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National Monument: Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Project Petroglyph National Monument: Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Project Item Type Report Authors Evans, Michael; Stoffle, Richard W.; Pinel, Sandra Publisher Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona Download date 26/09/2021 22:14:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/272097 PETROGLYPH NATIONAL MONUMENT RAPID ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT PROJECT Petroglyph National Monument Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Project Final Report Submitted by Michael J. Evans Richard W. Stoffie Sandra Lee Pinel Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Submitted to New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office Santa Fe, New Mexico and Southwest Regional Office, National Park Service Santa Fe, New Mexico January 14, 1993 This study was funded by a contract from the Southwest Regional Office, National Park Service On the front cover: Sandra Lee Pinel interviews Phillip Lauriano of Sandia Pueblo about petroglyphs at the Petroglyph National Monument in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This document is printed on recycled paper. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Purpose and Result of Study 1 Method 2 Cultural Resources and their Protection 3 Protection and Management Policies 4 Future Consultation. 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 8 Project Goals and Participants 8 Methodology 9 Native American Participation 9 Spanish Heritage Groups 11 Cultural Resources 12 Consultation on Management Issues 14 Chapter 2: Cultural Resource Concerns 16 Overview 16 Volcanoes 17 Northern Geological Window 19 The Stag Horn Drive Site 20 The Morning Star Panel Site 21 Rinconada Canyon 23 Mesa Prieta 24 Marsh Peninsula 24 Piedras Marcadas Ruin 25 Chapter 3: Native American Cultural Resource Management Concerns 27 Guiding Principles of Cultural Resource Management 27 The Concept of Respect 27 Consideration for. Future Generations 28 Privacy for Religious Uses 29 Access 30 No Personal Gain from Cultural Resources 30 Site Recommendations for Cultural Resource Protection and Management 32 Volcanoes 32 Northern Geological Window 33 Morning Star Panel 33 Marsh Peninsula 34 Piedras Marcadas Ruin 34 Paseo del Norte 35 -i- Monument Management Recommendations 36 Preferred Types of Public Information 39 Future Consultation Process Recommendations 41 Consultation Concerns 41 Desired Consultation Procedures 42 Individual Tribes 43 Intertribal Organizations 45 Chapter 4: Analysis and Conclusions 48 Consultation Recommendations 51 General Guidelines 51 Tribal Governments 52 References Cited 56 Research Team Participants 60 Annotated Bibliography 61 List of Tribal and Community Contacts 78 New Mexico Leaders for the Twenty -Two Tribes, 1993 80 Distribution List of Project Participants 82 Executive Summary Purpose and Result of Study The Petroglyph National Monument Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Project had two primary goals. One was the identification of those American Indian Tribes, Pueblos, and Spanish heritage groups who wanted to participate in a long -term consultation process with the National Park Service about the management of the new Petroglyph National Monument located outside of Albuquerque, NewMexico. The second goal was to document the cultural resource concerns of the Native Americans and the Spanish heritage people, so that protection of these cultural resources could be incorporated into the General Management Plan that the National Park Service is developing for the Petroglyph National Monument. The research team that conducted this study was composed of Drs. Richard W. Stoffle and Michael J. Evans, both of whom are anthropologists in the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology at the University of Arizona. A third team member was Sandra Lee Pinel, M.A., a planner with the state of New Mexico who has experience working with a number of Pueblo tribes. The time frame for this study was short: the start date was December 16, 1991, and the review draft of the report was due June 1, 1992. After beginning the study, we learned through meetings with the Monument and planning staff that the National Park Service was also interested in how to go about establishing a long -term wòrking relationship with the Indian Pueblos, Tribes, and Spanish groups with concerns in the area so that both management and research could be conducted appropriately as the Monument is developed. Consequently, we added this topic to those we had already included in response to the scope of work. As a result, the Petroglyph National Monument project serves as one type of model for how such studies should be approached in the future, in conjunction with Indian Pueblos, Tribes, and other cultural groups. The foundation is