Appendix A List of Abbreviations
ABR AVAILABLE BIT RATE
ACF AUTO-CORRELATION FUNCTION
AOTF ACOUSTO-OPTICAL TUNABLE FILTER
APD AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
ARIMA AUTOREGRESSIVE INTEGRATED MOVING AVERAGE
ASE AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
ASK AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
ATM ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
ATMR ATM RING
AWGM ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE GRATING MULTIPLEXER
AWGM-p AWGM PROTOCOL WITH PRIORITY QUEUEING
BER BIT ERROR RATE
B-ISDN BROADBAND-INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
BOD BANDWIDTH-ON-DEMAND
CAT CHANNEL AVAILABLE TIME
CBR CONSTANT BIT RATE
CC CONTROL CHANNEL
CONRAD CONVERGENCE OF REAL-TIME AND DATA SERVICES
CROWN CONCURRENT ACCESS MULTI-RING OPT. WDM NETWORK
CSMA CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS
CSMA/CD CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS/COLLISION DETECTION
C-TDMA CHANNEL-ORIENTED TDMA
DAS DYNAMIC ALLOCAT ION SCHEME 228 List of Abbreviations
DBR DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR
DES DISCRETE-EvENT SIMULATION
DF DIELECTRICAL FILTER
DFB DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK
DQ DISTRIBUTED QUEUE
DQ-p DQ WITH PRIORITY QUEUEING
DQ-R DQ WITH REAL-TIME SERVICE SUPPORT
DQDB DISTRIBUTED QUEUE DUAL Bus
DT-WDMA DYNAMIC TIME-WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
DWDM DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
EATS EARLIEST AVAILABLE TIME SCHEDULING
EATS-p EATS WITH PRIORITY QUEUEING
EATS-R EATS WITH REAL-TIME SERVICE SUPPORT
ED FA ERBIUM-DoPED FIBER AMPLIFIER
EOTF ELECTRO-OPTICAL TUNABLE FILTER
EPA EQUILIBRIUM POINT ANALYSIS
FBG FIBER BRAGG GRATING
FBM FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION
FDDI FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE
FFT-FGN FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM-FRACTIONAL GAUSSIAN NOISE
FGN FRACTIONAL GAUSSIAN NOISE
FPF FABRy-PEROT FILTER
FR FIXED RECEIVER
FRP FRACTAL RENEWAL PROCESS
FSK FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
FT FIXED TRANSMITTER
GCSR G RATING COUPLER SAMPLED REFLECTOR
HORNET HYBRID OPTOELECTRONIC RING NETWORK
HTDM HYBRID TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
IP INTERNET PROTOCOL
ITU INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
LAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK 229
LCF LIQUID CRYSTAL FILTER
LQ LONGEST QUEUE
LRD LONG-RANGE DEPENDENCY
MAC MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL
MAN METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
M-ATMR MULTIPLE-ATM RING
MAWSON METRO AREA WAVELENGTH SWITCHED OPTICAL NETWORK
MH MAXIMUM Hop
MZI MACH-ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETER
NGI NEXT GENERATION INTERNET
NIU NETWORK INTERFACE UNIT
OADM OPTICAL ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER
OSI OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION
OTDM OPTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING OXC OPTICAL CROSS-CONNECT
PSC PASSIVE-STAR COUPLER
QoS QUALITY-OF- SERVICE
RA RESERVATION ALOHA
RAT RECEIVER AVAILABLE TIME
RCA RECEIVER COLLISION AVOIDANCE
RMD RANDOM MIDPOINT DISPLACEMENT
RND RANDOM
RR ROUND ROBIN
SA SLOTTED ALOHA
SAT SENDER AVAILABLE TIME
SCM SUBCARRIER MULTIPLEXING
SDH SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
SDL SWITCHED DELAY LINES
SDM SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
SIDE SENSORS I N A DIST RIBUTED ENVIRONMENT
SOA SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIER
SONE T SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK 230 List of Abbreviations
SRR SYNCHRONOUS ROUND ROBIN
STM SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
Sup-FRP SUPERPOSITION OF FRACTAL RENEWAL PROCESSES
TDM TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
TDMA TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
TR TUNABLE RECEIVER
TT TUNABLE TRANSMITTER
TWA TRAVELLING-WAVE AMPLIFIER
UBR UNSPECIFIED BIT RATE
VBR VARIABLE BIT RATE
WADM WAVELENGTH ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER
WAN WIDE AREA NETWORK
WDM WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
WDMA WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
WRAP WDM REQUEST/ALLOCATION PROTOCOL Appendix B List of Mathematical Symbols (Selection)
