Natural Lighting Pattern in the Domes of Historical Mosques of Isfahan
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The Role of Climate and Culture on the Formation of Courtyards in Mosques Hossein Soltanzadeh* Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Received: 23/05/2015; Accepted: 30/06/2015 Abstract The process regarding the formation of different mosque gardens and the elements that contribute to the respective process is the from the foci point of this paper. The significance of the topic lies in the fact that certain scholars have associated the courtyard in mosques with the concept of garden, and have not taken into account the elements that contribute to the development of various types of mosque courtyards. The theoretical findings of the research indicate that the conditions and instructions regarding the Jemaah [collective] prayers on one hand and the notion of exterior performance of the worshiping rites as a recommended religious precept paired with the cultural, environmental and natural factors on the other hand have had their share of founding the courtyards. This study employs the historical analytical approach since the samples are not contemporary. The dependant variables are culture and climate while the form of courtyard in the jame [congregational] mosque is the dependent variable. The statistical population includes the jame mosques from all over the Islamic world and the samples are picked selectively from among the population. The findings have demonstrated that the presence of courtyard is in part due to the nature of the prayers that are recommended to say in an open air, and in part because this is also favoured by the weather in most instances and on most days. -
The Quality of Light-Openings in the Iranian Brick Domes
31394 Soha Matoor et al./ Elixir His. Preser. 80 (2015) 31394-31401 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Historic Preservation Elixir His. Preser. 80 (2015) 31394-31401 The Quality of Light-Openings in the Iranian Brick Domes (with the Structural Approach) Soha Matoor, Amene Doroodgar and Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Paying attention to light is considered as one of the most prominent features of Iranian Received: 26 October 2014; traditional architecture, which influenced most of its structural and conceptual patterns. The Received in revised form: construction of light-openings in the buildings such as masjids, bazaars, madrasas, and 28 February 2015; caravanserais, as the Iranian outstanding monuments, proves the point. The Iranian master- Accepted: 26 March 2015; mimars’ strategies to create the light-openings in the domes has been taken into consideration through this study. To this end, the light-openings’ exact location, according to Keywords the domes’ structural properties have been taken into analysis. Next, based on the foursome The light, classification of the domes, the research theoretical framework has been determined, and The light-opening, through applying the case-study and the combined research methods, the case-studies have The Iranian brick dome, been studied meticulously. According to the achieved results, the light-openings of the The dome’s structure. Iranian brick domes have been located at four distinguished areas, including: 1- the dome’s top, 2- the dome’s curve, 3- the dome’s shekargah and 4- the dome’s drum. -
Ecological Literacy, Environmental Ethics and Contextual Conceptions of Education: the Case of Shia People of Fashapooyeh Village, Tehran County, Iran
ECOLOGICAL LITERACY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND CONTEXTUAL CONCEPTIONS OF EDUCATION: THE CASE OF SHIA PEOPLE OF FASHAPOOYEH VILLAGE, TEHRAN COUNTY, IRAN by Mahtab Eskandari A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Curriculum Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April, 2020 © Mahtab Eskandari, 2020 i The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, a thesis/dissertation entitled: Ecological Literacy, Environmental Ethics And Contextual Conceptions Of Education: The Case Of Shia People Of Fashapooyeh Village, Tehran County, Iran. Submitted by Mahtab Eskandari in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Curriculum Studies. Examining Committee: Dr. Samson M. Nashon, Professor, Curriculum and Pedagogy, University of British Columbia. Research Supervisor Dr. Tracy Friedel, Associate Professor, Curriculum and Pedagogy, UBC. Research Committee Member Dr. Sayyed Mohsen Fatemi, Adjunct Faculty, Psychology, York University. Research Committee Member Dr. Hartej Gill, Associate Professor, Educational Studies, UBC. University Examiner Dr. Susan Gerofsky, Associate Professor, Curriculum and Pedagogy, UBC. University Examiner ii Abstract The main questions addressed in this study are in the domains of ecological literacy, environmental ethics and contextual conceptions of education. Hence the study uses the case of Shia people of Iran and their environmental ethics to investigate the trans-historical realities in conceptualizing science-humanism in association with dominant notions of nature, the environment and ecology. In particular, special focus is directed at understandings and practices associated with environmental education in the context of local Shia people in Fashapooyeh, a traditional village in the county of Tehran in Iran. -
Recognition of Light-Openings in Iranian Mosques' Domes with Reference to Climatic Properties
