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Fish Fish ➔ Kingdom: Animalia ➔ Phylym: Chordata ➔ Three Classes: 1. Jawless fish (agnatha) 2. Cartilaginous fish (chondricthyes) 3. Bony Fish (osteichthyes) Fish Characteristics ➔ Gills for breating ➔ Backbone (vertebrae) ➔ Paired fins ➔ Closed circulatory System ➔ Two-chambered heart Wat te s ar t he! Fish Anatomy Internal Features Fish Anatomy External Features Fins Fish Respiration ➔ Water flows over gills as fish opens mouth and swims ➔ Water flows opposite direction of blood flow ➔ O2 diffuses from the water into the blood ➔ Gills are made of thousands of gill filaments ➔ Gills are covered by the operculum (gill cover) Fish Respiration Reproduction ➔ Most reproduce sexually, and fertilize their eggs externally ➔ Sharks/rays fertilize internally ◆ Some keep their eggs in their uterus (viviparous) ◆ Others will lay the eggs oviparous) ➔ Spawning is the process of fertilizing eggs ➔ Baby fish are called FRY Jawless Fish ➔ Class: Agnatha ➔ No Jaws ➔ Skeleton made of cartilage ➔ Soft skin (no scales) ➔ 7 gills ➔ Lack a swim bladder ➔ Examples: Lampreys, Hagfish Cartilaginous Fish ●Class: Chondrichthyes ●Swim constantly to force oxygen into their gills ●Caudal fin (tail) is large/strong ●Skeleton made of cartilage (not bone). ●5-7 gill slits located on each side of the body ●Examples: Sharks and Rays ● 350 different species of sharks ● 300 species of rays and skates Bony Fish ➔ Class: osteichthyes ➔ Skeleton made of bone ➔ Teeth are fixed onto the upper jaw ➔ Swim bladder: air filled sac that helps them with buoyancy ➔ Do not have to swim to breathe (can move gill covers to force water over gills.) ➔ Examples: Trout, Perch, Pike, Goldfish .

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Classes of Fish #1 Agnatha : Jawless Fish 1) Oldest of All Fish 500 Mya 2) No Jaw 3) Eel-Like Body 4) Light Skeleton Made out of Cartilage
Classes of Fish #1 Agnatha : Jawless Fish 1) Oldest of all fish 500 mya 2) No Jaw 3) Eel-like Body 4) Light skeleton made out of cartilage. 5) Gill slits on the side of the body. 6) Unpaired fins 7) Examples: Lamprey and Hagfish Objectives: 1. List the three classes of fish. Draw a simple picture for each class and provide a one sentence description. 2. Describe the purposes associated with the lateral line http://www.flickr.com/photos/boarderjon/294353224/ system and the swim bladder. #2 Chondrichthyes : Cartilagenous fish 1) Stream-lined Body 2) Jaws Formed from a bony gill arch 3) Skeleton made of cartilage strengthened be calcium carbonate. A thin layer of bone covers the cartilage. 4)Teeth: modified scales 5) Some possess a lateral line system 6) Examples: Sharks, Rays, and Skates 1 #3 Osteichthyes : Bony Fish 1) Skeleton made of bone . 2) Lateral Line System : Specialized sensory system that runs along the length of the fish. It accurately indicates the position and rate of movement of the 2 Groups of Bony Fish fish. In addition, it can also detect motion of other 1) Ray-finned fish : Fins supported by living things in the water. It is similar in function to bony rays. hearing. Example: Perch 3) Gill Cover : A hard plate called an operculum covers 2) Lobe-finned fish : Fin is a fleshy lobe and protects the gills. Muscles attached to the supported by bone. operculum allow it to move in order to push water Example: Lungfish through the gills. Fish that do not have operculum must swim in order to breath.
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Marine Fish Fish Fall Into Two Main Groups: Fish with Bony Internal Skeletons and Fish with Cartilaginous Internal Skeletons
Marine fish Fish fall into two main groups: fish with bony internal skeletons and fish with cartilaginous internal skeletons. Fish anatomy and physiology generally includes a two-chambered heart, eyes adapted to seeing underwater, and a skin protected by scales and mucous. They typically breathe by extracting oxygen from water through gills. Fish use fins to propel and stabilise themselves in the water. Over 33,000 species of fish have been described as of 2017,[1] of which about 20,000 are marine fish.[2] Jawless fish Hagfish form a class of about 20 species of eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish. They are the only known living animals that have a skull but no vertebral column. Lampreys form a superclass containing 38 known extant species of Jawless fish.[3] The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. Although they are well known for boring into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood,[4] only 18 species of lampreys are actually parasitic.[5] Together hagfish and lampreys are the sister group to vertebrates. Living hagfish remain similar to hagfish from around 300 million years ago.[6] The lampreys are a very ancient lineage of vertebrates, though their exact relationship to hagfishes and jawed vertebrates is still a matter of dispute.[7] Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish are most closely related to lampreys,[8] and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of craniata.[9] • Hagfish are the only known living animals with a skull but no vertebral column.
