it was started a nd a re not dOing I()dy. While in this condition she wa3 caught away !'i0 that she knew There could be much more written as to what took place in the so." lot whether she was in the hody or not and she saw the great untruth 36 years In which the spirit p r~ching occurred. Here a l'e related a he church was in, because [he ('hurch had newly confes,ed and prom· ftw facls, or prophecies, of our Lord :lnd Saviour. which are ful fi ll ed Then I was shown some of the things that nre not as they were. sed to build as she was started but is not doing gO, but taking their ill the spirit prea.ching, fo und recorded in Luke 21 · 21 3.S co n ce l'n in~ F irst was the a u tomobil e, then the electric ligh ts. These seemed to he wn cou rse and fo llowing their own will too much a::; the spirit had the fl1l1nes~ -of the gen tiles. which W.e also find recor ded in Romans o f like importance. T hen I saw two of the married sisters who used aid people are dOing In these times. Then some ot the a1)ominatlons 11: 25. For in Christ. the J ews are concluded In u nbeli ef, Romans to wear their dresses long a nd now are worn cons id erably shor ter . rere seen. First stood the automobile, then the electric lights, thei) J l~32: h:)w much more we gentiles who al'e of the wild oli ve tree 'Vhy the cha nge? Next was one of the s ingle s isters with he r d reSl still shorter. Then two li ttle children d res!;ed too worldly, and one ! the sisters who did not dress in mode.;ty a') tlley used l.() do, then nature, Romans 11: 24, if we will not show with wO l'ks of -obedience (ttle children who were not dre'!sed plain and modeRt. lInlO the ('ause of the spirit Leachi ng which call ed U 'I to repent­ of them with bobbed hair. a nce, and said let each one try to be the fi rst to come down t{) humil­ The sl~ t e r did not want to make known her vision. but sh'" \\'3'; ity, and further saying people are living now as they di d berore the Now I don't think the three sisters I !;a.w (I will not mention the uch Ir-:luhlfd for she flaw she had to reveal it some t ime, but th u~ht flood only much more sinful, for J esus was he re. This was said be· names) are worse tha n the other ,,- who d o the same t hings, but they be wouM wa lt until she was wei\. FOu r lime .. her condition showed forc there were any automobi les, electric ligh ts or tractors, in the were-given ror a le:'SO Il . Some people may t hi nk this was .:t dream. ['lpro\'ement and each ti me wa.') fo llowed by a back!'let, leavi'l'" , (' I1\1 l'l"'h \\ hl(' h he e~tahlis h e(\ whi( 11 received the order that what leads but it was not. I saw, too, that I had to tell wha t I saw, but thought 11 wo rse condit ion than before. Exactly on the tortliigh t (as the dr· to h umi li ty I~ aceelHed and whal does not lead to hu mility is not ac­ I would wait until I got well. Inc: tead of getting well I had seve ra l hacksets a nd fi nally it occurred to me perha ps If I would te ll what pg sister has spoken at) '!he r ~vealed her vision before five wit· ('epted. e~ses not knowing what the dyi ng sister had ~al d . From then en was shown to me 1 can get well. So I l-old ill Y daughte r, but tha t he im proved in health and had no more back sets. When J esus was telllnc; his disciples concer nin g the last days he didn't g ive me rest. I sa w I had to tell someone e lse. I would rather ~:t l d unto them, "Then shall the kingdom of lIeaven be li ke u.nto have told my hu <;ba nd, b ut I wa.s shawn why he was not the one I PUlling away these a bominations Is certainly a cross lo the ten vil'ghli." lie did not say the people will be like u nt{) ten vi l'gllls, s hOUld te ll fi rst. Who it was 1 didn't know for awhile, but I prayed esh, a hurden that wil l break down the car nal man. as t he Scriptu re I'ut t he kingdom of Hea,'en is t hU S, showing tha t wisdom from above to God that if hc wanted me to tell it he would le3.l:1 a nd guide tha t aya, " Whosoever ta ll eth npon lhls rock sha ll be broken, bllt UP.J1l ('ails people u nto repentance. J esus said when the net is fu ll he wi ll t would teH lt a t the right time, and I think he did. hom it will tall It will g rind him to powder." As the burden of the dl'aw It In a nd believer s will not be unequa lly yoked with the Ull­ ro~s was hard for J esus to carry up Mou nt Calvary and he san k helievers, but will go out rrom a mong them and will be separated Oh , how 1 wish every brother a nd sister In the church Co ul d from them-II Co rinthians 6: 14 . So the beli ever wi ll give- heed in see wha t I saw during my s ickness. 'Vhen our hearts nr e free frOm I~:: ~~ ~~ rb !~o~e n~~!t ct:e:t~~~~aln '~~~e~~e:e~n~i~~o:;~~: :I ~ : r ;~~ ~ fhe aC('eptcd time unto the calling whic h God sends to call a ll de­ tho cares of th is IHe we can have sweet commun io n w ith God. If t-cend to those of low estate, as the Scr iPtu res teach us. The nominations, a ll chu rches, a ll families and a ll ' individuals unto a we could on ly sce of what littl e importa nce lhese wor ldlv pleasures pl rlt preaching has alF'o given us some very impressiVe parahles higher standard of purit y, as we read we must be ~ t . the ~om in g of are a~ com pared with the heavenly, how easy it would be to lav t hem ?nwln~ what will hefa ll the h.ell('ver~. And he said, we wi ll say a illr Lord .J e~us.- I ThessnlonlanA 5:2~·24. For the SP lf1t whi ch ta ught aside for these few years and then enjoy the heavenly t reaS \ll' e~ land or people we re travellln? (I n the road, and looking back would throu" h the t wo men menti oncd in the tore part of this a l'Ucle, said t h rO ll ~ h o u t a ll eternitv. But this I ~ r,ettlng too l e n ~ th v. 1 hall no e a fi re co mi ng afte r them. Then they wO llld say, corne, hurry, let he dll not comc for onc dpllomlnatlon. hut for them. a lL So we can idea of writing so much when I started. ac:; T g reatly felt my ullwor th_ go on or elsf> thp fi re will overta ke us. ,So In travell ing on they flee that Ged is nO respecter or per sons or denomi nations, but asks a ll iness. oulet came to a stream of water. T hen they would a ll help each oth· peerlP to fear him nnd repent. a~ we rf'nd in many places In the scrip· May ~\'e a ll be '~lI l1n g to ('ome to the cr oss, as Cla ra, your dy ln ~ an d Im il d a bridge over t he stream, but In look ing back they flee lures of the proohpts. where Cod said that It the people will repent sister , "ald. There IS glory at the cros!'; If we cnn onl y see it. P fir e coming over the hrldgf>, Then what '1 ha 11 they do? Thon arc! t urn from t hei r evil he w ill a lso repent from the evil whic h he ey would come to a man who haR a n Iron house,. which the fi re can­ determined u pon t helll. May the reader of this a1'tlc le tU1' n to the YO UR S ISTER IN TH E LORD. t damaf!e, and he wou ld Ray, If t hey will do Ju s t as he tell s them l oak of J ercmlnh and r<,ad the fl rst eleven verses of the 18th chapter I) will take them Into hl~ Ir on houHe, b ut they m us t do just as he ~vou l d to God t hat a ll the huma n family would g ive hced to Ood's lis them. C'oull"el, whle h Il e plves lI S in Revelation 3: 18.

Anoth ~ r pa rahle- hp Pill forth: W e a re a p<'op lt! by a large fire. The writer now leaves this article to the reader to! further medl. he flr !! 1 onp wou ld Hay J mllfJt walk close to the fi re o r J wi ll not t;'tUOIl, as he fe Is h l~ great wea kness a nd Imperfectlon. 27 differences that led co the establi shment of the Amish hav ior patterns were so tight that any dev iation ultimately shape of p iety. H osterler succi ncrl y poims our that "His became heresy. authority co decide what was ri ght was not delegated co Kauffman proved to be a greater threat than T royer for him by an assembly or any organi za ti on. H e assumed that several reasons. Troyer's message was nor so related to position and proceeded by equating strictness with d ivin e particul arisms in borh theology and ethics that were an ex­ sa n ct i o n ".~ Ammann's chari sma was necessary co the tension of the Bible. For in stance, Kauffman was more emergence of the new sect. Since the time of the soli di­ explicit regarding hi s role in the three dispensations, li ken­ fying of the socio-religious patterns through Ammann's ing himself to Noah nOt JUSt analogica ll y bu t in unique authority, there remain 'few tO lerated avenues open for succession. H e also continua ll y rebuked the ministers who authority outside the trad itional system. Bishops and rejected him more than Troyer did, fostering further aliena­ ministers function with a minimum of chari sma for they tion fr om society. T royer's more general message of tOO are subject to the mores of the community. \X1he never repentance was eas il y more acceptabl e and less disruptive. chari sma h:-ts begun to blossom, as in the case of Bishop Kauffman's large-scale travels attracted more curious persons Egli of Indiana or Bishop tuckey of Illinois, the resu ltant than followers, as Shrock intimates. Another explanation cleavages led to bifurcation and withdrawal from the tra­ might be that Troyer came fir st, before community reaction ditional societyU The drag of hi stO rical methods and had an opportunity to take shape, and as a result seemed a age-old social patterns res ists charisma beca use its new bit more aurhentic than Kauffman who followed so close priorities in restructuring authority bring with it inev ita ble as to appear to have styled himself after T royer. Finally, change which is undesirable. the possibil ity is strong that people recogni zed a mental Charisma in Tro)'er and Kall!Jmall. \ X1 ere Troyer and diffi culty in both men so that what was evidenrl y divine to Kauffman charismatic, according to \X1e ber's theory? There some was obviously a human psychological problem to is no doubt that they were so in a unique se nse. \X1hereas orhers, although they might nor be able to defi ne it that way. most chari smJtic fi gures operJte on a rational plan in full The end resu lt was that an insu fficient number of followers co nsc iousness for a desired end, the sleep ing preachers lived failed to demand that any appreciable routinization of a dual life of consciousness as an ord inary person and un­ chari sma occur. co nsciousness as a charismatic fi gure, though this duality graduall y melted in tO one authoritarian personality. In F itt ing lV ebe1" s F1·ameUiork. Three responses were the eyes of their foll owers, they were viewed as being in­ possible to this phenomenon: Complete rejection, passive struments of the Spirit of God when in this unconsc ious tOleration, or enthusiastic acceptance. Acceptance of the state, m:-tinly due to the uniqueness, the power, and the sleeping preachers led to the ascription of sacral character­ dynamic coment of their presentation. The imputation of istics to any unique event or word they uttered. The se­ this interpretation by the following evidences the charisma quence of mOtO r functions and convulsions prior to the rhey exhibired. T o those who accepted the unconsc ious spea king was evidence of the human spirit departing and preaching as su perhuman or divine revelation, Troyer and the divine spirit entering the body. The regularity of the Kauffman were given authoritative positions as leaders, in attacks and the prophecy of events that tOok place shorrly agreement with \X1 eber's framework. In addition, the thereafter were definite clues to these individuals of the freedom and nature of deli very, though disjointed from authenticity and sacredness of it all. (The sacred here being rh eir normal character, proved to be suffici ent evidence and a point of similarity between Weber and Durkheim.) justification for the poss ibility of adopting them as a Weber's criteria for charisma are uniquely present in both "special" so urce of authority. Troyer and Kauffman for they were bound by no system of The sleeping preachers also carried the threat of innova­ prescribed conduct and aroused a following which recog­ ti on to the trad itional order by insisting on au thoritative nized their charisma without dependency on other factOrs. di vine revelation. The proclamati on of a type of apostOlic It is important to note that community pressure and re­ succession in line with Noah, John the Baptist, Jes us, then jection was particularly effective in the dwindling charisma Troyer and Kauffman, beca me a serious claim that the of Kauffman, so much so that a relocation or withdrawal to Amish had to comend with. Particu larly Kauffman's ser­ Shelby County was advisable. One might conclude, then, mons revea l a continual fru stration with lack of acceptance that the sleeping preachers were charismatic as a source of on this point and repeated attempts are forcibly made at authority only to a small group of followers. Charisma, establishing his credibility among the masses. While no rather than curiosity, on a larger scale was more evident in official statements from Amish-Mennonite communities are the early years of preaching. No records indicate the gen­ available, the need of numerous testimonies as to the eral innovative .influence of the sleeping preachers and it aurhenticiry of their charisma provides evidence of wide­ appears as if it never became a major issue among Amish­ spread skepticism. H owever, there is no doubt that Troyer Mennonites. The forced withdrawal of Kauffman to and Kauffman were charismatic figures to some while at the southern Illinois demonstrates the strength of the traditional same time others rejected them. It may be concluded that system to resist new patterns. Therefore, the essential char­ the bulk of Amish society was cautiously tOlerant of this acteristics of innovation and authority, so central to Weber's phenomenon at first but with an increasing measure of system, were present but were lacking in depth to facilitate hostility. Why public opinion became negative suggests any major break with the traditional order.Kauffman's charis­ possibilities on which we can only venture an opinion, i.e., ma was strong enough, though, to result in a schismatic the charismatic claim to divine or supernatural authority development which was his only alternative for survival. was not convincing enough to the general population so The major point of departure from Weber comes at the that the traditional society was effective in si lencing the level of supernatural origin, for this was the source of innovation. The norms and mores of their expected be- charisma for the sleeping preachers. If supernatural origin­ ation was acknowledged, all the other criteria followed his ',]ohn A. H os tetl er, A mish Sociel)' (Baltimore: Johns H opkins Press, 1963), p. 32. model. If not, Kauffman and Troyer were inevitably re­ "Ibid .. p . 248. jected.