International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning Recognition of light-openings in Iranian mosques’ domes With reference to climatic properties Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad1,*, Soha Matoor2, Amene Doroodgar3 Received:June 2011, Accepted: November 2011 Abstract Mosque architecture is considered as a potent visual symbol of the Islamic architects’ design ability. Prayer-hall as the manifestation of equality between the believers and the unity of architectural space has challenged such an ability throughout the history. This study, considering the characteristics of light-openings in the domes of Iranian mosques’ Prayer-hall, aims to investigate these domes’ possible relationship with the climatic features of each mosque. To this end, eighteen case-studies according to the research analytic approach are studied to determine: 1. the relationship between the mosques construction period (Iranian architecture styles) and its light-openings number on the one hand and its climatic features on the other hand, 2. The relationship between the light-openings’ location and the climatic features of each mosque, 3. The relationship between the light- openings’ number and the climatic feature of each mosque and finally, 4. The relationship between the prayer-hall’s height and the number of light openings of each mosque on the one hand and its climatic feature on the other hand. The study shows that Iranian architects have given considerable priority to the natural ventilation function of the light-openings, So, what used to be considered as the domes' main function, allowing the light to the interior space, is considered as their secondary function. Keywords: Light-opening, Light, Natural ventilation, Hot-dry climate, Cold climate, Mosque prayer-hall 1. -
Two-Level Patterns in Practice
Persian Two-Level Patterns in Practice. Tony Lee, February/March 2016 Two-level patterns arise when the spaces between the lines of one pattern (the larger, or upper-level pattern) are filled with tiles of another pattern (the smaller or lower-level pattern). Usually the tiles of the lower-level pattern are so arranged that the pattern is continuous across the lines of the upper-level pattern. That is, in such a case, if the lines of the larger pattern were removed the smaller pattern would present a single, complex pattern covering the whole pattern area. If the upper and lower level patterns are similar, or contain the same shapes (but at two different scales) then such a pattern may be regarded loosely as self-similar. Most discussions of these concepts are concerned with Islamic geometric patterns, where there is frequently a large-scale pattern picked out in various ways ⏤ for example, by colour contrast, or greater width of banding ⏤ superimposed on a small-scale pattern. Strict self-similarity is rarely achieved in traditonal Islamic patterns. Recent literature on Islamic patterns has recognised a number of different categories of two-level patterns, but there is one category of tile mosaic in which the manner of execution has been consistently misrepresented in the computer graphic illustrations accompanying a number of modern accounts. In this type of two-level pattern the lines of the large or level-one pattern are widened as bands, separating different areas (polygons, compartments) of this upper level pattern, which are then filled with modular arrangements of parts of the smaller or level-two pattern. -
The Analysis of Factors Affecting the Architecture of Isfahan Bathes from Safavid to Qajar Via SPSS
Intl. J. Humanities (2010) Vol. 17 (1): (109-125) The Analysis of Factors Affecting the Architecture of Isfahan Bathes from Safavid to Qajar via SPSS Javad Neyestani1, Saeid Amirhajloo2 Received: 25/5/2009 Accepted: 23/1/2010 Abstract Public bathes have much importance in Islamic cities, after the most significant structures like mosques and schools. There are a number of factors affecting the construction of bathes among which temperature regulation, humidity, access path, location in the urban texture, watercourses, and construction of exit paths are the most important. This study tries to make a comparative analysis of the architectures of bathes during Safavid and Qajar in order to reveal factors affecting their construction as Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 13:02 IRST on Tuesday September 28th 2021 well as the types of architecture implemented. Consequently, 13 public bathes were recognized and examined. The data elicited was then subjected to SPSS for further statistical investigation. Nonparametric Spearman correlation test was utilized to know the relationship among the variables and the factors affecting the architectures. The findings reveal a number of factors to be in statistically high correlation. Keywords: Bath; Garmabā; Islamic Architecture; Isfahan; Safavid; Qajar 1. Assistant Professor in Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, E-mail: [email protected] 2. PhD Student in Archaeology, Tarbiat Modares University, E-mail: [email protected] 109 The Analysis of Factors Affecting the Architecture…________________Intl. J. Humanities (2010) Vol. 17 (1) 1. Introduction public baths, and some are special ones existent Baths, as part of charity buildings, have been of in some baths depending on the type of their particular importance and often accompanied functions. -
Iran Articulates Nuclear Positions Ahead of Vienna Talks Page 3
