DOCSLIB.ORG

Race, Education and the Status Quo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Race, Education and the Status Quo Race, education and the status quo What effect has government policy, enacted in education between 1997 and 2017, had on the educational attainment of Black children in London secondary schools and how can this be explained? Nicholas Taylor-Mullings University College London PhD Declaration I, Nicholas Taylor-Mullings, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Word count: 99,748 Nicholas Taylor-Mullings 2 Abstract This thesis is an investigation into the effect government policy, enacted in secondary education between 1997 and 2017, has had on the educational attainment of Black1 children in London. It focuses on the policies enacted by New Labour (1997 to 2010) and the Coalition (2010 to 2015). However, it also refers to the activities of the Conservative administration of 2015 to 2017. It starts from the premise that, following a short upward surge in the attention afforded to race equality at the turn of the century, there has been a de-prioritisation of race as a public policy problem. The central argument is that, despite this less than favourable (if not hostile) public policy environment, it may be the case that the policies enacted by these administrations assisted in improving the educational attainment of Black children. However, it also contends that, whilst it may well be the case that the attainment of Black children improved and racial inequalities were reduced, the policies enacted were not intended to address the underachievement of Black children. Instead, these policies were aimed at responding to the concerns of the White middle class and addressing the institutional self-interests of successive governments and schools. As a result, this thesis concludes that the policies enacted by successive governments during this time led to improvements in the educational attainment of some Black children, but also entrenched institutional racism. This left Black children as a whole further disadvantaged. 1 In this thesis, the term Black will refer to people who identify themselves and/or their children as being Black Caribbean, Black African and Black Other and, therefore, are reflected in government data as such. At the beginning of chapter 2, I discuss in more detail how race and the term Black should be understood within the context of this thesis. 3 Contents Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9 Context .............................................................................................................................................. 9 The post-racial fallacy ................................................................................................................... 12 Race and education ........................................................................................................................ 14 Policy and enactment .................................................................................................................... 18 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................................... 20 2. Experiencing Racism ................................................................................................................ 22 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 22 The social construction of race ..................................................................................................... 22 Critical Race Theory ...................................................................................................................... 26 CRT insights ................................................................................................................................... 27 CRT and education ........................................................................................................................ 32 Policy analysis ................................................................................................................................ 34 The colour-blind approach ........................................................................................................... 34 Intersectionality ............................................................................................................................. 36 Whiteness ........................................................................................................................................ 37 White supremacy ........................................................................................................................... 38 Putting race at the centre .............................................................................................................. 39 Critiquing CRT ............................................................................................................................... 40 Interest convergence ...................................................................................................................... 45 Self-interest ..................................................................................................................................... 46 The false promise of interest convergence ................................................................................. 49 Interest convergence and education ........................................................................................... 52 Critiquing interest convergence .................................................................................................. 54 Institutional racism ........................................................................................................................ 57 Institutional racism and interest convergence ........................................................................... 60 Institutional racism and education.............................................................................................. 61 The perpetrator versus the victim ............................................................................................... 64 Race, education and research in England .................................................................................. 65 Underachievement ........................................................................................................................ 66 Two schools of thought ................................................................................................................. 67 4 Measuring the attainment gap ..................................................................................................... 70 School exclusions ........................................................................................................................... 70 Policy as an obstacle ...................................................................................................................... 72 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 75 3. Public Service Reform .............................................................................................................. 77 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 77 Reforming public services ............................................................................................................ 78 Neoliberalism ................................................................................................................................. 79 A social market doctrine ............................................................................................................... 84 The normalisation of neoliberalism ............................................................................................ 86 Ideological concepts ...................................................................................................................... 87 Choice .............................................................................................................................................. 88 Privatisation .................................................................................................................................... 89 Competition .................................................................................................................................... 95 Critiquing choice, privatisation and competition ..................................................................... 97 The discourse of standards ......................................................................................................... 101 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 105 4. Methodology ...........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download PDF on Watching the Watchmen