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THE CLASSIFICATION and EVOLUTION of the HETEROSTRACI Since 1858, When Huxley Demonstrated That in the Histological Struc
ACTA PALAEONT OLOGICA POLONICA Vol. VII 1 9 6 2 N os. 1-2 L. BEVERLY TARLO THE CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE HETEROSTRACI Abstract. - An outline classification is given of the Hetero straci, with diagnoses . of th e following orders and suborders: Astraspidiformes, Eriptychiiformes, Cya thaspidiformes (Cyathaspidida, Poraspidida, Ctenaspidida), Psammosteiformes (Tes seraspidida, Psarnmosteida) , Traquairaspidiformes, Pteraspidiformes (Pte ras pidida, Doryaspidida), Cardipeltiformes and Amphiaspidiformes (Amphiaspidida, Hiber naspidida, Eglonaspidida). It is show n that the various orders fall into four m ain evolutionary lineages ~ cyathaspid, psammosteid, pteraspid and amphiaspid, and these are traced from primitive te ssellated forms. A tentative phylogeny is pro posed and alternatives are discussed. INTRODUCTION Since 1858, when Huxley demonstrated that in the histological struc ture of their dermal bone Cephalaspis and Pteraspis were quite different from one another, it has been recognized that there were two distinct groups of ostracoderms for which Lankester (1868-70) proposed the names Osteostraci and Heterostraci respectively. Although these groups are generally considered to be related to on e another, Lankester belie ved that "the Heterostraci are at present associated with the Osteostraci because they are found in the same beds, because they have, like Cepha laspis, a large head shield, and because there is nothing else with which to associate them". In 1889, Cop e united these two groups in the Ostracodermi which, together with the modern cyclostomes, he placed in the Class Agnatha, and although this proposal was at first opposed by Traquair (1899) and Woodward (1891b), subsequent work has shown that it was correct as both the Osteostraci and the Heterostraci were agnathous.
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Fishes Scales & Tails Scale Types 1
Phylum Chordata SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA Metameric chordates Linear series of cartilaginous or boney support (vertebrae) surrounding or replacing the notochord Expanded anterior portion of nervous system THE FISHES SCALES & TAILS SCALE TYPES 1. COSMOID (most primitive) First found on ostracaderm agnathans, thick & boney - composed of: Ganoine (enamel outer layer) Cosmine (thick under layer) Spongy bone Lamellar bone Perhaps selected for protection against eurypterids, but decreased flexibility 2. GANOID (primitive, still found on some living fish like gar) 3. PLACOID (old scale type found on the chondrichthyes) Dentine, tooth-like 4. CYCLOID (more recent scale type, found in modern osteichthyes) 5. CTENOID (most modern scale type, found in modern osteichthyes) TAILS HETEROCERCAL (primitive, still found on chondrichthyes) ABBREVIATED HETEROCERCAL (found on some primitive living fish like gar) DIPHYCERCAL (primitive, found on sarcopterygii) HOMOCERCAL (most modern, found on most modern osteichthyes) Agnatha (class) [connect the taxa] Cyclostomata (order) Placodermi Acanthodii (class) (class) Chondrichthyes (class) Osteichthyes (class) Actinopterygii (subclass) Sarcopterygii (subclass) Dipnoi (order) Crossopterygii (order) Ripidistia (suborder) Coelacanthiformes (suborder) Chondrostei (infra class) Holostei (infra class) Teleostei (infra class) CLASS AGNATHA ("without jaws") Most primitive - first fossils in Ordovician Bottom feeders, dorsal/ventral flattened Cosmoid scales (Ostracoderms) Pair of eyes + pineal eye - present in a few living fish and reptiles - regulates circadian rhythms Nine - seven gill pouches No paired appendages, medial nosril ORDER CYCLOSTOMATA (60 spp) Last living representatives - lampreys & hagfish Notochord not replaced by vertebrae Cartilaginous cranium, scaleless body Sea lamprey predaceous - horny teeth in buccal cavity & on tongue - secretes anti-coaggulant Lateral Line System No stomach or spleen 5 - 7 year life span - adults move into freshwater streams, spawn, & die.
