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Zeitschrift/Journal: Seevögel - Zeitschrift des Vereins Jordsand zum Schutz der Seevögel und der Natur e.V.

Jahr/Year: 1995

Band/Volume: 16_3_1995

Autor(en)/Author(s): Vauk Gottfried, Lübbe Thies-Peter, Bernem Karl-Heinz van

Artikel/Article: Ecological effects of potential oil spills at the German North Sea coast 58- 62 58 Ecological effects of potential oil spills Ecological effects of potential oil spills at the German North Sea coast Thies-Peter Lübbe, Karl-Heinz van Bernem and Gottfried Vauk

Introduction Making use of the synchronously develop­ and Macoma balthica showed high mortali­ The Wadden Sea, a region of tidal flats and ed WATIS data processing system, a basis ties when exposed to large doses of oil. Ad­ salt marshes extending at the North Sea has been established not only to serve ditionally, C. edule suffered an increased coast of the Netherlands, Germany and scientific purposes but also to designate mortality during severe frost periods com­ Denmark, is of enormous value as a cleans­ representative sampling areas as part of a pared to the unoiled controls. Pollution in­ ing site for North Sea water, as a nursery for monitoring program for the entire region, to duced stress seems to increase susceptibi­ young fish, and as a feeding ground for directly provide preventive and remedial lity to unfavourable environmental conditi­ many bird species. The Netherlandish and measures for combatting oil pollution and ons. The same high oil doses sufficient to German part of this region is especially en­ for environmental protection. cause some acute mortality of the molluscs dangered by oil spills due to the proximity of The sensitivity of Wadden Sea organisms to eliminated the population of C. volutator important shipping routes and harbours. oil pollution has been demonstrated by field without recovery afterwards. This high sen­ The permanent danger of oil spills caused experiments and research using meso­ sitivity of amphipods to oil pollution has by tanker accidents has been recently de­ cosms, large tanks situated on land or bag been confirmed in many experiments and monstrated by a series of three big acci­ systems placed »in situ« containing realistic field studies. Reduced feeding activity of dents within 6 weeks: the »Aegean Sea« at marine population assemblages. some macrofauna species having been ex­ the Spanish coast in December 1992, the posed to oil was one result of mesocosm »Braer« near Shetland and the »Maersk Na­ Some members of the benthic macrofauna experiments conducted at the coast of Lo­ vigator« in the Strait of Malacca in January are very vulnerable to oil pollution. Small wer Saxony (Farke et al. 1985). 1993. scale oil contaminations of intertidal areas Species of small benthic organisms as dia­ in the Jade (German Bight) showed that es­ This study documents the ecological ef­ toms, ciliates, turbellarians, nematodes and pecially on mud flats the populations of Ma- fects of potential oil spills on the eco­ copepodes also were affected by oil in field coma balthica, Heteromastus filiformis and systems of the German North Sea coast. experiments conducted in the Wadden Sea Tubifucoides benedeni were badly affected First we discuss the reasons for the high oil (Dorjes 1984). Their ability to recover is as­ while the amphipods nearly vanished from sensitivity of the Wadden Sea reviewing the sessed generally to be greater than that of the contaminated area (Rachor 1984). A results of experimental field studies and the sensitive macrofauna species. breakdown of the population of the amphi- studies conducted in mesocosms. In the The high sensitivity of saltmarsh vegetation pod Corophium volutator having been re­ second part special emphasis is paid to to oil pollution has been demonstrated by peatedly contaminated with small oil doses quantities of oil causing disasterous long­ serveral field