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Tyanitis Bölgesi'nin Tarihi Coğrafyasi

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Tyanitis Bölgesi'nin Tarihi Coğrafyasi T.C. KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TYANITIS BÖLGESİ’NİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI Hazırlayan Mustafa DENİZ Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman Prof. Dr. Mehmet KURT KARAMAN – 2020 T.C. KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TYANITIS BÖLGESİ’NİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI Hazırlayan Mustafa DENİZ Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman Prof. Dr. Mehmet KURT KARAMAN – 2020 i ÖNSÖZ “Tyanitis Bölgesi’nin Tarihi Coğrafyası” adlı çalışmada, bölgenin sınırları zaman zaman değişiklik gösterse de bu sınırlar kuzeyde Melendiz Dağları, kuzeybatıda Hasan Dağı, doğuda Aladağlar ve Zamantı Nehri, batıda Ereğli Ovası, güneyde Toros Dağları’nın uzantısı olan Bolkar Dağları ile çevrili olan ovalık bölge olarak kabul edilmiştir. Belirlenen sınırlar dahilinde bu çalışmada bölgenin tarih öncesi dönemlerden İlk Çağ’ın sonuna kadar geçirmiş olduğu, siyasi, sosyo-kültürel ve sosyo ekonomik süreçler ele alınmıştır. Tyanitis Bölgesi, coğrafi konumu ve zengin bir tarihsel mirasa sahip olması nedeniyle hemen hemen her dönemde önemini korumuştur. Bölgenin su kaynakları açısından zenginliği ve tarıma elverişli ovalarının varlığı, geçmişten günümüze bölgenin yerleşim amaçlı tercih edilmesinde önemli bir etken olmuştur. Bölgede bulunan yer altı zenginlikleri bölgenin önemini daha da artırmıştır. Bölge kuzeydoğu-güneybatı ve kuzey güney ekseninde uzanan ana yol güzergahlarının kavşağında yer almaktadır. Bu bağlantı, antik dönem yerleşim yerlerinin tespit edilmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Çalışmamızın konusunun belirlenmesinde ve gerçekleştirilmesinde, değerli fikirlerini, bilgilerini ve tecrübelerini benimle paylaşan, desteğini benden esirgemeyen, kıymetli zamanını ayırıp sabırla elinden gelenin fazlasını sunan, tanımaktan ve öğrencisi olmaktan şeref duyduğum kıymetli danışman hocam Prof. Dr Mehmet KURT’a, teşekkürü bir borç biliyor ve şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Ders almaktan onur ve gurur duyduğum değerli hocalarım Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ercan AŞKIN ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mehmet ALKAN’a; yine çalışmamda konu, kaynak ve yöntem açısından bana sürekli yardımda bulunarak yol gösteren, kaynak temini ve değerlendirmeleriyle katkıda bulunan saygıdeğer hocam Dr. Öğr. ii Üyesi Esra BULUT’a sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca Niğde Müzesi yetkililerine müzede bulunan eserlerin fotoğraf çekimi ile ilgili hususlarda yardımcı olmaları dolayısıyla teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarım sırasında bana verdiği her türlü destek, göstermiş olduğu fedakarlık, sabır ve hoşgörüden dolayı, hayatımdaki en büyük iyiliklerin sahibi, sevgili eşim Fatma NACAK DENİZ’e; bana çalışmam için fırsat veren ve ondan çaldığım vakitler için küçük yaşındaki büyük olgunluğuyla bana anlayış gösteren ve varlığıyla hayatımıza renk katan canım oğlum Eymen DENİZ’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Mustafa DENİZ KARAMAN/2020 iii ÖZET Tyanitis Bölgesi’nin Tarihi Coğrafyası üzerine yapılan bu çalışmada, bölgenin coğrafi özellikleri ile siyasi, sosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel açıdan geçirdiği süreçler incelenmiştir. Tyanitis Bölgesi, coğrafi konumunun ve iklim şartlarının uygun olması nedeniyle hemen hemen her dönemde yerleşim için elverişli bir alan olmuştur. Tyanitis, su kaynakları açısından oldukça zengindir ve bu da bölgedeki tarımsal üretime olumlu katkı sağlamıştır. Bölgenin jeopolitik konumu sayesinde MÖ II. bin yıldan Antikçağ’a değin Orta Anadolu’yu Akdeniz’e bağlayan Gülek Geçidi üzerinde bulunması ve burayı kontrol altında tutması nedeniyle stratejik bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Tyanitis’in, gümüş ve kalay madeni açısından zengin olması, bu madenlerin üretimini ve ticaretini kontrol etmesi buranın önemini daha da artırmıştır. Sözü edilen alan, hemen her dönem, dönemin siyasi güçleri arasında bir çekişme konusu olmuştur. Ayrıca Tyanitis’in etnik yapı, dil ve inanç açısından da kozmopolit bir yapıya sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bölge, sözü edilen bu özellikleri nedeniyle geçmişten günümüze hem jeopolitik hem de jeostratejik açıdan önemini muhafaza etmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Tuwana, Tyana, Tyanitis, Tarihi Coğrafya, Niğde iv ABSTRACT In this study on the Historical Geography of the Tyanitis region, its geographical features and the political, socio-economic and socio-cultural processes were examined. The Tyanitis region has been a suitable area for settlement in almost every period due to its favourable geographical location and climate conditions. Tyanitis is quite rich in water resources, which has made a positive contribution to agricultural production in the region. Thanks to its geopolitical position, from 2000 