    REPORT Watching the Watchmen The Growing Case for Recall Elections and Increased Accountability for MPs Sam Goodman About the Author Sam Goodman is the author of the Imperial Premiership: The Role of the Modern Prime Minister in Foreign Policy Making, 1964-2015 (Manchester University Press: 2015). He is currently working as a political adviser to Peter Dowd MP the current Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury and has previously worked for a variety of Labour Members of Parliament including: Julie Cooper MP, Sir Mark Hendrick MP, Michael Dugher MP, and Rt. Hon Jack Straw MP. Watching the Watchmen: The Growing Case for Recall Elections and Increased Accountability for MPs Members of the House of Commons have long flirted parliamentary conventions and much procedure with the idea of British exceptionalism—citing the is arcane, which makes it difficult even for the UK’s role as the ‘mother of all parliaments’, its most ardent politically engaged citizen to follow unwritten constitution, its unitary voting system, proceedings and debates in the House of Commons. and the principle of the sovereignty of Parliament This separation between the governors and over the people—as a bulwark against the instability governed is exacerbated further by the limited customarily found in other western democracies. avenues available to the public to hold those elected In modern times, this argument held water as to account, which is exemplified by recent political it delivered stable parliamentary majorities, scandals, including allegations of bullying and peaceful transfers of power between governments, sexual harassment in the House of Commons. At the and kept in check the ideological fringes of both time of writing this report, no MP has been forced major political parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Let's Not Go Back to 70S Primary Education Wikio
    This site uses cookies to help deliver services. By using this site, you agree to the use of cookies. Learn more Got it Conor's Commentary A blog about politics, education, Ireland, culture and travel. I am Conor Ryan, Dublin-born former adviser to Tony Blair and David Blunkett on education. Views expressed on this blog are written in a personal capacity. Friday, 20 February 2009 SUBSCRIBE FOR FREE UPDATES Let's not go back to 70s primary education Wikio Despite the Today programme's insistence on the term, "independent" is certainly not an apt Contact me description of today's report from the self-styled 'largest' review of primary education in 40 years. It You can email me here. is another deeply ideological strike against standards and effective teaching of the 3Rs in our primary schools. Many of its contributors oppose the very idea of school 'standards' and have an ideological opposition to external testing. They have been permanent critics of the changes of recent decades. And it is only in that light that the review's conclusions can be understood. Of course, there is no conflict between teaching literacy and numeracy, and the other subjects within the primary curriculum. And the best schools do indeed show how doing them all well provides a good and rounded education. Presenting this as the point of difference is a diversionary Aunt Sally. However, there is a very real conflict between recognising the need to single literacy and numeracy out for extra time over the other subjects as with the dedicated literacy and numeracy lessons, and making them just another aspect of primary schooling that pupils may or may not pick up along the way.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (9MB)
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details 2018 Behavioural Models for Identifying Authenticity in the Twitter Feeds of UK Members of Parliament A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF UK MPS’ TWEETS BETWEEN 2011 AND 2012; A LONGITUDINAL STUDY MARK MARGARETTEN Mark Stuart Margaretten Submitted for the degree of Doctor of PhilosoPhy at the University of Sussex June 2018 1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ 1 DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 5 FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... 6 TABLES ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 – 90 Years of Economic Action for a Fair Society
    Report of the Co-operative Party 2011/12 to Co-operative Group half yearly members meetings The Co-operative Party continues to be a major political force on behalf of the co-operative movement. This year we have been at the forefront of bringing the UN International Year of Co-operatives to Parliament, as well as to the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and town halls around the country. We intend to build on this profile in coming years. Building on our successes in recent years, we have achieved a great deal - legislation to improve and safeguard the position of co-operative organisations, establishing the Co-operative Councils Network to take forward the movement’s agenda at a local level, bold policy solutions that put co- operatives at the heart of society, working with our Labour and Co-operative MPs to be an effective voice for co-operation and mutuality in Parliament, and advancing the work of the Co- operative Group on issues such as the position of young people in our society and expanding the role of co-operatives in international development. Over the coming months we will be working hard on those initiatives and developing new ones, working closely with our colleagues in the co-operative movement as an effective advocate for our values in the face of enormous economic change. New General Secretary Michael Stephenson, General Secretary since 2008, moved on during 2012 to a new role in the Co-operative Banking Group. Since September 2012, the new Co-operative Party General Secretary has been Karin Christiansen. Karin has a wealth of experience in international development and is the Party’s first ever female General Secretary.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Economic Announcement at Conservative Conference Labour Announce Shadow Cabinet Resh
    WEEK IN WESTMINSTER Week ending Friday 7 October departure of John Denham MP from the position of “Credit easing” key economic Shadow Business Secretary, replaced by Chuka announcement at Umunna MP, previously Shadow Business Minister. Denham will become Ed Miliband’s Parliamentary Conservative conference Private Secretary. Rachel Reaves MP replaces Angela Eagle MP as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Prime Minister, and Leader of the Conservative Party, Treasury. Hilary Benn MP moves from Shadow David Cameron, has delivered his keynote speech to Commons Leader to Shadow Secretary of State for the Conservative Party conference in Manchester, Communities and Local Government, replacing where he warned that the threat of global recession Caroline Flint who moves to replace Meg Hiller MP as was as serious as it was in 2008, and urged the “spirit Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate of Britain” to help the country through this difficult Change. Andy Burnham MP moves from Shadow economic time. Mr. Cameron’s speech was delivered Education Secretary to Shadow Health Secretary, on the day that the Office of National Statistics halved replaced in the education brief by Stephen Twigg MP. its economic growth estimate for the UK for the Maria Eagle MP remains as Shadow Transport second quarter of 2011, down to just 0.1%. However Secretary. (Source: Labour) Mr. Cameron rejected Labour calls for a slowdown in http://www.labour.org.uk/labours-shadow-cabinet Chancellor Osborne’s deficit reduction plan, stating “Our plan is right and our plan will work”. There were few significant policy announcements in Mr. Cameron’s speech; however in Chancellor George Osborne’s earlier speech to conference, he announced that government would look at the options to get credit flowing to small firms through “credit easing”.
