Three-Photon Imaging of Synthetic Dyes in Deep Layers of the Neocortex
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Two-Photon Excitation, Fluorescence Microscopy, and Quantitative Measurement of Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Fall 12-1-2017 Two-Photon Excitation, Fluorescence Microscopy, and Quantitative Measurement of Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections Fredrick Michael DeArmond Portland State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Physics Commons Recommended Citation DeArmond, Fredrick Michael, "Two-Photon Excitation, Fluorescence Microscopy, and Quantitative Measurement of Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4036. 10.15760/etd.5920 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Two-Photon Excitation, Fluorescence Microscopy, and Quantitative Measurement of Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections by Fredrick Michael DeArmond A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Physics Dissertation Committee: Erik J. Sánchez, Chair Erik Bodegom Ralf Widenhorn Robert Strongin Portland State University 2017 ABSTRACT As optical microscopy techniques continue to improve, most notably the development of super-resolution optical microscopy which garnered the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014, renewed emphasis has been placed on the development and use of fluorescence microscopy techniques. Of particular note is a renewed interest in multiphoton excitation due to a number of inherent properties of the technique including simplified optical filtering, increased sample penetration, and inherently confocal operation. With this renewed interest in multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, comes increased interest in and demand for robust non-linear fluorescent markers, and characterization of the associated tool set. -
Semiconductor Light Sources
Laser Systems and Applications Couse 2020-2021 Semiconductor light sources Prof. Cristina Masoller Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [email protected] www.fisica.edu.uy/~cris SCHEDULE OF THE COURSE Small lasers, biomedical Semiconductor light sources lasers and applications . 1 (11/12/2020) Introduction. 7 (19/1/2021) Small lasers. Light-matter interactions. 8 (22/1/2021) Biomedical lasers. 2 (15/12/2020) LEDs and semiconductor optical amplifiers. Laser models . 3 (18/12/2020) Diode lasers. 9 (26/1/2021) Laser turn-on and modulation response. Laser Material Processing . 10 (29/1/2021) Optical injection, . 4 (22/12/2020) High power laser optical feedback, polarization. sources and performance improving novel trends . 11 (2/2/2021) Students’ . 5 (12/1/2021) Laser-based presentations. material macro processing. 12 (5/2/2021) Students’ . 6 (15/1/2020) Laser-based presentations. material micro processing. 9/2/2021: Exam Lecturers: C. Masoller, M. Botey 2 Learning objectives . Understand the physics of semiconductor materials and the electron-hole recombination mechanisms that lead to the emission of light. Learn about the operation principles of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Become familiar with the operation principles and characteristics of laser diodes (LDs). 3 Outline: Semiconductor light sources . Introduction . Light-matter interactions in semiconductor materials . Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) . Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) . Laser diodes (LDs) The start of the laser diode story: the invention of the transistor Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 “For their research on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”. The invention of the transistor in 1947 lead to the development of the semiconductor industry (microchips, computers and LEDs –initially only green, yellow and red). -
White Paper Introduction to Optical Amplifiers
White Paper Introduction to Optical Amplifiers June 2010 1 Introduction Optical amplifiers are a key enabling technology for optical communication networks. Together with wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology, which allows the transmission of multiple channels over the same fiber, optical amplifiers have made it possible to transmit many terabits of data over distances from a few hundred kilometers and up to transoceanic distances, providing the data capacity required for current and future communication networks. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of optical amplifiers. For a more detailed discussion on the implementation of optical amplifiers using Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) technology see Finisar’s white paper “Introduction to EDFA technology”. 2 What Are Optical Amplifiers? A basic optical communication link comprises a transmitter and receiver, with an optical fiber cable connecting them. Although signals propagating in optical fiber suffer far less attenuation than in other mediums, such as copper, there is still a limit of about 100 km on the distance the signals can travel before becoming too noisy to be detected. Before the commercialization of optical amplifiers, it was necessary to electronically regenerate the optical signals every 80-100 km in order to achieve transmission over long distances. This meant receiving the optical signal, cleaning and amplifying it electronically, and then retransmitting it over the next segment of the communication link. While this can be feasible when transmitting a single low capacity optical channel, it quickly becomes unfeasible when transmitting tens of high capacity WDM channels, resulting in a highly expensive, power- hungry and bulky regenerator station, as shown in Figure 1a. -