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Anatomy and Go Fish! Background
Anatomy and Go Fish! Background Introduction It is important to properly identify fi sh for many reasons: to follow the rules and regulations, for protection against sharp teeth or protruding spines, for the safety of the fi sh, and for consumption or eating purposes. When identifying fi sh, scientists and anglers use specifi c vocabulary to describe external or outside body parts. These body parts are common to most fi sh. The difference in the body parts is what helps distinguish one fi sh from another, while their similarities are used to classify them into groups. There are approximately 29,000 fi sh species in the world. In order to identify each type of fi sh, scientists have grouped them according to their outside body parts, specifi cally the number and location of fi ns, and body shape. Classifi cation Using a system of classifi cation, scientists arrange all organisms into groups based on their similarities. The fi rst system of classifi cation was proposed in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus believed that each organism should have a binomial name, genus and species, with species being the smallest organization unit of life. Using Linnaeus’ system as a guide, scientists created a hierarchical system known as taxonomic classifi cation, in which organisms are classifi ed into groups based on their similarities. This hierarchical system moves from largest and most general to smallest and most specifi c: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. {See Figure 1. Taxonomic Classifi cation Pyramid}. For example, fi sh belong to the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata, and from there are grouped more specifi cally into several classes, orders, families, and thousands of genus and species.
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Fish and Amphibians
Fish and Amphibians Geology 331 Paleontology Phylum Chordata: Subphyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and: Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha: jawless fish, includes the hagfish, conodonts, lampreys, and ostracoderms (armored jawless fish) Gnathostomates: jawed fish Class Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fish Class Placoderms: armored fish Class Osteichthyes: bony fish Subclass Actinopterygians: ray-finned fish Subclass Sarcopterygians: lobe-finned fish Order Dipnoans: lung fish Order Crossopterygians: coelocanths and rhipidistians Class Amphibia Urochordates: Sea Squirts. Adults have a pharynx with gill slits. Larval forms are free-swimming and have a notochord. Chordates are thought to have evolved from the larval form by precocious sexual maturation. Chordate evolution Cephalochordate: Branchiostoma, the lancelet Pikaia, a cephalochordate from the Burgess Shale Yunnanozoon, a cephalochordate from the Lower Cambrian of China Haikouichthys, agnathan, Lower Cambrian of China - Chengjiang fauna, scale is 5 mm A living jawless fish, the lamprey, Class Agnatha Jawless fish do have teeth! A fossil jawless fish, Class Agnatha, Ostracoderm, Hemicyclaspis, Silurian Agnathan, Ostracoderm, Athenaegis, Silurian of Canada Agnathan, Ostracoderm, Pteraspis, Devonian of the U.K. Agnathan, Ostracoderm, Liliaspis, Devonian of Russia Jaws evolved by modification of the gill arch bones. The placoderms were the armored fish of the Paleozoic Placoderm, Dunkleosteus, Devonian of Ohio Asterolepis, Placoderms, Devonian of Latvia Placoderm, Devonian of Australia Chondrichthyes: A freshwater shark of the Carboniferous Fossil tooth of a Great White shark Chondrichthyes, Great White Shark Chondrichthyes, Carcharhinus Sphyrna - hammerhead shark Himantura - a ray Manta Ray Fish Anatomy: Ray-finned fish Osteichthyes: ray-finned fish: clownfish Osteichthyes: ray-finned fish, deep water species Lophius, an Eocene fish showing the ray fins. This is an anglerfish.