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Party General Election 2017 Report Labour Party General Election 2017 Report
    FOR THE MANY NOT THE FEW LABOUR PARTY GENERAL ELECTION 2017 REPORT LABOUR PARTY GENERAL ELECTION 2017 REPORT Page 7 Contents 1. Introduction from Jeremy Corbyn 07 2. General Election 2017: Results 11 3. General Election 2017: Labour’s message and campaign strategy 15 3.1 Campaign Strategy and Key Messages 16 3.2 Supporting the Ground Campaign 20 3.3 Campaigning with Women 21 3.4 Campaigning with Faith, Ethnic Minority Communities 22 3.5 Campaigning with Youth, First-time Voters and Students 23 3.6 Campaigning with Trade Unions and Affiliates 25 4. General Election 2017: the campaign 27 4.1 Manifesto and campaign documents 28 4.2 Leader’s Tour 30 4.3 Deputy Leader’s Tour 32 4.4 Party Election Broadcasts 34 4.5 Briefing and Information 36 4.6 Responding to Our Opponents 38 4.7 Press and Broadcasting 40 4.8 Digital 43 4.9 New Campaign Technology 46 4.10 Development and Fundraising 48 4.11 Nations and Regions Overview 49 4.12 Scotland 50 4.13 Wales 52 4.14 Regional Directors Reports 54 4.15 Events 64 4.16 Key Campaigners Unit 65 4.17 Endorsers 67 4.18 Constitutional and Legal services 68 5. Labour candidates 69 General Election 2017 Report Page 9 1. INTRODUCTION 2017 General Election Report Page 10 1. INTRODUCTION Foreword I’d like to thank all the candidates, party members, trade unions and supporters who worked so hard to achieve the result we did. The Conservatives called the snap election in order to increase their mandate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crisis of the Democratic Left in Europe
    The crisis of the democratic left in Europe Denis MacShane Published by Progress 83Victoria Street, London SW1H 0HW Tel: 020 3008 8180 Fax: 020 3008 8181 Email: [email protected] www.progressonline.org.uk Progress is an organisation of Labour party members which aims to promote a radical and progressive politics for the 21st century. We seek to discuss, develop and advance the means to create a more free, equal and democratic Britain, which plays an active role in Europe and the wider the world. Diverse and inclusive, we work to improve the level and quality of debate both within the Labour party, and between the party and the wider progressive communnity. Honorary President : Rt Hon Alan Milburn MP Chair : StephenTwigg Vice chairs : Rt Hon Andy Burnham MP, Chris Leslie, Rt Hon Ed Miliband MP, Baroness Delyth Morgan, Meg Munn MP Patrons : Rt Hon Douglas Alexander MP, Wendy Alexander MSP, Ian Austin MP, Rt Hon Hazel Blears MP, Rt HonYvette Cooper MP, Rt Hon John Denham MP, Parmjit Dhanda MP, Natascha Engel MP, Lorna Fitzsimons, Rt Hon Peter Hain MP, John Healey MP, Rt Hon Margaret Hodge MP, Rt Hon Beverley Hughes MP, Rt Hon John Hutton MP, Baroness Jones, Glenys Kinnock MEP, Sadiq Kahn MP, Oona King, David Lammy MP, Cllr Richard Leese,Rt Hon Peter Mandelson, Pat McFadden MP, Rt Hon David Miliband MP,Trevor Phillips, Baroness Prosser, Rt Hon James Purnell MP, Jane Roberts, LordTriesman. Kitty Ussher MP, Martin Winter Honorary Treasurer : Baroness Margaret Jay Director : Robert Philpot Deputy Director : Jessica Asato Website and Communications Manager :Tom Brooks Pollock Events and Membership Officer : Mark Harrison Publications and Events Assistant : EdThornton Published by Progress 83 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0HW Tel: 020 3008 8180 Fax: 020 3008 8181 Email: [email protected] www.progressives.org.uk 1 .