Latin Symbols ax Insertion loss of optical component x [dB] B Transmission buffer capacity [messages or packets] Bo Channel bit rate [bit/s] b Transmission buffer set bc Transmission buffer associated with channel c bB Transmission buffer preselection set C Number of available wavelength channels c Wavelength channel index D Ratio of number of nodes to number of wavelength channels d Destination node index da Access delay [time unit] dq Queueing delay [time unit] dt Transfer (end-to-end) delay [time unit] !:IF Accessible optical bandwidth [GHz] i Optical frequency [GHz] !:lic Channel spacing [GHz] 9 Global state related to a semi-Markov chain H Hurst parameter related to self-similar traffic k Number of slotted ALOHA minislots under CONRAD protocol L Message length [time unit] 232 List of Mathematical Symbols (Selection)
Frame length [time unit] (Normalized) control packet length Data message length [time unit] Real-time message length [time unit] Stationary probability of leaving state i related to a semi-Markov chain Number of network nodes m Number of reservation minislots under the DQ protocol N N umber of ports at a passive-star hub Number of time slots (per channel) on a slotted WDM ring Blocking probability related to a semi-Markov model Packet dropping probability related to real-time packets Stationary state probability of state i related to a semi-Markov chain Stat. state probability of state i related to an embedded Markov chain
Pmiss Packet deadline missing probability related to real-time packets Retransmission probability
P (Access) priority index R Round-trip propagation delay [time unit] r Real-time traffic fraction [%] r(k) Autocorrelation function with respect to time index k S Network throughput Node throughput Source node-to-destination node throughput s Source node index Number of superpositions in Sup-FRP Transceiver tuning time [time unit] Traffic inter-arrival time [time unit] Receiver tuning time [time unit] Transmitter tuning time [time unit] Traffic arrival instants with respect to time index n [time unit] Node processing time [time unit] Message deadline [time unit] Packet transmission time [time unit] 233 ts Slot period (duration) [time unit] X (t) Stochastic process Z(t) Semi-Markov process
Greek Symbols
(3 Transmission factor of a 2 x 2 coupler A Total network mean message arrival rate [messages per time unit] A Mean message arrival rate per node [messages per time unit] Ac Wavelength related to channel c [nm]
~A Transceiver tuning range [nm] f1 Mean message service rate [messages per time unit] IIg Stat. state probability of global state 9 related to semi-Markov chain p Utilization of a queueing system
(J Slot index (number)
(J x Standard deviation of random variable X
7 g Sojourn time related to global state 9 Bibliography
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A-posteriori access scheme, 190 CSMA/CD, 3,11 Access bandwidth, 20, 24 Access delay, 56 DAS protocol, 35 Access priority, 49, 203 Deadlock, 29 Acousto-optical tunable filters (AOTF), Dense WDM (DWDM), 23 16 Dielectrical filter (DF), 42 Acousto-optical tunable lasers, 14 Diffraction-grating demultiplexer, 27 All-optical networks, 1 Direct detection, 15, 23 ALOHA, 3, 31 Discrete-event simulation, 56, 79 ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated DQ protocol, 107 Moving Average), 61 DQ-R protocol, 133 Arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer DQDB, 11 (AWGM), 24, 42 DT-WDMA protocol, 32 Arrival process, 57 EATS protocol, 86 AWGM network EATS-R protocol, 132 access protocol, 122 Electro-optical tunable filters, 16 network architecture, 121 Electro-optical tunable lasers, 15 Electronic bottleneck, 1 Bandwidth-on-demand, 3 Ethernet, 11, 63 Batch means method, 81 Broadcast-and-select networks, 6, 12 Fabry-Perot filter (FPF), 16, 27, 42 Buffer contention, 191 Fairness control, 49 , 197 Buffer selection strategy, 191 FDDI,l1 Fiber Bragg grating (FBG), 42, 45 , Channel collision, 14, 30 48 Channel spacing, 23 Fractal traffic, 59 Client/server traffic scenario, 65,218 FFT-FGN,61 Coherent detection, 15, 23 Merged process, 61 Computer simulation, 56 Random midpoint displacement Confidence interval, 82, 101, 168 (RMD),61 Confidence level, 82, 101, 168 Fractional Brownian Motion, 61 Connectivity, 121 Fractional Gaussian Noise, 61 CONRAD protocol, 147 Front-end checking, 135, 140 Count process, 58 CROWN protocol, 52 Gauss-Seidel method, 76 CSMA,31 Global fairness, 198 250 INDEX