28 The Nature of a Prophet. Weber makes a significant Source of Legitimac). Weber's distinCtion and Parsons' differentiation between priest and prophet. The priest does elaboration of the twO types of prophecy in relation to the not depend on charisma but finds his authority in the tra­ divine as a vessel or as an instrument presents some diffi­ ditional order rather than a charismatic emotional-type culties. The identification of the preacher's unconscious perso nage wi th a specific mission not received from a exhortations with the spirit of God or Kauffman's divine human agency but from divine revelati on. The whole proof role in the third dispensation suggests their interpretation of prophetic virrue eventuall y depends on the possession of as a vessel in personal relation or union with the divine special magical or ecstatic abilities. Both Kau ffm an and wh ich is characteristic of the exemplary type. "As God in Troyer had prophetic qualities in being emotional, charis­ times pas t spoke through the prophets and through His matic, possessing unique or special revelation, and a deep Son, so tOday he makes known his will through Troyer and sense of mission. The absence of magic or attempts at heal­ Kauffman." "I stand between God and man." Such de­ ing in the sleeping preachers rule Out any possibility of scription makes it clear that their foll owers regarded them Weber's mystagogue.7 But the divine sense of commission as exemplary prophets in Weber's co nstruction. In con­ is felt and expressed often. "I stand between you and God." trast, the ethical prophet is not a vessel but an instrument "I am in the power of God, his will controls me." Once of divine wi ll for Weber. H is mission is to actively pro­ the sense of instrumental imporrance was stated, it was a mulgate a pattern for others that elucidates that will. Again, simple step to a sense of specific purpose or mission. "H e Kauffman fits the idea of proclaiming a normative order well knew that God was using him for doing a special and bur himself lacks the active instrumental nature that \X1ebe r important work . ..." Both men felt strongly convicted gives to such a prophet. Troyer seldom refers to a norm­ to preach repentance and this mission was given power by ative ethic. Confusion arises because neither the preachers impending judgment. Though it was claimed that such themselves nor their followers knew to what extent this preaching was done in an unconscious state, it is difficult unconscious sermonizing was supernatural. The previous to determine how their own preaching was part of how discussion of the departing of the human spirit and the they felt when in a conscious condition. One ca nnOt help entering of the divine clouds our ability to satisfy Weber's but implicitly feel that even when conscious, Troyer and criteria for either the exemplary or ethical model as a source Kauffman both knew the nature of what they had said in of legitimacy. The struCtured dichotOmy that Weber main­ the evening. The sense of mission appears to have been ta ins between the prophetic nature of legitimacy in the and continues to be far more evident among the adherents. exemplary and the ethica l prophet does not fit the parad igm Kauffman refers to his mission only as the revelation of the he proposes earlier in regard to the sleeping preachers need to "come back and down". Shrock, in his missionary whereby we assigned them to the category of ethical pro­ enthusiasm said, "We need not look for another warning phet. In regard to the way of life advocated, Troyer and after his departure". This warning was Kauffman's pro­ Kauffman show characteristics of being both ethica l and phetic spiritual duty. exemplary prophets on the matter of instrument-vessel and The Type of Prophet. The state of unconsciousness gives thus we find it impossible to fit them into predominantly an uncanny twist to Weber's description of a prophet. one type according to Weber's specified requirements. The However, it is because of the uniqueness of this condition highly supernatural interpretation of the unconsc ious state that the sleeping preachers became prophetic, in Weber's encourages a placement in the exemplary category. theory, for it is the basis on which they obtained their charisma. To Weber, being a prophet was an outward The Natttre Of God. Since the exemplary prophet is manifestation of charismatic leadership, and therefore involved in some type of immed iate identificr.. tion with the prophetic power depends on charismatic qualities. Two divine, the nature of that higher being is such that he is types of prophets can be distinguished, the ethical and promulgated as immanent and possibly even pantheistic in exemplary. The exemplary prophet depends on his per­ Weber's system. As a participant in that new order, the sonal example to bring others to the truth. Obedience and exemplary prophet encourages others to follow him. There mission are minimized by this type in preference to a more is not great approximation here to the sleeping preachers egocentric craving of salvation to be found in successfully with the exception of Troyer's plea to reduce quarrels and following the footsteps of the exemplary prophet. Ele­ arguments, i.e. , incarnational love. The ethical prophet ments of this prophecy lack the social mores found in the interprets his divinity as transcendental, outside and above message of the sleeping preachers, although the emphasis humanity but forming a rational order for it, or one who on a heavenly reward was a persistent personal salvation "legislates," as Parso ns puts it. !l WIeber acknowledges that goal. Neither Troyer nor Kauffman in any way set an this concepti on most suitabl y describes Christianity, and it example in their personal life which could be followed. In also forms the crux of the message of the sleeping preachers contrast, the ethical prophet demands obedience as an and the legislated need for repemJnce. ethical duty because of a god-inspired commission. Parsons elaborates on Weber's category by saying, ''These precepts T he Prophetic Community. In relation to the religious in turn are defined, not so much to exhort followers to comml!nity, exemplary prophecy tends to become very re­ emulate the prophet's personal example, as they are to exhort strictive of the in-group and the out-group. The in-group them to conform with an impersonally defined normative becomes the relig iously elite and the rest of society is more order".8 Kauffman fits this description perfectly with his or less ignored or left out. Kauffman adopted such a repeated ethical prescriptions for repentance in refusing to position when the optimum tOleration point had been reach­ have a tractOr, life insurance, musical instruments, etc. His ed and large-scale rejection forced him to helby County. own particular perso nal example was of little significance Concern for the rest of society then was not as importam as in his teachings. preserving the religiously elite. Ethical prophecy is far more all-encompassing and seeks to attraC t many to become 'Max Weber, The Sociology of Religioll (Boston: Beacon Press, parr of the normative order. This represems the general 1964), pp. 54-55. "Ibid., Introduction by Talcott Parsons, p. xxxv. ·'Ibid.} Introduction by Talcott Parsons, p. xxxvi.

29 nature of both men's preach ing. As a specific categorica l Paran oid Reactiolls. Typical of paranoid reactions are group of persons, the ca ll to repentance was largely d irected delusions and hallll cinac ions. H alhlC inati ons are marked to the Amish-Mennonites. by imagined sights and sounds that do not reall y ex ist. His COllclltSioll. \ \(1 eber's co ncept of a pr phet as a chari s­ delusions are thoughts of g randeur or persecution. Evi­ matic leader generall y fits ve ry well in tO the work of both dence of both delusions and hall ucinations abou nd in Kauff­ Troyer and Kauffman because they claim divine revelation man and Troyer. Kauffman usually began his sermon with that is speciall y unique to them. By supersed ing all pre­ the phrase, "I hea r thy voice". Troyer claimed to have see n vious revelation, they became an innovative and authori­ a deceased sister in heaven dressed in white raiment. In tative force to those who accepted the uniqueness of that one sermon, bLtck and white strea ks were often seen. revela tion. \\(Ieber's prophet was unusua l, spontaneous, Kauffman reported seeing letters of gold from God before and creative, and the sleeping preachers exhibited the same him. D elus ions of g randeur were contimlally evidenced in charaCte ri stics. \\(Ie ber's construction of dichotO mous types, terms of the claim of their unique pos ition as prophets of exemplary and ethical prophets, when applied to the sleep­ God. Persecution was strongly bou nd up in these delusions ing preachers as char ismatic prophets, proves to be quite as greater persecution mea nt constant renewal of super­ adequate. The nature of unconsciousness provides the natural feelings. Troyer sa id, "The more evil they stri ve greatest difficu lty in attempting to differentiate the human to do me, the more power I receive from God." "I must from the d ivine elements, and also retards in stitutionali­ talk to the people and as soon as they and the ministers see zation of charisma. how they are letting rhe church go down, the l ord will re­ The presuppos ition on which th is secti on was written lease me." Kauffma n tOO was conscious of grand powers. consid ered a sociological interpretation of the uniqueness "I am from above," he sa id constantly, and at another time of this p henomenon fr om a descr iptive and behav ioristi c claimed to be the angel Gabriel. "God comes to the people stance. Interaction patterns were analyzed but no comment through one man to instruct or warn the people, and not was made on the ori g in s of the repeated preaching ex­ through a great many to bring a repentance call." Kauff­ periences. T o seek an understanding of why the dy namic mJn's hall uc inati ons and delu sions were far more explicit, of unco nscious speaking occurred wil l be the goal of the for whereas Troyer, as an example, only inferred a simi lar fin al section. situation to the time of Noah, Kau ffman actually claimed III. to be a God-appointed Noah for his own time, Towa rd a Psychological I n tc rprctation Projection. Two factOrs stand out that are common in The limited data and lack of objective interpretation re­ paranoid ad justment, aggression and projection. \While garding the social behavior, mental health, and development preaching in the unconscious state, the dynamic presentation in early life of T royer and Kauffman prohibi ts making a was an ou tl et for a form of aggress ion. 0 violent aggres­ comprehensive analys is of why unco nscious preaching sion is reported in rhe data that would indicate the sleeping arose. It is d ifficu lt to disentangle what the preachers real­ preachers were ever dangerous. H owever, projection ap­ ly sa id and fe lt about their own identity and to what extent pears to be a strong possibility when we analyze the sermon what was written was imputed to them. H owever, the contents. Continual admonishments and exhortation to available mJterial 111:1kes so me strong suggestions as to others to repent can easil y represent a projection of his own what psychologica l difficu lties might have been encou ntered. aggressive impulses produced by an intense feeling of The foll owing analys is attempts to correlate the symptOmatic guilt. In addition, there may have developed an abnormal behav ior found in the data with co ntemporary psychological tendency to transfer to others the symptOms of perso nal theory and to point out where approximations to deviant difficulties or failures. H e achieves a solution and spares behavior are ev id enced in Troyer and Kauffman. himself intolerable anxiety by attributing certain tendencies Religi01t alld D e~ ' iallce . D eep confli ct and hostility in within himself to other people. \X!hen the sleeping preach­ the psychic organism ca n be repressed only so long and ers continually harped on repentance, it could easily mean then it must find express ion. The manner in which an they were speaking to themselves. When Troyer prays, individual interprets rea lity will be central to how internal "Fill our hea rts with love and kindness," he may in actuality incompatibilities wil l be revealed. The psychotic person be pray ing for himself. In essence, then, their sermons is typically one who has los t co ntacr with reality and thus mig ht conceivably represent a dialogue with self rather than his reaCtions become abnormal. The rich imagery and with the people. \\(1 hen T royer applies the Abraham­ sy mbolism of relig ion is easil y adaptabl e to abnormal inter­ Isaac sacrifice not to mean obedience to God as traditionally pretations of reality. A recent publication on T he Ps)'chic done, but that "God will stay your hands from sin," we Function of Re/igi017 hi Mental lIl17 ess alld Healtb sub­ have a clue as to the intense inner feelings within him. sta ntiates such a thes is in say ing, "Relig ion provides a Narcissism. If a purely psychologica l interpretation is language and a mythological sys tem for the express ion of tenable, both men must ha ve suffered from some SOrt of nar­ psychological needs. Give n the ex istence of religious terms, cissistic injury (a hurt in the self-image), an object loss, or symbols, rituals, and beli efs, people will mJke psychological personal injury inflicted through interpersonal relationships. use of them".lO \X!hen a confli ct emerges into consc iousness Yoderll g ives us a hint in his shOrt accou nt that Troyer's over some unacceptable impulse, the individual seeks a st;:! nding in the church was affected earlier when hewas mode of dealing with hi s desires. When religious materials dissatisfied with some of the regulations and conditions in become a dominant abnormal source of expression, it is the church and refused to let his name stand for the pos ition often the res ult of the orig inal unacceptable impulses turned of minister. Another account corrects that view in saying inside out. The person inevita bly finds some way to with­ Troyer allowed his name to stand but lost the election. Ap­ draw from society into his own world where he finds the parently, he was nominated again at a later date and the necessary security to protect himself from his own desires. church excused him before the vote was taken due to "bodily infirmities". Neither Troyer or Kauffman became ministers '''Group for rhe Advancemenr of Psychiatry, Reporr N o. 6 7: The Ps)'chic FII IIC/ioll of Religion ill l'dell/al ILLn ess and Health, " Sanford C. Yoder, T he Days 0/ My Y ears (Scorcdale, Pennsyl­ p. 7 11. vania: H erald Press, 1959), pp. 24-26.

30 through tradi tional channels which might indicate that their and rationality in the sermon development evidences mental unconscious preaching represenred a desire that was denied weakness. In the latter yea rs of Troyer's preaching, one them. The possibility of narcissistic inj ury becomes more recorded sermon conrai ned the following sequence of sen­ evidenr with the faer that Troyer's so ns withdrew from tences. "Moses and Elias disappeared. Christ spake ro baptismal instruction a few weeks prior ro the administra­ Peter ro keep silent and Christ disappeared. D ear and re­ tion of the rite. spected friends and you ng people, don't you see how the Schizophl·mia. This type of loss of pride and fa il ure ro children appea red untO Elisha ro mock him. They call ed adj ust is charac teristic of sc hi zophrenia. Such persons are hi m bald-head. Yes, dear fri ends, the children accused him not necessarily our of conraer with rea li ty bur are split from of being a bald-head, and God senr the evil bears ro devour their surrou ndings ro psyc hi c egocenrric confi nemenr. Con­ them."12 This is one of his most disjointed statements, fli ct may also be induced by incompatible perso nali ty rraits. although the sermons did jump from one Bible srory ro For example, the sleeping preachers seemed ro both lack another at random, and demonsrrates the aimless wandering self-confidence and at the same time have immense pride. of menral illness. The content of all the recorded messages The available data does not allow us ro ascertain what social was unsystemati c. inreraerion difficulties were encountered, particularl y prior There was no marked tendency roward progressive de­ ro the unconscious preaching. terioration in as much as the chronic condition remained Sensory Deprivatio1Z, Di.ssociatio1Z, a1Zd Catatonia. Sensory relatively unchanged for years. H owever, the unconscious deprivati on appears ro be a common e1emenr. Kauffman's preaching is an example of a resrricted psychosis that makes need for alcohol and smoking as stim ulants suggests a desire extensive use of projection bur does not all ow the person­ for heightening sensory perception. Organic diffi culties ality as a whole ro di sintegrate. Except for the delusional may jus t have developed from a weak constiturion. Both system, both Kauffman and Troyer appeared ro be fairly men also preached with their eyes closed which p rovides well oriented and normal in conduct. The sense of antici­ greater opportunity for the imagination and unconscious ro pation led people ro expect certain behavioral patterns and operate. The small homes fi lled ro capac ity with many the resultant social suppOrt prevented them from going listeners suggests a decrease in normal oxygen levels. deeper in the psychosis. The sleeping preachers borh claimed and evidence dissoc­ iation from reali ty when in this state. Neither of them l"Noa h Troyer, Sermons, Book 2 (Elkhart, Indiana: Mennonite Publishing Company, 1880), p. 44. admitted any recollection of what he had said the night be­ fore. \'V'h en the doeror stuck the needl e in Troyer's leg, he did nor feel anything. Perspiration was not evidenced in SOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY Boyd, P. ]., T he Fflillt re 0/ the Average Christian or How the any way and boundless energy was required for the one ro Commandments 0/ Jesus Have Been Made 0/ No Effect By the three and one-half hour sermons. The raising of the hands T raditions and Commandments 0/ Men (Iowa City: 701 Diana Court, n.d .). for long periods of time is a cataronic response. Such Chrismer, Jacob, Kauff man'S Sermons (Tampico, Illinois : Tor· muscular rigidity and exaggerated immobility was parr of nado Print, 1915) . the regular procedure. On one occasion on August 18, H ostetl er, Pi us, Li/e, Preaching, Labors 0/ John D . Kauffman (Shelbyville, Illinois, 1916). 1878, with 200 people presenr, Troyer arose ro his feet at Mennonite Cyclopedic Dictionary, "Sl eeping Preachers". the conclusion of his prayer instead of falling over as usual, Mennonite Encyclopedia, "Kauffman," "Sleeping Preacher and opened his eyes and said that the l ord had released him Churches." Shrock, Wm. ]., A T imely Warning or the Midnight Cry From and he would speak no more. H e sociali zed, shook hands, Heaven (Jerome, Mi chigan, n. d. ). and talked with people unrillate at night. Bt three or four Stutzman, Barbara, The Revelation 0/ Barbara Stutzman, De­ ceased to All Ma nkind (n.p., n.d.), Sketch 0/ the IIV onders in days later he starred preaching again. Troyer always knew These Last Days, A (n.p., n.d.) how long he had preached and referred ro hours as "times" . Troyer, Noah, Sermons, Book 1 (Iowa City: Daily Republican, These incidenrs might indicate that Troyer and Kauffman 1879). ------, Sermons, Book2 (Elkhart: Mennonite Publishing' were not as unconscious as their followers thought. Co., 1880). Anger and Inseettrity. Sermon contenr analys is enables ------, Predigten, Books 1 and 2 (Elkhart: Mennonite us to see a high degree of sensitivity ro social injury. Un­ Publishing Co., 1880). Yoder, Sanford A., The Days 0/ My Y ears (Scottdale: Herald resolved anger is expressed in Troyer's plea not ro quarrel. Press, 1959). Kauffman's intense persecution complex was something it ANALYTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Group for the Ad vancement of Psychiatry, Report No. 67, seemed he needed ro cope with his anxiety. Kauffman's T he Psychic Ftmction 0/ Religion in Mental Illness and Health, sense of fear was laid bare in the parables he made up, Vol. 6, January 1968. which, for example, ended this way-''If you do just as I H enry, Geo rge W., Essentials 0/ Psychiatry (Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins, 1938). tell yo u, I will take you in the iron house where the fir e H ostetl er, John A., Amish Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins cannot harm yo u." Both men craved social approval. "Do Press, 1963) . Menninger, Karl A., The Human Mind (New York: Alfred A. not talk against me. D o not make me our a devil." "My Knopf, 1959). prayer ro God is that you will not make a Jesus Christ out Moberg, David 0., The Church as a Social Institution (Engle­ of me-leave me as I am.""lf God is for me. who can stand wood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962). O'Dea, Thomas F., The Sociology 0/ Religion (Englewood against me?" The intense anger against the world and in­ Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966). security within provided the necessity ro attack by threat­ Parsons, Talcott, The Strttctrtre Of Social Action (New York: ening the forrhcoming des rru ction of the world, a frame­ McGraw-Hill, 1937). Strunk, Orlo, Editor, Readings in the Psychology 0/ Religion work which their religious values provided. (New York: Abingdon, 1959). Concluding Psych ological Observations. The strong W eber, Max, The Sociology 0/ Religion (BoSton: Beacon Press, 1964). similarities the sleeping preachers ex hibit~d ro psychologi­ Weber, Max, The Theory 0/ Social and Economic Organization cal deviancies suggests the possibility of their being para­ (New York: Oxford University Press , 1947). noid schizophrenics. The central themes of the sermons White, Robert, The Abnormal Personality (New York: Ronald Press Co., 1964). reveal the conflict, hostility, p rojection, and anger of the Yinger, J. Milton, ReligiOn, Society, and The Individual, (New individual preacher, but the lack of consistency, coherency, York: Macmillan and Co., 1957).