    [Show full text]
  • Having Faith in Foreign Policy
    Having Faith in Foreign Policy HE Anthony Bailey, KCSS, Gautam Banerji, The Rt Hon John Battle MP, Rabbi Tony Bayfield, The Rt Rev and Rt Hon Lord Carey of Clifton, The Rt Rev Lord Harries of Pentregarth, Sunny Hundal, Urmee Khan, Sadiq Khan MP, Daleep Mukarji, The Rt Rev Bishop Dr Michael Nazir-Ali, Richard Stone, Daniel Wheatley Edited by Alex Bigham HAVING FAITH IN FOREIGN POLICY Editor: Alex Bigham First published in 2007 by The Foreign Policy Centre Suite 14, Second Floor 23-28 Penn Street London N1 5DL UNITED KINGDOM Email: [email protected] © Foreign Policy Centre 2007 All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978-1-905833-09-2 ISBN-10: 1-905833-09-1 2 Acknowledgments The Foreign Policy Centre is indebted to a number of people for their help with this report. They include the contributors: HE Anthony Bailey, KCSS, Gautam Banerji, The Rt Hon John Battle MP, Rabbi Tony Bayfield, The Rt Rev and Rt Hon Lord Carey of Clifton, The Rt Rev Lord Harries of Pentregarth, Sunny Hundal, Urmee Khan, Sadiq Khan MP, Daleep Mukarji, The Rt Rev Bishop Dr Michael Nazir-Ali, Richard Stone, Daniel Wheatley, There are many other people who assisted in various ways including Anil Bhanot, Diane Fisher, Barney Leith, Charles Reed, Dr Austen Ivereigh and Stephen Twigg. We are grateful to all of them. This report would not have been possible without the generous support of HE Anthony Bailey, KCSS, and Eligo International (www.eligo.net). We also record our thanks to the Grand Magistral Delegation for Inter-Religious Relations of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (www.constantinian.com).
    [Show full text]
  • The Lammy Review an Independent Review Into the Treatment Of, and Outcomes For, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Individuals in the Criminal Justice System
    The Lammy Review An independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the Criminal Justice System Lammy Review Contents Introduction 2 Chapter 1: Understanding BAME disproportionality 10 Chapter 2: Crown Prosecution Service 16 Chapter 3: Plea Decisions 24 Chapter 4: Courts 30 Chapter 5: Prisons 44 Chapter 6: Rehabilitation 56 Conclusion 68 Annex A – Terms of reference 72 Annex B – Call for Evidence 74 Annex C – Glossary of Terms 76 Annex D – Lammy Review Expert Advisory Panel 78 Annex E – Fact Finding Visits 80 Annex F – Acknowledgments 82 Endnotes 88 1 Introduction 2 Introduction / Lammy Review Across England and Wales, people from minority ethnic Secondly, whilst independent of the government, the backgrounds are breaking through barriers. More students review has had access to resources, data and information from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds held by the criminal justice system (CJS) itself. In the past, are achieving in school and going to university.1 There is a too much of this information has not been made available growing BAME middle class.2 Powerful, high-profile to outsiders for scrutiny and analysis. As a result, this institutions, like the House of Commons, are slowly review has generated analysis that breaks new ground on becoming more diverse.3 Yet our justice system bucks the race and criminal justice in this country.11 trend. Those who are charged, tried and punished are still disproportionately likely to come from minority communities. The focus of the review is on BAME people, but I recognise the complexity of that term.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Right Think Tanks and Policy Change in the Uk
    THE NEW RIGHT THINK TANKS AND POLICY CHANGE IN THE UK Andrew James Tesseyman DPhil Thesis University of York Politics Department Submitted, February 1999 Abstract It has often been claimed that, during the 1980s and early 1990s, the new right think tanks — namely the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Centre for Policy Studies (CPS), and Adam Smith Institute (ASI) — had a major impact on policy-making and policy change. This thesis addresses such claims by examining three reforms in which the new right think tanks have been attributed an influence — bus deregulation, education reform, and prison privatisation. It seeks not only to empirically assess their impact, but also to relate these findings to the policy-making literature, in particular the Rhodes Model which emphasises policy continuity and the Advocacy Coalition Framework which seeks to explain policy change. It is argued that the new right think tanks had an impact on all three policy changes, as members of "advocacy coalitions", although the nature and extent of this impact varied. In some cases, the TEA, CPS, and ASI were able to have a direct impact on policy change, obtaining access to policy-makers through coalition allies. In other cases their impact was indirect, in shaping the broader "climate of ideas". The new right think tanks also contributed to new patterns of policy formulation, although there is limited evidence of any long-term structural impact on policy-making in these areas. It is also argued that the case studies raise a number of issues for the Rhodes Model and the Advocacy Coalition Framework, although these could be addressed by integrating the two to develop an approach to account for both policy continuity and policy change.