Replace This with the Actual Title Using All Caps
THREE-PHOTON MICROSCOPY AT 1700 NM FOR IN VIVO IMAGING A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Nicholas Geoffrey Horton May 2015 © 2015 Nicholas Geoffrey Horton THREE-PHOTON MICROSCOPY AT 1,700 NM FOR IN VIVO IMAGING Nicholas Geoffrey Horton, Ph. D. Cornell University 2015 Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy (MPM) allows scientists to noninvasively observe structures deep within tissue. Two-photon microscopy (2PM) in the 750-1000 nm excitation region has been the standard MPM technique since its first demonstration in 1990. However, the maximum imaging depth for 2PM is limited by the signal-to-background ratio (SBR). In this dissertation, three-photon imaging at 1700 nm excitation wavelength (1700 nm 3PM) is presented. The combination of the long excitation wavelength and the higher order nonlinear excitation overcomes the SBR limitations of 2PM, enabling biological investigations to take place at greater depth within tissue. In chapter 1, tissue imaging is discussed, paying special attention to the development of laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. In chapter 2, non-invasive, high resolution, in vivo imaging of subcortical structures within an intact mouse brain using 1700 nm 3PM is presented. Vascular structures as well as red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled neurons within the mouse hippocampus are imaged. In chapter 3, dispersion compensation of 1700 nm 3PM is discussed. Signal generation in 3PM is proportional to the inverse-squared of the pulse width. We show that the high normal dispersion of a silicon wafer can be conveniently used to compensate the anomalous dispersion of a 1,700 nm excitation three-photon microscope. -
Wide. Fast. Deep. Recent Advances in Multi-Photon Microscopy of in Vivo Neuronal Activity
TechSights Wide. Fast. Deep. Recent Advances in Multi- Photon Microscopy of in vivo Neuronal Activity https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1527-18.2019 Cite as: J. Neurosci 2019; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1527-18.2019 Received: 2 March 2019 Revised: 27 September 2019 Accepted: 27 September 2019 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.jneurosci.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2019 the authors 1 Wide. Fast. Deep. Recent Advances in Multi-Photon Microscopy of in vivo Neuronal Activity. 2 Abbreviated title: Recent Advances of in vivo Multi-Photon Microscopy 3 Jérôme Lecoq1, Natalia Orlova1, Benjamin F. Grewe2,3,4 4 1 Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, USA 5 2 Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH and ETH Zurich, Switzerland 6 3 Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 7 4 Faculty of Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland 8 9 Corresponding author: Jérôme Lecoq, [email protected] 10 Number of pages: 24 11 Number of figures: 6 12 Number of tables: 1 13 Number of words for: 14 ● abstract: 196 15 ● introduction: 474 16 ● main text: 5066 17 Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no competing financial interests. 18 Acknowledgments: We thank Kevin Takasaki and Peter Saggau (Allen Institute for Brain Science) for providing helpful 19 comments on the manuscript; we thank Bénédicte Rossi for providing scientific illustrations. -
Optical Amplifiers.Pdf
ECE 6323 . Introduction . Fundamental of optical amplifiers . Types of optical amplifiers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers Semiconductor optical amplifier Others: stimulated Raman, optical parametric . Advanced application: wavelength conversion . Advanced application: optical regeneration . What is optical amplification? . What use is optical amplification? Review: stimulated emission • Through a population, net gain occurs when there are more stimulated photons than photons absorbed • Require population inversion from input pump • Amplified output light is coherent with input light Optical amplification Energy pump Pin Pout Pin P Coherent z P Pin (N2 N1) z dP gP dz Optically amplified signal: coherent with input: temporally, If g>0: Optical gain spatially, and with polarization (else, loss) . What is optical amplification? . What use is optical amplification? • The most obvious: to strengthen a weakened signal (compensate for loss through fibers) • …But why not just detect the signal electronically and regenerate the signal? • System advantage: boosting signals of many wavelengths: key to DWDM technology • System advantage: signal boosting through many stages without the trouble of re-timing the signal • There are intrinsic advantages with OA based on noise considerations • Can even be used for pre-amplification of the signal before detected electronically . Introduction . Fundamental of optical amplifiers . Types of optical amplifiers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers Semiconductor optical amplifier Others: stimulated Raman, optical -
Section 5: Optical Amplifiers