31 zt. A B

K . Ku Ku st.

FIG. J German A ntecedents of the Con till ental Central C Irimney HOlls e. A) From Frall:::; von Pelser-Be.rens­ berg. Mitteilungen tiber Trachten, plate X. B) From Adolph Sp(lm er. H essi ch e Volkskun t, p. 25. This example has the dwelling to the left. the plan of which is quite simiulr to tlrat of the Cumber­ land County house, and, to the riglrt, a tripartite barn. SIlC Ir (IS is found orcasionally in Pennsylvania, sec: Dornbusch and H eyl. Pennsylva nia Germ an Barns, type D. Tlr ese houses share these features: KII. (Kiiehe-kitchen). S. (Stube-ro01n, living room, the best translation wOllld probably be "parlor"), H. (Herd-hearth), and St. (S tall-stables); K is Kammer-chamber, bedroom.

The House From The East. FIG. 2

32 A Central Chimney Continental LOG HOUSE

By HENRY GLASS IE

Field studies of folk architecture must be followed by type, according to Hu cher, are log co nstructio n, a "massive typology. Until definitive characteristi cs are isola ted a nd ce lllra l firep lace, " a three room floorpla n (a " long, n arrow form al types established, ind ivid ual items cannot be recog­ kitchen o n the one gable, a nd the 'great room' a nd hammer nize d as compone nts of spatial a nd tempo ra l pa tterns, a nd at the other"), and a n o fT-ce nter front door opening into the studies of the variation cued by e nvironme nt, external cul­ kitchen with an opposed rear door. "This type of house," tural influences, a nd personal genius ca nnot be effecti vely he co l1linues, " is of peasal1l origin a nd is the d irect result of begun. the Cominelllal trad ition of life." H e prese nts photographs 5LUdents of architecLUre have recogni zed a d istinctive Con­ of sixteen houses wh ich reveal the variable characteristics of tinental folk house type in so utheastern Pe nnsylva ni a. De­ the type- it ca n be o ne or two stories h igh, a nd m ay or may scriptions of this type vary from the ge nerali za tion that lI ot be built imo a bank- and a va ri ety of de tails, such as the Pe nnsy lv a nia Germa n houses o ft e n have large cen tral chim­ ki ck at the eaves, pent roof, paneled shutters on the first neysl to the expli cit definition of type offered by Robert C. fl oor, a nd one-story porch under which the walls a re plas­ Bucher in Pe11nsylvania Folklife.2 The characteristics of the tered, a ll of wh ich are traits of so utheastern Pennsylva nia's region, including western New J ersey, northern Delaware 1 Jesse Leo nard Rosenberger, The Penl/sylval/ia Germans (Ch i­ a nd ce ntral M aryla nd. cago, 1923), p. 51. Once a type has been suggested, more fieldwork a nd li­ :! Robert C. Bu cher, "The Co ntinental Log House," Pennsy l­ val/ia Fo/llii/e, 12:-1 (Summer, 1962), pp. 14- 19. l\[y article on brary research ca n result in a more comple te knowledge of this Cu mberland County house was co nce ived as a footnote LO the type, its defi ni tion, history, a nd d istributio n. Before re­ Bucher's contri bution. 1 wi sh to ack now ledge help in preparing this sllldy from Eric de Jonge and frank Noble of the starr of search ca n begin on the Contine ntal central chimney house th e Pcnn,yhani a Historical and Mu se um Commission. type, however, it must be understood tha t types can be based

FIG. 3

c D

Log Construction. A) Full-do v(> wil cornc>r-limb (> ring of 111 (> C lllllberland CO l.Lnt )' h Ollse, B ) S('rtion of the placem ent of the first {lao I' joists inlo Ih e fOllndalion of Ih e C lllllberLand CO UIL]Y hOIl:;(" This is 1L('('!!ss arily n r!!colLslrurtion b('('(III Se of the house's poor condilion. alLd cO IlLd, l11 !! refore. b e S0 1l1 !! ­ w hat in error, C) Full-dovetail corner-limbering of a h Oll se n ear Ru(' k. TAIl/casl er CO IlI//Y. Pe/tl/sy l­ v(m;a ( July, 7963), Wit h its moderate pitch 10 Ih e dOt'elaiis al/d reglliar iI/I ('I's l ices, Ihis cor/ter­ limbering is mor!! ll sual Ihan that of Ihe C llmb!! rlalld CO llllly lIOIL SC' . DJ V-nolch ('o /'lwr-limbe ring of II h OltS!! wesl of Allenl oLCn , L e high CO llnly, P ennsy ll1anin ( July, Z963).

33 o n form a lo ne, so that Bucher's constructio nal criterion­ I t is built o[ horizo nta l log which differs [rom the log con­ horizontal log- must be disregarded. Indeed , ho uses of ex­ structio n usua l in Pennsy lvani a a nd M aryland west of the actl y the sa me type were built of sto ne in so utheastern Pe nn­ usqueha nna. 10 Instead o[ be ing V-notched (Fig. 3D) with sylva nia .3 A search [or examples o[ this type outside o [ hardwood logs be tween which the intersti ces are regularly Pe nnsylva ni a yie lds log a nd stone houses in the Va lley o[ wide, say six inches, the logs are [ull-dovetailed (Fig. 3A) Virg inia,4 where the type was surely carried by Pe nnsy l­ so[twood- P rofessor R oberts ide ntified it as poplar, a wood vanians in the mid-18th Century, and reveals that the type used commonly in India na, but not eastern Pe nnsylvania, does seem to h ave a Con tine nta l prove n a nce. H o uses with [or log ho uses- a nd between them the iIllersti ces vary from sim il a r fl oOl-plan are ro und in Czechoslovakia :> a nd witzer­ as lI arrow as tWO inches to as wide as nine. The interstices la nd, co a nd the a m ecede m s o E the Pe nnsylvan ia ce ntral chim­ a re chinked with mud a nd pieces o [ limestone, and were ney type may be [oulld sta nding se para tely (Fi g. 1 A)7 or as a Il eatly plastered. T he logs o f most Pe nnsylvani a houses are pan o [ a la rger structure incorpora ting the barn a nd stables modcra te ly recta ng ular in section, measuring, (or example, (Fi g . IB)S in the Rhinela nd. 6" x 9" or 7" x II "; those of this house in H a rrisburg's H ad Bucher's article included measured fl oorpla ns oE all su burbs are, in secti o n, a more extreme rectangle like the o [ hi s examples, the fo rma l varia tion within the type could logs used inho use construction in the B lue Ridge and Great have been observed. s a n illustra tion of the vari a tion Smoki es of North Carolina a nd T e nnessee: a log near the within type, a d escription o [ a n example, located west o f the bo ttom o[ the front wa ll measured 7" x 20V2", o ne near the a reas in whi ch the type is most commo n, is prese m ed h ere . tOP o ( the same wa ll measured 8" x 14 V2". The logs are Incl uded in th is descriptio n a re deta ils of the kinds w ith hewn neatl y, as is usua l in the East, on the [ront a nd back. which the a rchitectural histori a n, who h as paid sca n t atten­ T he top a nd bottom o[ each log is le ft in the round or is tion to the hi stori c-geogra phic connectio ns o f h o use types, ro ughly he wn fl a t; the corners o[ the logs re ta in strips o( customa ril y deals, but which, desp ite their cultura l signifi­ ba rk. cance, h ave been largely ig nored by the culturogeogra pher T he fl oor jo ists o f log ho uses In the South a re, generally, a nd folk l o ri s l.~ no tched into a la rge square sill at the [ront a nd rear o f the T Il e ho use in question is deserted in the woods beside four ho use; the Cumberl a nd County example follows the usual

la ne route 15 between H a rrisburg a nd Camp Hill in Cum­ 10 f or log co ns1.ru cti on: Frcd Kniffen and Hcnry C lassic, be rland County. It has probably been no ti ced by very few " J1uilding in Wood in Eastern Unitcd Sta tcs: A Ti mc· Pl acc Per· o f the hundreds o [ ime nt commuters who pass it fi ve days 0. specti vc," Tile G eog l'{l/1h icai R eview, LVI: L (1966), pp. 'IS-66 . week. Othe rs h ave seen it, however, stripped it of usable wood a nd iron, set fires in it, and used it is a conve nient ce n­ FIG. ter [or underage drinking a nd spa rking- or so the obsce ne gra fitti gouged into the plaster would a ttest. I visited it first on April 16, 1967, with Professor \t\Ta rre n E. Roberts, a nd returned on the second of lVIay to make a more thorough record. Once a preliminary d escription h ad bee n writte n, I revisited the house o n September 9, 1967, in order to check de tails about which I was uncertain. Copies of my fi e ld notes, as well as other fi eld data which all ow some of the comparative generali zations included herein, have been fil ed in the Coll ection of the Pennsylvania Historical a nd Mu­ FTG.4 seum Commission's new Ethnic Culture Survey. vIuch can be learned from an examina tion of this house, d es pite its terrible condition (Fig. 2). :\ Donald i\fillar, ". \n Eighteenth Century German House in Pennsy lvania," The Archilectural R ecord, 63:2 (f ebruary, 1928), pp. 161 - 168; G. Edwi n Brumbaugh , Cololllal Arc/lIl cclure al l/I e Pellllsylval1ia (; erlllaI1 S, PennsY " ',Ulla German SOCiet y I'roceedll1gs, XLI :II (Lancaster, 193 1), Pl'. 23-47, plates 2-6, 16- 19, 35- 39, 43- 50 (examples of both log and SLOne). T his type wa s probably also built in Pennsy lvania as it was in the Rhineland o[ hall ­ timber; for possibl e cxamples, ,ee: William J. i\lul'lagh,_" Hal[­ Timbering in Am eri ca n :\rchiteClllre," Pellllsylvallla J' ol/dllc. A 9: I (Winlcr 1957- 1958) , pp. 3, 4, 5. Siding. A) Tongue ([J 4 Beca use she pl esellts no plans, it is not poss ibl e to sal' for groove, overlapped, bea d ce rlain. but probable exa mples o[ this type c a~l be found In Jen l1l e siding on the front of t .\nn Kerkhoff. Old H Olli es oI Page CO lll1t y, Vlrglllla (Luray, 1962), house. Exactly the s([~ pp. 5;-8, 29-32, 37- 10, -15-48...... :; \ 'aclav) :rol ec, " Pudorys ny Vyvol Lldovcho Domll v SoflJskc kind of siding exists 0 Oblasti ," Cesh), Lid. 5 1:2 (1961 ), pp. 93- 99. small f ull·doveta iled l I; j\[ ax Cseh wcnd, SchwyzN liatle,." hiiu ser (Bern . 1957), pp. bnrn e(/~t of Lebanon, Le 20-21, fig . II ; franz Collesclli , /l l/1il1 c H Oll ses alld Their FI1,."is/, - a.non County, Pennsylvan illg (Innsbrllck. 1963), pp. 16- 18. .' .. " 7 franz \'on Pclsc r-B ercnshcrg', i\1llleilllllgell II IJ er I raelil ell, (july, 1967). B) Sltl Ha1lSrat, IVo/lI1 - lIlId L eiJ ell weise ill1 Rheillialld (DU sseldorf, [a.pped siding on the en 1909). pp. 19- 53, platc X. nnd rear of the house. ( H .\dolph Spamcr, J"/('ssiscll e l'o/lis/(/l/I sl (J cna . 1939), pp. 20, Novelty siding. 2 1- :Z'i; Karl Rumpf, D e lll.lc/l e f' ollis/wl/sl: N essell ( ~I ar blll' g. 19'i 1), p. :Z3 . . !l .. \ complctc study of this typc would In cludc a scarch through co unt )' rccords for ca rl l' ow ncrs and buildcrs. nfol'lun atcl)', I 1I'0uid prefcr [0 spend my tim c in Ih c ncld wh cre thc answcrs to m)' qucs lions ;lrc found and Icavc this dull but vcry important Open Mortise Rafter Joint. work to ot hers.

