DOCSLIB.ORG

An Odontometric Investigation of Biological Affinities of the Yashkun

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Odontometric Investigation of Biological Affinities of the Yashkun An Odontometric Investigation of the Biological Origins and Affinities of the Yashkuns of Astore, Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan By Amber M. Barton A Thesis Submitted to the Anthropology Program California State University, Bakersfield In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Masters of Art Spring 2016 2 Copyright By Amber Marie Barton 2016 1 An Odontometric Investigation of Biological Origins and Affinities of the Yashkuns of Astore, Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan By Amber M. Barton This thesis has been accepted on behalf of the Anthropology Program faculty by their supervisory committee: C1. t.~ Brian E. Hemphill, Ph.D. Committee Member 3 Acknowledgements The completion of this work has been an opportunity to fulfill the author‘s passion within both archaeology and biological anthropology. The author would like to extend gratitude to those that helped accomplish this milestone. The sincerest appreciation is extended toward my thesis committee. Thanks to Dr. Robert Yohe II and Mr. Patrick O‘Neill for being on my thesis committee and providing advice and encouragement throughout the research process. Thanks to Dr. Brian Hemphill for guiding me throughout my academic career and providing support and assistance with the research and statistical analyses. Great acknowledgment is given towards the California State University, Bakersfield‘s Student Research Scholars program and the Ronald E. McNair Post-baccalaureate Achievement program for providing both financial support and the opportunity to share my research. I would also like to thank the Yashkun and other participants within Northern Pakistan who graciously participated in this research. 4 An Odontometric Investigation of Biological Origins and Affinities of the Yashkuns of Astore, Gilgit- Baltistan, Northern Pakistan A.M. Barton Program of Anthropology California State University, Bakersfield Abstract The Yashkun are a Dardic-speaking ethnic group who live in Gilgit-Baltistan in extreme northern Pakistan. Most researchers assert that the Yashkun are immigrants to northern Pakistan from Central Asia. However, other authorities maintain that the Yashkun are indigenous to northern Pakistan (Dani, 2001). The purpose of this research is to investigate Yashkun biological affinities to determine whether members of this ethnic group represent long-standing indigenous occupants of northern Pakistan or whether they represent immigrants from Central Asia or elsewhere. This research seeks to identify Yashkun origins through a comparative analysis of permanent tooth size allocation among 163 Yashkun young adults from the village of Astoree, located in Gilgit-Baltistan Province, northern Pakistan. Maximum mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were obtained for all permanent teeth, except third molars, in accordance with the methods of Moorrees (1957). Individual measurements were scaled against the geometric mean to control for sex dimorphism and evolutionary tooth size reduction. These data were contrasted with 23 samples of prehistoric and living individuals from Pakistan, peninsular India, South- Central Asia, and the Iranian Plateau. Inter-sample differences in tooth size allocation were assessed with pairwise squared Euclidean distances and the patterning of phenetic affinities among samples was assessed with multidimensional scaling, neighbor-joining cluster analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal co-ordinates analysis. The results indicate that Yashkuns possess rather close affinities to Wakhis and Khowars, with most distant affinities to other groups from the northern highlands of Pakistan. Yashkuns exhibit no affinities to prehistoric inhabitants of Central Asia or the Indus Valley, or to living ethnic groups of peninsular India. Hence, Dani's assertion that the Yashkuns represent the living descendants of a common, indigenous population of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram highlands appears to be confirmed. 5 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 11 Peopling of the Indian Subcontinent ................................................................................................... 13 Ethnohistory of the Autonomous Territory of Gilgit-Baltistan ........................................................ 15 Astore ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Yashkun Origins ................................................................................................................................... 19 Aryan Invasion Model ........................................................................................................................ 20 Language ............................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2: Peopling of South Asia .......................................................................................................... 24 Aryan Invasion Model ............................................................................................................................ 24 Long-Standing Continuity Model ........................................................................................................... 27 Early Entrance Model ............................................................................................................................. 