experiments also conducted was observed in experiments in the Elbe term effects to the Wadden Sea ecosy­ at the German North Sea coast (for estuary (van Bernem 1982). D ekker & van stems. The effects of different amounts of example J ittler -Strahlendorff & N euge - M oorsel (1987) studied the effects of oil oil spilled are illustrated by two simulations bohrn 1989). Grazed saltmarshes are more pollution on intertidal mudflats using meso­ produced by an operational oil dispersion vulnerable to oil than ungrazed ones be­ cosms. The molluscs Cerastoderma edule model. cause oil washed ashore is hardly retained by the vegetation and penetrates deep into Environmental oil sensitivity of the the soil where subterranean plant organs Wadden Sea and soil fauna are affected. According to the vulnerability index of G und- The possible effects of a large oil spill cover­ u \c h & H ayes (1978) based mainly on geolo­ ing extensive parts of the German North gical and sedimentological parameters, Sea coast is not known exactly until now as sheltered tidal flats and salt marshes belong there are no appropriate experiences with to the coast types most sensitive to oil pol­ big oil spills within this area. The results of lution. Oil persists very long in fine sedi­ experiments conducted in the Wadden Sea ments exposed to low wave energy. As and of investigations of oiled tidal flats in the most parts of the Wadden Sea are domi­ Persian Gulf region suggest the following nated by these habitat types the whole Ger­ phenomena: man North Sea coast can be classified as highly sensitive to oil spills. As it is not pos­ - Burrowing species are of special impor­ sible to protect the whole German North tance for maintaining the ecosystem in tidal Sea coast at equal levels, oil spill contin­ flats. They rework the sediment, flush over- gency planning requires a more detailed lying water in and out, cause sediment oxy­ classification of the Wadden Sea. For this genation, enhance nutrient fluxes, maintain reason the entire German part of the Wad­ bacterial gardens and provide a variety of den Sea has been mapped according to oil microhabitats for other small animals (Reise spill sensitivity. This sensitivity assessment 1990). Whereas oil hardly penetrates into integrates biological information to an es­ water saturated mudflats, the tubes of bur­ sentially greater extent than the work of rowing animals allow oil to deeply penetrate G undlach & H ayes (1978). Species of halo­ into the sediment (Howard & L ittle 1987). phytes, mammals, fishes, birds, macro- Due to toxic effects of the oil, populations of fauna, meiofauna and microphytobenthos The regeneration of severely affected areas by especially sensitive species (like the amphi- were evaluated and classified according to oil, here near the tern island Norderoog, may take pod Corophium volutatoi) may break their vulnerability to oil pollution. The project years or even decades. down. The burrowing activity would stop is described in detail by van Bernem (1992). Foto: Archiv Verein Jordsand and consequently the stability of the oil SEEVÖGEL, Zeitschrift Verein Jordsand, Hamburg 1995 / Band 16, Heft 3 59

be recommendable from an ethic point of view but will hardly diminish the harmful consequences for the populations of the bird species involved (V auk 1984).

- Fishes may be affected by the acute toxi­ city of the oil or by food limitations as well when populations of their invertebrate prey organisms decrease. Many fish species of the North Sea use the Wadden Sea as a nursery so that a large oil spill in this region might have severe and long-lasting reper­ cussions of the fisheries production of the southern North Sea (Dethlefsen & T iews 1985). Results of investigations of C onan & Friha (1 981) after the »Amoco Cadiz« oil spill showed that especially benthic flat fishes which are common in Wadden Sea areas suffer from oil polluted sediments.