34 FlG .•6______

Pennsylvania practice of omitting the si ll and resting the joists directly on the stone foundation (Fig. 3B). There was a large squared log at the LOp of the front and rear walls to A serve as a plate; that in the front measures 12// x 9V2// , that in the rear, 12 Ys // x 90/.1//. The rafters which were framed into the plate were tapered; they measure 3// x 6// at the foot and 3// x 4// where they were pi nned together in a n open mortise jo int (Fig. 4) at the ridge line. This type of rafter framing, which employs common rafters a nd no ridge pole, was known on the Continentll a nd in England,12 a nd was predominant throughout the eastern U nited States during the colon ia l period1 3 T he R oman numerals chiseled into the rafters to assist in their joining also h ave a nteced e nts in the Old ' Vorld and analogues in the New.H CJ The house was cO \'ered , perhaps ori ginall y, by overlapped 6 horizontal boards na il ed to furring strips. On the front L ] these boards were beaded along the bottom as clapboards we re commonly in the tidewater South1:i a nd occasionally in coastal New England during the 18th Ce ntury.16 T hey are jo i ned by a to ngue a nd groove sys tem which gives the impressio n of shiplapped siding (Fig. 5A). These bead ed , pseudo·shiplapped boards are a n inch thick a nd of random width; juxta posed boards measured 6 Ys // , 7%//, 5%//. The 7 gables o f most Pennsylvani a log houses are framed with vertica l boards,17 but the gables of this house, like those of the southern log houses, we re covered with horizontal board. These boards a nd those which cover the end and rear walls a re truly shipla pped a nd they are not beaded (Fig. 5B). Ship­ la pped siding was used on houses in other parts of the East,IS but it seems to be proportionately more common in the Pe nnsylva nia region than elsewhere. In some places o n the e nds a nd rea r of the house, these boards have been replaced by novelty sid ing (Fig. 5C). The house was painted a pale ye ll ow with reddish brown trim, a color combina tion not uncommon in the Dutch C ountry; a full dovetailed log house in northern L a ncaster County, for example, which will be leveled before this paper is published, is covered with hori­ zontal boards painted red-b rown with yellow trim.l9 2 :3 The Contine ntal ce ntral-c himney house- type generally h as a cell ar, a nd our C umberl a nd County example is no excep­ tion (Fig. 6A). This is located under the rear half of the house a nd is entered via a n outside stair or an inside trap

] 1 Ri chard \Veiss, H iiuser und Landsclwften del' Scltweiz (Zmich, 1959), pp. 79, 8 1-83; Werner Radig, "Cefligcstudien in Brand enburg," D eutsches Jahrbuch fiir Volkslwnde, 1965: I, pp. 156- 167. cs peciall y fi gs . 4, J I . 4 1 ~ C. F. Innocent, The DevelojJlnent of English Building Co n­ strllctioll (Cambridge, J9J6), pp. 82-84; Hcrbert Cescinsky, Eng­ lish Fu rnit1/.l e Fr ail/. Gothic to Sheraton (New York , 1937), p. 4 1; c 5 Na thanicl Llo yd, A H istory of the English H ouse (London, 193 1), pp. 3·1- 35. I ~ Hugh I\ forriso n, Early A lIlerican A rchitecture (New York. 1952), p. 27. 14 Harry Forrcs ter, The Till/ber-Framed Houses of Essex Measured Plan of the House. A) Cellar. B) (C hclm sford, 1965), p. 27; Abbott Lowell Cummings, Architecture First floor. CJ Second floor. The solid lines ill Early New Englalld (Sturbridgc, 1964), p. 7; Charles H . Dorn­ bllsch and John K. Hcy l, Pelll1sylvania Germall llarlls, Pcnnsy l­ were drawn with certainty; the broken lines va nia Gcrman Folkl ore Socicty, XXI (All entown, 1958), pp. 290- indicate probnble features; the dotted lines in­ 295; Richard \V. E. Perrin, H istoric Wiscon sin Buildings: A Sur­ dicate features over the floor. Note I hat the vey of Piolleer Architecture, 1835-1870, Milwaukec Public house fa ces the southeast- the llsual situation I\IU SC UIlI Publica ti ons in Hi story , 4 (i\Iilwaukec, 1962) , p. 19. I :; i\J arcus \VhiITen,The Eighteenth Century H ouses Of Williall/s­ for both barns and houses in south central Imrg (Williamsburg, 1960), p. 66. Pennsylvanul. 11 ; Antoinettc Forrcs tcr Downing, Early H OII/es of Rhode Island (Richmond, 1937), p. 12'1. ~3...... ~rr--~ ::;,~~~ 17 Brumbaugh, Co lonial !l rchiteCl1Lre of the Pennsylvallia C I'r- 1IIa11S; pp. 23-2'1. l H For an examplc: orman M. Isham and Albcrt F. Brown, "arly CO llll ecticut H ouses (New York , 1965, reprint of J900), p. 220. In So uth of Coca li co, Lan cas ter County, Pennsy lvania (junc, B c=. =c =s 1967). PanpZing and Floorboards. A) Section of the paneling in the second story stair. B) Section of the second story /loor boards. These are in very poor conditio1l and this 35 drawing may not be totaUy accurate. door (Fig. G135). The fl oor jo isls over the cell ar parl are lhe South. The slairwell has a beaded baseboard a nd plas­ awed lO a reclangular 8/1 x 3/1 seclion; the first-Aoor jo isls lered wa lls pa i n ted li gh l bl ue. over the a reas wh ere lhere is no cell ar were left in the rou nd T he chimney is Slo ne as high as it reaches now, though a nd hewn 0 11 only the LOp. The foot a nd a ha lf lhick lime­ once il may have had a brick LOp as Slone chimneys Ere­ sLOne wa lls of the ce ll ar were wh ilewashed . Unlike the cel­ que llll y do ill Pe nnsy lva ni a and olher parts of Ameri ca.22 lars of ma n y P e nnsylvani a fa rmho uses,2o this one com a ins lts only firepace opens illlo the kilchen. The proportions oE no fire place; il seems lO have served only for the slorage oE lhe flreplace-lhree [eel d ee p, six feel long (Fig. GB3)23-and [ood. the facl lh al il was filled Wilh [olding woode n balte n doors A lo ng' the fron l of the ho use was a o ne-slory porch (Fig. are lypi ca l o[ Pe nnsy lvania cooking fire pl aces, whether 10- G13 1) such as is freque nLl y found in eaSlern Pe nnsylvan ia a nd caled wilhin the house, in the cell ar, a kilche n wing, a de­ adjacenl i\Iaryland. It h as a limeslone foundalio n a nd in­ lached summer-house or wash-house. 24 Unlike the shallow corporales a well, which is filled wilh a pump a nd located fire p laces found lhrough much o[ Anglo-Ameri ca, this fire­ lO the right o[ the door as o ne enters the ho use. place was not d esig ned to lhrow h eal, [or the Pennsylvania The house has bUl one door a nd lhis leads in to a small Germa n house was heated by sloves.2:; The walls oE the room (Fig. G132) in front o f the chimney. The partitions o[ ki lchen (Fi g. 6134 ) a re pia lered over vertical lath (Fig. 9). lhis room were originally compo ed of vertical boa rd panel­ The 1a lh o n [ra me houses is usua ll y horizontal, but lhat of ing ( ee F ig. 7) a nd the logs of the fro nt wall were exposed log houses is appli ed verticall y o r diagonall y, as il would not a ne! whilewashed . Later, horizo nta l lath was tacked over ~2 .\nlhon ), N. B. Ga rva n. A rchitecture alld T own Planlli11 (1 in the boards a nd they were plastered. In succession, the plas­ Colollial Connect icut (Ne ll' I-laven , 19.51), p. 8 1; Henry C. I\rc~cer , tered walls were paint d pale pink, wh ite, light blue, d ark "Thc Origin of Log Houses in th e Uniled lalcs," A Collection oJ PajJers R ea d /J eJore the Buchs County H istorical Society, V (1926), green, a nd the n we re pasted wilh homely floral wall paper. faci ng p. 579; Cha rlcs 1\[0 1' c SlOlZ, The Early Architect l/.re oJ The p lastered ceiling's colors shifted [rom whi te to li ght blue II'l'stl'l'II Pellluy lvania (Nell' York , 1936), p. 148; Rogcr Brooke LO cl ark green. The baseboard is beaded at the LOp (see Fig. Farquhar. H istoric M on tgoll/ery County Maryland: Old H omes alld rtistOlY (Si lver Spring. 1952), pp. 104,256; Addiso n F. Worth­ 8) a nd was pa inted d a rk green a nd the n gray. The doors ingLOn, T welve Old H Oll ses /Vest oJ Chesapeake Bay ( lew York, imo a nd out o f lhis e ntry are miss ing; the m arks of the 193 1). pp. 49, 5 1. hinges ind icate the direclions in which they swung, and the ~3 Sce: Hcnry Kin zer Landis, Early K itchens oJ the Penns), i'llania C el'lll all s. Pcnnsy lvania Ccrman Sociely Procecd in gs Xl.V II :2 junk le ft in heaps a bout the yard indicate that they were (Norristow n, 1939), chaplcr V. probably pa neled. From lhis room a n e ncased slair winds ~ ~ Thc wa sh hOll se wi ll be lrea led in thc forthco ming Cuide 21 for Col/eclols oJ Oral T raditions alld Folk C lIll ural Material in up to the second slory. E nclosed sta irs of this type were PClIlI s),llIania. whi ch ",i ll be publishcd by lh c Pcnnsy lva ni a \l is­ conslruCled througho ul the easte rn Uniled States in the 18th lori cal and Musc um Co mmiss ion and given by th e Elhnic Cullure Cemury; lhey cominued LO be bui lt in Pe nnsylva nia through Sun ey to all wh o would ",ish lO pursLi e folklorc co ll ecting in Pennsy lvan ia. the 19lh, a nd well into the 20lh Ce ntury in the upla nds oE 2:; See: Hcnry C. Mcrcer, The Bible in Iron ; 01' the Pictll red Slaves alld 'tove P1al es oJ Ih e Pennsy lvania Germans (Doy lcstown, 20 Henry J. Kauffm an, "The Summer HOll se." The Pel/lls)' /­ 196 1, ea rlier edilions: 1899, 191-1, 194 1). vania D lItch ilia II , 8: I (Summer, 1956) , p. 7. Amos Long, J r. , " Pennsy lva ni a ummer-Houses and Summer-Kilchens," Pel1l/ syl­ vania FolkliJe, 15: I (,\ Ulumn, 1965), pp. 12- 13; Robert C. Bucher, "The CullUra l Backgrounds of Our Pennsy lva nia Homes leads," Bulletin oJ the H istorical Society oJ M ontgom ery County, P enn­ sylvania, XV:3 (Fall , 1966), p. 24. 2l For examples, sec: Don Blair, J-I annol1isl Const rllctiol/, In­ Vertical Lath. Lath of the second story walls seen diana H i ~ l or i ca l Sociely Publicalions, 23:2 (Indianapoli s, 196 1), through a hole in the k itchen ceiling. pp. 67- 70 . For a Cenlral European exa mple: Marga rele Bauer­ Heinhold, D eutsche lJauernstllben (Sluttgart, 196 1), ;' . 49 .

FIG. 8

21'

B eade d W oodwork, 3' A) Section through I he clo('k s"el f in the left fr ont room . B ) Section through the 40" cha ir rail in the left B fr ont room . C) Plan inches of the w indow fram.e cn;;:o in the right front, up­ 4' stairs room . Th e in­ side is to the boltom of the [lll ge. D ) Sec­ 19&' tion thro u g h t h e woudwor k i n th e kit(' hen; fr om bottom c to t o p: bas e boa r d , c!tair mil. " ook strip. 7'

D

Ff C . 9 FIG. JO

Plaster Pegs. A) From the Cum- :~ b e rland Count y honse. B) From the Schultz house, C) From the Wil­ helm. honse.

/ FI G . 11 SliT/liner B eaTll. Sumrner beam seen fr01n the second floor. Note the notches for the joists, the vertical lath, lI1/d the groove ill rhe plaster w hich marks the partition thllt bisected th e room behind the chimney. 12y,J/I X 9Ys". The joists, which run lrom front to back para ll eli ng th e e nd walls, are framed o n three foot ce nte rs into the summer·beam; they measure 7/1 x 3". T hese jo ists a nd the floor boards they carry were o ri ginally whitewashed, be possible to na il lath horizontally over the chinking. The but la th was na il ed over them, which was plastered, white­ ceiling was not plastered originally; rather, the floor joists washed a nd, la ter, pail1led dark green. and th e bottoms of the second story floor boards were exposed The two rooms which bala nce the kitche n a nd e ntry were and whitewashed. These fl oorboards were joined with tong ue decorated simila rl y, although the fro nt room (Fi g. 6B7) has and groove a nd beaded (Fig. 7B). Whe n the ceiling was d more elabora te chair-rail (Fig. SB) a nd in one corner it has plastered it was whitewashed a nd later pail1led dark gree n. a built-in she lf (Figs. 6BS, SA) li ke ma ny found in south The wa lls were whitewashed. The woodwork was originall y ce l1lral Pe nnsylvania o n which clocks were placed. T he a mustard ye ll ow color and la ter painted the same shade of wall s were whitewashed, painted p in k, gray, a nd la ter cov­ green as the ceiling; there is a baseboard, chair-rail, a nd ered with flowery wallpaper. The woodwork is a medium hook-s trip, all of which are beaded (Fig. SD). The hook­ blue. Two windows look out from the fro nt of this room, strip with nails driven into it, on which clothes, amo ng o ther which a rra ngement seems to be usua l for the two-s tory CO II ­ th ings, were hung, is common in so uth ce l1lral Pennsylva ni a; tinel1lal ce l1lral-c himney type. T he back of the chimney was the later examples have hooks of various types rather than pl astered ; a n earthenware circle is set il1lo it to receive the nail s. A narrow board dado painted dark green was applied p ipe of the stove which kept the front room- the parlor­ over th e old base boa rd a nd chair·ra il , probably about the warm. T he plaster of the outsid e wa ll s of both of these turn of the century. Two doorways lead o ut of the kitchen rooms was a pplied over vertica l la th. \'Vh ere the plas ter in the rear of the house. One of these doors still lies in the ends so that the woodwork ca n be tl a il ed firml y to the wall, rubble on the Aoor; it is a da rk green batten door with two small pegs (Figs. 11.\, 12,\ ) have been itlse rted illlo the wall s. beaded ba tte ns which taper, Pennsy lva ni a style,2G from 4 V2 /1 Elsew here in Pe nnsy lv a ni a, t:l cks have bee n drive n into the to 3~ /I. For contrast: southern batten doors typically h ave top of the baseboard to prevent the p laster from pulling three battens with parallel chamfered edges wh ich a re wider away fro m th e wa ll where the re was tl O lath, a nd that seems than those of southern Pe nnsylva nia. to be the [unctio n of these small pegs. J n the Sch ultz ho use, One of these doors leads in to the plank closet co nstructed a Cotl tinental celllral·chimney house in Lehigh Cou nty, the around the trap door in to the cell ar (Fi g. 613 5). The other same kind of small pegs lVere use d to hold the plas ter to the leads into the la rge room behind the chimney . . \ cha nnel logs (Figs. lIB. 12 B). T he Wilhelm house, a two story in the plaster indicates tha t this room was originally di vided V-notched l og house wi th a summer beam, which was re­ by a partition running along the summer-beam. Summer­ cently torn dOlVn near Meyersda le in Somerse t County, h ad beams are usual in the frame houses of New Engla nd2i and similar pegs ih the logs itl li e u o f lath (Fig. ll C).30 The in early Pennsylvan ia Germa n log houses,2.., though they are Cumberla nd COU tlty house seems to re prese n t a sy ntl~ es i s of very rare ill the log buildings of th e South.2o The summer· the peg alld la th methods of securi tl g plaster to woode n beam (Fig. 10) is notched in to the e nd walls a nd measures surfaces. The ste ps lead upstairs into a small room (Fig. 6C I) which, ~f;Sec: Ri (hard S. ;\ lolltgo meI"Y , Pellnsylvania (;("lllIali :Icili­ la illre, Home Craft Coulse, 19 (PI )mouth r, lec ltng, 191::», pp. li ke the rest of the rooms in the hOllse, was partitioned off 12. 28. . ~ i.J. Frederick Kcll ), The Ear/y D Ollle.llie Alcilill'cl ;ac of (,011 ' :lO Inform ati on on th e " ' ilhelm house, in cluding severa l good Iialintl (:\CII' YOlk , 1963, Icplint of 192 1), chapter \ I. ph otos and exa mples of th e plaster pegs, wa s sent into the Ethnic ~s El ea nor R:I) llI ond , I,al/\' f)olllc.llie A rchilecillle of P I' IIIIS)'/ ' Cultule SUIVC)' Co ll ec tion by i\ lrs. Eber Cock ley of i\ le)'ersda lc, Pennsy lvania, in leLl ers dated June 8 and 18, 1967. ·i\ lrs. Cockle), l'allia (:\Cl\' YOlk , 193 1), p. (57. ~o Thelc is, hOIl'("vcr , a II' x 16' , V·notched log blacksmith notes that a picture o[ th e hOll se appears on page 20 in A fl isi ory shop with a ,Ullllller bcam cast of Flint Hill , Rappahanno(k of Ihe Wilhe/Ills alld Ihe l Vi/helm Charge by Ihe Historica l Com . COUnty, Vilginia (,\ugus t, 19(1). mittee, publi'hed h)' the Wi lhelm Press, i\ leyersdale, 19 19.