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Class Wars: Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes Dominance in Chesapeake Bay, 2002-2012
Class Wars: Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes dominance in Chesapeake Bay, 2002-2012. 01 July 2013 Introduction The objective of this analysis was to demonstrate a possible changing relationship between two Classes of fishes, Osteichthyes (the bony fishes) and Chondrichthyes (the cartilaginous fishes) in Chesapeake Bay based on 11 years of monitoring. If any changes between the two Classes appeared to be significant, either statistically or anecdotally, the data were explored further in an attempt to explain the variation. The Class Osteichthyes is characterized by having a skeleton made of bone and is comprised of the majority of fish species worldwide, while the Chondrichthyes skeleton is made of cartilage and is represented by the sharks, skates, and rays (the elasmobranch fishes) and chimaeras1. Many shark species are generally categorized as apex predators, while skates and rays and some smaller sharks can be placed into the mesopredator functional group (Myers et al., 2007). By definition, mesopredators prey upon a significant array of lower trophic groups, but also serve as the prey base for apex predators. Global demand for shark and consequential shark fishing mortality, estimated at 97 million sharks in 2010 (Worm et al., 2013), is hypothesized to have contributed to the decline of these apex predators in recent years (Baum et al., 2003 and Fowler et al., 2005), which in turn is suggested to have had a cascading effect on lower trophic levels—an increase in mesopredators and subsequent decrease in the prey base (Myers et al., 2007). According to 10 years of trawl survey monitoring of Chesapeake Bay, fish species composition of catches has shown a marked change over the years (Buchheister et al., 2013).
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Systematic Morphology of Fishes in the Early 21St Century
Copeia 103, No. 4, 2015, 858–873 When Tradition Meets Technology: Systematic Morphology of Fishes in the Early 21st Century Eric J. Hilton1, Nalani K. Schnell2, and Peter Konstantinidis1 Many of the primary groups of fishes currently recognized have been established through an iterative process of anatomical study and comparison of fishes that has spanned a time period approaching 500 years. In this paper we give a brief history of the systematic morphology of fishes, focusing on some of the individuals and their works from which we derive our own inspiration. We further discuss what is possible at this point in history in the anatomical study of fishes and speculate on the future of morphology used in the systematics of fishes. Beyond the collection of facts about the anatomy of fishes, morphology remains extremely relevant in the age of molecular data for at least three broad reasons: 1) new techniques for the preparation of specimens allow new data sources to be broadly compared; 2) past morphological analyses, as well as new ideas about interrelationships of fishes (based on both morphological and molecular data) provide rich sources of hypotheses to test with new morphological investigations; and 3) the use of morphological data is not limited to understanding phylogeny and evolution of fishes, but rather is of broad utility to understanding the general biology (including phenotypic adaptation, evolution, ecology, and conservation biology) of fishes. Although in some ways morphology struggles to compete with the lure of molecular data for systematic research, we see the anatomical study of fishes entering into a new and exciting phase of its history because of recent technological and methodological innovations.
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The Absence of Sharks from Abyssal Regions of the World's Oceans
Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, 1435–1441 doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3461 Published online 21 February 2006 The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world’s oceans Imants G. Priede1,*, Rainer Froese2, David M. Bailey3, Odd Aksel Bergstad4, Martin A. Collins5, Jan Erik Dyb6, Camila Henriques1, Emma G. Jones7 and Nicola King1 1University of Aberdeen, Oceanlab, Newburgh, Aberdeen AB41 6AA, UK 2Leibniz-Institut fu¨r Meereswissenschaften, IfM-GEOMAR, Du¨sternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany 3Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA 4Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, 4817 His, Norway 5British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK 6Møre Research, Section of Fisheries, PO Box 5075, 6021 Aalesund, Norway 7FRS Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK The oceanic abyss (depths greater than 3000 m), one of the largest environments on the planet, is characterized by absence of solar light, high pressures and remoteness from surface food supply necessitating special molecular, physiological, behavioural and ecological adaptations of organisms that live there. Sampling by trawl, baited hooks and cameras we show that the Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and chimaeras) are absent from, or very rare in this region. Analysis of a global data set shows a trend of rapid disappearance of chondrichthyan species with depth when compared with bony ﬁshes. Sharks, apparently well adapted to life at high pressures are conspicuous on slopes down to 2000 m including scavenging at food falls such as dead whales.