29 Historic Era Influences Model ................................................................................................................ 32 Chapter 3: General Research Questions. ................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 4: Odontometric Heritability .................................................................................................... 37 Odontogenesis ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Heritability .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Dental Genetics ....................................................................................................................................... 44 Size Differences at the Population Level ................................................................................................ 47 Chapter 5: Previous Studies of Affinities among South Asian Ethnic Groups ................................... 49 Modern Populations ................................................................................................................................ 49 Prehistoric Populations ........................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 6: Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 58 Materials ................................................................................................................................................. 58 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 59 Fluctuating Asymmetry .......................................................................................................................... 59 Sexual Dimorphism ................................................................................................................................ 60 Multivariate Analyses ............................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 7: Comparative Samples ........................................................................................................... 63 Prehistoric Central Asia .......................................................................................................................... 63 Prehistoric Indians .................................................................................................................................. 64 Prehistoric Indus Valley .......................................................................................................................... 66 6 Hindu Kush/Karakoram Highlands ......................................................................................................... 66 Southeast Indians .................................................................................................................................... 68 Western India .......................................................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 8: Operationalized Research Questions ................................................................................... 71 Chapter 9: Results I- Odontometric Variation among the Yashkun of Astore ................................... 75 Intra-Observer Error Analysis ................................................................................................................. 75 Inter-Observer Error Analysis ................................................................................................................. 75 Asymmetry .............................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Constitutional Status of Gilgit Baltistan: Factors and Implications
    The Constitutional Status of Gilgit Baltistan: Factors and Implications By Name: Syeda Batool National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad April 2019 1 The Constitutional Status of Gilgit Baltistan: Factors and Implications by Name: Syeda Batool M.Phil Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, 2019 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY in PAKISTAN STUDIES To FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN STUDIES National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad April 2019 @Syeda Batool, April 2019 2 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES THESIS/DISSERTATION AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read the following thesis, examined the defense, are satisfied with the overall exam performance, and recommend the thesis to the Faculty of Social Sciences for acceptance: Thesis/ Dissertation Title: The Constitutional Status of Gilgit Baltistan: Factors and Implications Submitted By: Syed Batool Registration #: 1095-Mphil/PS/F15 Name of Student Master of Philosophy in Pakistan Studies Degree Name in Full (e.g Master of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosophy) Degree Name in Full Pakistan Studies Name of Discipline Dr. Fazal Rabbi ______________________________ Name of Research Supervisor Signature of Research Supervisor Prof. Dr. Shahid Siddiqui ______________________________ Signature of Dean (FSS) Name of Dean (FSS) Brig Muhammad Ibrahim ______________________________ Name of Director General Signature of
    [Show full text]
  • Horizons of CPEC in Gilgit-Baltistan. 6Th and 7Th August, Passu Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan Conference Report