37 FIG. 12 ample built in L a ll caster CoulllY in 17 19, has o nl y o ne d oor ;:!:< a nd the Schult L ho usc has a two-room pla n .:H \ Vhile the cultural ideal was probabl y three rooms a nd two d oors, the ho use ca ll have a two or fo ur-room pla n a nd o nly o ne door. T hc d c filliti ve characteri sti cs3:; o [ the type, the n, would seem to be th e deep fire p lace op e ning illlO the kitche n, the ce lllra I ch i III ney, the o ff-ce n ter (ro nt d oor, the asymme trical layou t o f the fi rs t fl oor incl ud ing a deeper tha n wide kitche n a nd a t least o ne room behind th e chimney whicll is wider tha n the -k itche ll , a nd the squarish pro por­ ti o ns o [ th e pl a n : th e C umberl a lld Cou ll ty h o use, two rooms d eep o n each side o ( the chimlley, measures 31' 4" x 29' 2"; th e Henole t ho use, with its three-room pla n, measures 2S' 5" x IS' G" : the Schult/. house, tho ugh o lll y o nc room d eep, measures 2S' 3" x 20' 3'l:lG :n I.andis. " arl" !,' i/ehells of the Pellllsy lvania (;erl/wlls. 1' . 16. :! llIenr), .J. Kaldrm an. " Litcra tu re on Log .\ rchi tecture: ,\ S1l\'­ Ie)," Ti,e J) II /rlllll(lII, 7:2 ( r ail . 1955). p. 3 1. :!.-, I 1I'0uid anticipa te that ru rt her fi eldwork wo ul d loca te vari­ ant, II' h iLi l Ili lfill a ll of the other defin iti l'e charac teristics but lall.. Ih e ch imney or hale centra ll y loca ted front doo rs. :JG Co ntrast those measu rements with these of typ ica l so uthern log ho uses or Ilri tis h deril'ation, both are one room dee p, two loo ms long: IW x 12' (in Forsy th Co unty, Georgia. nort h of .\Ipharctt:l l:\ol elllber, 1966)), and 16' x 30' (between lioonesl' ill e :I nti I\ ro\\' n's COIC, ,\l llcmarlc Co unty, Virginia [,\ugusl, 196-1]).

FIG. 13

Plaster Pegs in Plac fJ . AbovfJ. C'.L1nb (>r lafld CO l/nty house. B elow, Schult:::; hOll s('. lO("(f ted in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, east () f PaITII. MO lltgom ery County (A pril. ] 967). The p e~s H 'e/"(> piared ill the Wilhelm house exartly as th (>y ,cere in the Srhllltz house.

by venica l board pa neling, which was, a t a la ter d a te, cov· ered with ho ri zo ll ta l la th a nd plaster. The wa ll s are pa in ted b lue, the bead ed baseboard, g ray. The two rear upsta irs rooms a nd tha t at the fro lll le ft (Fi gs. 6C 2, 3, 4i are white· washed with gray beaded baseboards a nd hook-s trips. The frOnL ri ght upsta irs room (Fig. 6C5) was whitewashed , the n pa illled p ink with li ght b lue beaded baseboards. In th is roo m a windo w frame has been le ft illlact; this, li ke most of the ho use's trim, is bead ed (Fig. SC). Ste ps lead up [rom th is room (Fig. 13) LO the m iss ing lo ft. T he ve rtical board wa ll s o f this sta ir we re no t p lastered on the inside, so tha t pa neling o f the kind fo u nd orig inally thro ugho ut the house (which can be g limpsed thro ugh ho les knocked in the plaster) ca n be cl earl y seen ; it is beaded a nd jo ined by LOn gue a nd groove (Fi g. 7A). T hi s ho use ill ustra tes some o ( the va ri a bles w ithin the celllra l-c himlley CO nLine llla l ho use- type: it h as a fo ur-room plan a nd 11 0 rear d oor. Altho ugh ma nha ndled , the (amo us Fo rt Ze lle,

:n Brllmh:llIgh , Colollial . / rehi/a/ ll re of the Pell llsY/vall ia Cn­ Stairway to t.he Loft. Note the horizontal lath of til IIlans, Pl'. 3 1-35 . pl atcs 16-19. wall, the nails driven into the logs for hanging clothe :!2 T homas T iles toll \ Va tClman, T ile D wellillgs of Colollial lind the fa ct that the tops of the logs are roughly hew Alllel i ra (Chapel Hill , 1950), pp. -13- 16.

38 Fi C. 14 7/ / /

_I

The B ertolet House. Above, Penn­ sylvanin Historical and Museum CO l1unission photograph of the house on its original site in the Oley Valley of B erks County. Note the tapered battens on the window shutter, the full stone rhimney, and the V-notched corner-timbering. Left, Plan of the first floor redmwn from the d etailed plans made by D. F. Smith of the Historical nnd Museum Commission staff. This is the house which BnclLer in "The Continental Log Hotlse" (' ails "the I Schneider cabin." pp. 14. 16; ai­ I thongh he states that it has no cellar, there was a celulr under half of the house w hir h was entered through the door next to the L \ chimney. : ~ II

I H4 4 1T///I4 I feet

The establi shment of culLUral regions provides one of the architecture, so they might be utilized in the establi shment major reasons (or studying material folk culture.3 i H ouse o f folk-cultural regions. The boxed-in stairways, color types are among the most efficient means to the recognition scheme of white wall s a nd dark green trim, a nd the emphasis of these regions, but as many criteria as possible should be on beaded woodwork in our Cumberland County h ouse are considered. Just as architeCLUra l details have proved use ful part of the general eastern United States fo lk architectural in the demarcation of the periods of academic and popular sce ne. But other details, such as the plaster pegs, the hook­ strips with nails, the full-dovetail corner timbering, the door :n See: Fred Kniffen, .. f o lk H ousing: Ke y to Diffusion ," /l llllals with tapered battens, the deep fireplace with folding doors, of the Associlltion of American Ceogra/Jil ers 55:4 (December, 1965), th e bu il t·in co rner clock-shelf, the log construction lacking a pp. 5 19-577 . For '> tilllu lating studies a long these lines: . Fred Kniffen , " Lo uisia na H o use T ) pes ," Al1l1als of the /lssoclOlton of sill a nd including a summer-beam, and beaded to ngue-in­ American CeoglaJ1h ers XXVI (1936), pp. 179- 193.; Wilbur Z e li~ ­ groove pseudo-sh ip lap siding, are as distinctive of the so uth­ ;k) , " \\'here the So uth Hegins: The ~orlhern Limit of the C .IS­ ern Pennsy lva ni a folk-c ultural region as the central chimney ,\ppalachi an So uth in T erms of Selllelllcnt La ndscape," SoclOl Forces, 30:2 (December, 195 1), pp. 172- 178. Continen ta l house type.

39 The GERMAN JOURNALIST and The DUNI(ER LOVE-FEAST

By DONALD F. DURNBAUGH

A highlight of a German travel accounr of anre- bellum stream Protestanrism. The major exception is its official orch America wrirren by a later war-time aid e and press peace position, shared with the Mennonites and the Society agenr of Bismarck was an encounrer with the "harmless of Friends (Quakers) . This witness often fi nds expression Dunkers," a plain people who belonged ro one of the three in conscienrious obj ction ro participation in military hisroric peace churches. service, and has also motivated a world-wide program of The German journalist, Julius H ermann Moritz Busch relief and rehabilitation of sufferers, without test of creed (182l-1899)1 was an ardenr liberal in politics in early man­ or color. This activity has won considerable recognition hood, and thus fou nd himself in the earl y 1850's among for th e group, which now numbers just over tWO hundred the scream of inrelligenrsia from Metternichea n Cencral thousand adult members.4 Europe seeking freedom in the New \Xforld. A native of The meeting visited by Busc h was the lower Stillwater Dresden, he had srudied theology at the University of congregation, one of four established by the division in leipzig before leaving his homeland. The fruits of his 1811 of the l ower Miami church, the original organization two-year sojourn in the United States were exhibited in of the Brethren in that area. 5 The pres iding elder, or bishop his book Wande·ymzgen zwischen H udson and Mississippi, in Busch's terminology, was Peter N ead (1796-1877), who 1851 1md 1852, published in Germany in 1854.2 had moved ro the Miami area fr om Virginia in 1848. Of Following additional years of cravel in the N ear East Lutheran parentage, ead had early become affi liated with and the Balkans, Moritz Busch became an ediror in his the Methodist Episcopal church, and had roured the Shenan- native Germany. A shift in political orienration was mark­ • The mos t rece nt general accou nt is Floyd E. Mall or, Studies ed by his enrrance upon a career in the Prussian govern­ in Brethren History, (Elgin , Illinois: Breth re n Publishing H ouse, menr service in 1866, as one of the many former liberals 1954). , Jesse O. Garst, ed., History 0/ the Church 0/ the Brethren impressed by the strong policies of Otro von Bismarck. H e 0/ the Soltthem District 0/ Ohio (Dayton, Ohio: The Historica l accompanied the Iron Chancellor during the Franco-Prussian Committee, 1921 ), pp. 75-97. War, and became one of its chief chroniclers with his lengthy report which also won English translation and publication. Busch's multi-volumed dairy, published during the year of his death, remains a basic source ior a study of the era of Bismarck.3 During his cravels in the United States he stayed for a time in Southern Ohio. While living at Dayron he rook the opportunity ro visit a large meeting of the German Baptist Brethren or Dunkers, now known as the Church of the Brethren. Members of the denomination at that time were classed with the "plain people" because of their dis­ tinctive dress and appearance, and because of their resolu­ ti on ro be set apart from the world. Today the denomination is active in the ecumenical movemenr and in most respects differs little from main-

1 A brief account in English of Busch's li fe is in The Encyclo­ pedia Britannica (Chicago: 1962) , IV, 450. , (Stuttgart and Ti.ibingen: J. G. Cotta, 1854) , 2 volumes . This is listed in Emil Meynen, ed., Bibliog raphy on German Settle­ ments in Colo'nial N orth America (l eipzig: O. H arrassowitz, 1937), no. 1080a. In th e introduction to a recently-held symposium on research needs, the Busch account was singled out, along with one other. as meriting early translation-J. F. McDermott, ed., Research Opportll nities in A merican CIIltllral History (l exington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press , 1961), p . vi . a As "Bismarck's Boswell " he published many volumes of re­ collections of the chancell or's sayings and activities. These were also published in English and twO of them in Russ ian. In 1940 his writings on the Franco-Pruss ian war were reissued in Germany. J)/II1h'''I'd Lo/,e-Fellsi oj 1" 1' 71)I h Celli/II,\, . .H i'll IIl1d Other writings dealt with his travels in the ear East, and his 1('011 / 1' 11 1'111 III SI'I )(I I'1I1 1' Illbies. /?I'o/" is /H'illf{ III died continued interes t in religious matters. These books are listed in the catalogues of the li brary of Congress. JI'O/ll 1111'71 ' I!IIIIS: bl'l'lId is (' IIII'll I('il" il .

40 1) 11111.. 11 I'd CO/lI/l/lIII ­ i OIl : Ih e Elder is brell ki /l K I h I' Li (' I )('~­ Illahlhrol_ 1/lIIrked wilh holes s\'/IIbo!­ i ::; ill u Ih e .s 1( 'OI;lIds of t' . [ Chrisl. 10 disl,., JIIl e 10 Ih (' 111 (' 111 b el's.