Greedy algorithm, 48, 177 Message missing rate, 131, 136 Guard band, 40 Multi-hop networks, 5 Multi-token protocol, 48, 53 Hard real-time message, 136 Head-of-line blocking, 124, 188 Network capacity, 14 Home channel, 27 Network throughput, 56 HORNET, 46, 173, 186, 189 Node throughput, 56 HTDM protocol, 35 Non-uniform traffic scenario, 65 Hurst parameter, 60, 102, 212 client/server model, 65
I-SA protocol, 39 Optical add/drop multiplexer, 39, 1-TDMA protocol, 39 41, 173, 187 In-band receiver polling mechanism, Optical amplifiers, 39 27 ASE, 41, 44 In-band signaling, 43 EDFA,41 Individual checking, 135, 140 SOA, 41 Information granularities, 56 Optical bypassing, 39 Insertion buffer protocol, 48 Optical circuit switching, 1 Inter-arrival time process, 58 Optical code division multiplexing IP-over-WDM, 2, 87 (OCDM), 2, 11 Optical packet switching, 1 LAMBDANET,26 Optical receivers, 6, 15 Lightpath routing, 39 tunable filters, 16 Local fairness, 198 Optical time division multiplexing Long-range dependency (LRD), 59 (OTDM), 2, 11 Optical transmitters, 6, 14 M-CST protocol, 195 tunable lasers, 14 M-IST protocol, 195 Out-of-band signaling, 43 Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), 42 Passive-star coupler (PSC), 18, 30, MAWSON,45 38 Mechanical tunable filters, 16 Passive-star networks, 12 Mechanical tunable lasers, 14 Photonic networks, 1 Medium access control (MAC), 3 Point process, 57 centralized control, 4 Poisson traffic, 58 contention-based, 3 Power budget, 20 contention-free, 3 Preallocation protocols, 8 demand-assignment, 4 Preferential access, 49 distributed control, 4 Pretransmission coordination, 6 random access, 3, 31 PROTON protocol, 39 reservation-based, 4, 32 static-assignment, 4 Quality-of-Service support, 2, 8 tell-and-go, 4, 109 Queueing delay, 56 tell-and-wait, 4, 88 Message deadline, 136 Rainbow, 26, 27 Message dropping rate, 131, 136 RCA protocol, 35 INDEX 251
Receiver collision, 30 Wavelength-routing networks, 6 Receiver sensitivity, 22 Wavelength-switching networks, 6 Renewal traffic process, 58 WDM ring networks, 39 Reservation ALOHA (RA), 134 WRAP protocol, 49 RND access strategy, 199
S-CST protocol, 195 S-IST protocol, 195 SDH, 2 Semi-Markov model for CONRAD, 163 for DQ, 109 for EATS, 90 for slotted WDM ring, 199 Semi-Markov theory, 56 Single-hop networks, 5 Slotted ALOHA '(SA), 3, 31, 134 Slotted WDM ring, 40,174 access protocols, 48, 53 Soft real-time message, 136 SONET,2 SRR protocol, 49 STARNET, 26, 29 Subcarrier multiplexing (SCM), 43, 189 Sup-FRP model, 61, 102, 116, 211 Switched delay lines (SDL), 53
TDMA-C protocol, 39 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), 3 Time-out mechanism, 29 Traffic flow distribution, 57 Transfer delay, 56 Transmission queue (buffer) , 57 Transmission window, 1 Transmitter collision, 148, 196 Tuning range, 14 Tuning time, 14
Uniform traffic scenario, 65
Variance-time plot, 62
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 1, 11 Biography
Kemal Bengi received his Dipl.-Ing. (M.S.) degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Erlangen, Germany, in 1997 and his Dr.techn. (Ph.D.) degree in Electrical Engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Austria, in 2001, with distinctions. Before, he was with the Optical Trans• mission Group at Lucent Technologies, Niirnberg, Germany where he finished his diploma work on "Transceiver Design in 10 Gbit/s Optical Transmission Systems". Furthermore, he is currently Vice Head of the Institute of Commu• nication Networks and project leader of the "Optical Transparent 100 Gbit/s Ring-LAN based on the OTDM technique" project funded by the Austrian Sci• ence Fund (FWF). Since 200l he also serves as technical expert of the United Nations (UNIDO) in the field of optical fiber communications. He has au• thored several conference and journal papers in the field of access protocols for local lightwave networks and satellite networks. Presently, he is working on the design and analysis of high-speed MAC protocols for single-hop WDM and OTDM LANs/MANs. His research interests include photonic networks, MAC protocol design, traffic engineering, and performance evaluation of high-speed communication networks.