SECTION 5: OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 1 OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS S In order to transmit signals over long distances (>100 km) it is necessary to compensate for attenuation losses within the fiber. S Initially this was accomplished with an optoelectronic module consisting of an optical receiver, a regeneration and equalization system, and an optical transmitter to send the data. S Although functional this arrangement is limited by the optical to electrical and electrical to optical conversions. Fiber Fiber OE OE Rx Tx Electronic Amp Optical Equalization Signal Optical Regeneration Out Signal In S Several types of optical amplifiers have since been demonstrated to replace the OE – electronic regeneration systems. S These systems eliminate the need for E-O and O-E conversions. S This is one of the main reasons for the success of today’s optical communications systems. 2 OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS The general form of an optical amplifier: PUMP Power Amplified Weak Fiber Signal Signal Fiber Optical AMP Medium Optical Signal Optical Out Signal In Some types of OAs that have been demonstrated include: S Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) S Fiber Raman and Brillouin amplifiers S Rare earth doped fiber amplifiers (erbium – EDFA 1500 nm, praseodymium – PDFA 1300 nm) The most practical optical amplifiers to date include the SOA and EDFA types. New pumping methods and materials are also improving the performance of Raman amplifiers. 3 Characteristics of SOA types: S Polarization dependent – require polarization maintaining fiber S Relatively high gain ~20 dB S Output saturation power 5-10 dBm S Large BW S Can operate at 800, 1300, and 1500 nm wavelength regions. -
Terahertz Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy for Study of Ultrafast Dynamics in a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Jianhui Zhou, Namkyoo Park, Jay W
Terahertz four-wave mixing spectroscopy for study of ultrafast dynamics in a semiconductor optical amplifier Jianhui Zhou, Namkyoo Park, Jay W. Dawson, and Kerry J. Vahala Department of&lied Physics, Mail Stop 128-95, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calijornia YI ID Michael A. Newkirk and Barry 1. Miller A Tk T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, New Jersey 07733 (Received 2 April 1993; accepted for publication 18 June 1993) Ultrafast dynamics in a 1Spm tensile-strained quantum-well optical amplifier has been studied by highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing at detuning frequencies up to 1.7 THz. Frequency response data indicate the presence of two ultrafast physical processes with characteristic relaxation lifetimes of 650 fs and < 100 fs. The longer time constant is believed to be associated with the dynamic carrier heating effect. This is in agreement with previous time-domain pump-probe measurements using ultrashort optical pulses. Understanding the ultrafast intraband dynamics of the range of several hundred microwatts. This is in con- semiconductor active layers is of considerable importance trast to time-domain pump-probe measurements, where since, in addition to purely fundamental considerations, short pulse peak power is usually in the range of several the physical processes involved influence the modulation hundred milliwatts or higher.“S5 The information revealed response and spectral properties of semiconductor lasers in TFWM measurements is therefore readily applicable to and can induce crosstalk between multiplexed signals in analysis of modulation and spectral properties of semicon- semiconductor optical amplifiers. ductor lasers, where small-signal data are often needed. Ilnt.il recently, time-domain pump-probe measurement Among other advantages of TFWM are the simplicity of using ultrashort optical pulse~,‘-~ pioneered by Ippen and the experimental setup and better accuracy in measure- co-workers,1’.-3 has been the only direct technique for study ment of lifetime data since short lifetimes are mapped to a of ultrafdst intraband dynamics. -
Optical Amplifier for Space Applications
Optical Amplifier for Space Applications Richard L. Fork, Spencer T. Cole, Lisa J. Gamble, William M. Diffey, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Univers#y of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899 fork_@,ece.uah.¢du, Andrew S. Keys NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812 Abstract: We describe an optical amplifier designed to amplify a spatially sampled component of an optical wavefront to kilowatt average power. The goal is means for implementing a strategy of spatially segmenting a large aperture wavefront, amplifying the individual segments, maintaining the phase coherence of the segments by active means, and imaging the resultant amplified coherent field. Applications of interest are the transmission of space solar power over multi-megameter distances, as to distant spacecraft, or to remote sites with no preexisting power grid. ©!999 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.3280) Laser amplifiers; (140.3290) Laser arrays References and Links I. J. Mankins, "A Fresh Look at Space Solar Power: New Architectures, Concepts and Technologies", h.ttp:/twww.tler.neqsunsat/freshlook2.htm, October 6 (1997). 2. J. Mankins and J. Howell, "An Executive Summary of Recent Space Solar Power Studies and Findings", NASA Space Solar Power Exploratory Research & Technology (SERT), April 23 (! 999). 3. R.L, Fork, C.V. Shank, and R.T. Yen, "Amplification of 70-fs optical pulses to gigawatt powers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 41,223-225, (1982). 4. A. Giesen, H. Hi, gel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, H. Opower, "Scalable Concept for Diode-Pumped High- Power Solid-State Lasers", Applied Physics B58, 365-72 (1994). 5. -