Illllstrations rrolll Peter l\" ('alr S '-Th eolo2:\';' Da\'lon, cOhio, 1850 Edition doah Valley of Virginia in 1823-1 824 as an itinerant A Visit with the Dzmker s Methodist preacher. D uring his journey he learned to It may occasionall y happen to the traveler who jo~r~e ys know the Brethren and found their beliefs and practices from Southern Pennsylvania or Maryland through Vlrgtnla in harmony with biblical teachings as he understOod them.!; to Ohio and Indiana that he comes upon a farm along the After joining the Brethren, he was soon called to their road leading to his destination which, despite its gene~ally ministry. Becoming one of their most prolific writers of American character, reminds him of Germany by vanous that time, he wrote a volume of doctrinal discourse to which features and peculiarities. H e may meet there people Busch was directed as a source for understanding Dunker who seem to be set down from anOther time. A black felt beliefs. A copy of this book, published in 185 0, was g iven hat with nOt iceably wide, completely fl at, brim does nOt by Elder Nead to the journalist, and was esteemed by Busc:h seem to go with a curiously-cut, ordinarily grey or dark who had a favorable opinion of his own competence In brown tailcoat with standing collar and only one row of theological matters.; buttOns, resembling Grandfather's costume when he married The great vallie of the travel account is its detailed and Grandmother. But what a g reater COntrast to this and to graphic description of D unker church practices and re­ the appearance of the neig hbors of Anglo-Saxon derivation actions to them by their Anglo-Saxon neighbors. Busch are the long fl owing locks of hair and the foot-long was able to capture, as it were in amber, a colorful vignette patriarchial beard which curls down from chin and cheeksl of American rural life at the half-way mark of the last H owever, if this traveler enters the clean and comfortable century. The histOr ical introduction he provided was not homes of these strangely dressed men, he then finds them without merit, but is either a summary, or in several places, and theirs to be an uprig ht, simple, hospitable race, who an unacknowledged word for word translati on of tWO live a harmless life in modest prosperity. The head of the arricles in a relig ious encyclopedia published in America house will seek to convince him, as soon as the conversation in 1848. Forrunately for Busc h and his readers, bOth turns to religion, that only the baptism of adults is scriptural. authors from whom he drew so freely were trustworthy An American friend, to whom he recounts the encounter b sO urces so that his account is correct in most instances. with these people, will tell him that they are called "Dunk­ The 'passage just preceding the one translat~d here. dealt ers" or "Dunkards" in English, and that they make up a with his visit to a Shaker colony, a fascinating rehglOus brotherhood which COunts as its members a large part of movement with some affi nities bOth theologicall y and his­ the German farmers from the woods of Pennsylvania to tOrically (as he rig htly noted) with the Ephrata Community the prairies of Iowa and Missouri. which broke off from the main Brethren development. Many fables have been tOld up to recent times about the H ere follows the reporr by Moritz Busc h of his experiences Dunkers. One counts them among the Mennonites; another among the Dunkers in 185l. confuses them with their twin brother, the Sabbatarians; and o T wo succincc bi ographies of N ead . are: D . L. Miller and G . even American authors have published faise information B. Royer, eds., Some W ho Led (El gIn , IllInOIS: Brethren Pub­ about them. It may, therefore, be of interest to dispel as li shing H ouse, 19 12 ), pp. 38-40, and ] . H . Mo?re, Some Brelh;en Path fi nders (El gin, Illinois: Brethlen Publtslllng H ouse, 19_9) , far as possible some of the darkness which rests over their pp. 18 1-1 94. A length y fragment of his diary has b~;, n prese rved histOry and beliefs. by descend ants whi ch records IllS travels In 1823-1 8_ I. . ' Peter ead, T heological Writings on VarI oll s SII bJects ; Or, Their name stems from the verb "tun ken," that is "to a Vindw1tioll 0/ Pri mitive Christi(m ity as R ecorded /II the, W ord immerse," and was g iven to them as a nickname by Penn­ of Cod (Dayton, Ohio: for the author by B. F. Ells, 1850),472 pp. sylva nians, as they practice baptism by immersion instead This was reprinted in 1866 and as recently as 195 0. " • Philip Boyle, "History of rh e German Bap[tSts, or Brethren, of sprinkling. Their membership in the United States is History 0/ A IL R ellglolls D ellO IllIt1(Jtl o Il S }/I the V lllted St(Jtes likely over than under sixty thousand souls, although noth­ (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: published by John Winebrenner, 1848), ing may be claimed with certainty as they have never taken pp. 9 1-94 ; Wtlliam M. Fahnestock, History of th e German Seventh Day Baptists," Ibid., pp. 109-123 . a census, either because of humility or from fear of offend-

41 ing God by taking a CO unt. The fact that their history is zealous study of the Bible that the sabbath had not been so difficult to foll ow is to be explained partly by their in­ repealed by Christ, and consequently, that it was not correct difference to such matters, partly also because of the circum­ to observe the first day instead of the seventh. He did Stance that they are not ac tually an organized church with nOt keep his discovery a secret, and since a division came a central authority, but rather exist as a great number of about in the settlement of the brerluen over this, he with­ widely-scattered congregations and districts independent drew and moved to the wilderness along the River Cocaldio of each Other. Not until last year did a book appear fr om [Cocalico}. Here he lived a long time hidden away in the the pen of one of their bishops which in some measure hermitage formerly belonging to a hermit named Elimelech. sets forth a systematic portrayal of their beliefs. When his place of res idence finally became known, his N evertheless, it is possible to establish some facts, which followers in the Mill Creek congregation followed and are contained in the follow ing. settled around him in a village. They observed the seventh day as the original and true sabbath, and therefore, they The Rise of the Dunke-rs are called Sabbatarians to differentiate them from their Stimulated by the writings of Spener,o in 1708 eight brethren who do not share this belief, known as the Dunkers persons in Schwarzenau in Southern GermanylO came to­ from this time on. gether several times a week in order "to examine carefully, From the time of the separation of Beissel and his follow­ and impartially, the doctrines of the N ew Testament, and ers the Dunkers have no histOry, but expanded in an un­ to ascertain what are the obligations it imposes on profess ­ noticed and mysterious fas hion to become a widely-spread ing Christians." The result of their inquiries was that they communion upon whose trail one treads with nearly every separated themselves from the Protestant Church and es­ step in the Western states12 On the other hand, their tablished a brotherhood of their own. The first thing twin brothers, the Sabbatarians in their cloister at Ephrata, needed, in their opinion, was to be baptized by the "bap­ experienced a brief period of brilliance which is curious tism of believers," i.e., those of accountability. They asked enough to earn here some mention, all the more since this Alexander Mack, the leader of the seven separatists, to extraordinary phenomenon in the shadows of the Penn­ perform this baptism upon them. However, inasmuch sylvania woods expired without any notice, as far as 1 as he considered himself to be unbaptized, as not baptized know, being taken of it in Germany.13 in the manner prescribed by the Bible, he declined their request. They found themselves compelled in order to achieve their aim to choose a baptizer by lot, whereupon all of them received the desired rite in the River Eder near Schwarzenau. After this they increased in numbers rapidly and soon established branch congregations in Marienborn and Ep­ stein, but immediately became the objects of persecution and, therefore, migrated first to the Krefeld area and then to Holland, and, finally, in 1719 and 1729 to Pennsylvania. The fir st group was made up of about twenty families who became separated after their arrival in Philadelphia, inas­ much as some settled in Germantown, some in Oley, and still others in ConestOga. Because of this they were hinder­ ed in gathering for congregational worship sen·tces. The result was a gradual cooling of their zeal, until in 1722 by means of four of their preachers who went by horseback throughout the land, it was successfully revived once more. Also many strangers joined their number and congregations

were organized wherever possible. This lasted several FOOI - rfl(lshill~ (:(,/"(,117011),. b(ls(' d 011 (I('('ollnt of L(lsl SIIPP(' years, but the brotherhood would not have been preserved in I/'(' Gospd of }ohll. is Iradiliollal pa/"l of DIIllkal"l from eventual extinction and absorption by other churches Comlllllnion Pra('li(·('. From iY (!ad's book. 78.50. had not a second group arrived in the fall of 1729, made up of about thirty families. With them came not only a substantial addition of numbers but also new life into the ranks of Mack's followers and the existence of the sect was The Ephl'ata Community assured. In 1732 a monastery of Anabaptists originated from the The strongest congregation at this time was that on the village of colonists which had formed around Beissel's cell, Mill Creek (Muhlbach) in Lancaster County where since in a very similar way to that in which the first monasteries a schism among the members had gradually spread. 1724 developed in the N ear East. In May, 1733, a common A certain Conrad Beissel,ll who had also fled here from residence was constructed, and later other buildings were Germany because of religious persecution, noticed in his added around it which were separated from the outside by • Philip Jacob Spener (1635-1705 ) is generally credited with a wall. A common costume was adopted, similar to the being the "Father of German Pieti sm. " For information on him and documentation of the beginnings of the Brethren, see Donald " See Mallott, op. cit., pp. 68-134, for a brief description of F. Durnbaugh, European Origins of the Brethren (Elgin, Illinois: the expansion. The Brethren Press, 1958). 13 At least ten references to German publications before 1850 10 Actually, Schwa rzenau is located in central Germany, north­ dealing with Ephrata are contained in Eu gene E. D oll, .. ou rces wes t of Frankfurt/ Main. fo r the History of the Ephrata Cl oisters," in Eu gene E. D oll and II For a full, if unsy mpathetic, biography of Beissel; see Walter Anneli ese M. Funke, comps., The Ephrata Cloisters: An Anllotated C. Klein, Johann Conrad Beissel: Mystic and Martinet (Phila­ Bibliography (Philadelphia: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, delphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1942). 1944), pp. 48-67.

42 worship service, glorified this subject. Absolute chastity can be considered to be the real aim of the founder of the Sabbatarians in giving the congregation the ourward form of monastic life. The monks of Ephrata, as well as Beissel's character, have often been misunderstOod and falsely represented by American writers, who were not at home with this expres­ sion of German spiritual life. It was said of them that they were arrogant, self-sufficient, and tacirurn, and would nOt even answer when they were addressed on the street. Morgan Edwards contradicts this in his writing MateHals T oward a History of the Baptists: From the uncouth dress, the recluse and ascetic life of rh ese people, sour aspects and rough .mann.ers mIght be expecred; but on the contrary, a sm d1l1g 1I1nocence and a meekness grace their countenances, and a sofeness of tO ne and accent adorn their conversarion, and make their deportment gende and oblig ing. Their singing is charming, partly owing to the pleasa ntness of thelf voices the vari ety of parts they carryon tOgether, and the d;vour manner of performance.14 Other writers tell that the Ephrata group carried their asceticism to such unnecessary extremes that they followed a strict vegetarian diet and slept on wooden benches with blocks of wood as pillows, This report is factual, but the reason for it was economy necessitated by their situation. \'V'hen these people founded their monastery, they had no means to secure meat and beds, and therefore, they were forced to go without. For a long time their utensils were all wooden, with the exceprion of those in which iron was absolutely necessary. For holy communion they used wood­ en bowls, pitchers, and cups, wooden candlesticks, spoons and forks, yes, even the plates from which they ate were octagonal boards of poplar wood. H owever, after the diffi­ culties of the beginnings were behind them and they had Dllnkllrds - l/; lws(' n(lm(' com ('s from th (' C('rlll(ln assured themselves against failure of their enterprise, they word Llll1k en, 111('(ll/il1l{ t o dip - bapti:;('d thr('(' tim ('s also used beds just as did those who criticized them for in II running str('(lm. their simple manner of life. N either did they disdain licit pleasures, although the wooden cups are still in use tOday, and temperance in eating and drinking is scrupulously regarded at all times. monastic habit of the Capuchins, and an amazed neighbor­ Those describing the character of the founder seem to hood saw for the first time in the wilderness the figures have sinned against the truth in like fashion to those de­ of monks and nuns going about. All who joined the com­ scribing the sect. Beissel was, if I can trust my source,15 munity received monastic names. Israel 'Eckerlin, called anything but what some American church histOrians make Onesimus, was succeeded by Peter Miller (Jabez) in the him Out to be, a sly ambitious person who hypocritically office of prior, while Beissel (whose religious name was secured for himself tides, honor, and influence. Rather he Friedsam Gomecht) was honored by the community with was a truly devoted, if also eccentric and enthusiastic spirit. the title "spiritual father." In the year 1740 there were He dedicated himself completely to the welfare of those in the cloister thirty-six single brethren and thirty-five who followed him. Through his rejection and transfer sisters, and ten years later the brotherhood with the in­ into the hands of others of the administration of secular cl us ion of members living in the neighborhood numbered affairs, he concentrated his mind and all of his powers upon nearly three hundred souls. . teaching the brethren the word of life as well as he him­ The constitution of the community, which was christened self recognized it. In his concept of what was moral he Ephrata, was based on republican principles, and according was unusually strict and he pushed self-mortification to an to it all were completely equal. The New Testament extremely high degree. All of his curious views were was their confession of faith and code of rules. Properry honestly meant. Though little versed in other arts, he was which graduall y accumulated to the communiry by gifts indeed an excellent musician, and those spiritual songs and the earnings of the brethren and sisters belonged to composed by him were highly praised .by connoisseurs. all communall y; yet no one was compelled upon entrance H e published a book about the fall of Adam and a collection to turn over all of his personal property to those wh? re­ of letters on religious subjects, and besides this left after ceived him. No monastic vows were taken, but celIbacy his death some volumes of manuscript essays, written with was considered to be a superior state. It was believed that those who sacrificed their carnal desires and lived as "pure " Ed wards' collections, a basic source for the history of the virgins," would receive the first place in heavenly -?lory. Brethren and Ephrata, were available to Busch in the articles by Boyle and Fahnestock which contained lengthy excerpts from the This was a favorite theme of their ministers. The majorIty Baptist historian. , of their hym ns, which were composed anew for every 10 The source is Fahnestock, op. "t., p. 11 3.

