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Home , Carl Linnaeus, Germ theory of disease, Ignaz Semmelweis, Microbiology (journal)

PowerPoint to accompany Chapter 1 : Topics to Cover: A Systems Approach – Scope of Microbiology – Importance of Cowan/Talaro • Use of Microbes – Characteristics of Microorganisms Chapter 1 – History of Microbiology The Main Themes of – Microbiology

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

There are six main types of microorganisms: 1.) bacterium, 2.) , 3.) , 4.) , 5.) Protozoan, 6.) Helminth. Microbiology 2.) Fungus, 3.) Algae, 4.) Virus, 5.) Protozoan, 6.) Helminth. • Specialized area in that studies living things too small to be seen by the naked eye • Microorganisms also called microbes or bugs • Groups of organism covered: – , , Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Helminths

Scope of Microbiology MICROBIAL HABITATS & ROLES: Many Diverse Disciplines: • Immunology • Microorganisms are everywhere. • microbiology & • Microorganisms reside in , , soil, on the surfaces of • Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology furniture, in dust particles, in water - • Agricultural microbiology virtually everywhere! • • Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology

1 Several reasons to study microbiology ---the study ((ologyologyology)) of microorganisms. SOIL Microorganisms are: ---Are part of our environment. ---Important to , and human health. AIR TONGUE ---Are a source of food or are important in the production of food. ---Are important in the recycling of waste. ---Are useful for the production of antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids. ---Are the stuff of genetic engineering ––– recombinant DNA technology, gene therapy. ---Provide insight into processes in all life UBIQUITOUS!!! forms

Microbes are used to extract copper from ore, synthesize drugs Microbes are involved in photosynthesis - account for and enzymes, and bioremediate contaminated water. >50% of the earth’s oxygen. Decomposition – nutrient recycling.

Fig. 1.2 Microbial habitats Fig. 1.3 Microbes at work

Most common infectious causes of worldwide. Infectious - Only about 1-3% of the microorganisms actually cause . • The remaining 97-99% may be innocuous or have positive benefits.

2 Cause of death in USA Characteristics of Microorganisms • Cellular Organization : – Procaryotic – no nucleus and organelles – Eucaryotic – nucleus and organelles (mitochondria, etc.)

There is a difference between the cell structure of a procaryote and eucaryote. Viruses are neither but are considered particles.

Microorganisms vary in size - 1µm to 200 nm.

History of Microbiology • Microscopy • and sterilization * 0.2 um • • Aseptic technique • Germ

Fig. 1.7 The size of things

3 Microorganisms were first observed by , The history of microbiology is old. It dates to using a primitive microscope. before the bible. ---Egyptian pharaohs protected their pyramids with Aspergillus spores. ---Leprosy was described in the bible.

---The Greeks anticipated microbiology. They could nonott see microorganisms ---only the effect. --- Hippocrates (~400 BC) set forth an enduring set of ethical standards for the practice of medicine. He also associated signs and symptoms to certain illnesses. He observed potential transmission by person to person or by objects. --- realized that people who survived the plague were protected and could safely care for plague victims. Fig. 1.9 Leeuwenhoek’s microscope

- built the first compound Cell Types Fig. 1.9b microscope about 1665 and saw cells in a strip of cork.

- Leeuwenhoek - first observed living microorganisms - “” - using a simple compound microscope. He sampled everywhere and saw protozoa, , fungi and many forms of bacteria. (300X)

Spores and sterilization Spontaneous generation - Early belief that some forms of life could • Some microbes in dust and air were arise from vital forces present in resistant to high heat. nonliving or decomposing matter ( • Spores were later identified. from manure, etc) • The term “““sterile“sterilesterile”””” was introduced which meant completely eliminating all life --- (1600) designed an forms from objects or materials. to refute spontaneous generation. Skepticism reigned.

4 Fig. i1.2b

Maggots developed from “flies”

Microbes originated from “dust in the air”!!

- John Needham refuted these : Fig. i1.2c because they had merely driven off the oxygen which they considered to be required for growth.

- The French Academy of held a competition in 1859 to clarify the situation using scientific experiments.