BC to the Ancient Age, the region has a strategic importance due to its location on the Gulek Pass connecting Central Anatolia to the Mediterranean and keeping it under control. The fact that Tyanitis was rich in silver and tin mines and controlled the production and trade of these mines further increased its importance. The area has been a subject of contention among the political forces of the period in almost every period. It is also known that Tyanitis has a cosmopolitan structure in terms of ethnicity, language and belief. Due to these mentioned characteristics, the region has maintained its importance both geopolitically and geo-strategically from the past to the present. Key Words: Tuwana, Tyana, Tyanitis, Historical Geography, Nigde v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………...i ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………………iii HARİTALAR LİSTESİ…………………………………………………………….…viii RESİMLER LİSTESİ…………………………………………………………………..viii 1. GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1. Bölgenin Konumu ve Sınırları (Jeopolitik)………………………………….......2 1.2. Araştırma Tarihçesi……………………………………………………………….5 1.3. Tyanitis Bölgesi’nin Jeolojik ve Jeomorfolojik Yapısı…………………………17 2. Bölgenin Fiziki Coğrafyası……………………………………………………………22 2.1. Dağlar………………………………………………………………………………22 2.2. Ovalar…………………………………………………………………………….. 23 2.4. İklim ve Bitki Örtüsü…………………………………………………………… 24 2.5. Yeraltı Kaynakları………………………………………………………………. 26 2.6. Yol Ağları ve Geçitler……………………………………………………………. 27 3. Eski Çağ’da Tyanitis Bölgesi………………………………………………………….32 3.1. MÖ II. Bin Yılda Tyanitis Bölgesi………………………………………………32 3.1.1. Hititler Dönemi………………………………………………………………..33 3.1.1.1. Eski Hitit Dönemi (1650-1450)……………………………………………..33 3.1.1.2. Hitit İmparatorluk Dönemi (MÖ 1450-1250)…………………………….. 35 3.2. MÖ I. Bin Yılda Tyanitis Bölgesi .......................................................................... 39 3.2.1. Geç Hitit Kent Devletleri ..................................................................................... 39 3.2.1.1. Tabal Krallığı................................................................................................. 39 3.2.1.2. Tuwana Krallığı ............................................................................................ 43 3.2.1.2.1.Tuwana Krallığı Dönemi Yazıt ve Stelleri ................................................ 48 3.2.1.2.1.1. Niğde Steli ................................................................................................ 49 3.2.1.2.1.2. Keşlik Yaylası Steli .................................................................................. 49 3.2.1.2.1.3. Andaval Steli ............................................................................................ 51 3.2.1.2.1.4. Bor Steli .................................................................................................... 51 3.2.1.2.1.5. İvriz Kaya Anıtı ....................................................................................... 52 3.2.1.2.1.6. Ambarderesi Kaya Anıtı ......................................................................... 53 3.2.1.2.1.7. Zeyve (Porsuk)Yazıtı............................................................................... 54 vi 3.2.1.2.1.8. Bulgarmaden Yazıtı ................................................................................ 55 3.2.1.2.1.9. Veliisa Yazıtı ............................................................................................ 56 3.2.1.2.1.10. Topada Yazıtı....................................................................................... 57 3.2.1.2.1.11. Gökbez Kaya Kabartması .................................................................. 58 3.3. Pers Dönemi ............................................................................................................. 59 3.4. Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemleri ............................................................................. 60 4. Yerleşim Tarihi…………………………………………………………………….…65 4.1. Höyükler ve Diğer Yerleşimler .............................................................................. 65 4.1.1. Kaletepe-Kömürcü Höyük ................................................................................... 67 4.1.2. Köşk Höyük .......................................................................................................... 68 4.1.3. Kınık Höyük ......................................................................................................... 72 4.1.4. Tepebağları Höyük .............................................................................................. 73 4.1.5. Zeyve Höyük ......................................................................................................... 74 4.1.6. Kayırlı Buluntu Yeri ............................................................................................ 78 4.1.7. Göltepe Höyük (Çamardı-Celaller) .................................................................... 79 4.1.8. Kestel-Sarıtuzla (Çamardı-Celaller- Maden
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