43 great neatness and decorated with all manner of illumi­ expressed itself in a mighty revival has been replaced, ac­ nation. lG cording to their own testimony, in the hearts of many sou ls As several of the brethren were men of education, already by lethargy and indifference. This is explained by them in the earlier times a school was erected in the cloister. This as owing to the circumstance that the majority of the breth­ soon achieved such favorable reputation that you ng people ren have become wealthy and that some of these have were sent there to receive an education even from Phila­ married those of other faith s. delphia and Baltimore. As is well known, in the American So much for the character of this German Baptist brother­ schools no religious instruction may be given, so it is hood in the backwoods of North America. The following left to the preachers of the individual sects to impress the sketch is a picture of their churchly life which I had the faith upon the children in the so-called "Sunday Schools." opportunity to learn virtually from the ground up. Such a Sunday SChOol existed in Ephrata along with the An Ohio Dtmke1' Meeting above educational institute, and was principally intended About six miles from Dayton, a few hundred steps off for the poor children of the neighborhood who were kept the road to Salem in a clearing in the endless woods stands from regular attendance at school by necessity of earning a long, low brick house covered with shingles, which is their bread on weekdays. This was founded by ludwig enclosed by a typical worm fence with a circumference of Hocker about 1740 and concinued uncil the battle ot Brandy­ about one American acre. In fronc of it is found a spring wine (1777), when the school room (as well as all of the under some trees, next to which has been built a rough other rooms of the monastery) was given over to hospital bench. It is a meetinghouse of the Dunkers, who settled use. Therefore, the fame of having incroduced rhe first in great numbers in this area, as is true for the encire valley institution of this type belongs to the Anabaptists of through which the Mad River and both Miamis run. 19 Ephrata, for it was forty years later that Robert Raikes It was on OctOber 7 [1851] that I attended there one of (who is considered to be the founder and developer of thiS their meetings, to which they often come from many miles system which is widely distributed in America) began this distance in order to hear the Gospel preached and to hold very effective method of instruction.17 the Lord's Supper with feetwashing. The loveliness of Beissel died in 1768 and a decade later the fortunes of the morning persuaded me to set oft on my journey by foot. his creation began to ebb. Ephrata was the product of the Soon I had gone from my place of residence in the suburb 18th Century,18 and when the spirit of that cencury died Macpherson Town, past the huge sycamores (Author's nOte: with the Revolution, its life had also to reach its end. A kind of plane-tree in America is called "sycamore" which Public opinion had changed not only in matters of politics, often grows in moist places.) which shadow the bank of but also in religious matters. Besides, Ephrata was a the Miami at the CovingtOn bridge, and had reached the socialist community, begun in a wilderness surrounded by crest of the hill and the board shack which bore the grand unpopulated forests, not hemmed in by the dense and mixed name "Moncgomery Starch Manufactory" on its forehead. population which this part of Pennsylvania possessed soon From there a perfectly straight road led completely Out of after the era of the War of Independence. lastly, the de­ the valley to the wooded heights. Huge red-painted barns cay of the institution was futhered by the persecution of beh ind elegant homes told here a stOry of the prosperity envious neighbors. Some Sabbatarians still live there, as of those whose good star had led them to settle along this well as on the Bermudian Creek and in Snow Hill, who stretch. Mounted shepherds in light blue great coats and yet meet regularly on Saturday for worship, but instea.d of brown Buena Vista hats, belonging to the guild of the the enthusiastic devotion of their forefathers, worldliness "divine Eumaos," ponderous carts pulled by twO or three and indifference prevail among them. Ephrata is spiritually oxen teams, and neat little "buggy wagons" from which dead and on its wall "Ichabod" has been writ'en by the , waved the inevitable green veils of the local small tOwn girls hand of the past. and farmers' daughters, bluebirds, butterflies, and hordes of The Dunker Character grasshoppers enlivened the road, upon which as ~ neared The Dunkers, as mentioned earlier, have no history my destination came into sight also a few Dunkers In white after the time of Beissel's departure. But if the latter (who coats on fine ponies, with wife and children in the wagon approached the Shakers in their mystic doctrines) have next to them. dried up to a frail twig which will soon wither completely, It must have been nine o'clock when I arrived at the the former have developed into one of the largest branches meeting house. In the woods in frOnt of the fence a ped­ on the American tree of sects. In general, they are con­ dler had set up a bar, and in his vicinity were found under sidered to be an industrious, sober, charitable people, who the trees many coaches and horses, belonging to people walk the way of the Lord irreproachably, do good as far who, like myself, had come without belonging to the as it is possible for them, and instruct their children in brotherhood. Among them the genus "loafers" (here, as the fear of the lord. Of course, their dogmatic theology in every other place in Uncle Sam's land composing at is as crudely hewn, awkward and rustic as their Pennsylva~ia least a fourth of the male youth) was present in numbers. Dutch as is not otherwise to be expected. Also the liVing Inside the fence, however, there teemed the long-bearded faith glowing devotion which yet during this century ~nd figures and beaver-tailed coats of the "Brethren," whose numbers increased by the minute. They walked about hand 10 Exact bibliography notation is given in Doll and Fur:ke, op. cit., pp. 87 and 96. The elaborate. Illumination of manuscnpts in hand, and all newcomers gave and received the. "brotherly practiced at Ephrata has been extensively studied, most recently right hand" and the "holy kiss." It must be said that the in Donald A. Shelley, The Fraktttr- Writings or Illuminated Manu­ scripts 0/ the Pennsylvania Germ<:ns (Allentown, Pennsylvan.la: latter ceremony was practiced only between brother and Pennsylvania German Folklore SOCiery, 1961), pp. 101-107, with brother or sister and sister. numerous illustrations. Alon~ the fence behind the house a square of ?uggies, " On this, and other Ephrata institutions, see the latest compre­ hensive treatment by James E. Ernst, Ephrata: A HIS/ory (Allen­ market cans, and riding horses was formed, which had town, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania German ,~o lkl ore SOCiery, 1963). brought the believers of bOth sexes. From one door of ,. Busch's source had the "17th Century Instead of the 18th­ Fahnestock, op. cit., p. 11 6. JO See Garst, op. cit., pp. 9 1-97.

44 One's first impression of the meeting, therefore, might be that of a congregation of heroes of the Swabian peasant war {B1t1zdschllh),20 although I saw but few dark and fanatic faces, and ro the contrary noticed many which carried the sramp of decided good natured ness. In the middle of the room was a white-draped table made of nvo tresdes with rough board laid on them, at which sat about twenty, mostly elderl y men in the sectarian garb and adorn­ ed with long Noah-beards. These were the preachers and bishops. Around them on both sides of the passage which divided the room the long way into twO equal parrs, were lined up the cIosely-packed-rogether sisters on the ri ght side where the kitchen was located, in their whiite caps and aprons, on the left with their hats on their knees, the bearded and long-haired brethren. My good fortune had brought me a place directly opposite from the preachers' table, and thus nothing of this peculiar ceremony escaped my arrention. The First Session The worship service began with an English hymn from the second parr of the Harfellspiel del' Kinder Zions, 21 Following this anything but pleasant-sounding singing was a prayer in German by a preacher with a whining voice, During this the profane fire crackled in an unmannerly fashion through the open kitchen door and was also ac­ companied-a not unusual occurrence inAmerican churches -by the unashamed and fr ightful crying of one of the in­ fants which had been brought along. After the one pray­ ing pronou nced the Amen, one of the bishops read a chapter from Jeremiah, and that from an English Bible, whereupon several German verses were sung. These were read line for li ne by a preacher for the congregation, a circumstance which is possibly based upon the fact that only a few of those present still owned a songbook in their mother ro ngue. Ir also happened that more parts had been su ng ro the Eng­ lish hymn, and from this one does not seem ro go far wrong in assuming that the transition process which all German setders undergo who leave Pennsylva nia is already more than two-thirds completed among the D unkers in the west.

Hr(> l/'r(, 1I h (l!'e Ih e ('/lS I O /ll of "(l II Oinlillf{ Ih e si (' k i ll After the si nging an old German preacher rose in order I/' (> 11 (1 /11 (> of I/' e L o rd." f r o !l1 I/' (> E pislle of J (l lII es. ro treat in English the third chapter of Acts, which had been read by another in Luther's German translation. His ex­ position of the text consisted of a quite respectable com­ parison of the lame before the door of the temple with the the meetinghouse, which opened OntO a small veranda, sinner who may not enter the kingdom of God, until he is flamed an open fire around huge POts and ketdes, arrended rold in the name of Jesus ro walk therein. U nfortunately, by women in white caps and aprons, and a blue pillar of this good image was trampled so broadly in unnumerable smoke spiraled from the chimney. On a srone near the repetitions into a boring soup that only those used ro such spring was placed a meral cup with which those who had ru stic fare could swallow it. During this the speaker as no interest in refreshing themselves from the peddler's h~ became warm, witham finding it inappropriate, shed barrel of whiskey could slake their thirst. hiS coat and hung it on a lath stretched overhead between Suddenly all moved roward the entrances, and in a shorr tWO pillars, on which many other vestments already balanced. time the house was so filled with Dunkers and onlookers ~ " ln 1525 a mass ive uprising of peasants (whose symbol was that several latecomers had ro stand beside the door, which the laced boot of the lower classes) threatened to overthrow estab­ was almost completely taken up by a colossal deacon with lished authorIty until the nobl es joined forces to suppress them WIth . great bl oodshed, Traditional historiography linked the a long brown beard, the largest and most handsome male uprlslOg WIth the AnabaptISt movement, though with li[[le founda­ fi gure which I encountered in America. The room was tl O~. Busch may well be alluding to this in his comparison. a rectangle, with nine windows and three doors, Irs low The German hymnal used by the Brethren In America was Das KLeme DavldlSche PsaLterspiel der K inder Zions (German­ board ceiling was supporred by four roughly-hewn timbers town: ChtlStopher Sauer, 1744), very often reprinted. After 1792 as pillars, and it probably contained at this time between an appendiX entitled Ole KLeme Harle was usually bound with it. The most commonly used hym nal at the time of Busch's visit was three and four hundred persons. Neither choir nor chancel, Ole lfLellle Lieder SammLltng, oder AltsZltg ailS dem PsaLterspiel organ nor altar, nor burning candles were ro be seen in it, der KlIlder LIOIIS, fi rst published 10 H agerstown in 1826 and otten and therefore the room was more ro be compared with a repnnted. , An English version of this was ordinatily bound with It, ,A ChOIce Selecttolt 01 H ymns, first edition in Canton, Ohio, large farmhouse room {Battermtube) than ro a German 18,0. Busch seems to have confused several of the titles in his church. recollection.

45 He must have spoken about a half-hour in this fash ion, when his sermon took a characteristic turn as he suddenl y abandoned the lame in the temple at Jerusalem, forgot his English, and in the purest Pennsylvania Dutch complained about the pains in his lungs: "I could talk much longer on this text, but my lungs won't stand it. Oh, my lungs! " (Mel' ko m~1 noeh viet sehwalze iibef diesen Texl, abel' meine Lungs wolin's net stande. Aeh, meine L 1t1~gs/) "But however" [Engli sh in orig inal] and then the flow of words poured forth well over another quarter of an hour without period or pause, in its rise and fall similar to that in which we sing the colleer. If this example of Dunker eloquence, as was to be exp ected, was hardly a perfeer sermon, yet it seemed to please the congregation and it was in any case better and more su bstantial than the one his neig hbor at the tabl e held in German upon the sam e theme, which was nothing other than a poor translation of the first. Quite a different impression was made by the following sermon of a preacher who came to the meeting from South­ ern Ohio. H e had a long lean figure with noble, prophet­ like features. His pale face was circled by black hair, and his eyes glittered with that special fire and his otherwise strong voice was that holl ow tone which we associate with consumption. The apt development of the sermon which he presented in excellent Engli sh could have been heard with success by a congregation of intellectuals. After he closed, a prayer followed whereupon the entire congregation knelt; the one who prayed, however, remained seated at the table with his head supported by his right arm and with his eyes closed. Then followed several m ore preachers who spoke w ith more or less talent, mostly in Engli sh, some in German, almost all disturbed by the screaming of infants and the noise of the fire which cooked their noonday m eal and, T h (' " Holy J< iss." ({ pr({('/i('(' of Ih (' ({posl o/ir r lll/reh rherefore, seem ed to have the rig ht to speak a word along m(,llliol/ ('d b\' I . p({I/Z ({nd o lh ers. is slill /)1' ({('lie('c/ with them. All of them concluded their remarks with the by Ih (' DIII/h'({rds ()r Rrelhrel/ . This i llIlSlr({li()11 is nai ve sentence rhat if they had nOt brought anything to frnm N('({ d's '·TIII>% 7.\·'" 7850. the benefit and ed ification of the brotherhood, they at least hoped that they had not said anything harmful. It was then three o'clock, and p erhaps nine or ten speak­ tory" by translating it "rise and progress" [English in on g l­ ers had appeared, when the presiding bishop em:ed further nal] , he was of the opinion that it began with the apostles oratory as he directed those present to leave the house. It and was the history of the invisible church of God. Another, was time for the midday meal and the room had to be who entered into the conversation, claimed that their organi­ prepared for that. Since there was not enough space for zation stemmed from the \'{!a ldensians. Through further all to be fed at once, as soon as it was ready the elderly probing, the name of Alexander Mack and the colony on and the women should eat first. The others, with which he the Mill Creek came to lig ht. The old bishop, in whose also intended to mean those not belonging to the brother­ expression I, perhap s unrig htfully, thoug ht I sensed some­ hood, would find their portion at the second course. Finall y, thing of Pharisee-sa tisfaerion (which evidently the eleer provision had also been made for the horses, and each one from time to time cannot completely hide vis-a. -vis the could obtain the necessary item s from the deacons. This reprobate) finally left in order to ea t, and I now conversed took place, and soon one saw brethren and strangers with younger p eople. with handkerchiefs full of oats in their hands and ears of It seemed as if they had the strange delusion that I had corn under their arms going from the kitchen to their horses. come to debate them, or even to convert them, or rather, as one gave to understand, that I had been sent for this Debate With the D!t1zke1's purpose by someone in Germany. Therefore, after a few In the meantime I had m ade the acquaintance of a questions I found m yself in a rather heated debate, although Dunker who had been my neig hbor at the service, and he conduered in a fri endly manner. To this many Anglo­ directed me and my questions to one of the bishops. This Americans pressed their way, who self-appointedly took my was a venerable figure in a coffee-brown costume of the part, and delig hted in accompanying my speeches and re­ finest fabric, over which a well-tended beard as white as buttals with exclamations, as impertinent as embittering, bleached flax hung down to the middle of the chest. Upon such as: "Now for it, young m an! "- "JuSt give it him! "­ my question as to their relig ious books, he responded that "By Jove, he'll whip them fellows anyhow! " [Eng li sh in their only book was the ew T estament. \,{!hen I as ked original. ] him about the history of their "denomination" (not "sect" There is basically little to be sa id about the Dunker for your life!) whereby I had to explain the concept "his- beliefs. That which I learned from this debate and from