Straight Truth WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM From Inside • Tehran-Moscow relationship at its peak, says Defense Ministry officialP2 • Foreign minister nominee: Iran favors negotiations accorded with 8 Pages | Price 50,000 Rials | 1.00 EURO | 4.00 AED | 43rd year | No. 14018 | Wednesday | AUGUST 25, 2021 | Shahrivar 3, 1400 | Muharram 16, 1443 commitments P2 • New version of Iranian missile defense Opinion system to outdo S-400: general P2 • Iranian judoka Nouri aims gold at Hosting right depends Paralympics P3 • Iran prisons chief apologizes amid on payment of TV Iran Articulates leaked footage controversy P3 • Zarif bids farewell to diplomacy, starts broadcasting right academic career P3 • Iran’s export to Syria increases 36% in 4 months on year P4 By Farrokh Hesabi • RIPI to conduct over $142m of research TEHRAN – The football federation is deter- projects in upstream oil industry P4 mined to make it possible for Iran national team Nuclear Positions to host their home matches of the third round of • NIMA returns over €56b of export the 2022 World Cup qualifiers in the country. revenues to economy P4 Iran will start their training camp form Aug.25; • Taliban warns U.S. extension of Afghan however, it is still unclear whether Iran can play exit a “red line” P5 their home matches on their home soil. • Tensions escalate in Gaza P5 There are some reasons that the Asian Foot- ball Confederation (AFC) has not still announced Ahead of Vienna • Despite hosting UNESCO sites, Kerman the host venue for Iran’s home matches. The tourism potential still unappreciated P6 Covid-19 issues are still in question in the coun- • Southern Iranian province continues try; however, the Football Federation of the Is- building boom with new tourism lamic Republic of Iran (FFIRI) has announced that most of the problems in the way of Iran’s hosting projects P6 have been solved except for one issue that seems Page 3 • Workshop launched to restore statues a big obstacle. -
Ethnohistory of the Qizilbash in Kabul: Migration, State, and a Shi'a Minority
ETHNOHISTORY OF THE QIZILBASH IN KABUL: MIGRATION, STATE, AND A SHI’A MINORITY Solaiman M. Fazel Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology Indiana University May 2017 i Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee __________________________________________ Raymond J. DeMallie, PhD __________________________________________ Anya Peterson Royce, PhD __________________________________________ Daniel Suslak, PhD __________________________________________ Devin DeWeese, PhD __________________________________________ Ron Sela, PhD Date of Defense ii For my love Megan for the light of my eyes Tamanah and Sohrab and for my esteemed professors who inspired me iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This historical ethnography of Qizilbash communities in Kabul is the result of a painstaking process of multi-sited archival research, in-person interviews, and collection of empirical data from archival sources, memoirs, and memories of the people who once live/lived and experienced the affects of state-formation in Afghanistan. The origin of my study extends beyond the moment I had to pick a research topic for completion of my doctoral dissertation in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University. This study grapples with some questions that have occupied my mind since a young age when my parents decided to migrate from Kabul to Los Angeles because of the Soviet-Afghan War of 1980s. I undertook sections of this topic while finishing my Senior Project at UC Santa Barbara and my Master’s thesis at California State University, Fullerton. I can only hope that the questions and analysis offered here reflects my intellectual progress. -
S 22863-EN.Pdf
UNITED NATIONS S Distr. GENERAL S/22863 31 July 1991 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 31 JULY 1991 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL I wish to refer to my letter of 23 May (S/22637) in which I informed you that in pursuance of the mandate entrusted to me by paragraph 7 of resolution 598 (19871, I had asked former Under-Secretary-General Mr. Abdulrahim A. Farah to lead a team of experts to make an exploratory visit to the Islamic Republic of Iran for the purpose stated therein. The team visited the Islamic Republic of Iran from 31 May to 21 June 1991. The preliminary report of the mission containing details of the reported damage to the country's infrastructure, the nature and status of the country* 's reconstruction efforts and the team's observations on the damaged sites and installations inspected is submitted herewith for the information of members of the Security Council. The team will return to the Islamic Republic of Iran in the near future to complete its work. (Signed) Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR 91-23907 2511.-12h (I?) / . 5122863 English Page 3 Annex PRELIMINARY REPORT OF A UNITED NATIONS TEAM, APPOINTED BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 598 (1987), PARAGRAPH 7, TO OBTAIN INITJAL INFORMATION AND DATA ON THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE DAMAGE SUSTAINED BY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AS A RESULT OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AND IRAQ, AND ON THE STATUS OF THE FORMER'S RECONSTRUCTION EFFORTS 31 MAY 1991-21 JUNE 1991 / . -
Central Courtyard in Traditional Mosques of Iran