    Negotiating Change for Sustainability: Horizons of CPEC in Gilgit-Baltistan. 6th and 7th August, Passu Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan Conference Report Aga Khan Rural Support Programme Negotiating Change for Sustainability: Horizons of CPEC in Gilgit-Baltistan Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) Baber Road, P.O. Box 506, Gilgit Gilgit-Baltistan, PaKistan Phone: (+92-5811) 52480/52910/52679 Fax: (+92-5811) 54175 Rapporteurs: Anees Abbas and Sumaira Editor: Aziz Ali Dad AKRSP@2017 1 | Page Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 4 ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ 5 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 7 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 10 1.1-OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2-STRUCTURE OF THE CONVENTION ............................................................................................. 10 2-INAUAGURAL SESSION ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 WELCOME SPEECH ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Flow Variability of the Indus River
    resources Article Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Flow Variability of the Indus River Muhammad Arfan 1,* , Jewell Lund 2, Daniyal Hassan 3 , Maaz Saleem 1 and Aftab Ahmad 1 1 USPCAS-W, MUET Sindh, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +92-346770908 or +1-801-815-1679 Received: 26 April 2019; Accepted: 29 May 2019; Published: 31 May 2019 Abstract: Considerable controversy exists among researchers over the behavior of glaciers in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) with regard to climate change. Glacier monitoring studies using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques have given rise to contradictory results for various reasons. This uncertain situation deserves a thorough examination of the statistical trends of temperature and streamflow at several gauging stations, rather than relying solely on climate projections. Planning for equitable distribution of water among provinces in Pakistan requires accurate estimation of future water resources under changing flow regimes. Due to climate change, hydrological parameters are changing significantly; consequently the pattern of flows are changing. The present study assesses spatial and temporal flow variability and identifies drought and flood periods using flow data from the Indus River. Trends and variations in river flows were investigated by applying the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s method. We divide the annual water cycle into two six-month and four three-month seasons based on the local water cycle pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Threshold Levels and a Climate-Sensitivity Model of the Hydrological Regime of the High-Altitude Catchment of the Western Himalayas, Pakistan
    Civil & Environmental Engineering and Civil & Environmental Engineering and Construction Faculty Publications Construction Engineering 7-14-2019 Development of Threshold Levels and a Climate-Sensitivity Model of the Hydrological Regime of the High-Altitude Catchment of the Western Himalayas, Pakistan Muhammad Saifullah Yunnan University Shiyin Liu Yunnan University, [email protected] Adnan Ahmad Tahir COMSATS University Islamabad Muhammad Zaman University of Agriculture, Faisalabad FSajjadollow thisAhmad and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/fac_articles University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Hydraulic Engineering Commons See next page for additional authors Repository Citation Saifullah, M., Liu, S., Tahir, A. A., Zaman, M., Ahmad, S., Adnan, M., Chen, D., Ashraf, M., Mehmood, A. (2019). Development of Threshold Levels and a Climate-Sensitivity Model of the Hydrological Regime of the High-Altitude Catchment of the Western Himalayas, Pakistan. Water, 11(7), 1-39. MDPI. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071454 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Article in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Article has been accepted for inclusion in Civil & Environmental Engineering and Construction Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Climate Change Impact on Water Resources of Upper Indus Basin-Pakistan Institute of Geology University of the Punjab, Lahore
    THE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES OF UPPER INDUS BASIN-PAKISTAN By Muhammad Akhtar M.Sc (Applied Environmental Science) Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Nasir Ahmad M.Sc. (Pb), Ph.D. (U.K) A thesis submitted in the fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORE-PAKISTAN 2008 Dedicated to my parents CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified that this thesis is based on the results of modelling work carried out by Muhammad Akhtar under my supervision. I have personally gone through all the data/results/materials reported in the manuscript and certify their correctness/ authenticity. I further certify that the materials included in this thesis have not been used in part or full in a manuscript already submitted or in the process of submission in partial/complete fulfillment for the award of any other degree from any other institution. Mr. Akhtar has fulfilled all conditions established by the University for the submission of this dissertation and I endorse its evaluation for the award of PhD degree through the official procedure of the University. SUPERVISOR 0. cL- , Nasir Ahmad, PhD Professor Institute of Geology University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan ABSTRACT PRECIS (Providing REgional Climate for Impact Studies) model developed by the Hadley Centre is applied to simulate high resolution climate change scenarios. For the present climate, PRECIS is driven by the outputs of reanalyses ERA-40 data and HadAM3P global climate model (GCM). For the simulation of future climate (SRES B2), the PRECIS is nested with HadAM3P-B2 global forcing.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan
    The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan PhD Thesis Submitted by Ehsan Mehmood Khan, PhD Scholar Regn. No. NDU-PCS/PhD-13/F-017 Supervisor Dr Muhammad Khan Department of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Faculties of Contemporary Studies (FCS) National Defence University (NDU) Islamabad 2017 ii The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan PhD Thesis Submitted by Ehsan Mehmood Khan, PhD Scholar Regn. No. NDU-PCS/PhD-13/F-017 Supervisor Dr Muhammad Khan This Dissertation is submitted to National Defence University, Islamabad in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Conflict Studies Department of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Faculties of Contemporary Studies (FCS) National Defence University (NDU) Islamabad 2017 iii Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Department NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY Islamabad- Pakistan 2017 iv CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION It is certified that the dissertation titled “The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan” written by Ehsan Mehmood Khan is based on original research and may be accepted towards the fulfilment of PhD Degree in Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS). ____________________ (Supervisor) ____________________ (External Examiner) Countersigned By ______________________ ____________________ (Controller of Examinations) (Head of the Department) v AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis titled “The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan” is based on my own research work. Sources of information have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Description of the Northern Areas
    he designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do T not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN Pakistan. Copyright: ©2003 Government of Pakistan, Northern Areas Administration and IUCN–The World Conservation Union. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holders, providing the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of the publication for resale or for other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holders. Citation: Government of Pakistan and IUCN, 2003. Northern Areas State of Environment and Development. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi. xlvii+301 pp. Compiled by: Scott Perkin Resource person: Hamid Sarfraz ISBN: 969-8141-60-X Cover & layout design: Creative Unit (Pvt.) Ltd. Cover photographs: Gilgit Colour Lab, Hamid Sarfraz, Khushal Habibi, Serendip and WWF-Pakistan. Printed by: Yaqeen Art Press Available from: IUCN–The World Conservation Union 1 Bath Island Road, Karachi Tel.: 92 21 - 5861540/41/42 Fax: 92 21 - 5861448, 5835760 Website: www.northernareas.gov.pk/nassd N O RT H E R N A R E A S State of Environment & Development Co n t e n t s Acronyms and Abbreviations vi Glossary
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Plant Science Today (2016) 3(2): 226-236 226 http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2016.3.2.215 ISSN: 2348-1900 Plant Science Today http://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST Research Communication Check list of Anthocerophyta and Marchantiophyta of Pakistan and Kashmir Jan Alam,1* Ibad Ali,1 Suhail Karim,1 Mazhar-ul-Islam1 and Habib Ahmad2 1Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra-21300, Pakistan 2Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra-21300, Pakistan Article history Abstract Received: 16 March 2016 In the present study, a review of previously published literature regarding Accepted: 13 April 2016 Published: 22 June 2016 Anthocerophyta and Marchantiophyta of Pakistan and Kashmir has been done in order to know the diversity of these groups. Previous contributions collectively reveal 122 taxa distributed in 36 genera and 24 families. Of these © Alam et al. (2016) 118 taxa (97.52%) are belonging to the Marchantiophyta, while the rest of 4 species (3.30%) members to Anthocerophyta. Aytoniaceae is the largest family Special Section: New Frontiers in with 16 species. Genera-wise, Riccia is the largest genus with 12 species. An Cryptogamic Botany average number of species/genera is c. 3.36. A major portion of Pakistan is still un-explored especially Sindh and Balochistan province of Pakistan, and on the Section Editor basis of this study it can be said that many more taxa will be added to the list. Afroz Alam Keywords Anthocerophyta; Bryoflora; Marchantiophyta; Pakistan Publisher Horizon e-Publishing Group Alam, J., I. Ali, S. Karim, M. Islam and H. Ahmad. 2016. Check list of Corresponding Author Anthocerophyta and Marchantiophyta of Pakistan and Kashmir.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotanical Study on Some Useful Shrubs of Astore Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
    Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(1): 19-25 (June) ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY ON SOME USEFUL SHRUBS OF ASTORE VALLEY, GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN 1 2 ALI NOOR*, SURAYYA KHATOON, MOINUDDIN AHMED AND ABDUL RAZAQ Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan Key words: Ethnobotanical study, Useful shrubs, Astore Valley Abstract In Astore valley, 26 species of plants under 17 genera and 13 families were found to be used as folk- medicine. The study reveals that the villagers from remote area use medicinal plants for the treatment of joint pain, bone fracture, urine problem, asthma, diabetes, blood pressure and for the treatment of other common ailments. The aborigines also use traditional herbal therapy for their live stocks. Because of high destruction pressure of anthropogenic origin, Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C.A.Meyer, Berberis spp., Rosa foetida Herrm. and Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf. f. were found threatened. Introduction In Pakistan out of 5700 species of plants, about 400 - 600 are medicinal and most of which are confined to the mountain areas (Ali and Qaiser 1986). About 50000 to 60000 Tabibs (practitioners of Greco-Arabic medicine) and a large number of unregistered practitioners scattered in rural and remote hilly areas of Pakistan utilize more remedies for curing of several diseases (Hamayun et al. 2006). Haq and Hussain (1993) stated that Pakistan has about 40000 registered practitioners of traditional medicine and majority of the population, especially in villages getting health care by Tabibs. About 60% of the total population use the herbal prescriptions of traditional practitioners Since the British era until to date, Astore Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan has been the largest exporting area of medicinal plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Environment”
    Course Code: 5443/5998/1421 Course Code: 5443/5998/1421 Course Team Course Development Dr. Hina Fatimah Coordinator / Principal Author Asst. Prof, Department of Environmental Science, AIOU Contributing Authors Prof. Dr. Abdulrauf Farooqi Chairman, Department of Environmental Science, AIOU Dr. Zahidullah, Lecturer, Department of Environmental Science, AIOU Reviewers Dr. Saeed Ahmad Sheikh, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpind Editor Mr. Abdul Wadood Ms. Humaira Design . Title Ms. Shabnam Irshaad . Typesetting Mr. Muhammad Usman Mr. Shahzad Akram ii Preface On behalf of AIOU and the course team, I appreciate and welcome you to the course “Introduction to Environment”. The word “environment” is usually understood to mean the surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms. In broader definition, environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. Environmental science stands at the interface between human and earth. It is an interdisciplinary as well as multidisciplinary study that describes problems caused by human use of the natural world. It also seeks remedies for these problems. Learning about this complex field of study helps to understand three things. First, it is important to understand the natural processes (both physical and biological) that operate in the world. Second, it is important to appreciate the role that technology plays in our society and its capacity to alter natural processes. Third, it helps to understand the complex social processes that characterize human populations. The different units of this course will lead you to an understanding of the relationships between the physical and human components of the systems and the Earth’s processes that change the surface of the earth.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CASE of the UPPER INDUS RIVER a Thesis Submitted to The
    CONSTRUCTION OF SEDIMENT BUDGETS IN LARGE SCALE DRAINAGE BASINS: THE CASE OF THE UPPER INDUS RIVER A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography and Planning University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Khawaja Faran Ali © Copyright Khawaja Faran Ali, November 2009. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Geography and Planning University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8 Canada i ABSTRACT High rates of soil loss and high sediment loads in rivers necessitate efficient monitoring and quantification methodologies so that effective land management strategies can be designed.
    [Show full text]
  • Pok News Digest
    POK Volume 6 | Number 4 | April 2013 News Digest A MONTHLY NEWS DIGEST ON PAKISTAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR Compiled & Edited by Dr Priyanka Singh Political Developments India Asks Pakistan to Seek NoCs for Projects in GB, AJK Evolving Relations Between Pakistan Controlled Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan's Manipulation of the Status of Gilgit- Baltistan Security Forces on High Alert to Avert Terror Attacks No Vote, No Voice: G-B Residents Feel Like Wallflowers Constitutional Concerns: Car Registration Debate Fuels Wrangling Over G-B Status Economic Developments Trade Route: New Policy Allows Timber Transport on Karakoram Highway International Developments China Occupying Parts of Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan Other Developments Shattered Memories: Detained US Citizen Narrates Her Ordeal Load Shedding: Energy Forums to Voice Concerns in G-B Reconstruction of Kohala Dhirkot Road No. 1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg New Delhi-110 010 Jammu & Kashmir (Source: Based on the Survey of India Map, Govt of India 2000 ) In this Edition In the beginning of March 2013, there were widespread reports about India seeking information regarding several hydropower projects being build in PoK with the assistance of international donors and agencies. This was revealed in a letter sent by the foreign affairs Director General South Asia (dated November 28, 2012) to the Ministry of Water and Power in Islamabad. According to the details given in the letter, India had asked Pakistan to seek No Objection Certificate (NoC) for all such projects in PoK, a territory legally claimed as its integral part by India. India's strident objections came in the wake of reports on the proposed hydropower projects to be built in Shebratan and Chilas in Gilgit Baltistan.
    [Show full text]