46 other sources is introduced at th is place. Their faith differs under the chairmanship of the five oldest bishops, general from orrhodox Lutheranism but in outward matters, upon conclusions are arrived at and decisions made upon any which, however, they place great imporrance. In orher queries that might come up. These are then immediately words, the bas ic formal principle of Protestantism that the printed in German and English, and sent to the ministers Bible is the sole gu ide for the theologian is taken to its of the individual congregations, who, in turn, read them logica l extreme by them so that it also encompasses the to the members as soon as convenient. A di.aphora.22 They always insist with great fervor that Most of these tenets and institutions were mentioned all of the commandments of Christ and His apostles must during our conversation in front of the meeting bouse on be taken li terall y and obeyed. Consequentl y, they baptize the Salem Road. I also lea rned at this time that the doc­ only those of the age of accou ntability and perform the trines of the "Brotherhood" are indeed nOt all contained rite in this fas hion, that the baptizer enters with the bap­ in the Bible alone, but that there is also a book by Mack2:l tizand a river or pond, and there baptizes him in the name (which a person resident in the vicinity promised to loan of the Father, the Son, and the H oly Spirit, three times me to read), a second by a Bishop Winchester,24 and a third forward (nor backward as do the Baptists). Further, they which the presiding elder of the local district had written celebrate the Lord's Supper at night, with an actual meal, about their beliefs.25 at which, however, the Communion is observed after the The last named joined our group with the pale-faced, manner of the Lutheran Church. Finally, they consider the dark-haired preacher at that very instant. When I admitted washing of feet to be an ordinance instituted by Christ to them that the "holy kiss" is mentioned in the Scriptures, which is to be practiced along with the sacrament of the they immediately raised the question why then our pas­ altar. The "kiss of love," also called "holy kiss," of which tOrs did not recommend this to their congregations to be the Pauline epistl es occasionall y speak, is for them likewise observed. Of course, I could only answer this with a shrug. a commandment which may not be avoided . Their mor­ Though this was not ingratiating, and the roar of laughter tally ill are anointed with consecrated oil. To bear arms, from my uninvited Anglo-American seconds who justified to go to law, to swear oaths are forbidden things for them. my gesture of rejeCtion was even less ingratiating, I did Indeed, until a few years ago it was even forbidden to take have the good forrune of providing the good souls with a interes t on loans, and to this day the devout do nor demand happy surprise by my observation that at home the em­ interest from needy church members. peror, and kings, and indeed, even the pope occasionally Their clergy consist of preachers, who are either called performed the service of feetwashing. "teachers" or "ministers," and of helpers or deacons, who The ensu ing debate, during which my opponents con­ are ass isted by deaconesses. The most able of the former tinually had their fingers in their pocket Bibles and were are elected bishops, who are ordained through the laying at all times ready to construct a barricade against my ob­ on of hands. Their office imposes upon them the duty of jeCtions with an appropriate dictum from the gospels or traveling to the separate congregations, of presiding at their epistles, was carried out primarily in English, as the ma­ love feasts, election of preachers, and ordinations, and gen­ jority of the participants understOod only "Deutsch," that erall y of leading and overseeing the affairs of the separate is Pennsylvania Dutch, but nor German as the Germans distriCts. In those distriCts where no bishop resides, the speak it (lV ie di.e Delttschlander ze sch-watze). In the neighboring districts care for the business, or the oldest course of the debate, the obviously-present initial aversion preacher rakes care of the necessary matters. The respon­ to the supposed proselyter changed to a growing confidence si bility of the deacon is to care for the poor and ill in the and satisfaCtion in the li stener who was eager to obtain congregation, to settle dispures, to visit the individual fam­ information, as could be observed from the beneyolent ilies in their homes, and to admonish them in the fear visages. The result was that I received several invitations of the Lord. to visit homes. Indeed, a red, broad, friendly face was so All of these clergymen are simple untutOred people, who insistent upon this, that it wished to abduct me that very seldom have more education than a thorough knowledge night to its farm ten miles away where I could find Mac k, of the Bible. They are seleCted from the congregations as Winchester, and Nead and remain as long as I wished-a those members who have distinguished themselves in their suggestion which unfortunately had to be declined as the meetings by their ability to speak and by their piety. They Reformed congregation in DaytOn wished to hear a sermon are nor sa laried, bur rather receive reimbursement onl y for from me twO days hence. their travel expenses, which in any case are only accepted ~' Two brief German treati ses by Mack (1679-1 735) known by those who are tOO poor to take care of them themselves. in short title as Grttnt!/orschent!e Fragen and R echten 1Wt! Ort!­ They ordinarily own farms, and follow the plow and wield nltngen desz Haltses Gottes, were o rdinarily published together in America, beginning with the G ermantown edition of 1774. their scythes just li ke all of their brethren, when their Later edi tions were Baltimore: 1799 and Lancaster: 1822. churchly offices do not demand their attention. Many of "' Elhanan Winches ter (1751-1795), a former Baptist minister them develop a considerable zeal in their Master's business, who joined th e Universalist movement, was in cl ose connection with the Brethren although never a member. The book in ques ti on is and even though some of them are in meager circumstances, undoubtedly the stereotype ed ition of his A Course 0/ Lectures they often leave their farm and families for weeks at a time on the Prophecies which R emain To Be Fulfillet! (Cinci nnati: in order to preach the Gospel to those covenant members Published by E. Morgan and Co. tor H enty Harshbarger and Co., 185 1), 604 pp. Peter Nead was associated with Harshba rger in living at a distance. this publishing venture. A well-informed biog raphy notes tha t At Pentecost they hold a great yearly meeting which is prior to 1866 "he with others published 'Winches ter's Lectures on the Prophesies: a work dealing with restoration, in which he attended by the bishops and preachers, as well as by church firmly believed" (Garst, op. cit., pp. 526-527). members representing the various congregations. There ", Nead, op. cit. (see note 7). Accord ing to Moore, op. cit., p. 187: "Jc was quite common to find a few copies of 'N ead's "" "Adiaphora" is a concept of Lutheran theology which may Theology' in all the Brethren settlements, east and west, and when be defi neu as "certain a reas of belief o r conduct in which dif­ a stranger became interes ted in the Brethren it was thought that ferences are of no consequence so far as the hristian character the rig ht thing to do was lend him a copy of N ead's book to read. of the belief or conuucr is concerneu" - Eugar M. Carlson, ... Those converted by reading the book, and there were hundreds "Auiaphora," The EncyclopedIa 0/ the Llttheran Chllrch (Min ­ of them, usually continued steadfastly in the faith a nd practice of neapolIS: Augsburg Pl.blishing House, 1965),1,6-7. the Brethren."

47 If the Americans present as spectators had shown enough tained anger. \'\1hoever cannot appreciate the mildness disrespect already during the conversation, they now carried of this disposition, can at least pay the respect of astonish­ their boorishness to the ultimate, as they stormed the meet­ ment.2G ing house where the rabIes were ready for the second serv­ Following their theory of biblical literalism, one might ing. Like hunger-crazed wolves they leaped toward the seem to be justified in the expectation that the Dunkers entrances, lifted and shoved each other through the win­ wou ld understand their communion following the supper dows, pushed and shoved for the serving bowls in the room, as the partaking of the true body and blood of Christ, and yelled for more as the food served them disappeared in thereby accept the teaching of transubstantiation. However, no time flat, and to be brief, played the role of you ng this is nor the case, as Peter Tead's address demonstrated scamps so well that there lacked only a schoolmaster with with which he introduced the rite. H e explained this as a whip behind them to complete the p icture. the possibility of an inward experience of the communion of all brethren in faith and in love. After this meditation, The Second Session which concluded with the admoni tion that any member of When this tri umph of brazenness had ended, the stomachs the congregation who had any misu nd erstandi ng with any of the "Boys" had been fill ed, and the terrible disorder­ orher brother or sister should be immediately reconciled or the bones, pieces of meat and breadcrumbs scattered all refrain from participating in the ta ble of the Lord, the kiss over the floor-had been swept out of the place of worship of love passed fr om mouth to mourh. Then a bishop arose (a task which was performed with equanimity by the and pronou nced a prayer upon the bread, which had been Dunkers who were accustomed to this and worse scenes), brought in the meantime. This consisted of unleavened the praying, singing, and preaching began once more. It bread, baked in such a way that they could be easily broken continued until the growing darkness reminded of the into eq ua l sizes. The prayer ended with a loud "Amen," rites which were intended for the evening. Then tin insect joined in by the entire gathering. lights were placed on the tables, a hym n was su ng which Now the administrator of the sacrament broke a long dealt with that which was to take place, and the passion strip from the bread, turned to one who sa t next to him story was read according to the Gospel of Mark. Then on the right, and sa id to him: "D ear brother, the bread twO brethren, who had rolled up their sleeves and bound which we break is the commu nion of the body of Jes us long towels around their bodies, carried in a tub, in which Christ, " whereupon he broke off a piece and gave it to the the male members of the group were to wash their feet. one addressed, who laid it before him. The latter then The same occurred on the sisters' side with twO dea­ tOok the long strip, with which he performed the same for conesses. his neighbor on the right as had the adminiStrator. After During this holy practice one of the bishops spoke abour all had received bread in this fashion, the presiding bishop its meaning, in that he considered depected there not onl y now announced that the bread was broken, and that when the obligation of humility through the kneeling and bow­ they then ate they seriously rt member its meaning as ing of the one who washed, bur also equally a symbolic cor­ "shadowing forth the bruised and mangled body of our rection of the bror her through the extension of his feet to dear Redeemer." [English in original] be washed and the ac t of purification. Each was to ad­ After the distribution of the bread, the presiding bishop monish the other to forgiveness for transgressions as pre­ prayed over the wine, which was brought in in twO green paration for the Lord's Supper, which was seen by the flasks, and was drunk our of tin cups. It was red wine. speaker as the symbol of the meal of the believers at the The cup went around the tables in the sa me manner, dur­ time of the second coming of Christ on the evening of ing which one said to the other in English or in German: the world. "Dear brother, the wine which we drink is the communion Upon the feetwashing followed then the supper in the of the blood of Jes us Chrisr. " The congregation then sang form of an ordinary evening meal during which the con­ an appropr·iate hymn. gregati on, as had happened during the midday meal, after The entire ceremony closed with a prayer after which grace ate from tin bowls with tin spoons, first soup, then N ead invited the brethren coming from a distance to a meat, bread and butter. breakfast to be held in the meeting house on the following All of these ceremonies were no longer disturbed and morning. Then all left, and I sta rted on my homeward mocked by the noisy fire and the strong-lunged infants, journey illuminated, as wished for, by the stars. bur unfortunately by far worse guests. Namely, as thanks fo r the midday meal give n them freely, the gang of loafers Epilogue ourside made it their bus iness to interrup t the love feast Some weeks later I followed the repeated invitations of of the harmless D unkers in the most cunning ways. Some Bishop Nead, to visit him at his farm, extended to me upon yodeled and croaked through the doors. Others ourside departure. H ere I learned to know in him not only a sang with all of their vo ices the street song: childlike, loving spirit, bur also a man much more inform­ ed in theological matters than I had anticipated. H e had I come from SCllem Cit,)' fo rmerly pursued the tanning trade and had only moved ]Vif h 172)' l/J(/Shb01lJi on my knee. [Engli sh In original] here from Virginia three years before. His book on the beliefs of his sect is for me one of the most valuable mem­ Still others shOt with pistols at the windows near where orabilia of all the souvenirs gathered in beautiful Ohio. the women sat, and orhers circled the house in trOOps imitat­ ing the scream of wil d turkeys. In short, it was an uproar ,. In 1849, the ques tion was raised at the Brethren yea rly as if a wild horde or a men's choir traveling to Blorberg meeting about "prov iding so much for those who came to feas t, had bivouacked ourside on the lawn. This was more than and ma ke disturbance at our meetings ." The answer was: "Can· sid ered , that we are to feed the hungry, if we are led by Christ's yourhfu l high spirits; it was outright baseness, at which a example ; and the apos tl e says, Therefore, if thine enemy hunger, lamb's patience co ul d have learned to bite. This notwith­ feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coa ls of fi re on his head' (Romans 12:20)" - M inutes of standing, the tone of voice in whi ch Bishop ead, the pre­ Ih e Annual Meetings 0/ the Brethren (Dayton, Ohio: The Com· siding elder, fi nally forbade them the tumult hardly con- mittee, 1876) , pp. 132·133.

48 Christmas Customs: Folk-Cultural Questionnaire No. 10

Chrisrmas, rh e principal family fesrival of rhe church year, has in every European and American culrure broughr forrh a grear body of pleasam cusroms associared wirh ir. Pennsylvanians, rhrough rheir p ioneer use in America of rhe Chrisrmas Tree, and rhrough rheir curious comriburion of rhe word "Krisskringle" ro rhe American vocabulary, A P;l1 e -(;olle have comribured deeply ro America's Chrisrmas celebrarion. Sall i a (;l ll lls 1C;I" Today rhere is of course a sra ndardized American Chrisr­ a Prel ;:;e Z Tree_ mas, wirh commercial Chrisrmas parades, ho-ho-hoing f r om '-Co d e/s Sanras in deparrmem srore windows, plasric Chrisrmas Lady's Book'-' crees, and orher accourremenrs. In rhe pas r ir was differ­ December, 1868. em, and Pennsylvanians, li ke orher regional and erhnic groups, had their own ways of celebrating rhe holiday. \\7 iII our readers, especially our older readers who re­ member rhe Chrisrmas cusroms of rhe late 19rh and earl y 20rh Cemuries, before the cusroms became standardized, share wirh us rheir memories of the older and differenr Chrisrmas celebrarions rhey remember?

1. Sama Claus and "BeIIsnickel"- 117 hat is the difference between these figures? Do 'yOlt 1'emembe1' both of these from Jam' own childhood, or onlJI one of them? What did 5. Chrisrmas Cookies and Christmas Candies-Desc1'ibe earlier PemzsJlvania17S mean by "Bellsnickling'? IV hat the baking of Christmas Cookies. What t)'Pes were ,baked did t be "Bel/mickel" or "a Bell mickel" look like? Did he in your home? What quantity were baked? Descl,ibe the wear masks? Did he bring gifts? preparation of Ch,'istmas confections? What tJ'pes were 2. "Grischrkindel" (Chrisrkindel)- Will 0111" P ennsylvm~ia made? German 1'eaders tell 11S what this term meam, and what 6. Chrisrmas Gifrs-117 hat wel'e the 1lst/al gifts given at relation the "Grischtkindel" had to Christmas? Christmas in the late 19th or early 20th Centztries? 117 hat 3. Christmas Tree: How were trees decorated in the earli­ was given to small children, to boys, to gi'rls, to pm'ems? er days? Who made the decMations? What tJpes of Where were the gifts placed? 117 hen were the gifts given, trees were med? II?' here were the t1'ees set up i1~ the Christmas Bve Or Christmas morning? hOMe? If/ hat sorts of decorations did they have zmder 7. Chrisrm as Burchering-In earlie'r days, it was the them? H ow long did the tt'ee remain uP? cltStom to blltcher immediately before Christmas. Will 4. Second Chrisrmas-lf/hat do readers 1'emember about readers who remember this describe the related mstom of the earlier PemzsJlvania German cllStom of celebl'ating "Metzelsupp." Christmas a second day (zwetter Grischtdag)? What types 8. Lore of Chrisrmas-Il?'hat stories, 1'i1J'mes, jokes, jests of amusements were indulged in on that daJ'? H au; did do J'01l l'ecall with a Christmas theme or association? How it differ from Christmas proper? were the animals and birds fed on Christmas DCIJ'? What beliefs associated with animals 1'elate to ChristnulS? 9. Orher Cusroms-117 hat do Y011 remember of "Christ­ mas Putzes," "Christmas Pyramids," shootin!; fire crackers on Christmas? Do you remember Christmas celebrations in the one-room-schoolholtSe, especially the cmtom of barring alit the school-master at Christmas? Detailed descriptions from readers' memories on these wbjects will " Kriss {(r;Il f!, l e" is a /)I'IlIlS"/!"II­ be appreciated. l1iall ro nll'-ib ll­ 10. N on-Celebration of Chrisrmas-If YOlt come from lioll 10 _tlll eri­ one of the "plain" groups (Mennonites, Amish, Brethren, ("an EI1f{li s". Quaker, etc.) who originally did not celebrate Ch'ristmas, based O il P l'lIn ­ how did J'0111' childhood Christmases di !Jer from those of Sy l,'al1ia Cer­ yoltr neighbors? 117 hat attitudes did pm'ents express against /;/1111 "Crise"l­ the celehation of Chl'istmas? H ow were these attit1ldes kindel." taught to children in the face of general celebration of Chl'istmas by the neighborhood yotmgste1'S? Send you r leplies ro: Dr. Don Yoder College Hall , Box 36 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 E. FERRF.T~ ' & co. PIIJLADELPIJIA 1845. An invitation to become a subscriber to the Society's periodical PENN­ SYlVANIA FOLKlIFE, now in its nineteenth year, published quarterly, in Fall, Winter, Spring and Summer. Each issue appears in a colored cover, with 48 pages or more of text, and is profusely illustrated. Subjects covered include: architecture, cookery, costume, customs of the year, folk art and antiques, folk dancing, folk medicine, folk literature, folk religion, folk speech, home-making lore, recreation, superstitions, traditional farm and craft practices, transportation lore and numerous others.

The purpose of the Pennsylvania Folklife Society, a non-profit corpora­ tion, is three-fold: collecting the lore of the Dutch Country and Pennsylvania; studying and archiving it; and making it available to the public both in this country and abroad.