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S7 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy December 2015 Central Courtyard in Traditional Mosques of Iran Vida Makani Lecturer, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Iran Email address: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s7p356 Abstract Although the “central courtyard” or “Sahn”—as an important part of Iranian mosques with its formal, conceptual, and functional richness—provides a unique spatial experience for worshipers, little research has been conducted on its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The consequence of this lack of sufficient knowledge is that in today’s mosques, either the central courtyard is eliminated altogether or if it exists, it fails to create a favorable spatial quality. The present article aims to acquire a better knowledge of Sahn by studying it from various perspectives so as to determine its effectiveness on architecture and spatial quality. The field and library study methodology was used, and the collected data was obtained by analyzing the architecture of different mosques in Iran and by making comparisons with mosques in other countries. The results indicate that Sahn exert a fundamental influence in a mosque, and that eliminating or reducing its role in contemporary mosques has led to the deterioration of spatial quality. Keywords: Mosque, Sahn, Function, Spatial quality. 1. Introduction The “central courtyard” or “Sahn” has played a significant role in traditional mosques in Iran. From inside the Sahn, the viewer obtains a general understanding of the space and architecture of the mosque. Prophet Mohammad is quoted as saying, “Mosque is wherever you pray.” Therefore, no specific architectural elements or facilities are required to convert a given space into a mosque. -
Design of Domes in Islamic-Iranian Architecture
Environment Conservation Journal 16 (SE) 591-600, 2015 ISSN 0972-3099 (Print) 2278-5124 (Online) Abstracted and Indexed Design of Domes in Islamic-Iranian Architecture Jalal Ahmadi Received:20.08.2015 Revised:25.09.2015 Accepted: 30.10.2015 ABSTRACT The most important feature of architecture at Islamic age has been regarded as strengthening the human history from plurality and unity that such architecture from the artistic dimension and world structure goes beyond the time and place. Dome has been regarded as the major element in Islamic-Iranian architecture that there is no doubt on continuity and evolution of domical buildings since Sassanid age till current age. Mosques with Arabic or column design in Umayyad dynasty have been mentioned as the early styles in Islamic architecture. These mosques follow a square or rectangular map with walled garden and roofed nave. Since 7th century, domes have been the major element in Islamic architecture. By the passage of time, dimensions of domes at mosque developed, occupied a small part of the ceiling in proximity of Mihrab to the entire ceiling above nave. According to the existing texts, the oldest dome which is referred relates to Parthian and early Sassanid era. This dome has been built in Firuzabad to the dimension of 10.16 meter and evolved at Sassanid age, after which construction of domes is exploited as a general pattern. Domical buildings in west differ from domical buildings in Iran. Interesting difference lies on transfer of dome from cylindrical buildings to square buildings in Iranian architecture. Creation of dome and formation of hollow spaces have raised creation of spiritual spaces together with sense of comfort, under which the most important phenomenon of Islamic-Iranian architecture, holy shrines and sacred places have raised. -
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Mathematics Interdisciplinary Research 4 (2019) 51 − 75 Reflection of the Role of Geometry in Design of the Aghabozorg School-Mosque in Kashan Hamidreza Farshchi?, Malihe Ansari and Vahid Askari Kashan Abstract Aghabozorg Mosque with massive brick dome and the tiled minaret is one of the most magnificent Islamic buildings in Kashan in the Qajar period. The unique features of the architecture suggest the architects of this building, in terms of the nature of architecture in designing the form and architectural space, have considered principles that are based on geometric shapes and proportions between them. Regarding the importance of the issue, the au- thors, with the approach of geometric proportional analysis, seek to answer this question: what is the role of geometry and golden proportion in the con- struction and shaping of the elements of Aghabozorg School-Mosque? For this purpose, the descriptive-analytic research method has been used in this study. In order to retrieve geometric and proportional data, plan, elevations, and sections of the building were investigated and analyzed accurately. The results of this research indicate that the architects had the necessary knowl- edge about the systems of equations and geometric drawings and used golden proportions and circle divisions to design plan, elevations, and sections and also applied geometrical knowledge in the direction practical and qualitative for creating the building. Keywords: Geometry, traditional architecture, golden proportions, Aghabo- zorg School-Mosque. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 00A67. How to cite this article H. Farshchi, M. Ansari and V. A. Kashan, Reflection of the role of geometry in design of the Aghabozorg School-Mosque in Kashan, Math.