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Axial Endoskeleton of a Bony Fish
Fish Form & Funcon Heyer Axial endoskeleton of a bony ﬁsh Fish Axial skeleton: Cranium & vertebral column • Fishes — aquatic vertebrates; axial skeleton only – Closed, single-circuit circulatory system • Class- Aganatha — jawless fishes • Class- Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous fishes Vertebra • Class- Osteichthyes — bony fishes Figure 3.02 Locomoon with an axial skeleton Fishes Class- Aganatha — jawless fishes • ~120 extant species (lampreys; hagfish) • Inner layer of mesoderm bloc becomes skeletal • Cartilaginous skeleton vertebrae • Jawless, suctorial mouth with many teeth • Outer layer becomes & protrusible toothed tongue myomere (muscle band) • Medial fin fold; No lateral (paired) fins • Proximal edge of myomere aaches to vertebrae • Distal edge of myomere projects posterio-laterally to insert into connecve ssue of skin • ... Contracon of muscle → lateral flexing body Fishes Fishes Class- Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous fishes Class- Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous fishes • Cartilaginous skeleton, but unique bone tissue present • Cartilaginous skeleton, but unique bone tissue present • Semi-rigid paired lateral fins connected across ventral body wall Subclass- Holocephali — ~ 40 spp. (chimeras) Subclass- Elasmobranchii — ~1,000 spp. (sharks; rays) • 5–7 gill slits [elasmo-branch: “strap gills”] • Protrusible upper jaw not fused to skull • Thick skin with dermal denticles Fins supprted by cartilagenous rods 1 Fish Form & Funcon Heyer Fishes Fishes Class- Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous fishes Class- Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous fishes • Cartilaginous skeleton, but unique bone tissue present Subclass- Elasmobranchii — ~1,000 spp. (sharks; rays) • Semi-rigid paired lateral fins connected across ventral body wall • Protrusible upper jaw not fused to skull CAT scan of a great white shark Lateral fins 1. Jaw opens (pectorals & pelvics) 2. Hyoid arch located ventrally springs jaw forward 3. Jaw protrudes Pelvic fins located near vent & closes 4.
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Explore a Fish Lesson Plan
Grade Level 4 - 12 EXPLORE A FISH Duration FISH DISSECTION 1 - 1 ½ hours Subject/Subject Area Focus Overview Science, language arts; Students will examine the external and internal anatomy of various fish Analysis, application, species. They will note similarities and differences. Students will then communication, use their observations to make inferences about the relationships among comparing similarities and them. differences, description, discussion, drawing, small Background information group work, using time This activity gives students first-hand experience exploring the and space, writing. adaptations which allow fish to function in their environment. Students look at both form and function of different systems to help understand Materials how specific adaptations assist organisms in adapting to their For each pair (or group) of environment. How do fish move through the water and keep their vertical students: position within the water? Students can make comparisons between their • Whole body fresh fish own anatomy and the anatomy of a fish. • Dissecting trays or thick pads of newspaper It is important for students to understand the purpose of this activity • Scissors or Scalpel is to study the internal and external anatomy of a fish. It requires (Most cuts can be concentration, listening skills and being able to follow directions. All made with a pair of students should be given the option of not participating in the activity classroom scissors) and be allowed an alternate activity. You may want to do a practice run on • Probe (A large partially your own. straightened paper clip works well) You can either do this activity as a teacher-led class discussion or break • Forceps (A nice tool but the students into cooperative learning groups and give each group: a fish, not necessary) “Explore a Fish” worksheet, dissection and anatomy sheet, newspaper • Paper towels and and something to cut the fish with.
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Evolutionary Crossroads in Developmental Biology: Cyclostomes (Lamprey and Hagfish) Sebastian M
PRIMER SERIES PRIMER 2091 Development 139, 2091-2099 (2012) doi:10.1242/dev.074716 © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish) Sebastian M. Shimeld1,* and Phillip C. J. Donoghue2 Summary and is appealing because it implies a gradual assembly of vertebrate Lampreys and hagfish, which together are known as the characters, and supports the hagfish and lampreys as experimental cyclostomes or ‘agnathans’, are the only surviving lineages of models for distinct craniate and vertebrate evolutionary grades (i.e. jawless fish. They diverged early in vertebrate evolution, perceived ‘stages’ in evolution). However, only comparative before the origin of the hinged jaws that are characteristic of morphology provides support for this phylogenetic hypothesis. The gnathostome (jawed) vertebrates and before the evolution of competing hypothesis, which unites lampreys and hagfish as sister paired appendages. However, they do share numerous taxa in the clade Cyclostomata, thus equally related to characteristics with jawed vertebrates. Studies of cyclostome gnathostomes, has enjoyed unequivocal support from phylogenetic development can thus help us to understand when, and how, analyses of protein-coding sequence data (e.g. Delarbre et al., 2002; key aspects of the vertebrate body evolved. Here, we Furlong and Holland, 2002; Kuraku et al., 1999). Support for summarise the development of cyclostomes, highlighting the cyclostome theory is now overwhelming, with the recognition of key species studied and experimental methods available. We novel families of non-coding microRNAs that are shared then discuss how studies of cyclostomes have provided exclusively by hagfish and lampreys (Heimberg et al., 2010).
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