Three-Photon Tissue Imaging Using Moxifloxacin
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Three-photon tissue imaging using moxifoxacin Seunghun Lee1, Jun Ho Lee1, Taejun Wang2, Won Hyuk Jang 2, Yeoreum Yoon1, Bumju Kim2, Yong Woong Jun 3, Myoung Joon Kim4 & Ki Hean Kim1,2 Received: 14 August 2017 Moxifoxacin is an antibiotic used in clinics and has recently been used as a clinically compatible cell- Accepted: 30 May 2018 labeling agent for two-photon (2P) imaging. Although 2P imaging with moxifoxacin labeling visualized Published: xx xx xxxx cells inside tissues using enhanced fuorescence, the imaging depth was quite limited because of the relatively short excitation wavelength (<800 nm) used. In this study, the feasibility of three-photon (3P) excitation of moxifoxacin using a longer excitation wavelength and moxifoxacin-based 3P imaging were tested to increase the imaging depth. Moxifoxacin fuorescence via 3P excitation was detected at a >1000 nm excitation wavelength. After obtaining the excitation and emission spectra of moxifoxacin, moxifoxacin-based 3P imaging was applied to ex vivo mouse bladder and ex vivo mouse small intestine tissues and compared with moxifoxacin-based 2P imaging by switching the excitation wavelength of a Ti:sapphire oscillator between near 1030 and 780 nm. Both moxifoxacin-based 2P and 3P imaging visualized cellular structures in the tissues via moxifoxacin labeling, but the image contrast was better with 3P imaging than with 2P imaging at the same imaging depths. The imaging speed and imaging depth of moxifoxacin-based 3P imaging using a Ti:sapphire oscillator were limited by insufcient excitation power. Therefore, we constructed a new system for moxifoxacin-based 3P imaging using a high-energy Yb fber laser at 1030 nm and used it for in vivo deep tissue imaging of a mouse small intestine. -
Properties of Mode-Locked Optical Pulses in a Dispersion-Managed Fiber-Ring Laser Using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier As Active Device Jacques W
Properties of Mode-Locked Optical Pulses in a Dispersion-Managed Fiber-Ring Laser Using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier as Active Device Jacques W. D. Chi, Arnaud Fernandez, Chao Lu To cite this version: Jacques W. D. Chi, Arnaud Fernandez, Chao Lu. Properties of Mode-Locked Optical Pulses in a Dispersion-Managed Fiber-Ring Laser Using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier as Active Device. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2013, 49 (1), pp.80-88. 10.1109/JQE.2012.2230317. hal-00849989 HAL Id: hal-00849989 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00849989 Submitted on 2 Aug 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 80 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 49, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 Properties of Mode-Locked Optical Pulses in a Dispersion-Managed Fiber-Ring Laser Using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier as Active Device Jacques W. D. Chi, Arnaud Fernandez, and Chao Lu, Member, IEEE Abstract— A hybrid model is proposed in order to exploit the (TB) using root-mean-square (RMS) definition, i.e.,thestan- idea of compensating semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) dard deviation of energy densities of a signal in the time- nonlinearity by adjusting cavity dispersion in a SOA-fiber ring and frequency domain. -
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in Optical Communication System-Review
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013 Semiconductor optical amplifiers in optical Communication system-Review Aruna Rani 1, Mr. Sanjeev Dewra 2 1M.tech Scholar, Shaheed Bhagat Singh state technical campus, Ferozepur. 2Assistant professor & Head of ECE Department, Shaheed Bhagat Singh state technical campus, Ferozepur. Abstract In this paper Semiconductor optical amplifier and their applications have been reviewed. SOAs are under rapid development to achieve polarization independent gain, low facet reflectivity, good coupling to optical fibers, and high saturation power. A single optical amplifier can replace all the multiple components required for an electronic regeneration station and eliminate the need for electrical-optical and optical-electrical conversions. SOAs have been employed to overcome distribution losses in the optical communication applications and pursued for metropolitan-area networks as a low-cost alternative to fiber amplifiers. Keywords – Optical communication system, Semiconductor optical amplifier, Wavelength converter, Fabry-Perot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 1. Introduction As the optical signal travels in a fiber waveguide, it suffers attenuation (loss of power). For very long fiber spans, the optical signal may be so attenuated that it become too weak to excite reliably the (receiving) photo detector, where upon the signal may be detected at an expected low bit error rate (~10-9 to ~10-11)[1].Optical amplifiers are key devices that reconstitute the attenuated optical signal, thus expanding the effective fiber span between the data source and destination. A semiconductor optical amplifier is an optical amplifier based on a semiconductorIJERTIJERT gain medium. It is essentially like a laser diode where the end mirrors have been replaced with anti-reflection coatings.