now established for a working relationship between the Monument staff and the Pueblos. Our interviews and meetings with Pueblo people show that this project was met with cautious optimism by many Pueblo people who have cultural resource concerns in northern New Mexico. Despite many Pueblo peoples' perception of harm done by past research and journalistic studies, many -1- Pueblo communities took part in this study and made very practical recommendations for how the Monument resources and their connections with those resources could be both appreciated and protected. Equally important, Pueblo government officials expressed a willingness to continue the discussions with the National Park Service on how to work on this and other projects in the future. Two points need to be made about the following report. First and foremost, this report is a compilation of the Pueblo statements and views about the cultural resources of the Petroglyph National Monument, and their views and recommendations on how a consultation process between themselves and the National Park Service should be carried out. In this regard, the views and recommendations given to us during our interviews with Pueblo people were entirely consistent with those expressed at the time of the Monument's establishment (Jojola and Jojola 1988). Second, this project represents the first step in consulting with the involved Pueblo groups. At several times in the course of our work, we were told by the Pueblo people that they not only wanted, but expected the Monument staff and the National Park Service to follow up with further contacts, meetings, etc., about the cultural resources of the Monument. It is with this expectation in mind that they made their recommendations concerning a future consultation process. Method This Rapid Ethnographic Assessment study took place primarily between January and May 1992. Following our established research methodology,' twenty - three tribes and three Spanish -American groups were invited by telephone, correspondence, and personal meeting to participate. Four Pueblos were involved in all phases, including site visits, focus group interviews, and discussions of a future protocol for National Park Service consultation. Other Pueblo groups were involved in various aspects of the project involving meetings and presentations. Still others took a "wait and see" approach. The All Indian Pueblo Council, Five Sandoval Indian Pueblos Inc. Governing Board, and to a lesser extent, other tribal consortia, also were involved in different parts of the project. This report was verbally 1 See Stoffle 1987; Stoffle and Evans 1990, 1992; Stoffle, Evans, Halmo, Niles, and O'Farrell 1988; Stoffle, Evans, and Harshbarger 1988; Stoffle, Halmo, Olmsted, and Evans 1990; Stoffle, Halmo, Evans, and Olmsted 1990; Stoffle, Jake, Evans, and Bunte 1981; Stoffle, Stewart, and Evans 1984. -2- presented to the All Indian Pueblo Council on May 19, 1992, at which time the Governors' comments were invited. Cultural Resources and their Protection The Pueblos believe the Petroglyph National Monument area was a place used by many Pueblos and Tribes for numerous purposes. Although some Pueblo groups may have a more intimate use, none believe the area was used exclusively by one or two Pueblos. There are many cultural resources important to Pueblo people found within the Monument boundaries. The archaeology sites and petroglyphs are only two of these. Others are plants, animals, and general areas considered sacred because of the presence of shrines or other religiously important items. There was a great deal of consensus on the significance of these cultural resources among the Pueblos and the need for protection from damage caused by visitation. Pueblo people do not view the spiritual significance of an area in terms of specific sites. They emphasized to us during our interviews the importance of the relationship between the Monument area and the Sandia Mountains, and that there are spiritual pathways in the area of the volcanoes that connect the petroglyphs on the escarpment with the mountain range. Context is important to the Pueblo people within the Monument boundaries where cultural significance is identified by the relationships between petroglyph symbols, rocks, grinding areas, and offering areas. During our interviews with Pueblo people, it became clear that petroglyph symbols cannot be pulled out of the context in which they are found and still retain any significant meaning for Pueblo people. The spatial, geographical, and petroglyph- grouping contexts in which these symbols are observed provide the meaning of the symbols to Pueblo people. Pueblo people know, in general, and sometimes in minute detail, the meaning of the petroglyphs in their culture because the symbols are often repeated in other designs, such as the kiva murals and religious symbolism in use today. Although no
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