- Following the oil spill of the »Braer« in Shetland strong winds carried the light crude oil many kilometers inshore polluting An oil spill near Helgoland during the breeding season of the kittiwakes may lead to the wipe-out of the meadows and houses. The same pheno­ colony. Foto: Archiv Verein Jordsand menon might be observed in the case of an oil spill in the Wadden Sea with a light crude layers and the missing oxygen will hinder a mussel banks and shell deposits which act oil and strong inland winds. Severe dam­ greater amount of biodegradation in the se­ as sinks for stranded oil. Even two years af­ ages to the vegetation of dikes due to diment. The persistence of the oil will delay ter the oil spill of the »Exxon Valdez« in spraying of oil has been demonstrated in recolonization of the contaminated sedi­ Alaska, high concentrations of oil have experiments. (Jittler -Strahlendorff ment by burrowing macrofauna species been recorded in the sediments beneath 1984). (H eiber 1985). This expectation is confirmed mussel banks and within the mussels itself by investigations of H öpner et al. (1993) which may be responsible for the low repro­ A further reason for the sensitivity of the showing no essential recolonization of oil ductive success of mussel feeding animals Wadden Sea is the difficulty of removing the covered tidal flats at the Saudi Arabian like harlequin ducks ( Histronicus histroni- oil spilled. The use of dispersants cannot be coast by the most important burrowing cus) and oystercatchers ( Haematopus recommended because the effects of che­ species (the crab Cleistostoma sp.) after bachmam) (Babcock et al. 1993). mically dispersed oil are even worse than one year. In mesocosm experiments re­ - Further long-term effects may be caused the effects of untreated oil (Dorjes 1984). viewed by S chölten & K uiper (1988) acute by accumulation of especially toxic high- Since heavy machines can’t be used in tidal mortality of benthic fauna was often follow­ boiling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in flats the oil has to be removed using light ed by an increase of micro-algal biomass the sediments (van Bernem 1984). machines and manpower. Negative conse­ because the reduction of grazing pressure - A long-lasting breakdown of populations quences of mechanical cleanup activities in exceeds the inhibition of the primary pro­ of benthic invertebrates after an oil spill saltmarshes have been demonstrated by duction. The high amount of now available would present a serious threat to birds geomorphological changes following the food causes an explosive development of searching for food in the Wadden Sea. removal of oiled sediments by heavy ma­ rapidly growing small opportunistic spe­ There are some indications that feeding chines in Brittany after the »Amoco Cadiz« cies. These small species like the polychaet areas for waders using the West-European oil spill (V andermeulen et al. 1981). With re­ Capitella capitata live right beneath the se­ flyway are so limited that even minor reduc­ spect to these experiences and own experi­ diment surface and their contribution to tions will result in decreasing populations of ments J ittler -Strahlendorf & N eugebohrn bioturbation is relatively low compared to these species (A ndersen -H arild 1987). (1989) recommend to use only light ma­ the larger burrowing species. Although the Only about half as much waders as in the chines and to applicate roll-on grass stripes species most important for bioturbation in year 1986 were observed in the winter of for the recovery of oil polluted salt marshes. sand flats, Arenicola marina, is reported to the year 1991 after the oil pollution of the be of little sensitivity to oil by several investi­ Saudi Arabian coast during the Gulf war Similar effects as described in this chapter gators (i.e. G ordon et al. 1978), other stud­ (E wans et al. 1993). A reduced food supply ies showed reduced feeding and leaving of are expected by A nderson -Harild (1987) in following the oil spill seems to be the prob­ the case of a major oil spill in the Danish contaminated sediments (Levell 1976, able cause for the strong decrease in the Wadden Sea: Prouse & G ordon 1976). So severe oiling of number of passage migrants at the Saudi the sediment may essentially reduce biotur­ Arabian coast in winter. Extensive mortality - a reduced density of the microfauna and bation by A. marina on sand flats whereas of birds at the North Sea coast by direct -flora and of the invertebrates of the tidal this species may be very important for bio­ contact with floating oil can be expected in flats probably lasting for 5-10 years, degradation in moderately oiled sediments the following cases (Reineking 1987): 1) Oil - a reduction in the number of fish using the (Greiff & H artwig 1985). spill near Helgoland or near a tern colony area due to direct mortality and reduced - Long-term effects of oil contamination during the breeding season; 2) Oiling of food-resources, can arise from the reentry of largely un­ moulting shelducks ( Tadorna tadorna) in weathered oil from the sediment into the August; 3) Oil spill in a cold winter when - a change and possible destruction of the water column, where it may again cause lakes and rivers are covered by ice; 4) Oil vegetation on the salt marshes, mortality of sensitive organisms. Sources spill at the time of high densities of passage - direct mortality of waterfowl in and near for this kind of chronic oil pollution may be migrants. A rehabilitation of oiled birds may the Wadden Sea. 60 Ecological effects of potential oil spills

Effects of oil spills in the Wadden the oil slick first to the coasts of the islands can be expected that the consequences of Sea in relation to the quantity of of Neuwerk, Scharhörn and Nigehörn this accident with some 1000 t spilled oil spilled oil where colonies of endangered tern species does not reach by far the catastrophic di­ are situated. The heavy weather hinders mensions of the first case with some 10 000 It is difficult to delimit the amount of oil any effective cleanup measures. Later the t of spilled oil. which can cause catastrophic effects to the oil reaches the island of Trischen, and Dith­ Although the two examples differ in some ecosystems of the Wadden Sea because marschen and Eiderstedt at the coast of geographical and meteorological aspects the extent of the ecological effects depends Schleswig-Holstein. Especially Trischen they seem suitable to illustrate the impor­ on many interacting factors: the type of oil, and its surrounding are highly important as tance of the amount of spilled oil in relation the meteorological situation and the density a breeding ground of terns, a moulting to the dimension of the effects. High densi­ of sensitive organisms at the time of the oil place of shelducks and a resting place of ties of sensitive organisms like moulting spill, vulnerability of the coastline affected waders (Prokosch 1987). Finally a part of birds or young fish might be severely affect­ and the clean-up measures applied. The re­ the oil pollutes the Northfriesian Islands. An ed by even small amounts of oil. On the lationship between the amount of oil spilled oil spill during the breeding season of the other hand a large amount of oil may have and the dimension of the effects can be illu­ terns may lead to the wipe-out of the affect­ little effects if only a minor part of the oil is strated by analysing two examples of simu­ ed colonies. Another consequence would washed ashore. But only a large oil spill may lated oil spills as follows: be a break down of the populations of sen­ reach the catastrophic dimension shown The perhaps most probable szenario of a sitive benthic invertebrates in wide areas of by the first example. big oil spill at the German North Sea coast is the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein. A special relationship between the extent of an accident near the most important Ger­ Since oil is expected to persist in the sedi­ the oil coverage and the quantity of oil man oil-terminal Wilhelmshaven. Using the ments of tidal flats for many years prevent­ washed ashore has been confirmed for tidal results of the operational oil dispersion mo­ ing the recolonization by the benthic fauna, flats. If only a small amount of oil reaches del of the »Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und this part of the Wadden Sea will be no lon­ the coast the oiling is limited to the high wa­ Hydrographie (BSH)« described by D ick & ger suitable as a nursery for fishes and as a ter level. However, if a large quantity of oil is S