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Trans-European Railway High-Speed UNECE Trans-European Railway High-Speed Trans-European RailwayMaster High-Speed Plan Study Master Plan Study Phase 1 UNITED NATIONS UNITED UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Trans-European Railway High-Speed Master Plan Study Phase 1 Note The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Copyright © United Nations, 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. ECE/TRANS/263 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION eISBN: 978-92-1-362939-0 Acknowledgements The Trans-European Railway (TER) High-Speed Master Plan Study was prepared by the consultant Helmut Adelsberger (InfraConceptA) and completed thanks to the work and contributions of National Coordinators and country experts from participating TER member countries, without whose commitment and input this study would not have been possible. The TER Project Manager and Deputy Project Manager; the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe as the executing agency of the project; as well as other experts also provided valuable input into the preparation of the document. Disclaimer: Views expressed in this document are of the consultant and of the TER Project Steering Committee that has approved this report. They should not be considered as the views of UNECE or as binding on any United Nations entity. TER High-Speed Master Plan Study - Phase 1 Contents 1. Introduction and historical background . 1 1.1. Introduction into the present study ................................................................... 1 1.2. A brief history of conventional and high-speed railways ................................................ 3 1.3. European railway infrastructure policy since 1990 ..................................................... 6 1.4. Some principle considerations of high-speed rail ..................................................... 11 2. Benefits, political background, best practice and status of high-speed . .13 2.1. Benefits of high-speed rail .......................................................................... 13 2.2. Social, environmental and safety aspects ............................................................ 17 2.3. Political background and goals of high-speed rail ..................................................... 18 2.4. Rolling Stock ....................................................................................... 20 2.4.1. Traction type .............................................................................................................20 2.4.2. Bogie arrangement .......................................................................................................20 2.5. Country examples .................................................................................. 24 2.6. High-speed rail status in TER countries ............................................................... 30 2.7. The EU railway infrastructure package and its impacts on TER region .................................. 34 3. Review of Related Work, Initiatives, Policies and Studies . .41 3.1. Collection of relevant studies and achievements made by other institutions ............................ 41 3.1.1. “High-speed Europe”, a brochure of the European Commission [19] ........................................................41 3.1.2. High-speed rail: CER’s perspective [20] ....................................................................................41 3.1.3. UIC brochure “High-speed rail — fast track to sustainable mobility) [21] ....................................................44 3.1.4. UIC handbook “High-Speed Railway System Implementation Handbook” [22] ..............................................45 3.1.5. “Track geometry for high-speed railways” by Martin Lindahl [23] ...........................................................49 3.1.6. “25 Jahre Hochleistungsbahnen in Österreich” by Norbert Ostermann [24] ..................................................49 3.1.7. “Cost-effectiveness of speed upgrades in the Austrian railway system” by Peter Veit [25] ....................................50 3.1.8. High-speed rail in Europe [26] ............................................................................................51 3.1.9. Infrastructure of high-speed lines in Japan by Atsushi Yokoyama [27] ......................................................51 3.2. The technical challenges of high-speed rail traffic ..................................................... 53 3.3. Specifications of technical, operational and maintenance parameters .................................. 59 3.4. Prefeasibility, feasibility and alignment studies ...................................................... 72 3.4.1. Feasibility study for “Süd-Ost-Spange” (south-east link) in Austria, 1991 [28] ................................................72 3.4.2. First intermediate report. .73 3.4.3. Second intermediate report ..............................................................................................74 3.4.4. Final report ..............................................................................................................74 3.4.5. Koralm Railway alignment study 1998 [30] ................................................................................75 iv Contents 3.4.6. Feasibility Study on Rail Baltica Rail Baltica Railways [31] ...................................................................76 3.4.7. Feasibility Study for pan-European Railway Corridor IV of the Czech Republic/Slovakian Border — Kúty — Bratislava — Nove Zamky — Štúrovo/Komarno — Slovakian Hungarian Border [32] ........................................78 3.5. Construction costs and times of high-speed infrastructure, maintenance costs; funding and financing ... 80 3.5.1. Construction costs .......................................................................................................80 3.5.2. Construction times .......................................................................................................82 3.5.3. Maintenance .............................................................................................................82 3.5.4. Funding and financing ...................................................................................................83 4. Methodology and Data. 85 4.1. Methodology to identify future traffic demand potentials ............................................. 85 4.2. Gravitation approach ............................................................................... 86 4.3. Economic and traffic forecasts ....................................................................... 88 4.4. Questionnaires and responses ....................................................................... 94 4.5. Input data of nodes and links of TER backbone network ............................................... 96 4.6. Examples of the application of the methodology ....................................................110 5. Results, Assessment, Conclusions and Recommendations. 117 5.1. Reference high-speed links .........................................................................117 5.2. Identification of potential high-speed links. 120 5.3. Assessment, cost-benefit analysis ..................................................................131 5.3.1. Micro-economic project assessment .....................................................................................138 5.3.2. Macro-economic project assessment ....................................................................................139 5.4. Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................143 6. Registers of literature, figures and tables . 147 6.1. Literature references. 147 6.2. Figures ...........................................................................................151 6.3. Tables ............................................................................................155 Annex I: Questionnaires. 159 Annex II: Extracts from the Project-Specific Technical Specification Design of the Moscow — Kazan section of the Moscow — Kazan — Yekaterinburg High-Speed Railway . 165 Annex III: Traffic demand potentials: calculation tables. 213 Annex IV:Cost Benefit Analysis excel tool. 293 v TER High-Speed Master Plan Study - Phase 1 Executive Summary While the benefits of high-speed, i.e. considerable time savings are evident, there is also a strong impact on distances. Currently, shorter travel times essentially make distances shrink, which results in a higher attractiveness of affected regions as a location for economic activity. This makes high-speed rail investment attractive in addition to the local economic benefits that arise. These effects are illustrated by an Austrian example, the Koralm railway Graz-Klagenfurt, a new high-speed railway link closing the gap between these two cities. At the European level, one can distinguish between monocentric countries such as e.g. France or Hungary and polycentric countries like the Czechia, Germany, Italy or Poland. Whereas in polycentric countries speeds
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