    [Show full text]
  • A Great Place for a Festival by Daphne Chamberlain “It’S a Great Place to Come To
    6 OCTOBER 2006 THE ARCHER - 08717 334465 How well do you A great place for a festival By Daphne Chamberlain “It’s a great place to come to. Yeah, Cherry Tree Wood opposite East Finchley Sta- know East Finchley? tion.” The teenager talking on his mobile was one of the estimated 9,000 people who Our 10-question challenge, set by David Tupman, is designed to turned out for the Muswell Hill Festival last month. Acknowledging some help from test your local knowledge. Find out how much you really know the returning summer weather, organiser Gerry Alexander said that this was almost about the place where you live. Answers are on page 9. certainly the best-attended Muswell Hill Festival yet. Q1: When did London Under- At least £6,000 was raised for (sic) for the waggiest tail. That was one of the prizes bid for in ground start operating at East the Hornsey Trust, a charity for The donkeys were in good the auction, which raised £895. Finchley? children with cerebral palsy. form for their derby, with at As I strolled around with my a. 1914 About £500 came from the least one deciding to aim for the ears flapping, I heard praise for b. 1936 efforts of the teddy bears para- start line rather than the finish. the well-planned arrangement, c. 1939 chuting from St James’s Church “I always look forward to this,” with stalls and children’s amuse- d. 1945 the day before. They received one child told his father. ments nicely integrated, and also awards for valour, while next A rather older person went for quiet intervals alternating Q2: What was the Phoenix day in Cherry Tree Wood two home with an invitation to tea with the music.
    [Show full text]
  • Members 1979-2010
    Members 1979-2010 RESEARCH PAPER 10/33 28 April 2010 This Research Paper provides a complete list of all Members who have served in the House of Commons since the general election of 1979 to the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010. The Paper also provides basic biographical and parliamentary data. The Library and House of Commons Information Office are frequently asked for such information and this Paper is based on the data we collate from published sources to assist us in responding. This Paper replaces an earlier version, Research Paper 09/31. Oonagh Gay Richard Cracknell Jeremy Hardacre Jean Fessey Recent Research Papers 10/22 Crime and Security Bill: Committee Stage Report 03.03.10 10/23 Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Bill [HL] [Bill 79 of 2009-10] 08.03.10 10/24 Local Authorities (Overview and Scrutiny) Bill: Committee Stage Report 08.03.10 10/25 Northern Ireland Assembly Members Bill [HL] [Bill 75 of 2009-10] 09.03.10 10/26 Debt Relief (Developing Countries) Bill: Committee Stage Report 11.03.10 10/27 Unemployment by Constituency, February 2010 17.03.10 10/28 Transport Policy in 2010: a rough guide 19.03.10 10/29 Direct taxes: rates and allowances 2010/11 26.03.10 10/30 Digital Economy Bill [HL] [Bill 89 of 2009-10] 29.03.10 10/31 Economic Indicators, April 2010 06.04.10 10/32 Claimant Count Unemployment in the new (2010) Parliamentary 12.04.10 Constituencies Research Paper 10/33 Contributing Authors: Oonagh Gay, Parliament and Constitution Centre Richard Cracknell, Social and General Statistics Section Jeremy Hardacre, Statistics Resources Unit Jean Fessey, House of Commons Information Office This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual.
    [Show full text]