oetje (1 990) two examples of simulated oil feeding ground for birds for a long time. The washed ashore, the sediment at the high spills in this region with different quantities regeneration of the severely affected areas water level is soon saturated and an oil layer of released oil are compared. In this part of may take years or even decades. will cover the related intertidal zone. Such the North Sea the main wind direction is The second case reported here is a tanker south-west so that Dithmarschen and Ei- an oil coverage of entire tidal flats has been accident at the East Friesian Islands and the observed at the Saudi Arabian coast after derstedt at the coast of Schleswig-Holstein release of 6000 t oil (IFO 450). Wind from the Gulf war (van Bernem 1992). are especially endangered. The two cases north-west drives the oil slick to the islands Using the results of the sensitivity mapping discussed below are no real events but Ac­ of Neuwerk, Scharhörn and Nigehörn. Fi­ of the German North Sea coast it may be tive scenarios arbitrary chosen from a num­ nally the oil reaches the coast of Dithmar­ possible to protect most vulnerable parts of ber of examples of oil spills simulated by the schen in Schleswig-Holstein. As stated ab­ the Wadden Sea in the case of an oil spill. above mentioned model. ove, the oiling of the affected islands during The success of oil spill control measures, The first case is probably what may be call­ the breeding season of the terns would be however, depends strongly on the amount ed the worst case of a tanker accident im­ detrimental to the populations of these rare aginable at the German North Sea coast. A bird species. Compared to the first case the of spilled oil. The equipement for oil spill control at the German North Sea coast is tanker breaks down in the Jade near Wil­ effects on benthic invertebrates would be sufficient to handle oil quantities until 15 000 helmshaven and 40500 t No. 2 fuel oil are spatially delimited due to the minor amount spilled. Strong winds from south-west drive of spilled oil and the less strong winds. It t at normal weather conditions (Bustorff 1992). If a big oil spill happens under heavy weather conditions the success of control measures may be very limited and the re­ sults of the sensitivity mapping can only be used for ecological impact assessment. Conclusions The Wadden Sea at the German North Sea coast is of enormous value as a unique and relatively undisturbed natural area within Europe. This ecosystem is highly sensitive to oil pollution and at the same time threatened by the possibility of a big oil spill. A tanker accident with the release of some 10000 t oil may lead to ecological long­ term effects of catastrophic extent. The loss of some 1000 t of oil may cause serious consequences but the affected area will be significantly smaller. Very dense popula­ tions of sensitive species might be affected by much smaller quantities of oil. However, the ecological impact of an oil spill is influ­ enced by several factors of which the quan­ tity of spilled oil is only one, although very essential. Beside the ecological impact a large oil spill Saltmarsh vegetation, here on the island Norderoog, has a high vulnerability to oil pollution. may cause considerable economic losses Foto: Archiv Verein Jordsand especially, to tourism and fisheries. REiNKEet SEEVÖGEL, Zeitschrift Verein Jordsand, Hamburg 1995 / Band 16, Heft 3 6 1 al. (1989) assessed the economic loss fol­ großer Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Ölunfäl­ Literature lowing a severe oil spill contaminating the len. Die Sensitivität des Wattenmeeres ist A ndersen -Ha r ild , P. (1987): Danish oil drilling Wurster Watt in Lower Saxony to be about zurückzuführen auf die Persistenz des Öls activities in relation to the Wadden Sea. pp. 120 million DM. The costs of an oil spill as in den feinkörnigen Sedimenten, die chroni­ 283-295 in: Proceedings of the 5th Interna­ described in the first example would be at sche Ölverschmutzung durch Freisetzung tional Wadden Sea Symposium. The Natio­ least about 10 times of that grant. von nach dem Unfall im Sediment abgela­ nal Forest and Nature Agency and the Mu­ The success of oil spill control measures will gertem Öl und die langsame Biodegrada­ seum of Fisheries and