Results were negated because of “harmful treatment” of air!!!

- entered the -neck flask experiment. Fig. i1.2d

- A difficulty with all of these experiments is that boiling does not necessarily kill all microorganisms….. lucky moment!!!

5 Louis Pasteur showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage, and disproved spontaneous generation. - conducted similar experiments and identify microbes in dust and air with high heat resistance.

- A lucky observation with these experiments is that boiling does not necessarily kill all microorganisms!!!

Fig. 1.11 Louis Pasteur

Aseptic technique - and developed the concept of aseptic technique . Many diseases are caused by the - Ignaz Semmelweis was convinced that when growth of microbes in the body and not physicians moved from one infected individual by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. to a new individual without adequate washing, disease was transmitted. He was ridiculed.

- Lister continued the work and used carbolic acid to sterilize dressings. He too was ridiculed, but eventually he was recognized for the significance of his contribution.

Robert Koch verified the Germ theory (Koch’s postulates).

Medical Microbiology

Fig. 1.12

6 - Robert Koch, a contemporary of Pasteur, made - Pasteur developed pasteurization (56 o C/30 min) a critical contribution to the field of infectious in the absence of oxygen) to preserve wine from disease with his formulation of Koch’s spoilage. postulates . A corollary of this hypothesis is that - Pasteur prepared the first rabies vaccine – made one infectious agent causes one disease. of dried spinal cord from a infected with rabies virus. Remember that none had any 1) The specific causative agent must be found in idea of the concept of viruses at that time!! every case. 2) The infectious agent must be isolated in pure - In the late 18th century, Jenner noted that culture. milkmaids seldom contracted . Using 3) Inoculation of the pure infectious agent into a this observation he developed the first vaccine susceptible animal must result in the same - successful immunization against smallpox. disease. 4) The infectious agent must be recovered from the inoculated animal.

KochKoch’’’’ss postulates cannot be applied to all KochKoch’’’’ss postulates cannot be applied to all infectious agents ---why?? infectious agents ---why?? - Some diseases are not cause by microorganisms - Some microorganisms can not be cultured - Some microorganisms can cause different diseases - Some diseases can be cause by different microorganisms.

Vaccination Chemotheraphy • Lady Montagu –––variolation to treat • (quinine) to Europe to treat against smallpox • Paul Ehrlich –––coined the term • –––protected chemotheraphy and the concept of magic against smallpox using the related virus bullet (selective toxicity) cowpox ---Developed compound 606 ( Salvarsan ) to treat • Louis Pasteur –––Developed vaccines treat syphilis against rabies and . He • –––identified lysozyme and penicillin from the mold Penicillium ... introduced the term attenuated • Rene Dubos –––discovered two antibiotics vaccines produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus

7 Taxonomy • A system for organizing, classifying & naming • Binomial (scientific) nomenclature living things. • – Bacillus, always capitalized • Primary concerns of taxonomy are classification , nomenclature , and • - subtilis , lowercase identification . • Both italicized or underlined • introduced taxonomic – Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) categories or taxa

Levels of Classification Identification • Domain • The process of discovering and • or Division recording the traits (physical, • biochemical, genetic) of organisms, • thereby, placing them in a taxonomic scheme. • • Genus • species

Fig. 1.13a Fig. 1.13b

8 The fivefive----kingdomkingdom system became the • Haeckel (1870(1870’’’’s)s) ––– is credited with standard until the 3 and 4 system of techniques were used classification to develop the Domain system. • Robert Whitaker (1969) - developed after the five-kingdom system of classification

Traditional Whittaker system of classification

The Domain system was developed by Dr. Woese. The basis of the Domain system is the rRNA sequence information. Domains • Developed after the five-kingdom system • Three domains: - Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan - Archaea –odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, 1 2 etc 3 - Eukarya - have a nucleus, & organelles

Fig. 1.15 Woese system

Subdivisions or Kingdoms

• Monerans Archae and Eubacteria • Classification schemes allow for a • Fungi universal tree of life “phylogenetic tree”. • • Living things change gradually over • Plants millions of years • Animals • Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost.

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