Shipping, Esbjerg. Babcock , M., G. Irvine , S. Rice , P. Rounds , J. Cu- be quite ineffective if a large amount of oil is tion des Öls im Sediment, nachdem die sick & C. B rodersen (1993): Oiled mussel lost under bad weather conditions. The Bioturbation durch grabende Benthosor- ganismen wegen der toxischen Wirkung beds two and three years after the Exxon Val­ probability of a tanker accident might be re­ dez oil spill, pp. 184-185 in: Exxon Valdez Oil des Öls unterbleibt. Zudem finden sich zu duced by declaring the Wadden Sea a Spill Symposium, February 2 -5 , 1993, An­ »Particular Sensitive Area« according to the bestimmten Zeiten hohe Konzentrationen chorage, Alaska, Abstract Book International Maritime Organization (IMO), if verwundbarer Organismen wie Vögel und Jungfische im Wattenmeer. Zwei Simulatio­ BERNEMvan, K. H. (1982): Effect of experimental additional effective measures suitable for crude oil contamination on abundance, mor­ improving the safety of individual ships and nen von Ölunfällen werden benutzt, um das Ausmaß der Auswirkungen in der Abhän­ tality and resettlement of representative mud the ship traffic are considered. The only safe flat organisms in the mesohaline area of the way to prevent an ecological disaster in the gigkeit von der Menge des freigesetzten Öls Elbe estuary. - Neth. J. Sea Res. 16: Wadden Sea is to reduce the quantity of oil zu illustrieren. Ein Ölunfall mit mehreren 538-546. transported by single tankers with additive 100001 Öl kann zu Schäden von katastro­ phalen Dimensionen führen. Erfahrungen BERNEMvan, K. H. (1984): Experimentelle Unter­ modifications of the construction of oil tan­ suchungen zur Wirkung von Rohöl und Roh- kers which reduce the probability to lose nach dem Golfkrieg zeigen speziell für Wat­ öl/Tensid-Gemischen im Ökosystem Wat­ great portions of their cargo. The risk of tenküsten einen Zusammenhang zwischen tenmeer. II. Eindringverhalten und Persistenz destruction of great parts of the unique Ausdehnung der Verölung und der Menge von Rohölkohlenwasserstoffen in Sedimen- ecosystem »Wadden Sea« is no longer ac­ ceptable. Summary The Wadden Sea at the German North Sea coast is both of international importance for nature conservation and of high sensitivity to oil pollution. The sensitivity of the tidal flats is caused by the long persistence of oil in the sediments of low grain size, the chro­ nic oiling by nearly unweathered oil deposit­ ed in the sediments following the spill reen­ tering the water column and the slow bio­ degradation of the oil in the sediment after bioturbation of burrowing organisms has stopped due to the toxicity of the oil. Be­ yond this, high densities of very vulnerable birds and young fish occur at certain times in the Wadden Sea. Two simulations of oil spills in the Wadden Sea illustrate the di­ mension of the expected effects in relation to the amount of spilled oil. A tanker acci­ dent accompanied by the release of some 100001 oil may lead to long term effects of A long-lasting breakdown of populations of benthic invertebrates, e.g. lugworms, after an oil spill would present serious threat to birds searching for food in the Wadden Sea. Foto: Archiv Verein Jordsand catastrophic extent. Experiences from the oiling of tidal flats during the Gulf war show­ des gestrandeten Öls. Geringe Ölmengen ten nach experimenteller Kontamination. - ed that a special relationship exists be­ führen nur zu einer Verschmutzung des Senckenbergiana marit. 16: 22-34. tween the extent of the oil layers and the Spülsaumbereiches, während große Öl­ Bernem van, K. H. (1992): Thematische Kartie­ amount of stranded oil. If relatively few oil mengen zu einer Verschmutzung des be­ rung und Sensitivitätsraster im deutschen reaches the coast only the sediments at the nachbarten Eulitorals führen. Es wird vor­ Wattenmeer. - Deutsche Hydrographische high water level are oiled whereas great Zeitschrift 44: 293-309. geschlagen, das Risiko eines Ölunfalls mit quantities cause the distribution of oil in the Bustorff , U. (1992): Die deutsche Ölbekämp­ katastrophalen Auswirkungen zu vermin­ related intertidal zone. It is suggested to re­ fungsstrategie. - Hansa 129: 751-752. dern, indem die durch einzelne Tankschiffe duce the amount of oil transported by a Conan , G. &F riha ,M. (1981): Effets des pollutions transportierten Ölmengen begrenzt wer­ single tanker in order to prevent an oil spill of par les hydrocarbures du pétrolier Amoco den. catastrophic dimensions in the Wadden Cadiz sur la croissance des soles et des plies Sea. dans l’estuaire de l’Aber Benoît, pp. 749-774 Acknowledgements in: Amoco Cadiz- Conséquences d’une pol­ We are grateful to Mr. S. Dick for providing us lution accidentelle par les hydrocarbures. Ac­ Zusammenfassung with a number of examples of fictive oil spills si­ tes du Colloque International, Centre Océan­ Ökologische Auswirkungen von poten­ mulated by the operational oil dispersion model ologique de Bretagne, Brest, 19-22 Novem­ tiellen Ölunfällen an der deutschen of the BSH. Mr. D. Fleet and Mr. D. Vinyard im­ bre 1979, CNEXO, Paris. Nordseeküste proved our English. This publication is partly Dekker , R. & G. W. N. M. van Moorsel (1 987): Ef­ based on a research project (Wasser 102 03 229) fects of different oil doses, dispersant and Das Wattenmeer an der deutschen Nord­ conducted by the FSSH (Hamburg Maritime Re­ dispersed oil on macrofauna in model tidal seeküste ist sowohl von internationaler Be­ search) with financial support by the Umweltbun­ fiat ecosystems. pp. 117-131 in: J. Kuiper & deutung für den Naturschutz als auch von desamt, Berlin. W. J. van den BRiNKfeds.): Fate and Effects of 62 Ecological effects of potential oil spills

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Der allgemeine Teil des Buches gibt ne­ mit der Aufforderung »Natur erleben - Buchbesprechungen ben einer landschaftsökologischen Be­ Natur verstehen« zwei Aspekte herausge­ schreibung des Bremer Raumes einen hi­ griffen, von denen der erste für Gefühl, storischen und einen nach Naturräumen sinnliche Erfahrung, ganzheitliche Wahr­ gegliederten Überblick der Vogelwelt nehmung, der zweite für Intellekt und S eitz. Joachim und Kai D allmann (1992): Bremens. Ein weiteres Kapitel stellt die kausale Erklärung steht. Die Autoren re­ Gefährdung der Bremer Vogelwelt und gen dazu an, erst zu erleben und zu erfah­ Die Vögel Bremens die notwendigen Schutzmaßnahmen dar. ren und dann zu analysieren, zu bestim­ men und zu beschreiben. und der angrenzenden Den Verfassern ist mit der »Avifauna Flußniederungen Bremens« ein wichtiges Nachschlage­ Die in diesem Buch vorgeschlagenen Akti­ werk gelungen, das das umfangreiche Be­ vitäten können zu allen Jahreszeiten 536 S., mit 38 Färb- und 11 SW-Abbil- obachtungsmaterial überschaubar zu­durchgeführt werden, wobei sicher das düngen, Format 25 x 17 cm; ISBN sammengefaßt hat. Eike Hartwig Sommerhalbjahr etwas günstiger ist, und 3-9802876-0-2. Hrsg.: BUND Landesver­ es werden außerdem unterschiedliche band Bremen, Am Dobben 44, 28203 Bre­ Orte des Erlebens einbezogen, so z.B. men; Preis: DM 48,-. Park, Wald, Schulgarten, Ödland und Die Erforschung der Vogelwelt in Bre­ Meeresstrand. Die 19 Kapitel, die den men hat eine lange Tradition. Mit dem P robst , Wilfried & Karl S chilke (1994): Themenkreisen »Die Welt erleben«, vorliegenden Buch soll diese fortgesetzt »Pflanzen im Naturkreislauf«, »Spuren­ und eine Lücke zu der letzten Brutvogel- Natur erleben - suche in der Natur« und »Die Natur im Erfassung von 1962/1963 geschlossen Natur verstehen Jahreslauf« zugeordnet werden, sind in werden. Etwa 290 im Bremer Gebiet folgende Abschnitte eingeteilt: Was man nachgewiesene Vogelwarten werden be­ 176 Seiten mit vielen graphischen Abbil­ wissen sollte, was man vorbereiten und handelt. Für die Darstellung des jahres­ dungen; ISBN 3-12-0433110-9. Ernst bedenken muß, was man braucht, es geht zeitlichen Auftretens wurden allein aus Klett Schulbuchverlag, Stuttgart. Preis: los, Vorschläge für weiterführende Fragen den Jahren 1971-1988 rund 12 000 Beob­ DM 40,-. und Literatur. achtungslisten ausgewertet; das Brutvor­ Dieses Buch ist für den fächerübergreifen­ kommen (bis 1990) und der Durchzug Dieses Buch gestaltet den naturwissen­ den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht werden u. a. anhand von 63 Verbreitungs­ schaftlichen Unterricht einmal anders: und den biologischen Fachunterricht be­ karten und 84 Diagrammen sowie zahl­ Aus der Vielfalt der möglichen Beziehun­ stimmt und mit kopierfähigen Arbeits­ reichen Tabellen dargestellt. gen zwischen Mensch und Natur werden blättern ausgestattet. Eike Hartwig